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Regev TI, Lipkin B, Boebinger D, Paunov A, Kean H, Norman-Haignere S, Fedorenko E. Preserved functional organization of human auditory cortex in individuals missing one temporal lobe from infancy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.18.523979. [PMID: 36711687 PMCID: PMC9882328 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.18.523979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Human cortical responses to natural sounds, measured with fMRI, can be approximated as the weighted sum of a small number of canonical response patterns (components), each having interpretable functional and anatomical properties. Here, we asked whether this organization is preserved in cases where only one temporal lobe is available due to early brain damage by investigating a unique family: one sibling born without a left temporal lobe, another without a right temporal lobe, and a third anatomically neurotypical. We analyzed fMRI responses to diverse natural sounds within the intact hemispheres of these individuals and compared them to 12 neurotypical participants. All siblings manifested the neurotypical auditory responses in their intact hemispheres. These results suggest that the development of the auditory cortex in each hemisphere does not depend on the existence of the other hemisphere, highlighting the redundancy and equipotentiality of the bilateral auditory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar I Regev
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA
| | - Benjamin Lipkin
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA
| | - Dana Boebinger
- Department of Biostatistics & Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Alexander Paunov
- INSERM-CEA Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit (UNICOG), NeuroSpin Center, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Hope Kean
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA
| | - Sam Norman-Haignere
- Department of Biostatistics & Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Evelina Fedorenko
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA
- Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology (SHBT) Program, Harvard University, Boston MA
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Kurzawski JW, Lunghi C, Biagi L, Tosetti M, Morrone MC, Binda P. Short-term plasticity in the human visual thalamus. eLife 2022; 11:74565. [PMID: 35384840 PMCID: PMC9020816 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While there is evidence that the visual cortex retains a potential for plasticity in adulthood, less is known about the subcortical stages of visual processing. Here we asked whether short-term ocular dominance plasticity affects the human visual thalamus. We addressed this question in normally sighted adult humans, using ultra-high field (7T) magnetic resonance imaging combined with the paradigm of short-term monocular deprivation. With this approach, we previously demonstrated transient shifts of perceptual eye dominance and ocular dominance in visual cortex (Binda et al., 2018). Here we report evidence for short-term plasticity in the ventral division of the pulvinar (vPulv), where the deprived eye representation was enhanced over the non-deprived eye. This ventral-pulvinar plasticity was similar as previously seen in visual cortex and it was correlated with the ocular dominance shift measured behaviorally. In contrast, there was no effect of monocular deprivation in two adjacent thalamic regions: dorsal pulvinar (dPulv), and Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN). We conclude that the visual thalamus retains potential for short-term plasticity in adulthood; the plasticity effect differs across thalamic subregions, possibly reflecting differences in their cortico-fugal connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Lunghi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Concetta Morrone
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Binda
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Innocenti GM. Defining neuroplasticity. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 184:3-18. [PMID: 35034744 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity, i.e., the modifiability of the brain, is different in development and adulthood. The first includes changes in: (i) neurogenesis and control of neuron number; (ii) neuronal migration; (iii) differentiation of the somato-dendritic and axonal phenotypes; (iv) formation of connections; (v) cytoarchitectonic differentiation. These changes are often interrelated and can lead to: (vi) system-wide modifications of brain structure as well as to (vii) acquisition of specific functions such as ocular dominance or language. Myelination appears to be plastic both in development and adulthood, at least, in rodents. Adult neuroplasticity is limited, and is mainly expressed as changes in the strength of excitatory and inhibitory synapses while the attempts to regenerate connections have met with limited success. The outcomes of neuroplasticity are not necessarily adaptive, but can also be the cause of neurological and psychiatric pathologies.
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Cortical Visual Impairment in Childhood: 'Blindsight' and the Sprague Effect Revisited. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101279. [PMID: 34679344 PMCID: PMC8533908 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper discusses and provides support for diverse processes of brain plasticity in visual function after damage in infancy and childhood in comparison with injury that occurs in the adult brain. We provide support and description of neuroplastic mechanisms in childhood that do not seemingly exist in the same way in the adult brain. Examples include the ability to foster the development of thalamocortical connectivities that can circumvent the lesion and reach their cortical destination in the occipital cortex as the developing brain is more efficient in building new connections. Supporting this claim is the fact that in those with central visual field defects we can note that the extrastriatal visual connectivities are greater when a lesion occurs earlier in life as opposed to in the neurologically mature adult. The result is a significantly more optimized system of visual and spatial exploration within the ‘blind’ field of view. The discussion is provided within the context of “blindsight” and the “Sprague Effect”.
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Mikellidou K, Arrighi R, Aghakhanyan G, Tinelli F, Frijia F, Crespi S, De Masi F, Montanaro D, Morrone MC. Plasticity of the human visual brain after an early cortical lesion. Neuropsychologia 2017; 128:166-177. [PMID: 29100949 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In adults, partial damage to V1 or optic radiations abolishes perception in the corresponding part of the visual field, causing a scotoma. However, it is widely accepted that the developing cortex has superior capacities to reorganize following an early lesion to endorse adaptive plasticity. Here we report a single patient case (G.S.) with near normal central field vision despite a massive unilateral lesion to the optic radiations acquired early in life. The patient underwent surgical removal of a right hemisphere parieto-temporal-occipital atypical choroid plexus papilloma of the right lateral ventricle at four months of age, which presumably altered the visual pathways during in utero development. Both the tumor and surgery severely compromised the optic radiations. Residual vision of G.S. was tested psychophysically when the patient was 7 years old. We found a close-to-normal visual acuity and contrast sensitivity within the central 25° and a great impairment in form and contrast vision in the far periphery (40-50°) of the left visual hemifield. BOLD response to full field luminance flicker was recorded from the primary visual cortex (V1) and in a region in the residual temporal-occipital region, presumably corresponding to the middle temporal complex (MT+), of the lesioned (right) hemisphere. A population receptive field analysis of the BOLD responses to contrast modulated stimuli revealed a retinotopic organization just for the MT+ region but not for the calcarine regions. Interestingly, consistent islands of ipsilateral activity were found in MT+ and in the parieto-occipital sulcus (POS) of the intact hemisphere. Probabilistic tractography revealed that optic radiations between LGN and V1 were very sparse in the lesioned hemisphere consistently with the post-surgery cerebral resection, while normal in the intact hemisphere. On the other hand, strong structural connections between MT+ and LGN were found in the lesioned hemisphere, while the equivalent tract in the spared hemisphere showed minimal structural connectivity. These results suggest that during development of the pathological brain, abnormal thalamic projections can lead to functional cortical changes, which may mediate functional recovery of vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mikellidou
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Arrighi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - G Aghakhanyan
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Tinelli
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Stella Maris Scientific Institute, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Frijia
- UOC Bioingegneria e Ingegneria Clinica, Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Crespi
- Department of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Unit of Experimental Psychology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Neuroradiology Unit - CERMAC, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - F De Masi
- Division of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Pisa, Italy
| | - D Montanaro
- Unità di Neuroradiologia, Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - M C Morrone
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Stella Maris Scientific Institute, Pisa, Italy.
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Strappini F, Pelli DG, Di Pace E, Martelli M. Agnosic vision is like peripheral vision, which is limited by crowding. Cortex 2017; 89:135-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Bourne JA, Morrone MC. Plasticity of Visual Pathways and Function in the Developing Brain: Is the Pulvinar a Crucial Player? Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:3. [PMID: 28228719 PMCID: PMC5296321 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulvinar is the largest of the thalamic nuclei in the primates, including humans. In the primates, two of the three major subdivisions, the lateral and inferior pulvinar, are heavily interconnected with a significant proportion of the visual association cortex. However, while we now have a better understanding of the bidirectional connectivity of these pulvinar subdivisions, its functions remain somewhat of an enigma. Over the past few years, researchers have started to tackle this problem by addressing it from the angle of development and visual cortical lesions. In this review, we will draw together literature from the realms of studies in nonhuman primates and humans that have informed much of the current understanding. This literature has been responsible for changing many long-held opinions on the development of the visual cortex and how the pulvinar interacts dynamically with cortices during early life to ensure rapid development and functional capacity Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest involvement of the pulvinar following lesions of the primary visual cortex (V1) and geniculostriate pathway in early life which have far better functional outcomes than identical lesions obtained in adulthood. Shedding new light on the pulvinar and its role following lesions of the visual brain has implications for our understanding of visual brain disorders and the potential for recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Concetta Morrone
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation Pisa, Italy
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Restani L, Caleo M. Reorganization of Visual Callosal Connections Following Alterations of Retinal Input and Brain Damage. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 10:86. [PMID: 27895559 PMCID: PMC5107575 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vision is a very important sensory modality in humans. Visual disorders are numerous and arising from diverse and complex causes. Deficits in visual function are highly disabling from a social point of view and in addition cause a considerable economic burden. For all these reasons there is an intense effort by the scientific community to gather knowledge on visual deficit mechanisms and to find possible new strategies for recovery and treatment. In this review, we focus on an important and sometimes neglected player of the visual function, the corpus callosum (CC). The CC is the major white matter structure in the brain and is involved in information processing between the two hemispheres. In particular, visual callosal connections interconnect homologous areas of visual cortices, binding together the two halves of the visual field. This interhemispheric communication plays a significant role in visual cortical output. Here, we will first review the essential literature on the physiology of the callosal connections in normal vision. The available data support the view that the callosum contributes to both excitation and inhibition to the target hemisphere, with a dynamic adaptation to the strength of the incoming visual input. Next, we will focus on data showing how callosal connections may sense visual alterations and respond to the classical paradigm for the study of visual plasticity, i.e., monocular deprivation (MD). This is a prototypical example of a model for the study of callosal plasticity in pathological conditions (e.g., strabismus and amblyopia) characterized by unbalanced input from the two eyes. We will also discuss the findings of callosal alterations in blind subjects. Noteworthy, we will discuss data showing that inter-hemispheric transfer mediates recovery of visual responsiveness following cortical damage. Finally, we will provide an overview of how callosal projections dysfunction could contribute to pathologies such as neglect and occipital epilepsy. A particular focus will be on reviewing noninvasive brain stimulation techniques and optogenetic approaches that allow to selectively manipulate callosal function and to probe its involvement in cortical processing and plasticity. Overall, the data indicate that experience can potently impact on transcallosal connectivity, and that the callosum itself is crucial for plasticity and recovery in various disorders of the visual pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Restani
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR) Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Caleo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR) Pisa, Italy
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Bridge H, Leopold DA, Bourne JA. Adaptive Pulvinar Circuitry Supports Visual Cognition. Trends Cogn Sci 2015; 20:146-157. [PMID: 26553222 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The pulvinar is the largest thalamic nucleus in primates and one of the most mysterious. Endeavors to understand its role in vision have focused on its abundant connections with the visual cortex. While its connectivity mapping in the cortex displays a broad topographic organization, its projections are also marked by considerable convergence and divergence. As a result, the pulvinar is often regarded as a central forebrain hub. Moreover, new evidence suggests that its comparatively modest input from structures such as the retina and superior colliculus may critically shape the functional organization of the visual cortex, particularly during early development. Here we review recent studies that cast fresh light on how the many convergent pathways through the pulvinar contribute to visual cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Bridge
- FMRIB Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David A Leopold
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Making memories: the development of long-term visual knowledge in children with visual agnosia. Neural Plast 2013; 2013:306432. [PMID: 24319599 PMCID: PMC3844164 DOI: 10.1155/2013/306432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few reports about the effects of perinatal acquired brain lesions on the development of visual perception. These studies demonstrate nonseverely impaired visual-spatial abilities and preserved visual memory. Longitudinal data analyzing the effects of compromised perceptions on long-term visual knowledge in agnosics are limited to lesions having occurred in adulthood. The study of children with focal lesions of the visual pathways provides a unique opportunity to assess the development of visual memory when perceptual input is degraded. We assessed visual recognition and visual memory in three children with lesions to the visual cortex having occurred in early infancy. We then explored the time course of visual memory impairment in two of them at 2 years and 3.7 years from the initial assessment. All children exhibited apperceptive visual agnosia and visual memory impairment. We observed a longitudinal improvement of visual memory modulated by the structural properties of objects. Our findings indicate that processing of degraded perceptions from birth results in impoverished memories. The dynamic interaction between perception and memory during development might modulate the long-term construction of visual representations, resulting in less severe impairment.
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Tinelli F, Cicchini GM, Arrighi R, Tosetti M, Cioni G, Morrone MC. Blindsight in children with congenital and acquired cerebral lesions. Cortex 2013; 49:1636-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bourne JA. Unravelling the development of the visual cortex: implications for plasticity and repair. J Anat 2010; 217:449-68. [PMID: 20722872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual cortex comprises over 50 areas in the human, each with a specified role and distinct physiology, connectivity and cellular morphology. How these individual areas emerge during development still remains something of a mystery and, although much attention has been paid to the initial stages of the development of the visual cortex, especially its lamination, very little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the arealization and functional organization of this region of the brain. In recent years we have started to discover that it is the interplay of intrinsic (molecular) and extrinsic (afferent connections) cues that are responsible for the maturation of individual areas, and that there is a spatiotemporal sequence in the maturation of the primary visual cortex (striate cortex, V1) and the multiple extrastriate/association areas. Studies in both humans and non-human primates have started to highlight the specific neural underpinnings responsible for the maturation of the visual cortex, and how experience-dependent plasticity and perturbations to the visual system can impact upon its normal development. Furthermore, damage to specific nuclei of the visual cortex, such as the primary visual cortex (V1), is a common occurrence as a result of a stroke, neurotrauma, disease or hypoxia in both neonates and adults alike. However, the consequences of a focal injury differ between the immature and adult brain, with the immature brain demonstrating a higher level of functional resilience. With better techniques for examining specific molecular and connectional changes, we are now starting to uncover the mechanisms responsible for the increased neural plasticity that leads to significant recovery following injury during this early phase of life. Further advances in our understanding of postnatal development/maturation and plasticity observed during early life could offer new strategies to improve outcomes by recapitulating aspects of the developmental program in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Schmidt KE, Lomber SG, Innocenti GM. Specificity of neuronal responses in primary visual cortex is modulated by interhemispheric corticocortical input. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 20:2776-86. [PMID: 20211943 PMCID: PMC2978237 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Within the visual cortex, it has been proposed that interhemispheric interactions serve to re-establish the continuity of the visual field across its vertical meridian (VM) by mechanisms similar to those used by intrinsic connections within a hemisphere. However, other specific functions of transcallosal projections have also been proposed, including contributing to disparity tuning and depth perception. Here, we consider whether interhemispheric connections modulate specific response properties, orientation and direction selectivity, of neurons in areas 17 and 18 of the ferret by combining reversible thermal deactivation in one hemisphere with optical imaging of intrinsic signals and single-cell electrophysiology in the other hemisphere. We found interhemispheric influences on both the strength and specificity of the responses to stimulus orientation and direction of motion, predominantly at the VM. However, neurons and domains preferring cardinal contours, in particular vertical contours, seem to receive stronger interhemispheric input than others. This finding is compatible with interhemispheric connections being involved in horizontal disparity tuning. In conclusion, our results support the view that interhemispheric interactions mainly perform integrative functions similar to those of connections intrinsic to one hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin E Schmidt
- Max-Planck Research Group: Cortical Function and Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstraße 46, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Differential vulnerability of global motion, global form, and biological motion processing in full-term and preterm children. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:2766-78. [PMID: 19520094 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Butler JE, Lemke CD, Weber P, Sinkora M, Lager KM. Antibody repertoire development in fetal and neonatal piglets: XIX. Undiversified B cells with hydrophobic HCDR3s preferentially proliferate in the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:6320-31. [PMID: 17475861 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.10.6320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes an extraordinary increase in the proportion of B cells resulting in lymphoid hyperplasia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and autoimmunity in neonatal piglets. Spectratypic analysis of B cells from neonatal isolator piglets show a non-Gaussian pattern with preferential expansion of clones bearing certain H chain third complementary region (HCDR3) lengths. However, only in PRRSV-infected isolator piglets was nearly the identical spectratype observed for all lymphoid tissues. This result suggests dissemination of the same dominant B cell clones throughout the body. B cell expansion in PRRS was not associated with preferential VH gene usage or repertoire diversification and these cells appeared to bear a naive phenotype. The B cell population observed during infection comprised those with hydrophobic HCDR3s, especially sequences encoded by reading frame 3 of DHA that generates the AMVLV motif. Thus, the hydropathicity profile of B cells after infection was skewed to favor those with hydrophobic binding sites, whereas the normally dominant region of the hydropathicity profile containing neutral HCDR3s was absent. We believe that the hypergammaglobulinemia results from the products of these cells. We speculate that PRRSV infection generates a product that engages the BCR of naive B cells, displaying the AMVLV and similar motifs in HCDR3 and resulting in their T-independent proliferation without repertoire diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Interdisciplinary Immunology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Chilosi AM, Brovedani P, Moscatelli M, Bonanni P, Guerrini R. Neuropsychological Findings in Idiopathic Occipital Lobe Epilepsies. Epilepsia 2006; 47 Suppl 2:76-8. [PMID: 17105468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We reviewed the clinical charts of 22 patients (mean age 12 years) with idiopathic occipital lobe epilepsies (IOLE) to verify the presence of visuoperceptual difficulties. METHODS All 22 patients underwent a standard neuropsychiatric examination and had a sleep electroencephalogram (EEG). Eleven had normal development and adequate scholastic achievements, so no formal testing was performed. Psychological assessment was carried out in the remaining 11 patients who had been referred because of learning and behavioral difficulties. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS IQ was in the average/low-average range in most patients, with a cognitive profile characterized by relatively better verbal than performance abilities (8/11). There was a high incidence of scholastic disabilities (7/11); psychiatric disorders in the form of anxiety and depressive disorders were also frequent (6/11). In the six patients who had neuropsychological assessment with specific visuoperceptual testing, a deficit in facial discrimination was found in four patients, associated with a line orientation deficit in three. Although preliminary, and based on a tertiary-care clinical sample, these data suggest that children with IOLE, are at risk for lower intellectual performance, poor scholastic achievement and psychiatric disorders, as well as for specific deficits in the visuoperceptual domain, probably due to dysfunction of the occipitotemporal circuitries most often involved in seizure spread in epilepsies originating in the posterior brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Chilosi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Stella Maris Scientific Institute, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Amicuzi I, Stortini M, Petrarca M, Di Giulio P, Di Rosa G, Fariello G, Longo D, Cannatà V, Genovese E, Castelli E. Visual recognition and visually guided action after early bilateral lesion of occipital cortex: a behavioral study of a 4.6-year-old girl. Neurocase 2006; 12:263-79. [PMID: 17190747 DOI: 10.1080/13554790601026106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 4.6-year-old girl born pre-term with early bilateral occipital damage. It was revealed that the child had non-severely impaired basic visual abilities and ocular motility, a selective perceptual deficit of figure-ground segregation, impaired visual recognition and abnormal navigating through space. Even if the child's visual functioning was not optimal, this was the expression of adaptive anatomic and functional brain modifications that occurred following the early lesion. Anatomic brain structure was studied with anatomic MRI and Diffusor Tensor Imaging (DTI)-MRI. This behavioral study may provide an important contribution to understanding the impact of an early lesion of the visual system on the development of visual functions and on the immature brain's potential for reorganisation related to when the damage occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Amicuzi
- Pediatric Rehabilitation Department, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.
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Farah MJ, Shera DM, Savage JH, Betancourt L, Giannetta JM, Brodsky NL, Malmud EK, Hurt H. Childhood poverty: Specific associations with neurocognitive development. Brain Res 2006; 1110:166-74. [PMID: 16879809 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Revised: 06/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Growing up in poverty is associated with reduced cognitive achievement as measured by standardized intelligence tests, but little is known about the underlying neurocognitive systems responsible for this effect. We administered a battery of tasks designed to tax-specific neurocognitive systems to healthy low and middle SES children screened for medical history and matched for age, gender and ethnicity. Higher SES was associated with better performance on the tasks, as expected, but the SES disparity was significantly nonuniform across neurocognitive systems. Pronounced differences were found in Left perisylvian/Language and Medial temporal/Memory systems, along with significant differences in Lateral/Prefrontal/Working memory and Anterior cingulate/Cognitive control and smaller, nonsignificant differences in Occipitotemporal/Pattern vision and Parietal/Spatial cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha J Farah
- Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA.
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20
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Filan PM, Inder TE, Cameron FJ, Kean MJ, Hunt RW. Neonatal hypoglycemia and occipital cerebral injury. J Pediatr 2006; 148:552-5. [PMID: 16647423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Revised: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Occipital brain injury associated with neonatal hypoglycemia can result in long-term disability, epilepsy, and visual impairment. The etiology of this pattern of injury is unclear; however, transient hyperinsulinism may be an independent risk factor. Magnetic resonance brain imaging can delineate the extent of brain injury and guide follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Filan
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Victorian Infant Brain Study Group, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Seghier ML, Lazeyras F, Zimine S, Saudan-Frei S, Safran AB, Huppi PS. Visual recovery after perinatal stroke evidenced by functional and diffusion MRI: case report. BMC Neurol 2005; 5:17. [PMID: 16185359 PMCID: PMC1249577 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-5-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After perinatal brain injury, clinico-anatomic correlations of functional deficits and brain plasticity remain difficult to evaluate clinically in the young infant. Thus, new non-invasive methods capable of early functional diagnosis are needed in young infants. CASE PRESENTATION The visual system recovery in an infant with perinatal stroke is assessed by combining diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and event-related functional MRI (ER-fMRI). All experiments were done at 1.5T. A first DTI experiment was performed at 12 months of age. At 20 months of age, a second DTI experiment was performed and combined with an ER-fMRI experiment with visual stimuli (2 Hz visual flash). At 20 months of age, ER-fMRI showed significant negative activation in the visual cortex of the injured left hemisphere that was not previously observed in the same infant. DTI maps suggest recovery of the optic radiation in the vicinity of the lesion. Optic radiations in the injured hemisphere are more prominent in DTI at 20 months of age than in DTI at 12 months of age. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that functional cortical recovery is supported by structural modifications that concern major pathways of the visual system. These neuroimaging findings might contribute to elaborate a pertinent strategy in terms of diagnosis and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed L Seghier
- Department of Radiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Micheli-du-Crest 24, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Departments of Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Michel-Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - François Lazeyras
- Department of Radiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Micheli-du-Crest 24, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Slava Zimine
- Department of Radiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Micheli-du-Crest 24, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Saudan-Frei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Micheli-du-Crest 24, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Avinoam B Safran
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Dermatology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Petra S Huppi
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Geneva, 6 rue Willy-Donzé, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Peterson BS. Clinical neuroscience and imaging studies of core psychoanalytic constructs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnr.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Ingham RJ, Finn P, Bothe AK. "Roadblocks" revisited: neural change, stuttering treatment, and recovery from stuttering. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2005; 30:91-107. [PMID: 15949540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Revised: 10/28/2004] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In light of emerging findings concerning untreated recovery and neural plasticity, this paper re-examines the viability of an NIH conference recommendation [Cooper, J. A. (1990). Research directions in stuttering: Consensus and conflict. In Cooper, J. A. (Ed.), Research needs in stuttering: Roadblocks and future directions (pp. 98-100). Rockville, MD: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.] that adults who have recovered from stuttering might inform our understanding of the nature and treatment of persistent stuttering. It is suggested that those who have recovered could constitute a behavioral, cognitive, and neurophysiologic benchmark for evaluating stuttering treatment for adolescents and adults, while helping to identify the limits of recovery from a persistent disorder. This possibility seems especially promising because of findings from recent studies investigating untreated recovery during childhood and adulthood, the emerging evidence concerning neural plasticity and reorganization, and reports of neural system changes during stuttering treatment. Potential obstacles to applying findings from unassisted recovery to treatment do exist, but the benefits of attempts to fully understand stuttering certainly outweigh the difficulties. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES After completing this activity, the learner will be able to: (1) describe two complexities involved in determining whether recovery from stuttering was assisted or unassisted; (2) discuss the implications for stuttering research of two neural plasticity research findings from areas other than stuttering; and (3) evaluate the possible implications for stuttering treatment of a coordinated research program that addresses behavioral, cognitive, and neurological characteristics of assisted and unassisted recovery from stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J Ingham
- University of California, Santa Barbara, Speech and Hearing Sciences, Harder Annex, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Restrepo CE, Manger PR, Spenger C, Innocenti GM. Immature cortex lesions alter retinotopic maps and interhemispheric connections. Ann Neurol 2003; 54:51-65. [PMID: 12838520 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Unilateral lesions of the occipital visual areas performed on postnatal day 5 (P5) in the ferret are not compensated by the appearance, in the lesioned hemisphere, of visual responses at ectopic locations. Instead, when parts of the visual areas are spared, they show abnormal retinotopic organizations; furthermore, callosal connections are abnormally distributed in relation to the retinotopic maps. Lesions that completely eliminate the visual areas including the posterior parietal cortex cause the appearance of abnormal callosal connections from the primary somatosensory cortex on the lesion side to the contralateral, intact, posterior parietal cortex. The occipital visual areas (17, 18, 19, and 21) of the intact hemisphere show a normal retinotopy but lose callosal connections in territories homotopic to the lesions. These findings clarify the nature and limits of structural developmental plasticity in the visual cortex. Early in life, certain regions of cortex have been irreversibly allocated to the visual areas, but two properties defining the areas, that is, retinotopy and connections, remain modifiable. The findings might be relevant for understanding the consequences of early-onset visual cortical lesions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ernesto Restrepo
- Division of Neuroanatomy and Brain Development, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Restrepo CE, Manger PR, Innocenti GM. Retinofugal projections following early lesions of the visual cortex in the ferret. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 16:1713-9. [PMID: 12431224 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Extensive lesions of the occipital cortex comprising the developing occipital visual areas and beyond in young ferrets (postnatal day 5) are followed by massive, but incomplete, degeneration of the lateral geniculate (LGN) and lateralis posterior (LP) nuclei of the thalamus, and minor volumetric reduction of the superior colliculus. Retinal projections (revealed by intraocular tracer injections), while reduced, remain confined to their territories of normal termination, both in the adult and throughout development. Comparisons with other mammalian species point to several common features in the developmental plasticity of retinofugal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ernesto Restrepo
- Division of Neuroanatomy and Brain Development, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zesiger P, Kiper D, Maeder P, Deonna T, Innocenti GM. Preserved visual function in a case of occipitoparietal microgyria. Ann Neurol 2002; 52:492-8. [PMID: 12325079 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A 20-year-old man with bilateral parasagittal occipitoparietal polymicrogyria and epilepsy, from whom normal functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalogram responses to visual stimuli were obtained, was found to have no visual perceptual deficits. This suggests that microgyric cortex can perform normal visual functions, despite its gross structural abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Zesiger
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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