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Wang J, Liu C, Hu R, Wu L, Li C. Statin therapy: a potential adjuvant to immunotherapies in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1324140. [PMID: 38362156 PMCID: PMC10867224 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1324140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide and accounts for more than 90% of primary liver cancer. The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-related therapies combined with angiogenesis inhibition has revolutionized the treatment of HCC in late-stage and unresectable HCC, as ICIs alone were disappointing in treating HCC. In addition to the altered immune microenvironment, abnormal lipid metabolism in the liver has been extensively characterized in various types of HCC. Stains are known for their cholesterol-lowering properties and their long history of treating hypercholesterolemia and reducing cardiovascular disease risk. Apart from ICI and other conventional therapies, statins are frequently used by advanced HCC patients with dyslipidemia, which is often marked by the abnormal accumulation of cholesterol and fatty acids in the liver. Supported by a body of preclinical and clinical studies, statins may unexpectedly enhance the efficacy of ICI therapy in HCC patients through the regulation of inflammatory responses and the immune microenvironment. This review discusses the abnormal changes in lipid metabolism in HCC, summarizes the clinical evidence and benefits of stain use in HCC, and prospects the possible mechanistic actions of statins in transforming the immune microenvironment in HCC when combined with immunotherapies. Consequently, the use of statin therapy may emerge as a novel and valuable adjuvant for immunotherapies in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ronghua Hu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Licheng Wu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Chuanzhou Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Zhu J, Zhou T, Menggen M, Aimulajiang K, Wen H. Ghrelin regulating liver activity and its potential effects on liver fibrosis and Echinococcosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1324134. [PMID: 38259969 PMCID: PMC10800934 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1324134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin widely exists in the central nervous system and peripheral organs, and has biological activities such as maintaining energy homeostasis, regulating lipid metabolism, cell proliferation, immune response, gastrointestinal physiological activities, cognition, memory, circadian rhythm and reward effects. In many benign liver diseases, it may play a hepatoprotective role against steatosis, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis, and improve liver cell autophagy and immune response to improve disease progression. However, the role of Ghrelin in liver Echinococcosis is currently unclear. This review systematically summarizes the molecular mechanisms by which Ghrelin regulates liver growth metabolism, immune-inflammation, fibrogenesis, proliferation and apoptosis, as well as its protective effects in liver fibrosis diseases, and further proposes the role of Ghrelin in liver Echinococcosis infection. During the infectious process, it may promote the parasitism and survival of parasites on the host by improving the immune-inflammatory microenvironment and fibrosis state, thereby accelerating disease progression. However, there is currently a lack of targeted in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence for this viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tanfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Meng Menggen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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3
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Tuero C, Becerril S, Ezquerro S, Neira G, Frühbeck G, Rodríguez A. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the hepatoprotective role of ghrelin against NAFLD progression. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:833-849. [PMID: 36417140 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms for the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are complex and multifactorial. Within the last years, experimental and clinical evidences support the role of ghrelin in the development of NAFLD. Ghrelin is a gut hormone that plays a major role in the short-term regulation of appetite and long-term regulation of adiposity. The liver constitutes a target for ghrelin, where this gut-derived peptide triggers intracellular pathways regulating lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Interestingly, circulating ghrelin levels are altered in patients with metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, which, in turn, are well-known risk factors for the pathogenesis of NAFLD. This review summarizes the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the hepatoprotective action of ghrelin, including the reduction of hepatocyte lipotoxicity via autophagy and fatty acid β-oxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and programmed cell death, the reversibility of the proinflammatory phenotype in Kupffer cells, and the inactivation of hepatic stellate cells. Together, the metabolic and inflammatory pathways regulated by ghrelin in the liver support its potential as a therapeutic target to prevent NAFLD in patients with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Tuero
- Department of General Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Ezquerro
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
| | - Gabriela Neira
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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Kasprzak A, Adamek A. Role of the Ghrelin System in Colitis and Hepatitis as Risk Factors for Inflammatory-Related Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911188. [PMID: 36232490 PMCID: PMC9569806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is not known exactly what leads to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but there are specific risk factors that increase the probability of their occurrence. The unclear pathogenesis, too-late diagnosis, poor prognosis as a result of high recurrence and metastasis rates, and repeatedly ineffective therapy of both cancers continue to challenge both basic science and practical medicine. The ghrelin system, which is comprised of ghrelin and alternative peptides (e.g., obestatin), growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHS-Rs), and ghrelin-O-acyl-transferase (GOAT), plays an important role in the physiology and pathology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It promotes various physiological effects, including energy metabolism and amelioration of inflammation. The ghrelin system plays a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), which are well known risk factors for the development of CRC, as well as inflammatory liver diseases which can trigger the development of HCC. Colitis-associated cancer serves as a prototype of inflammation-associated cancers. Little is known about the role of the ghrelin system in the mechanisms of transformation of chronic inflammation to low- and high-grade dysplasia, and, finally, to CRC. HCC is also associated with chronic inflammation and fibrosis arising from different etiologies, including alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), and/or hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. However, the exact role of ghrelin in the progression of the chronic inflammatory lesions into HCC is still unknown. The aim of this review is to summarize findings on the role of the ghrelin system in inflammatory bowel and liver diseases in order to better understand the impact of this system on the development of inflammatory-related cancers, namely CRC and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Kasprzak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Medical Sciences, Święcicki Street 6, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-8546441; Fax: +48-61-8546440
| | - Agnieszka Adamek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, University of Medical Sciences, Szwajcarska Street 3, 61-285 Poznań, Poland
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Protein Catabolism and the Dysregulation of Energy Intake-Related Hormones May Play a Major Role in the Worsening of Malnutrition in Hospitalized Cirrhotic Patients. LIVERS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/livers2030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition in cirrhotic patients is extremely common and has a multifactorial aetiology, whose constitutive elements have not been completely elucidated yet. Protein depletion is particularly important and an imbalance of hormones regulating hunger and satiety may be an important additive factor. The diagnosis and treatment of malnutrition are extremely important since malnutrition is associated with higher complication rates and mortality. Our observational study aimed to study protein status and energy intake-related hormone levels in a cohort of hospitalized cirrhotic patients. We enrolled 50 hospitalized and clinically stable cirrhotic patients and assessed their nutritional status with anthropometric measurements and nitrogen balance. In a subgroup of 16 patients and 10 healthy controls, circulating ghrelin and leptin levels were studied. We observed that 60% of our patients were malnourished on the basis of the mid-arm muscle circumference values; the recorded daily protein intake was tendentially insufficient (mean protein intake of 0.7 ± 0.5 g protein/kg vs. recommended intake of 1.2–1.5 g of protein/kg/die). Cirrhotic patients had lower circulating levels of both ghrelin and leptin compared to healthy controls. In conclusion, hospitalized cirrhotic patients face a catabolic state and an imbalance in hormones regulating food intake and satiety, and these elements may play a major role in the genesis and/or the worsening of malnutrition.
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6
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Yuan J, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhang W, Ding R, Yue S, Li X. Construction and experimental verification of user-friendly molecular subtypes mediated by immune-associated genes in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:924059. [PMID: 35992798 PMCID: PMC9391001 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.924059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for third most cancer death globally, and its prognosis continues to be poor even with many novel therapeutic approaches emerging. The advent of immunotherapy seems to offer new hope, but low response rates are an unresolved problem. To gain further knoeledge of the effect of immune-related genes in HCC, we examined the connection between immune-related genes and the immune microenvironment in HCC through the HCC transcriptome dataset. The study also aimed to construct and experimentally validate user-friendly molecular subtypes mediated by immune-related genes in HCC. The immune cell infiltration patterns differs in HCC adjacent non-disease tissues and cancerous tissues. Patients with HCC could be classified into 2 subtypes: subtype A and subtype B. Specifically, subtype A shows characteristics of a hot tumor, in which the infiltration of cells exhibiting antigens and the expression of other crucial factors associated with immune function are higher than in a cold tumor. In addition, we identified Hub genes for the different subtypes and constructed a prognostic prediction model based on six genes (KLRB1, KLF2, S100A9, MSC, ANXA5, and IMPDH1). Further experimental analysis of HCC samples exhibited that the expression levels of KLF2 and ANXA5 were associated with immune cell infiltration and expression of PD-L1 in cancer tissues. Our work suggests that the expression of immune-related genes has crucial effect on the tumor microenvironment and prognosis of HCC patients and may be associated with immunotherapeutic response, which provides new clues for the widespread and effective application of immunotherapy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juzheng Yuan
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xudan Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Ding, ; Shuqiang Yue, ; Xiao Li,
| | - Shuqiang Yue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Ding, ; Shuqiang Yue, ; Xiao Li,
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Ding, ; Shuqiang Yue, ; Xiao Li,
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7
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Huang Y, Wang T, Yang J, Wu X, Fan W, Chen J. Current Strategies for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Modulating the Tumor Microenvironment via Nano-Delivery Systems: A Review. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:2335-2352. [PMID: 35619893 PMCID: PMC9128750 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s363456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer remains a global health challenge with a projected incidence of over one million cases by 2025. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common primary liver cancer, accounting for about 90% of all liver cancer cases. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the internal and external environment for tumor development, which plays an important role in tumorigenesis, immune escape and treatment resistance. Knowing that TME is a unique setting for HCC tumorigenesis, exploration of strategies to modulate TME has attracted increasing attention. Among them, the use of nano-delivery systems to deliver therapeutic agents to regulate TME components has shown great potential. TME-modulating nanoparticles have the advantages of protecting therapeutic agents from degradation, enhancing the ability of targeting HCC and reducing systemic toxicity. In this article, we summarize the TME components associated with HCC, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), extracellular matrix (ECM), endothelial cells and immune cells, discuss their impact on the HCC progression, and highlight recent studies on nano-delivery systems that modulate these components. Finally, we also discuss opportunities and challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiansi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiefen Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Wei Er Lab, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Fan
- Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
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Petrescu AD, Grant S, Williams E, An SY, Seth N, Shell M, Amundsen T, Tan C, Nadeem Y, Tjahja M, Weld L, Chu CS, Venter J, Frampton G, McMillin M, DeMorrow S. Leptin Enhances Hepatic Fibrosis and Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Cholestasis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:484-502. [PMID: 34896073 PMCID: PMC8895426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipokine with roles in food intake and energy metabolism through its actions on neurons in the hypothalamus. The role of leptin in obesity and cardiovascular disorders is well documented. However, its influence on liver conditions such as cholestasis is poorly understood. The effects of exogenous leptin and leptin-neutralizing antibody on biliary hyperplasia, hepatic fibrosis, and inflammation in the multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2KO) mouse model of cholestasis were assessed by quantifying markers specific for cholangiocytes, activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and cytokines. Serum and hepatic leptin were increased in Mdr2KO mice compared with FVB/NJ (FVBN) controls, and exogenous leptin enhanced biliary hyperplasia and liver fibrosis in Mdr2KO and FVBN mice. Leptin administration increased hepatic expression of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 and IL-6 in Mdr2KO mice. In contrast, leptin-neutralizing antibody reduced intrahepatic bile duct mass and decreased HSC activation in Mdr2KO mice compared with FVBN controls. Sex-related differences were noted, with female Mdr2KO mice having more leptin than males. In cholangiocytes and LX2 cells in vitro, leptin increased phosphorylated Akt and stimulated cell proliferation. Leptin receptor siRNA and inhibitors of Akt phosphorylation impaired leptin-induced cell proliferation and proinflammatory cytokines. The current data suggest that leptin is abnormally increased in cholestatic mice, and excess leptin increases ductular reaction, hepatic fibrosis, and inflammation via leptin receptor-mediated phosphorylation of Akt in cholangiocytes and HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D Petrescu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Elaina Williams
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Su Yeon An
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Nikhil Seth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Mark Shell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Tyson Amundsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Christopher Tan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Yusra Nadeem
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Matthew Tjahja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Lancaster Weld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Christopher S Chu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Julie Venter
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Matthew McMillin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas.
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9
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Czajka P, Przybyłkowski A, Nowak A, Postula M, Wolska M, Mirowska-Guzel D, Czlonkowska A, Eyileten C. Antiplatelet drugs and liver fibrosis. Platelets 2022; 33:219-228. [PMID: 33577391 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1883574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis results from an imbalance between extracellular matrix formation and degradation. The background of liver fibrosis is chronic inflammation and subsequent microcirculation disturbance including microthrombosis. Platelets actively participate in liver fibrosis not only as a part of the clotting system but also by releasing granules containing important mediators. In fact, platelets may play a dual role in the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis as they are able to stimulate regeneration as well as aggravate the destruction of the liver. Recent studies revealed that antiplatelet therapy correlates with inhibition of liver fibrosis. However, liver impairment is associated with extensive coagulation disorders thus the safety of antiplatelet therapy is an area for detailed exploration. In this review, the role of platelets in liver fibrosis and accompanying hemostatic disorders are discussed. Additionally, results of animal and human studies on antiplatelet drugs in liver disorders and their potential therapeutic utility are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Czajka
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Przybyłkowski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Nowak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Postula
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Wolska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dagmara Mirowska-Guzel
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Czlonkowska
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ceren Eyileten
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Iacob SA, Iacob DG. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in HIV/HBV Patients - a Metabolic Imbalance Aggravated by Antiretroviral Therapy and Perpetuated by the Hepatokine/Adipokine Axis Breakdown. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:814209. [PMID: 35355551 PMCID: PMC8959898 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.814209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly associated with the metabolic syndrome and is one of the most prevalent comorbidities in HIV and HBV infected patients. HIV plays an early and direct role in the development of metabolic syndrome by disrupting the mechanism of adipogenesis and synthesis of adipokines. Adipokines, molecules that regulate the lipid metabolism, also contribute to the progression of NAFLD either directly or via hepatic organokines (hepatokines). Most hepatokines play a direct role in lipid homeostasis and liver inflammation but their role in the evolution of NAFLD is not well defined. The role of HBV in the pathogenesis of NAFLD is controversial. HBV has been previously associated with a decreased level of triglycerides and with a protective role against the development of steatosis and metabolic syndrome. At the same time HBV displays a high fibrogenetic and oncogenetic potential. In the HIV/HBV co-infection, the metabolic changes are initiated by mitochondrial dysfunction as well as by the fatty overload of the liver, two interconnected mechanisms. The evolution of NAFLD is further perpetuated by the inflammatory response to these viral agents and by the variable toxicity of the antiretroviral therapy. The current article discusses the pathogenic changes and the contribution of the hepatokine/adipokine axis in the development of NAFLD as well as the implications of HIV and HBV infection in the breakdown of the hepatokine/adipokine axis and NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Alexandra Iacob
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals”, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Gabriela Iacob
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- *Correspondence: Diana Gabriela Iacob,
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11
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Wang CI, Chu PM, Chen YL, Lin YH, Chen CY. Chemotherapeutic Drug-Regulated Cytokines Might Influence Therapeutic Efficacy in HCC. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413627. [PMID: 34948424 PMCID: PMC8707970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of liver cancer, is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Processes involved in HCC progression and development, including cell transformation, proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis, are inflammation-associated carcinogenic processes because most cases of HCC develop from chronic liver damage and inflammation. Inflammation has been demonstrated to be a crucial factor inducing tumor development in various cancers, including HCC. Cytokines play critical roles in inflammation to accelerate tumor invasion and metastasis by mediating the migration of immune cells into damaged tissues in response to proinflammatory stimuli. Currently, surgical resection followed by chemotherapy is the most common curative therapeutic regimen for HCC. However, after chemotherapy, drug resistance is clearly observed, and cytokine secretion is dysregulated. Various chemotherapeutic agents, including cisplatin, etoposide, and 5-fluorouracil, demonstrate even lower efficacy in HCC than in other cancers. Tumor resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is the key limitation of curative treatment and is responsible for treatment failure and recurrence, thus limiting the ability to treat patients with advanced HCC. Therefore, the capability to counteract drug resistance would be a major clinical advancement. In this review, we provide an overview of links between chemotherapeutic agents and inflammatory cytokine secretion in HCC. These links might provide insight into overcoming inflammatory reactions and cytokine secretion, ultimately counteracting chemotherapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-I Wang
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Ming Chu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Li Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Yang-Hsiang Lin
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +886-6-2353535 (ext. 5329)
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12
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Naguib R, Fayed A, Elkemary E, Naguib H. Serum Ghrelin Concentration in Patients With Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC). Cureus 2021; 13:e20288. [PMID: 34912653 PMCID: PMC8664358 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The appetite-modulating hormone ghrelin may have a role in the etiology of anorexia which is a serious concern in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). This study aims to assess the difference in ghrelin level between cases of PBC and healthy controls matched for age and gender, and to evaluate the level of ghrelin in relation to clinical and laboratory findings among cases. METHODS Twenty patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and 30 healthy controls matched by gender and age were recruited. The severity of liver disease was determined using the Child-Pugh grading system. Clinical comorbidities such as a history of ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding, and encephalopathy were evaluated. A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure total ghrelin. Results: PBC cases had a significantly higher average level of ghrelin (2305.3 ± 639.4) pg/mL compared to controls (682 ± 197.3) pg/mL. Furthermore, the minimum reported level in cases was 1258 pg/mL compared to 326 pg/mL in controls, while the maximum level nearly tripled the control's maximum level. In PBC patients, plasma levels of total ghrelin showed a weak positive correlation with age, an inverse correlation with body mass index, and were not associated with gender. The level was significantly higher than those in the controls. Ghrelin was associated with the severity of cirrhosis. Levels of serum ghrelin were higher in patients with associated comorbidities such as a history of ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding, and encephalopathy. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated elevated serum ghrelin levels in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Serum ghrelin was associated with the degree of severity and the presence of related comorbidities. Patients with primary biliary cirrhosis remain anorexic and catabolic despite elevated ghrelin levels, suggesting tissue resistance to this anabolic peptide which could be crucial to understanding anorexia and cachexia in primary biliary cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Naguib
- Clinical Science Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, SAU.,Endocrinology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EGY
| | - Amel Fayed
- Clinical Science Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Eman Elkemary
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EGY
| | - Hend Naguib
- Hepatology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EGY
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13
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Koutsompina ML, Pappa M, Sakellariou S, Gialouri CG, Fragoulis GE, Androutsakos T. Methotrexate-Related Liver Cirrhosis in Psoriatic Arthritis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Mediterr J Rheumatol 2021; 32:264-272. [PMID: 34964031 PMCID: PMC8693294 DOI: 10.31138/mjr.32.3.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate is an anchor-drug for the treatment of inflammatory arthritides affecting peripheral joints, such as rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), but also for other immune-mediated diseases like psoriasis. Although it is generally a well-tolerated drug, adverse effects often occur. Reversible derangement of liver function test is the most common laboratory adverse event. However, in some cases, liver cirrhosis and/or fibrosis can occur. Besides, many of these diseases like PsA and psoriasis are closely linked with clinical conditions and risk factors that also contribute to liver damage/cirrhosis, such as increased body mass index, dyslipidaemia and diabetes mellitus (DM). It has been hypothesised that the aforementioned risk factors along with methotrexate usage can act synergistically, causing liver damage in these patients. Herein, we describe a PsA patient with DM who developed fatal liver cirrhosis after 10 years of treatment with MTX. We also review the literature about the liver toxicity of MTX in the context of PsA and psoriasis, describing concurring risk factors and histopathological findings. PubMed and Scopus were searched, without date limits. The keywords "methotrexate" AND "psoriatic arthritis" OR "psoriasis" AND "Liver damage" OR "liver fibrosis" OR "cirrhosis" were used. We found that although fibrosis/cirrhosis is present in about 10-25% of the patients, MTX can rarely cause liver damage itself. However, it can exert its effect when other factors, like increased alcohol consumption and obesity coexist. Prospective studies are needed, specifically examining the hepatotoxicity of MTX in individuals with immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Loukia Koutsompina
- Department of Pathophysiology, “Laiko” Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Greece, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Pappa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, “Laiko” Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Greece, Athens, Greece
| | - Stratigoula Sakellariou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Greece, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysoula G. Gialouri
- First Department of Internal Medicine, “Laiko” Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Greece, Athens, Greece
| | - George E. Fragoulis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, “Laiko” Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Greece, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Androutsakos
- Department of Pathophysiology, “Laiko” Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Greece, Athens, Greece
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14
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Jiménez-Cortegana C, García-Galey A, Tami M, del Pino P, Carmona I, López S, Alba G, Sánchez-Margalet V. Role of Leptin in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070762. [PMID: 34209386 PMCID: PMC8301314 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which affects about a quarter of the global population, poses a substantial health and economic burden in all countries, yet there is no approved pharmacotherapy to treat this entity, nor well-established strategies for its diagnosis. Its prevalence has been rapidly driven by increased physical inactivity, in addition to excessive calorie intake compared to energy expenditure, affecting both adults and children. The increase in the number of cases, together with the higher morbimortality that this disease entails with respect to the general population, makes NAFLD a serious public health problem. Closely related to the development of this disease, there is a hormone derived from adipocytes, leptin, which is involved in energy homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Numerous studies have verified the relationship between persistent hyperleptinemia and the development of steatosis, fibrinogenesis and liver carcinogenesis. Therefore, further studies of the role of leptin in the NAFLD spectrum could represent an advance in the management of this set of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jiménez-Cortegana
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41073 Seville, Spain; (C.J.-C.); (A.G.-G.); (M.T.); (S.L.); (G.A.)
| | - Alba García-Galey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41073 Seville, Spain; (C.J.-C.); (A.G.-G.); (M.T.); (S.L.); (G.A.)
| | - Malika Tami
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41073 Seville, Spain; (C.J.-C.); (A.G.-G.); (M.T.); (S.L.); (G.A.)
| | - Pilar del Pino
- Unit of Digestive Diseases, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41073 Seville, Spain; (P.d.P.); (I.C.)
| | - Isabel Carmona
- Unit of Digestive Diseases, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41073 Seville, Spain; (P.d.P.); (I.C.)
| | - Soledad López
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41073 Seville, Spain; (C.J.-C.); (A.G.-G.); (M.T.); (S.L.); (G.A.)
| | - Gonzalo Alba
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41073 Seville, Spain; (C.J.-C.); (A.G.-G.); (M.T.); (S.L.); (G.A.)
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41073 Seville, Spain; (C.J.-C.); (A.G.-G.); (M.T.); (S.L.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Pilla Reddy V, El‐Khateeb E, Jo H, Giovino N, Lythgoe E, Sharma S, Tang W, Jamei M, Rastomi‐Hodjegan A. Pharmacokinetics under the COVID-19 storm. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 89:158-186. [PMID: 33226664 PMCID: PMC7753415 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The storm-like nature of the health crises caused by COVID-19 has led to unconventional clinical trial practices such as the relaxation of exclusion criteria. The question remains: how can we conduct diverse trials without exposing subgroups of populations to potentially harmful drug exposure levels? The aim of this study was to build a knowledge base of the effect of intrinsic/extrinsic factors on the disposition of several repurposed COVID-19 drugs. METHODS Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models were used to study the change in the pharmacokinetics (PK) of drugs repurposed for COVID-19 in geriatric patients, different race groups, organ impairment and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) risks. These models were also used to predict epithelial lining fluid (ELF) exposure, which is relevant for COVID-19 patients under elevated cytokine levels. RESULTS The simulated PK profiles suggest no dose adjustments are required based on age and race for COVID-19 drugs, but dose adjustments may be warranted for COVID-19 patients also exhibiting hepatic/renal impairment. PBPK model simulations suggest ELF exposure to attain a target concentration was adequate for most drugs, except for hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, atazanavir and lopinavir/ritonavir. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that systematically collated data on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, human PK parameters, DDIs and organ impairment can be used to verify simulated plasma and lung tissue exposure for drugs repurposed for COVID-19, justifying broader patient recruitment criteria. In addition, the PBPK model developed was used to study the effect of age and ethnicity on the PK of repurposed drugs, and to assess the correlation between lung exposure and relevant potency values from in vitro studies for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Pilla Reddy
- Modelling & Simulation, Early Oncology, R&D OncologyAstraZenecaCambridgeUK,Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, R&D, AstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Eman El‐Khateeb
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic ResearchUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK,Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of PharmacyTanta UniversityTantaEgypt
| | - Heeseung Jo
- Modelling & Simulation, Early Oncology, R&D OncologyAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | | | | | - Shringi Sharma
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, R&DAstraZenecaUSA
| | - Weifeng Tang
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, R&DAstraZenecaUSA
| | | | - Amin Rastomi‐Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic ResearchUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK,Certara UK Limited, Simcyp DivisionSheffieldUK
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16
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Nidamanuri AL, Leslie Leo Prince L, Yadav SP, Bhattacharya TK, Konadaka SRR, Bhanja SK. Effect of Supplementation of Fermented Yeast Culture on Hormones and Their Receptors on Exposure to Higher Temperature and on Production Performance after Exposure in Nicobari Chickens. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:5539780. [PMID: 34394347 PMCID: PMC8357510 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5539780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) affects the production performance in chickens and causes economic loss to the producers. Most of the studies have been conducted on and for the welfare of broilers. We still lack information on the physiological parameters being affected during chronic heat stress in layers. To fill this gap, the present study evaluated the effect of heat stress (induced in the chamber) during the prelaying period (21-23 weeks) on plasma levels of the hormones leptin and ghrelin and GH and expression of the respective receptors and heat stress markers. Three groups were considered, one at room temperature (CR) and the other two groups (SH and CH) subjected to heat stress at 39°C for four hours for three weeks (21-23 weeks of age). The SH group (SH) feed was supplemented with fermented yeast culture (FYC, 700 mg/kg), whereas the CH group was devoid of it. After that, all the groups were shifted to shed under natural ambient conditions till 31 weeks of age. Studies were restricted to production performance only. Feed offered without yeast culture (CH group) had a smaller concentration of plasma hormones (P < 0.01) and increased expression fold of the hormone receptors (P < 0.01). Further, the group also presented higher liver AMP kinase enzyme, plasma MDA (malondialdehyde), and cholesterol concentrations. These changes likely explained the decrease in feed intake and the CH group's body weight and further reduced the production performance during the laying period. Supplementation with FYC to birds had an opposite effect on the above-mentioned parameters, reducing HS effects. In summary, supplementation with FYC (700 mg/kg) maintained physiological parameters as in the CR group under HS conditions and negated adverse effects on parameters both before and during laying periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Nidamanuri
- Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | | | - S. P. Yadav
- Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - T. K. Bhattacharya
- Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - S. R. R. Konadaka
- Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - S. K. Bhanja
- Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
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17
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Karakousis ND, Papatheodoridi A, Chatzigeorgiou A, Papatheodoridis G. Cellular senescence and hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma: An intriguing link. Liver Int 2020; 40:2917-2927. [PMID: 32890439 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B is mainly responsible for the morbidity and mortality from hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and decompensated cirrhosis. Hepatocellular carcinoma remains the main challenge in the management of not only undiagnosed and/or untreated but also diagnosed and treated patients with chronic HBV infection, as its incidence decreases but is not eliminated even after many years of effective anti-HBV therapy. The exact mechanisms used by HBV to cause malignant transformation remain uncertain, although much of the available data are in favour of a pathogenetic role of HBx protein. Senescence is a cellular state, in which cells lose their ability to proliferate. This biological mechanism may function in a dual mode, namely being both cancer-protective as a result of reduced cellular proliferation, but also cancer-enhancing as a result of modulation of the tissular microenvironment by immune cells during persistent accumulation of senescent cells. Protein X of HBV protein exhibits many similarities in terms of the implemented mechanisms of action and pathways related to the biological process of cellular senescence. Concurrently, insufficient clearance of both senescent and precancerous hepatocytes combined with inadequate immune surveillance as a result of immunosenescence caused by chronic HBV infection may lead to hepatocarcinogenesis. Thus, the effect of HBV seems to be critical as a connecting link between cellular senescence and development of HCC. An ongoing research is underway towards identifying and validating markers of hepatocyte senescence, which could improve the landscape for evaluation of chronic liver disease, thereby providing valuable information in terms of HBV-related carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos D Karakousis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital of Athens "Laiko", Athens, Greece.,Department of Physiology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alkistis Papatheodoridi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Alexandra" General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - George Papatheodoridis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital of Athens "Laiko", Athens, Greece
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18
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Karam HA, Bessa SS, Ali EMM, Diab T, Mohamed TM. The Inter-Relation between Leptin Receptor (Q223R) Gene Polymorphism and the Risk of Egyptian Patients with HCC. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:3557-3565. [PMID: 33369452 PMCID: PMC8046304 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.12.3557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The relationship of leptin (LEP) and polymorphism of leptin receptor (LEPR) were studied in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and compared with those with liver cirrhosis to find out the extent of the risk of LEPR on patients with HCC. Methods: Serum LEP level and LEPR Q223R gene polymorphism were determined in 300 patients with liver disease categorized equally into five groups’ healthy volunteers, patients with hepatitis C (HCV), patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver cirrhosis and HCC. LEPR gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) then digested by the MSP1 restriction enzyme. Results: The isolated 212 bp of LEPR was sequenced. The serum LEP level was reduced in patients with cirrhotic and HCC. Serum LEP level had negatively correlated with both tumor grade and size in HCC patients. The data obtained from restriction fragment length polymorphismPCR and sequencing revealed the existence of a novel synonymous Q223R single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in exon 223 of LEPR gene (1137101). LEPR Gln223Arg, GG and GA genotypes were found in all studied groups. LEPR Gln223Arg, AA genotype was found in NASH, HCC, and control. LEPR Gln223Arg GA genotype is associated with some patients with HCC. Conclusion: GA genotype of LEPR Gln223Arg may be regarded as a probable genetic risk factor for Egyptian patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala A Karam
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Sahar S Bessa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ehab M M Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Thoria Diab
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Tarek M Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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19
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Zhang L, Yuan Q, Li M, Chai D, Deng W, Wang W. The association of leptin and adiponectin with hepatocellular carcinoma risk and prognosis: a combination of traditional, survival, and dose-response meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:1167. [PMID: 33256658 PMCID: PMC7708253 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An increasing number of studies have focused on the association between leptin, adiponectin levels and the risk as well as the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the reported results are conflicting. Methods A meta-analysis was performed to assess the correlation between leptin, adiponectin levels and risk and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (CRD42020195882). Through June 14, 2020, PubMed, Cochrane Library and EMBASE databases were searched, including references of qualifying articles. Titles, abstracts, and main texts were reviewed by at least 2 independent readers. Stata 16.0 was used to calculate statistical data. Results Thirty studies were included in this meta-analysis and results showed that hepatocellular carcinoma group had significantly higher leptin levels than the cancer-free control group (SMD = 1.83, 95% CI (1.09, 2.58), P = 0.000), the healthy control group (SMD = 4.32, 95% CI (2.41, 6.24), P = 0.000) and the cirrhosis group (SMD = 1.85, 95% CI (0.70, 3.01), P = 0.002). Hepatocellular carcinoma group had significantly higher adiponectin levels than the healthy control group (SMD = 1.57, 95% CI (0.37, 2.76), P = 0.010), but no statistical difference compared with the cancer-free control group (SMD = 0.24, 95% CI (− 0.35, 0.82), P = 0.430) and the cirrhosis group (SMD = − 0.51, 95% CI (− 1.30, 0.29), P = 0.213). The leptin rs7799039 polymorphism was associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (G vs A: OR = 1.28, 95% CI (1.10, 1.48), P = 0.002). There were linear relationships between adiponectin levels and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (OR = 1.066, 95% CI (1.03, 1.11), P = 0.001). In addition, the results showed that high/positive expression of adiponectin was significantly related to lower overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients (HR = 1.70, 95% CI (1.22, 2.37), P = 0.002); however, there was no significantly association between the leptin levels and overall survival (HR = 0.92, 95% CI (0.53, 1.59), P = 0.766). Conclusion The study shows that high leptin levels were associated with a higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Adiponectin levels were proportional to hepatocellular carcinoma risk, and were related to the poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Qihang Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Dongqi Chai
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Wenhong Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Weixing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
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20
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Flannery PC, Abbott KL, Pondugula SR. Correlation of PPM1A Downregulation with CYP3A4 Repression in the Tumor Liver Tissue of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 45:297-304. [PMID: 31792727 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-019-00595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In many patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) expression has been reported to be significantly reduced in the tumor liver tissue. Moreover, this CYP3A4 repression is associated with decreased CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism in the tumor liver tissue. However, the underlying mechanisms of CYP3A4 repression are not fully understood. We have previously shown that Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent phosphatase 1A (PPM1A) positively regulates human pregnane X receptor (hPXR)-mediated CYP3A4 expression in a PPM1A expression-dependent manner. We sought to determine whether PPM1A expression is downregulated and whether PPM1A downregulation is correlated with CYP3A4 repression in the tumor liver tissue of HCC patients. METHODS Quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analyses were performed to study mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Cell-based reporter gene assays were conducted to examine the hPXR transactivation of CYP3A4 promoter activity. RESULTS Arginase-1 and glypican-3 gene expression studies confirmed that the tumor samples used in our study originate from HCC livers but not non-hepatocellular tumors. mRNA and protein expression of PPM1A and CYP3A4 was found to be significantly repressed in the tumor liver tissues compared to the matched non-tumor liver tissues. In the reporter gene assays, elevated PPM1A levels counteracted the inhibition of hPXR-mediated CYP3A4 promoter activity by signaling pathways that are upregulated in HCC, suggesting that decreased PPM1A levels in HCC could not fully counteract the hPXR-inhibiting signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results are consistent with the conclusion that PPM1A downregulation in the tumor liver tissue of HCC patients correlates with CYP3A4 repression. Downregulation of PPM1A levels in the tumor liver tissue may contribute to reduced hPXR-mediated CYP3A4 expression, and provide a novel mechanism of CYP3A4 repression in the tumor liver tissue of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Flannery
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 109 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.,Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Kodye L Abbott
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 109 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.,Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Satyanarayana R Pondugula
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 109 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA. .,Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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Chang ML, Yang Z, Yang SS. Roles of Adipokines in Digestive Diseases: Markers of Inflammation, Metabolic Alteration and Disease Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8308. [PMID: 33167521 PMCID: PMC7663948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a highly dynamic endocrine tissue and constitutes a central node in the interorgan crosstalk network through adipokines, which cause pleiotropic effects, including the modulation of angiogenesis, metabolism, and inflammation. Specifically, digestive cancers grow anatomically near adipose tissue. During their interaction with cancer cells, adipocytes are reprogrammed into cancer-associated adipocytes and secrete adipokines to affect tumor cells. Moreover, the liver is the central metabolic hub. Adipose tissue and the liver cooperatively regulate whole-body energy homeostasis via adipokines. Obesity, the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy, is currently considered a global epidemic and is related to low-grade systemic inflammation characterized by altered adipokine regulation. Obesity-related digestive diseases, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, colon polyps and cancer, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis-related diseases, cholelithiasis, gallbladder cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, and diabetes, might cause specific alterations in adipokine profiles. These patterns and associated bases potentially contribute to the identification of prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic approaches for the associated digestive diseases. This review highlights important findings about altered adipokine profiles relevant to digestive diseases, including hepatic, pancreatic, gastrointestinal, and biliary tract diseases, with a perspective on clinical implications and mechanistic explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ling Chang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Zinger Yang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA;
| | - Sien-Sing Yang
- Liver Center, Cathay General Hospital Medical Center, Taipei 10630, Taiwan;
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Meyer F, Bannert K, Wiese M, Esau S, Sautter LF, Ehlers L, Aghdassi AA, Metges CC, Garbe LA, Jaster R, Lerch MM, Lamprecht G, Valentini L. Molecular Mechanism Contributing to Malnutrition and Sarcopenia in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5357. [PMID: 32731496 PMCID: PMC7432938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is frequently accompanied by disease-related malnutrition (DRM) and sarcopenia, defined as loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. DRM and sarcopenia often coexist in cirrhotic patients and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The clinical manifestation of both comorbidities are triggered by multifactorial mechanisms including reduced nutrient and energy intake caused by dietary restrictions, anorexia, neuroendocrine deregulation, olfactory and gustatory deficits. Maldigestion and malabsorption due to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, pancreatic insufficiency or cholestasis may also contribute to DRM and sarcopenia. Decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation is the cornerstone mechanism to muscle loss, among others mediated by disease- and inflammation-mediated metabolic changes, hyperammonemia, increased myostatin and reduced human growth hormone. The concise pathophysiological mechanisms and interactions of DRM and sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis are not completely understood. Furthermore, most knowledge in this field are based on experimental models, but only few data in humans exist. This review summarizes known and proposed molecular mechanisms contributing to malnutrition and sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis and highlights remaining knowledge gaps. Since, in the prevention and treatment of DRM and sarcopenia in cirrhotic patients, more research is needed to identify potential biomarkers for diagnosis and development of targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatuma Meyer
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Neubrandenburg Institute for Evidence-Based Dietetics (NIED), University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany; (F.M.); (S.E.); (L.F.S.)
| | - Karen Bannert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (K.B.); (L.E.); (R.J.); (G.L.)
| | - Mats Wiese
- Division of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (M.W.); (A.A.A.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Susanne Esau
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Neubrandenburg Institute for Evidence-Based Dietetics (NIED), University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany; (F.M.); (S.E.); (L.F.S.)
| | - Lea F. Sautter
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Neubrandenburg Institute for Evidence-Based Dietetics (NIED), University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany; (F.M.); (S.E.); (L.F.S.)
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (K.B.); (L.E.); (R.J.); (G.L.)
| | - Luise Ehlers
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (K.B.); (L.E.); (R.J.); (G.L.)
| | - Ali A. Aghdassi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (M.W.); (A.A.A.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Cornelia C. Metges
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
| | - Leif-A. Garbe
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany;
| | - Robert Jaster
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (K.B.); (L.E.); (R.J.); (G.L.)
| | - Markus M. Lerch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (M.W.); (A.A.A.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Georg Lamprecht
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (K.B.); (L.E.); (R.J.); (G.L.)
| | - Luzia Valentini
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Neubrandenburg Institute for Evidence-Based Dietetics (NIED), University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany; (F.M.); (S.E.); (L.F.S.)
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Shaker O, Mahfouz H, Salama A, Medhat E. Long Non-Coding HULC and miRNA-372 as Diagnostic Biomarkers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 9:230-240. [PMID: 33178874 DOI: 10.29252/rbmb.9.2.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Highly Upregulated in Liver Cancer (HULC) and microRNA-372 (miR-372) as biochemical markers in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and HCV-infected patients. Methods The present study was conducted on 100 Egyptian individuals divided into 3 groups, 40 patients with HCC and HCV infection, 40 patients only HCV-infected, and 20 individuals as normal controls. They were subject to full history taking, full clinical and laboratory examination, and assessment of HULC and miR-372 levels by real-time PCR. Results A statistically significant difference was found with p< 0.05 between HCC and each of HCV and control groups as regards HULC level with high mean among HCC followed by HCV patients. Our results also show a statistically significant difference with p< 0.05 between each of HCC and HCV compared to control as regards miR-372 level with low mean among HCC patients. Conclusion HULC could be considered as a potential non-invasive marker for detection and early diagnosis of HCC. Also, it may play an important role in the early prophylaxis and control measures to reduce the incidence of HCC. However, miR-372 cannot be considered as a reliable marker as HULC for early detection of HCC especially in HCV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfat Shaker
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Hala Mahfouz
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Salama
- Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Engy Medhat
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Systematic Elucidation of the Potential Mechanisms of Core Chinese Materia Medicas in Treating Liver Cancer Based on Network Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:4763675. [PMID: 32382293 PMCID: PMC7196158 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4763675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective In this study, the data mining method was used to screen the core Chinese materia medicas (CCMMs) against primary liver cancer (PLC), and the potential mechanisms of CCMMs in treating PLC were analyzed based on network pharmacology. Methods Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions for treating PLC were obtained from a famous TCM doctor in Shenzhen, China. According to the data mining technique, the TCM Inheritance Support System (TCMISS) was applied to excavate the CCMMs in the prescriptions. Then, bioactive ingredients and corresponding targets of CCMMs were collected using three different TCM online databases, and target genes of PLC were obtained from GeneCards and OMIM. Afterwards, common targets of CCMMs and PLC were screened. Furthermore, a network of CCMMs bioactive ingredients and common target gene was constructed by Cytoscape 3.7.1, and gene ontology (GO) and signaling pathways analyses were performed to explain the mechanism of CCMMs in treating PLC. Besides, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis was used to identify key target genes of CCMMs, and the prognostic value of key target genes was verified using survival analysis. Results A total of 15 high-frequency Chinese materia medica combinations were found, and CCMMs (including Paeoniae Radix Alba, Radix Bupleuri, Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Coicis Semen, Poria, and Curcumae Radix) were identified by TCMISS. A total of 40 bioactive ingredients (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol, and naringenin) of CCMMs were obtained, and 202 common target genes of CCMMs and PLC were screened. GO analysis indicated that biological processes of CCMMs were mainly involved in response to drug, response to ethanol, etc. Pathway analysis demonstrated that CCMMs exerted its antitumor effects by acting on multiple signaling pathways, including PI3K-Akt, TNF, and MAPK pathways. Also, some key target genes of CCMMs were determined by PPI analysis, and four genes (MAPK3, VEGFA, EGF, and EGFR) were found to be correlated with survival in PLC patients. Conclusion Based on data mining and network pharmacology methods, our results showed that the therapeutic effect of CCMMs on PLC may be realized by acting on multitargets and multipathways related to the occurrence and development of PLC.
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Košuta I, Mrzljak A, Kolarić B, Vučić Lovrenčić M. Leptin as a Key Player in Insulin Resistance of Liver Cirrhosis? A Cross-Sectional Study in Liver Transplant Candidates. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E560. [PMID: 32092909 PMCID: PMC7073684 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is associated with increased risk of death and liver transplantation in the cirrhotic population, independent of disease aetiology. However, factors accounting for insulin resistance in the context of cirrhosis are incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between adiponectin and leptin with insulin resistance in cirrhotic patients and to assess the influence of disease severity on insulin resistance and metabolic status. This cross-sectional study included 126 non-diabetic cirrhotic transplant candidates. The homeostasis model assessment 2 model was used to determine the insulin resistance index, and fasting adiponectin, leptin, insulin, c-peptide, glucose, HbA1c, and lipid profiles were analysed. Insulin resistance was detected in 83% of subjects and associated with increased leptin, fasting plasma glucose and body mass index, and lower triglyceride levels. Logistic regression analysis identified leptin and triglycerides as independent predictors of insulin resistance (OR 1.247, 95% CI 1.076-1.447, p = 0.003; OR 0.357, 95% CI 0.137-0.917, p = 0.032.). Leptin levels remained unchanged, whereas adiponectin levels increased (p < 0.001) with disease progression, and inversely correlated with HbA1c (ρ = -0.349, p < 0.001). Our results indicate that leptin resistance, as indicated by elevated leptin levels, can be regarded as a contributing factor to insulin resistance in cirrhotic patients, whereas triglycerides elicited a weak protective effect. Progressively increasing adiponectin levels elicited a positive effect on glucose homeostasis, but not insulin sensitivity across disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Košuta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Merkur University Hospital, Zajčeva 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Anna Mrzljak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Merkur University Hospital, Zajčeva 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branko Kolarić
- Department of Epidemiology, Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Mirogojska cesta 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Ul. Braće Branchetta 20/1, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marijana Vučić Lovrenčić
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Merkur University Hospital, Zajčeva 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Elaghori A, Salem P, Azzam E, Abu Elfotoh N. GHRELIN LEVEL IN PATIENTS WITH LIVER CIRRHOSIS. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUCHAREST, ROMANIA : 2005) 2019; -5:62-68. [PMID: 31149061 PMCID: PMC6535318 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2019.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin is a gastro-duodenal hormone which plays a major role in the regulation of food intake, energy balance and gastrokinesis. Ghrelin represents a novel biological marker for assessment of the presence as well as the severity of liver cirrhosis. We aimed to measure the level of plasma ghrelin in patients with liver cirrhosis (compensated and decompensated) and to correlate its level with different studied clinical and laboratory parameters. SUBJECTS AND METHODS 40 cirrhotic patients were included in a cross-sectional study and divided equally according to the Child-Pugh classification into Group I: patients with compensated liver cirrhosis (Child A), and Group II: patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis (Child B|C). Also, 20 age and sex matched healthy subjects were included as a control group (Group III). All patients were subjected to: full history taking, full clinical examination, routine biochemical studies together with estimation of plasma ghrelin level, assessment of the severity of liver disease according to Child-Pugh classification, also, abdominal ultrasonography was done. RESULTS Plasma ghrelin level was low among cirrhotic patients (both compensated and decompensated) in comparison to normal control subjects. CONCLUSION Ghrelin can be used as a serum biomarker for detection and assessment of the severity of liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P.E.S. Salem
- Alexandria University, Faculty of Medicine, Egypt
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Shakiba E, Ramezani M, Sadeghi M. Evaluation of serum interleukin-6 levels in hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Hepatol 2018; 4:182-190. [PMID: 30324143 PMCID: PMC6185933 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2018.78122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY This meta-analysis evaluated serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients compared with healthy controls and hepatitis and cirrhotic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS The three databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for assessment of IL-6 levels in HCC patients (without cirrhosis and hepatitis) compared with healthy controls (without HCC, cirrhosis and hepatitis) and the studies were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. A random-effect meta-analysis was performed with RevMan 5.3 software, using mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Out of 503 studies searched in databases, 18 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled analysis with continuous data demonstrated that the IL-6 level in HCC patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (MD = 12.44; 95% CI: 9.02-15.85; p < 0.00001). Also, the pooled analysis demonstrated that the IL-6 levels in cirrhotic patients (MD = -6.98; 95% CI: -12.91-1.05; p < 0.02) and patients with hepatitis (MD = -8.43; 95% CI: -11.91-4.95; p < 0.00001) were significantly lower than the level in HCC patients, and the subgroup analyses had high heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS The elevated IL-6 levels in HCC patients compared with hepatitis and cirrhosis patients and healthy controls may show a significant association of this cytokine with increased risk of HCC and its potential as a diagnostic marker for HCC in future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Shakiba
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mazaher Ramezani
- Molecular Pathology Research Center, Emam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Masoud Sadeghi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Xiong Y, Ye Y, Li P, Xiong Y, Mao J, Huang Y, Chen W, Wang B. Serum NOX2 as a new biomarker candidate for HBV-related disorders. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:2350-2361. [PMID: 30210675 PMCID: PMC6129512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the notion that serum NAPDH oxidase 2 (NOX2) is an important regulator that contributes to the initiation and progression of various types of diseases. However, so far, it remains elusive about the relationship between levels of serum NOX2 and HBV-related diseases. The overall purpose of the study is to get a better insight into whether or not serum NOX2 is involved in HBV-related disorders. Serum levels of NOX2, from 105 patients with chronic hepatitis B, 58 patients with HBV-related cirrhosis, 48 patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma and 104 healthy individuals, were measured with sandwich ELISA kits that we developed. In this study, we found that NOX2 values were significantly higher in patients compared to healthy control (P < 0.01) and that the levels of serum NOX2 were significantly correlated with the serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in chronic hepatitis B, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Interestingly, we found that a significant positive correlation between NOX2 and HBV viral load only in patients with chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis. Therefore, Serum NOX2 levels maybe an important indicator of the pathogenesis of progression of HBV-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Health Center for Women and ChildrenChongqing 401147, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
| | - Pu Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
| | - Yahui Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
| | - Jinju Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
| | - Weixian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
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Liu T, Ma H, Shi W, Duan J, Wang Y, Zhang C, Li C, Lin J, Li S, Lv J, Lin L. Inhibition of STAT3 signaling pathway by ursolic acid suppresses growth of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:555-562. [PMID: 28714512 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has been found to be constitutively active in liver cancer. There is no STAT3 inhibitors approved to be used clinically for the treatment or prevention of liver cancer. Some dietary compounds including ursolic acid (UA) have been reported to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. However, whether UA could inhibit STAT3 phosphorylation in hepatocellular carcinoma has not been reported. The inhibitory effects of UA on STAT3 phosphorylation, along with cell viability, migration, colony formation in vitro, as well as tumor growth in vivo were examined in human liver cancer cell lines. Our data showed that UA inhibited the P-STAT3 induced by interleukin-6 (IL-6) in Hep3B liver cancer cells which express very low basal level of P-STAT3. The constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation was also inhibited by UA in HEPG2, 7721 and Huh7 human liver cancer cell lines. UA decreased the expression of downstream target genes of STAT3, such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and survivin in general, with difference in these cell lines. UA also suppressed cell viability, cell migration and colony formation in liver cancer cells. Furthermore, UA suppressed STAT3 phosphorylation and HEPG2 tumor growth by oral daily treatment in vivo. UA, which exists widely in fruits and herbs, could inhibit STAT3 activation and the growth of human liver cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. It might be a potential health care product that could be used daily for prevention, as well as a promising candidate for chemotherapy of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Ma
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Wei Shi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jialin Duan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yina Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Cuntai Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jiayuh Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sheng Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jiagao Lv
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Li Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
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Buechler C, Haberl EM, Rein-Fischboeck L, Aslanidis C. Adipokines in Liver Cirrhosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1392. [PMID: 28661458 PMCID: PMC5535885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis can progress to cirrhosis, which is considered a serious disease. The Child-Pugh score and the model of end-stage liver disease score have been established to assess residual liver function in patients with liver cirrhosis. The development of portal hypertension contributes to ascites, variceal bleeding and further complications in these patients. A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is used to lower portal pressure, which represents a major improvement in the treatment of patients. Adipokines are proteins released from adipose tissue and modulate hepatic fibrogenesis. These proteins affect various biological processes that are involved in liver function, including angiogenesis, vasodilation, inflammation and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. The best studied adipokines are adiponectin and leptin. Adiponectin protects against hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis, and leptin functions as a profibrogenic factor. These and other adipokines are supposed to modulate disease severity in patients with liver cirrhosis. Consequently, circulating levels of these proteins have been analyzed to identify associations with parameters of hepatic function, portal hypertension and its associated complications in patients with liver cirrhosis. This review article briefly addresses the role of adipokines in hepatitis and liver fibrosis. Here, studies having analyzed these proteins in systemic blood in cirrhotic patients are listed to identify adipokines that are comparably changed in the different cohorts of patients with liver cirrhosis. Some studies measured these proteins in systemic, hepatic and portal vein blood or after TIPS to specify the tissues contributing to circulating levels of these proteins and the effect of portal hypertension, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth M Haberl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Lisa Rein-Fischboeck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Charalampos Aslanidis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
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Tumor Microenvironment, a Paradigm in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28216578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020405.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most lethal and prevalent cancers in the human population. Different etiological factors such as hepatitis B and C virus, alcohol and diabetes cause liver injury followed by inflammation, necrosis and hepatocytes proliferation. Continuous cycles of this destructive-regenerative process culminates in liver cirrhosis which is characterized by regenerating nodules that progress to dysplastic nodules and ultimately HCC. Despite its significance, there is only an elemental understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms, and there are only limited therapeutic options. Therefore, the study of the involved molecular mechanisms can open a new insight to define more effective treatment strategies. A variety of alterations have been reported in HCC patients, particularly the cancer-associated microenvironment components including immune cells, fibroblast cells, endothelial cells and extracellular matrix can support the neoplastic cells to proliferate, growth and invade. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge and highlights the principal challenges that are relevant to controlling this milieu.
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Tahmasebi Birgani M, Carloni V. Tumor Microenvironment, a Paradigm in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020405. [PMID: 28216578 PMCID: PMC5343939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most lethal and prevalent cancers in the human population. Different etiological factors such as hepatitis B and C virus, alcohol and diabetes cause liver injury followed by inflammation, necrosis and hepatocytes proliferation. Continuous cycles of this destructive–regenerative process culminates in liver cirrhosis which is characterized by regenerating nodules that progress to dysplastic nodules and ultimately HCC. Despite its significance, there is only an elemental understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms, and there are only limited therapeutic options. Therefore, the study of the involved molecular mechanisms can open a new insight to define more effective treatment strategies. A variety of alterations have been reported in HCC patients, particularly the cancer-associated microenvironment components including immune cells, fibroblast cells, endothelial cells and extracellular matrix can support the neoplastic cells to proliferate, growth and invade. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge and highlights the principal challenges that are relevant to controlling this milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Tahmasebi Birgani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 63461, Iran.
| | - Vinicio Carloni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, Florence 50134, Italy.
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Pathological Predictors of Shunt Stenosis and Hepatic Encephalopathy after Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3681731. [PMID: 27975051 PMCID: PMC5126395 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3681731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is an artificial channel from the portal vein to the hepatic vein or vena cava for controlling portal vein hypertension. The major drawbacks of TIPS are shunt stenosis and hepatic encephalopathy (HE); previous studies showed that post-TIPS shunt stenosis and HE might be correlated with the pathological features of the liver tissues. Therefore, we analyzed the pathological predictors for clinical outcome, to determine the risk factors for shunt stenosis and HE after TIPS. Methods. We recruited 361 patients who suffered from portal hypertension symptoms and were treated with TIPS from January 2009 to December 2012. Results. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of shunt stenosis was increased with more severe inflammation in the liver tissue (OR, 2.864; 95% CI: 1.466–5.592; P = 0.002), HE comorbidity (OR, 6.266; 95% CI, 3.141–12.501; P < 0.001), or higher MELD score (95% CI, 1.298–1.731; P < 0.001). Higher risk of HE was associated with shunt stenosis comorbidity (OR, 6.266; 95% CI, 3.141–12.501; P < 0.001), higher stage of the liver fibrosis (OR, 2.431; 95% CI, 1.355–4.359; P = 0.003), and higher MELD score (95% CI, 1.711–2.406; P < 0.001). Conclusion. The pathological features can predict individual susceptibility to shunt stenosis and HE.
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Andrighetto LV, Poziomyck AK. SERUM LEPTIN LEVENS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: REVIEW ARTICLE. ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE CIRURGIA DIGESTIVA : ABCD = BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OF DIGESTIVE SURGERY 2016; 29:276-278. [PMID: 28076486 PMCID: PMC5225871 DOI: 10.1590/0102-6720201600040015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most frequent types of malignant tumors in the world. There is growing evidence of the relationship between it development and obesity. The mechanism that links obesity to cancer is still not fully understood; however, it is essential to the understanding the adipose tissue in metabolic changes related to obesity and hepatocellular carcinoma. Objective To review the influence of serum leptin levels in patients with hepatocelular carcinoma. Method Systematic review of the literature based on the methodology of the Cochrane Institute. The search for articles was in the database: Science Direct, Scielo, Medline, Lilacs e Pubmed. The key words used were hepatocellular carcinoma, leptin, adipokine. Results After evaluation of individual studies, were selected seven studies. The results previously studied are still inconsistent and contradictory, and leptin can be effectively involved in the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusion Therefore, it is necessary to develop prospective, well-designed and conducted focusing on the role and specific mechanisms of this hormone in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, so that new correlations can be properly supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Vitelo Andrighetto
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Oncology, Institute of Education and Research, Moinhos de Vento Hospital
| | - Aline Kirjner Poziomyck
- Postgraduate Program in Science in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Kong L, Zhou Y, Bu H, Lv T, Shi Y, Yang J. Deletion of interleukin-6 in monocytes/macrophages suppresses the initiation of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:131. [PMID: 27589954 PMCID: PMC5009700 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with inflammation, and roughly 30 % of the global population shows serological evidence of current or past infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus. Resident hepatic macrophages, known as Kupffer cells (KCs), are considered as the specific tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) of HCC, and can produce various cytokines-most importantly interleukin (IL)-6-to promote tumorigenesis of HCC. However, the roles of KCs and IL-6 in carcinogenesis in the liver are still unclear. METHODS We analyzed leukocyte-related peripheral blood data of 192 patients and constructed a mouse model in which the bone marrow was cleared out by irradiation and reconstructed using bone marrow donated from IL-6-deficient mice to further elucidate the hepatic pathological changes in response to toxic challenge and oncogenic gene mutation. RESULTS Peripheral monocyte counts and serum IL-6 levels were significantly higher in patients with HCC than in those without HCC. In addition, there was a significant difference in the levels of IL-6 among individuals with different histopathological grades. In mice with selective IL-6 ablation in monocytes/KCs, we observed decreased toxic liver injury, inflammatory infiltration, and systemic inflammation. In Mdr2-deficient mice, which spontaneously developed HCC, the loss of IL-6 in monocytes/KCs resulted in inhibition of IL-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling, decreased serum IL-6 levels, and delayed tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that increased TAM-derived IL-6 had an amplifying effect on the inflammation response, thereby promoting the occurrence and development of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiang Kong
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yongjie Zhou
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Hong Bu
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Tao Lv
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yujun Shi
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Jiayin Yang
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
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Sever S, White DL, Garcia JM. Is there an effect of ghrelin/ghrelin analogs on cancer? A systematic review. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:R393-409. [PMID: 27552970 PMCID: PMC5064755 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a hormone with multiple physiologic functions, including promotion of growth hormone release, stimulation of appetite and regulation of energy homeostasis. Treatment with ghrelin/ghrelin-receptor agonists is a prospective therapy for disease-related cachexia and malnutrition. In vitro studies have shown high expression of ghrelin in cancer tissue, although its role including its impact in cancer risk and progression has not been established. We performed a systematic literature review to identify peer-reviewed human or animal in vivo original research studies of ghrelin, ghrelin-receptor agonists, or ghrelin genetic variants and the risk, presence, or growth of cancer using structured searches in PubMed database as well as secondary searches of article reference lists, additional reviews and meta-analyses. Overall, 45 (73.8%) of the 61 studies reviewed, including all 11 involving exogenous ghrelin/ghrelin-receptor agonist treatment, reported either a null (no statistically significant difference) or inverse association of ghrelin/ghrelin-receptor agonists or ghrelin genetic variants with cancer risk, presence or growth; 10 (16.7%) studies reported positive associations; and 6 (10.0%) reported both negative or null and positive associations. Differences in serum ghrelin levels in cancer cases vs controls (typically lower) were reported for some but not all cancers. The majority of in vivo studies showed a null or inverse association of ghrelin with risk and progression of most cancers, suggesting that ghrelin/ghrelin-receptor agonist treatment may have a favorable safety profile to use for cancer cachexia. Additional large-scale prospective clinical trials as well as basic bioscientific research are warranted to further evaluate the safety and benefits of ghrelin treatment in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakine Sever
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Alkek Building for Biomedical Research, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Donna L White
- Section of Gastroenterology and HepatologyBaylor College of Medicine Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA Clinical Epidemiology and Comparative Effectiveness ProgramSection of Health Services Research (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, HSR&D Center of Innovation (152), Houston, Texas, USA Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease CenterBaylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer CenterBaylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID)Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - José M Garcia
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Alkek Building for Biomedical Research, Houston, Texas, USA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID)Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA Huffington Center on AgingBaylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Jiang X, Zhuang Y, Xu Z, Wang W, Zhou H. Development of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Predict Disease-Mediated Therapeutic Protein-Drug Interactions: Modulation of Multiple Cytochrome P450 Enzymes by Interleukin-6. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:767-76. [PMID: 26961818 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9890-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Disease-mediated therapeutic protein-drug interactions have recently gained attention from regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical industries in the development of new biological products. In this study, we developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model using SimCYP to predict the impact of elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels on cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and the treatment effect of an anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody, sirukumab, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A virtual RA patient population was first constructed by incorporating the impact of systemic IL-6 level on hepatic and intestinal expression of multiple CYP enzymes with information from in vitro studies. Then, a PBPK model for CYP enzyme substrates was developed for healthy adult subjects. After incorporating the virtual RA patient population, the PBPK model was applied to quantitatively predict pharmacokinetics of multiple CYP substrates in RA patients before and after sirukumab treatment from a clinical cocktail drug interaction study. The results suggested that, compared with observed clinical data, changes in systemic exposure to multiple CYP substrates by anti-IL-6 treatment in virtual RA patients have been reasonably captured by the PBPK model, as manifested by modulations in area under plasma concentration versus time curves for midazolam, omeprazole, S-warfarin, and caffeine. This PBPK model reasonably captured the modulation effect of IL-6 and sirukumab on activity of CYP3A, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP1A2 and holds the potential to be utilized to assess the modulation effect of sirukumab on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of concomitant small-molecule drugs in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiling Jiang
- Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Yanli Zhuang
- Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Zhenhua Xu
- Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Weirong Wang
- Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Honghui Zhou
- Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA.
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Association of Ghrelin Gene Polymorphisms and Serum Ghrelin Levels with the Risk of Hepatitis B Virus-Related Liver Diseases in a Chinese Population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143069. [PMID: 26599409 PMCID: PMC4658098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The functions of ghrelin (GHRL) include anti-inflammatory effects, reduction of the fibrogenic response, protection of liver tissue, and regulation of cell proliferation. Genetic variations in the GHRL gene may play an important role in the development of chronic hepatitis B (CHB), liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, we investigated whether GHRL gene polymorphisms and its serum levels are associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related diseases risk in a Chinese population. Methods 176 patients with CHB, 106 patients with HBV-related LC, 151 patients with HBV-related HCC, and 167 healthy controls were recruited in the study. Genotyping of GHRL rs26311, rs27647, rs696217, and rs34911341 polymorphisms were determined with the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) and DNA sequencing. The serum GHRL concentrations were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Binary logistic regression analyses adjusting for gender and age revealed that a significant increased risk of LC was found in the GHRL rs26311 GC genotype and combined GC+CC genotypes when compared with the GG genotype (GC vs. GG: OR = 1.671, 95% CI = 1.013–2.757, P = 0.044; GC+CC vs. GG: OR = 1.674, 95% CI = 1.040–2.696, P = 0.034). In subgroup analysis by gender, binary logistic regression analyses adjusting for age showed that the GHRL rs26311 C allele and combined GC+CC genotypes were associated with a significantly increased risk to LC in males (C vs. G OR = 1.416, 95% CI = 1.017–1.972, P = 0.040; GC+CC vs. GG: OR = 1.729, 95% CI = 1.019–2.933, P = 0.042). In addition, we found significant decreased serum GHRL levels in LC patients compared with the healthy controls. However, there was no significant association of the GHRL rs26311 polymorphism with serum GHRL levels in LC patients. Conclusions These observations suggest that the GHRL rs26311 polymorphism is associated with an increased risk to HBV-related LC, especially in men. We also found an inverse association of serum GHRL levels with LC.
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Xu X, Lu D, Zhuang R, Wei X, Xie H, Wang C, Zhu Y, Wang J, Zhong C, Zhang X, Wei Q, He Z, Zhou L, Zheng S. The phospholipase A2 activity of peroxiredoxin 6 promotes cancer cell death induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1299-308. [PMID: 26293541 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used proteomic profiling to compare hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and peri-tumoral tissues to identify potential tumor markers of HCC. We identified eight differentially expressed proteins (>3-fold), including Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6). PRDX6 is a bifunctional enzyme with both peroxidase and calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) activity. We found that peri-tumoral tissues expressed higher levels of PRDX6 mRNA (n = 59, P = 0.018) and protein (n = 265, P < 0.001) than HCC tissues, and that decreased expression of PRDX6 in HCC tissues was an independent risk factor indicating a poor prognosis (n = 145, P = 0.007). Combining the examination of serum PRDX6 with α-fetoprotein improved the diagnostic sensitivity of tests for HCC compared to α-fetoprotein alone (85.0% vs 50.0%, n = 40). We found that PRDX6 induced S phase arrest in HCC cells and inhibited HCC tumorigenicity in mice injected with cancer cells. When treated with H2 O2 , PRDX6 inhibited apoptosis. When treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), PRDX6 promoted apoptosis. Inhibition of iPLA2 activity of PRDX6 decreased the apoptosis induced by TNF-α. In conclusion, PRDX6 inhibited the carcinogenesis of HCC, and the iPLA2 activity of PRDX6 promoted cancer cell death induced by TNF-α. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di Lu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Runzhou Zhuang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuyong Wei
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangbo Zhu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuanyu Zhang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zenglei He
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
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Assessment of serum acylated ghrelin in children and adolescents with chronic liver diseases: relation to nutritional status. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:560516. [PMID: 25379540 PMCID: PMC4213410 DOI: 10.1155/2014/560516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Because ghrelin is one of the key hormones in regulating feeding behavior and caloric status, it was suggested that ghrelin behavior might be closely associated with malnutrition state of patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). Thus, we aimed to assess serum ghrelin levels in children with CLD and its relation to anthropometric parameters and severity of CLD. Forty CLD patients were studied in comparison to 40 controls. All subjects were subjected to history, anthropometric, and laboratory assessment of liver functions and serum acylated ghrelin. Ghrelin was higher in patients than controls being higher with progress of Child's grade and with deterioration of liver functions. Hyperghrelinemia was detected in 62.5% of cases. Ghrelin correlated negatively with body mass index standard deviation score (BMISDS (r = −0.95, P < 0.001)), triceps skin fold thickness (TSFT (r = −0.88, P < 0.001)), and subscapular skin fold thickness (SSFT (r = 0.83, P < 0.001)) percentiles. In conclusion, hyperghrelinemia may represent a compensatory mechanism trying to overcome malnutrition state complicating CLD and can be used as a parameter for early detection and assessment of the severity of malnutrition in children with CLD.
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Yang P, Markowitz GJ, Wang XF. The hepatitis B virus-associated tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma. Natl Sci Rev 2014; 1:396-412. [PMID: 25741453 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwu038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to a majority of cancer types, the initiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is intimately associated with a chronically diseased liver tissue, with one of the most prevalent etiological factors being hepatitis B virus (HBV). Transformation of the liver in HBV-associated HCC often follows from or accompanies long-term symptoms of chronic hepatitis, inflammation and cirrhosis, and viral load is a strong predictor for both incidence and progression of HCC. Besides aiding in transformation, HBV plays a crucial role in modulating the accumulation and activation of both cellular components of the microenvironment, such as immune cells and fibroblasts, and non-cellular components of the microenvironment, such as cytokines and growth factors, markedly influencing disease progression and prognosis. This review will explore some of these components and mechanisms to demonstrate both underlying themes and the inherent complexity of these interacting systems in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of HBV-positive HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Geoffrey J Markowitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Saxena R, Chawla YK, Verma I, Kaur J. IL-6(-572/-597) polymorphism and expression in HBV disease chronicity in an Indian population. Am J Hum Biol 2014; 26:549-55. [PMID: 24841049 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the association among IL-6(-572) and IL-6(-597) genotypes, haplotypes, mRNA, and protein levels with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk in India. METHODS For this, 403 participants (153 controls, 61 inactive HBV-carriers, 65 chronic-active HBV patients, 63 HBV-cirrhotics, and 61 HBV-HCC participants) were enrolled in the study. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), ELISA, and RT-PCR methods were used for assessing polymorphism, protein, and the mRNA levels, respectively, of IL-6. RESULTS The study revealed that the IL-6(-572) GC genotype shared a positive association with hepatitis among controls, and a negative association with cirrhosis and consequent HCC development among carriers. However, the CC genotype shared a significant negative association with cirrhosis among controls and carriers. The IL-6(-597G>A), GA genotype acted as a potential protective factor for hepatitis, cirrhosis, and subsequent HCC development among carriers. The GA and CG haplotypes acted as a vital risk factor for HCC among controls and carriers. On the contrary, the CA haplotype was found to be a potential protective factor for HCC among carriers. Besides, the IL-6 levels significantly increased with cirrhosis development, as compared to carriers and hepatitis subjects. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings indicate a potential role of IL-6(-572/-597) genotypes in HBV disease pathogenesis in an Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roli Saxena
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
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Synergistic antitumor effect of Doxorubicin and tacrolimus (FK506) on hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:450390. [PMID: 24701168 PMCID: PMC3951002 DOI: 10.1155/2014/450390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and shows a complex clinical course, poor response to pharmacological treatment, and a severe prognosis. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether tacrolimus (FK506) has synergistic antitumor effects with doxorubicin on two human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, Huh7 and HepG2. Cell viability was analyzed by Sulforhodamine B assay and synergic effect was evaluated by the software CalcuSyn. Cell apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin V and Dead Cell assay. Apoptosis-related protein PARP-1 cleaved and autophagy-related protein expressions (Beclin-1 and LC3B) were measured by western blotting analysis. Cytokines concentration in cellular supernatants after treatments was studied by Bio-Plex assay. Interestingly the formulation with doxorubicin and tacrolimus induced higher cytotoxicity level on tumor cells than single treatment. Moreover, our results showed that the mechanisms involved were (i) a strong cell apoptosis induction, (ii) contemporaneous decrease of autophagy activation, understood as prosurvival process, and (iii) downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, future studies could relate to the doxorubicin/tacrolimus combination effects in mice models bearing HCC in order to see if this formulation could be useful in HCC treatment.
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IFN-γ (+874) and not TNF-α (-308) is associated with HBV-HCC risk in India. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 385:297-307. [PMID: 24101445 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1838-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ, the pro-inflammatory Th1 cytokines are the indispensable coordinators of the inflammatory responses involved in hepatitis B virus (HBV) pathogenesis. This study attempted to evaluate any possible association among TNF-α (-308G>A) and IFN-γ (+874T/A) genotypes, the spontaneous blood and mRNA levels and expression of their major signal transducers, namely STAT1 and NF-кB with hepatitis B virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) susceptibility in India. For this, 398 subjects (146 controls, 68 inactive-HBV-carriers, 64 chronic-active HBV patients, 61 HBV-cirrhotics, and 59 HBV-HCC subjects) were enrolled. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, allele-specific PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcriptase-PCR, and Western blot analysis were done for assessing polymorphism, blood levels, mRNA expression, and protein expression of signal transducers, respectively, of TNF-α and IFN-γ. The study revealed no significant association of TNF-α (-308) GA genotype, while a significant negative association of IFN-γ (+874) TA and AA genotypes, in HBV-HCC risk. Moreover, blood levels of TNF-α were significantly elevated as disease progresses to HCC, while IFN-γ levels were raised in HCC patients only. Besides, IFN-γ mRNA levels were significantly elevated in cirrhotics, with no change observed in TNF-α transcript levels. Moreover, NF-кB expression also consistently increased during HCC progression. These observations suggest a vital negative association of IFN-γ (+874) with HBV-HCC risk, with no significant association evident in TNF-α (-308). However, the TNF-α and IFN-γ levels markedly increased in HCC development.
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Othman MS, Aref AM, Mohamed AA, Ibrahim WA. Serum Levels of Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10 as Biomarkers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Egyptian Patients. ISRN HEPATOLOGY 2013; 2013:412317. [PMID: 27335826 PMCID: PMC4890868 DOI: 10.1155/2013/412317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been reported to be related to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prognosis. This study aimed to investigate the clinical usefulness of serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10 as biomarkers for HCC among high-risk patients. Materials and Methods. 80 individuals were enrolled in this study; they were categorized into 4 groups: group 1 healthy individuals (NC) (n = 20), group 2 chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients (n = 20), group 3 cirrhotic patients (LC) (n = 20), and HCC group (n = 20). Using ELISA technique serum levels of IL-6, IL-10, and alpha fetoprotein (AFP) were evaluated in all groups. Results. The mean serum levels of IL-6 were significantly higher in HCC than in LC, HCV, and NC groups (13.99 ± 1.80, 7.49 ± 0.43, 5.78 ± 0.74, and 2.57 ± 0.31), respectively (P < 0.05); also the serum levels of IL-10 were significantly higher in HCC compared with LC, HCV, and NC groups (13.69 ± 1.89, 7.37 ± 0.53, 5.18 ± 0.6, and 3.31 ± 0.42) (P < 0.05). We also found that the tumor size is correlated strongly with IL-6 and IL-10 levels (r = 0.925, P < 0.001; r = 0.821, P < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion. The combination of those markers may help to identify a group of HCC patients with low AFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Othman
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza 11787, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Aref
- Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza 11787, Egypt
| | - Amal A. Mohamed
- Biochemsitry Department, National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Fom El-Khalig, Cairo 11796, Egypt
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Venetikou MS, Meleagros L, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Pituitary protein 7B2 plasma levels in patients with liver disease: Comparisons with other hormones and neuropeptides. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:499-506. [PMID: 24137355 PMCID: PMC3789099 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
7B2, a protein initially isolated from the porcine pituitary gland, has been identified in numerous animal and human tissues, with the highest concentrations in the pituitary and hypothalamus. The 7B2 molecule is highly evolutionarily conserved and is considered to be indispensable in the function and regulation of proprotein convertase 2 (PC2). In the present study, the plasma 7B2 immunoreactivity (7B2-IR) of 18 patients with liver disease was studied. Of these patients, seven (three male and four female), aged 37–67 [54.6±13.5 (SD)] years, suffered from liver cirrhosis of cryptogenic (n=2) or alcoholic (n=5) aetiology. The remaining 11 patients (four male and seven female), aged 22–76 [56.1±17.6 (SD)] years, suffered from miscellaneous liver abnormalities. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed in the majority of patients by the histological examination of a percutaneous liver biopsy or by appropriate radiological investigations. Plasma bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, prothrombin time, electrolytes, urea and creatinine were measured. The plasma 7B2-IR levels were estimated using a sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA), and the elution position of 7B2-IR was verified by gel chromatography. The mean plasma 7B2-IR concentration in patients with liver disease was 99.44±15.9 pmol/l. In the patients with hepatocellular damage due to metastatic tumours [Ca bronchus, carcinoid (n=6)], the 7B2-IR concentrations were significantly higher [185±36.9 pmol/l, (P<0.05)] compared with the overall subjects with liver damage. The results of the present study demonstrate that 7B2-IR is increased in liver disease, with the highest levels detected in patients with tumourous liver conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Venetikou
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Caring Professions, Technological Educational Institute (TEI), Athens, Greece
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Chen Y, Song X, Valanejad L, Vasilenko A, More V, Qiu X, Chen W, Lai Y, Slitt A, Stoner M, Yan B, Deng R. Bile salt export pump is dysregulated with altered farnesoid X receptor isoform expression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2013; 57:1530-41. [PMID: 23213087 PMCID: PMC3608797 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED As a canalicular bile acid effluxer, the bile salt export pump (BSEP) plays a vital role in maintaining bile acid homeostasis. BSEP deficiency leads to severe cholestasis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in young children. Regardless of the etiology, chronic inflammation is the common pathological process for HCC development. Clinical studies have shown that bile acid homeostasis is disrupted in HCC patients with elevated serum bile acid level as a proposed marker for HCC. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that BSEP expression was severely diminished in HCC tissues and markedly reduced in adjacent nontumor tissues. In contrast to mice, human BSEP was regulated by farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in an isoform-dependent manner. FXR-α2 exhibited a much more potent activity than FXR-α1 in transactivating human BSEP in vitro and in vivo. The decreased BSEP expression in HCC was associated with altered relative expression of FXR-α1 and FXR-α2. FXR-α1/FXR-α2 ratios were significantly increased, with undetectable FXR-α2 expression in one third of the HCC tumor samples. A similar correlation between BSEP and FXR isoform expression was confirmed in hepatoma Huh7 and HepG2 cells. Further studies showed that intrahepatic proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), were significantly elevated in HCC tissues. Treatment of Huh7 cells with IL-6 and TNF-α resulted in a marked increase in FXR-α1/FXR-α2 ratio, concurrent with a significant decrease in BSEP expression. CONCLUSION BSEP expression is severely diminished in HCC patients associated with alteration of FXR isoform expression induced by inflammation. Restoration of BSEP expression through suppressing inflammation in the liver may reestablish bile acid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Xiulong Song
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Leila Valanejad
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Alexander Vasilenko
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Vijay More
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Xi Qiu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Weikang Chen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Yurong Lai
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Angela Slitt
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Matthew Stoner
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Bingfang Yan
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Ruitang Deng
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
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Changes in plasma ghrelin and serum leptin levels after Cisplatin-based transcatheter arterial infusion chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. ISRN GASTROENTEROLOGY 2013; 2013:415450. [PMID: 23533792 PMCID: PMC3606724 DOI: 10.1155/2013/415450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is widely recognized to cause severe gastrointestinal disorders like nausea, vomiting, and appetite loss. The aim of this study was to assess whether cisplatin-based transcatheter arterial infusion (TAI) chemotherapy reduces plasma ghrelin levels and food intake in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Methods. Seventeen patients with HCC who underwent cisplatin-based TAI chemotherapy (80-100 mg/body) were enrolled in this study. Changes in peptide hormones, including ghrelin and leptin, as well as cytokines, were measured before and after chemotherapy. Appetite was evaluated by visual analog scale (VAS) and food intake was scored by eleven stages (0-10). Results. Appetite and food intake were significantly decreased after chemotherapy (P < 0.05). Plasma acylated ghrelin levels before therapy and at day 1, day 7, and day 14 after chemotherapy were 10.4 ± 7.2, 4.7 ± 4.7, 11.7 ± 8.9, and 9.3 ± 6.6 fmol/mL, respectively. The level on day 1 was decreased significantly (P < 0.05). In contrast, the levels of leptin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) on day 1 were increased significantly (P < 0.05). Conclusions. TAI for HCC reduced plasma acylated ghrelin levels, appetite, and food intake significantly. In addition, it increased serum leptin levels.
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Chopin LK, Seim I, Walpole CM, Herington AC. The ghrelin axis--does it have an appetite for cancer progression? Endocr Rev 2012; 33:849-91. [PMID: 22826465 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor (GHSR), is a peptide hormone with diverse physiological roles. Ghrelin regulates GH release, appetite and feeding, gut motility, and energy balance and also has roles in the cardiovascular, immune, and reproductive systems. Ghrelin and the GHSR are expressed in a wide range of normal and tumor tissues, and a fluorescein-labeled, truncated form of ghrelin is showing promise as a biomarker for prostate cancer. Plasma ghrelin levels are generally inversely related to body mass index and are unlikely to be useful as a biomarker for cancer, but may be useful as a marker for cancer cachexia. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ghrelin and GHSR genes have shown associations with cancer risk; however, larger studies are required. Ghrelin regulates processes associated with cancer, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, cell invasion, inflammation, and angiogenesis; however, the role of ghrelin in cancer is currently unclear. Ghrelin has predominantly antiinflammatory effects and may play a role in protecting against cancer-related inflammation. Ghrelin and its analogs show promise as treatments for cancer-related cachexia. Further studies using in vivo models are required to determine whether ghrelin has a role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Chopin
- Ghrelin Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.
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Metwaly HA, Al-Gayyar MMH, Eletreby S, Ebrahim MA, El-Shishtawy MM. Relevance of serum levels of interleukin-6 and syndecan-1 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Pharm 2011; 80:179-88. [PMID: 22396913 PMCID: PMC3293347 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1110-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Syndecan-1 is a trans-membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan that localizes in epithelial cells and has been shown to be present in normal hepatocytes. It is thought to be involved in processes such as cell growth, differentiation and adhesion. However, the clinical data regarding syndecan-1 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are scarce and controversial. Therefore, we need to evaluate the effects of HCC on the serum levels of syndecan-1. Thus, 40 patients with HCC and 31 patients with liver cirrhosis were physically examined. Blood samples were taken for measurements of routine markers (sGPT, sGOT, bilirubin, albumin, and α-fetoprotein), as well as serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and syndecan-1. Patients with liver cirrhosis showed significant increase in serum IL-6 as compared with HCC patients and the control subjects. Serum level of syndecan-1 was significantly increased in HCC patients as compared with the cirrhotic and control groups. In addition, significant positive correlations between syndecan-1 and serum levels of ALT, AST in HCC patients were found. Moreover, syndecan-1 increased significantly with increasing stage of Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer Group diagnostic and treatment strategy. In conclusion, the development of HCC is accompanied by a significant elevation in serum syndecan-1 levels. The increase in serum syndecan-1 may be linked with progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Metwaly
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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