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Pang L, Guo S, Khan F, Dunterman M, Ali H, Liu Y, Huang Y, Chen P. Hypoxia-driven protease legumain promotes immunosuppression in glioblastoma. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101238. [PMID: 37858339 PMCID: PMC10694605 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a hypoxic and "immune-cold" tumor containing rich stromal signaling molecules and cell populations, such as proteases and immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Here, we seek to profile and characterize the potential proteases that may contribute to GBM immunosuppression. Legumain (LGMN) emerges as the key protease that is highly enriched in TAMs and transcriptionally upregulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1α). Functionally, the increased LGMN promotes TAM immunosuppressive polarization via activating the GSK-3β-STAT3 signaling pathway. Inhibition of macrophage HIF1α and LGMN reduces TAM immunosuppressive polarization, impairs tumor progression, enhances CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity, and synergizes with anti-PD1 therapy in GBM mouse models. Thus, LGMN is a key molecular switch connecting two GBM hallmarks of hypoxia and immunosuppression, providing an actionable therapeutic intervention for this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Pang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Songlin Guo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Fatima Khan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Madeline Dunterman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Heba Ali
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yuyun Huang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peiwen Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Juurikka K, Dufour A, Pehkonen K, Mainoli B, Campioni Rodrigues P, Solis N, Klein T, Nyberg P, Overall CM, Salo T, Åström P. MMP8 increases tongue carcinoma cell-cell adhesion and diminishes migration via cleavage of anti-adhesive FXYD5. Oncogenesis 2021; 10:44. [PMID: 34059618 PMCID: PMC8167110 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-021-00334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) modify bioactive factors via selective processing or degradation resulting in tumour-promoting or tumour-suppressive effects, such as those by MMP8 in various cancers. We mapped the substrates of MMP8 to elucidate its previously shown tumour-protective role in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). MMP8 overexpressing (+) HSC-3 cells, previously demonstrated to have reduced migration and invasion, showed enhanced cell-cell adhesion. By analysing the secretomes of MMP8 + and control cells with terminal amine isotopic labelling of substrates (TAILS) coupled with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we identified 36 potential substrates of MMP8, including FXYD domain-containing ion transport regulator 5 (FXYD5). An anti-adhesive glycoprotein FXYD5 has been previously shown to predict poor survival in OTSCC. Cleavage of FXYD5 by MMP8 was confirmed using recombinant proteins. Furthermore, we detected a loss of FXYD5 levels on cell membrane of MMP8 + cells, which was rescued by inhibition of the proteolytic activity of MMP8. Silencing (si) FXYD5 increased the cell-cell adhesion of control but not that of MMP8 + cells. siFXYD5 diminished the viability and motility of HSC-3 cells independent of MMP8 and similar effects were seen in another tongue cancer cell line, SCC-25. FXYD5 is a novel substrate of MMP8 and reducing FXYD5 levels either with siRNA or cleavage by MMP8 increases cell adhesion leading to reduced motility. FXYD5 being a known prognostic factor in OTSCC, our findings strengthen its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Juurikka
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - A Dufour
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Blood Research, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - K Pehkonen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - B Mainoli
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - P Campioni Rodrigues
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - N Solis
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Blood Research, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - T Klein
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Blood Research, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - P Nyberg
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biobank Borealis of Northern Finland, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - C M Overall
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Blood Research, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - T Salo
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Åström
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. .,Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Blood Research, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. .,Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Kalinina A, Golubeva I, Kudryavtsev I, Khromova N, Antoshina E, Trukhanova L, Gorkova T, Kazansky D, Khromykh L. Cyclophilin A is a factor of antitumor defense in the early stages of tumor development. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107470. [PMID: 33640856 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a pro-inflammatory factor with multiple immunomodulating effects. Here, we investigated the effects of recombinant human CypA (rhCypA) as a factor of antitumor host defense. Our results demonstrated that rhCypA dramatically inhibited the growth of murine transplantable tumors (mammary adenocarcinoma Ca755, melanoma B16, Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC), and cervical cancer CC-5). In the B16 model, rhCypA effects were observed only when tumor cells were transplanted at the significantly reduced injection dose, indicating that antitumor properties of rhCypA are more effective at the initial stages of cancer development. Antitumor effect of rhCypA in the CC-5 model was comparable to the action of 5-fluorouracil (5FU), and rhCypA administration prevented 5FU - induced leukopenia in the blood of tumor-bearing mice. In the LLC model, rhCypA injection before but not after tumor resection significantly suppressed the formation of post-surgical metastases. RhCypA exhibited no direct cytotoxic effects in vitro on human leukemia cells (K-562, HL-60, KG-1), indicating that rhCypA antitumor action could be mediated by its immunomodulating activity. In the B16 model, rhCypA had no impact on tumor angiogenesis and gene expression of several MMPs, endogenous CypA, and CD147, which play a crucial role in cancer progression. However, in this model, rhCypA stimulated gene expression of MMPs 8, 9, and 12 that could contribute to malignancy growth inhibition. Here, our findings pointed out CypA as one of the factors of antitumor host defense that can effectively control the initial stages of tumor and metastases formation by regulating the action of MMPs and changing the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Kalinina
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe sh. 24, Moscow 115478, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Golubeva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe sh. 24, Moscow 115478, Russian Federation
| | - Igor Kudryavtsev
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe sh. 24, Moscow 115478, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Khromova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe sh. 24, Moscow 115478, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Antoshina
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe sh. 24, Moscow 115478, Russian Federation
| | - Lubov Trukhanova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe sh. 24, Moscow 115478, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana Gorkova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe sh. 24, Moscow 115478, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Kazansky
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe sh. 24, Moscow 115478, Russian Federation
| | - Ludmila Khromykh
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe sh. 24, Moscow 115478, Russian Federation.
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Mogal MR, Mahmod MR, Sompa SA, Junayed A, Abedin MZ, Sikder MA. Association between ankyrin 2 gene and breast cancer progression: A preliminary computational assessment using the database approach. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Kalavska K, Cierna Z, Karaba M, Minarik G, Benca J, Sedlackova T, Kolekova D, Mrvova I, Pindak D, Mardiak J, Mego M. Prognostic role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in early breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:78. [PMID: 33363615 PMCID: PMC7723168 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MMP9 is involved in extracellular matrix degradation during various physiological and pathological conditions, including tumorigenesis. The present study aimed to assess the prognostic role of intratumoral MMP9 and to determine its association with circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with early breast cancer. A total of 318 patients with primary breast cancer (PBC) were enrolled into the present study. Specimens were subjected to immunohistochemistry analysis, using the MMP9 monoclonal antibody. MMP9 expression was scored using a weighted histoscore (WH). The results demonstrated that the mean WH ± SEM for MMP9 expression was significantly higher in breast tumor cells compared with tumor associated stromas (132.0±5.2 vs. 50.8±3.7; P<0.00001). Furthermore, a positive association was observed between MMP9 expression, the hormone positive status and proliferation index of analysed breast cancer tumour cells. Notably, the prognostic role of MMP9 was not observed in tumor cells [hazard ratio (HR) =0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.58-1.59; P=0.864] or tumor associated stroma (HR=1.29; 95% CI, 0.60-2.78; P=0.547). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that patients that were HR negative or triple negative, with low MMP9 expression in tumor cells and stroma had a significantly improved disease-free survival than patients with high MMP9 expression. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated that high MMP9 expression in PBC was associated with favorable tumor characteristics. However, the prognostic value of MMP9 was limited to only the HR negative and CTC epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition positive subgroups. Thus, analyzing MMP9 tumor expression may help identify patients with increased risk of disease recurrence in these subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kalavska
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 945 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Cierna
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Pathology, Faculty Hospital, 917 02 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Marian Karaba
- Department of Oncosurgery, National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Slovak Medical University, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriel Minarik
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Benca
- Department of Oncosurgery, National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth University, 810 01 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Denisa Kolekova
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Mrvova
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Pathology, Faculty Hospital, 917 02 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Pindak
- Department of Oncosurgery, National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Slovak Medical University, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Mardiak
- Second Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Mego
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia.,Second Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
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The Role of MMP8 in Cancer: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184506. [PMID: 31514474 PMCID: PMC6770849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have traditionally been considered as tumor promoting enzymes as they degrade extracellular matrix components, thus increasing the invasion of cancer cells. It has become evident, however, that MMPs can also cleave and alter the function of various non-matrix bioactive molecules, leading to both tumor promoting and suppressive effects. We applied systematic review guidelines to study MMP8 in cancer including the use of MMP8 as a prognostic factor or as a target/anti-target in cancer treatment, and its molecular mechanisms. A total of 171 articles met the inclusion criteria. The collective evidence reveals that in breast, skin and oral tongue cancer, MMP8 inhibits cancer cell invasion and proliferation, and protects patients from metastasis via cleavage of non-structural substrates. Conversely, in liver and gastric cancers, high levels of MMP8 worsen the prognosis. Expression and genetic alterations of MMP8 can be used as a prognostic factor by examination of the tumor and serum/plasma. We conclude, that MMP8 has differing effects on cancers depending on their tissue of origin. The use of MMP8 as a prognostic factor alone, or with other factors, seems to have potential. The molecular mechanisms of MMP8 in cancer further emphasize its role as an important regulator of bioactive molecules.
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Hu PS, Chang WS, Chou AK, Hsia NY, Hung YW, Lin CW, Wu CW, Huang CY, Wu MF, Liao CH, Tsai CW, Bau DAT, Gong CL. The Association of MMP-8 Genotypes with Pterygium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 32:41-46. [PMID: 29275297 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Pterygium is composed of proliferating fibrovascular tissue, and its formation and progression are closely related to the homeostasis of the extracellular microenvironment. However, few studies have examined the contribution of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) to either diagnostic or prognostic potential in pterygium. In this study, we investigated the contribution of a polymorphism in the promoter region of MMP-8 (-799C/T) and two non-synonymous polymorphisms (Val436Ala and Lys460Thr) to pterygium. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 134 patients with pterygium and 268 non-cancer controls patients were collected and the MMP-8 -799C/T, Val436Ala and Lys460Thr polymorphic genotypes of each subject were examined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS The results showed that the three polymorphisms investigated were not significantly associated with risk of pterygium. In addition, the stratified analysis showed that there was no interaction between MMP-8 genotype with age or gender on pterygium risk determination. CONCLUSION Polymorphisms at MMP-8 -799C/T, Val436Ala and Lys460Thr may not mainly contribute to determining personal susceptibility to pterygium in the Taiwanese examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shin Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Shin Chang
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - An-Kuo Chou
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ning-Yi Hsia
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Wen Hung
- Department of Medicine Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Wen Lin
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cin-Wun Wu
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chung-Yu Huang
- Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Meng-Feng Wu
- Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Hsi Liao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Wen Tsai
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - DA-Tian Bau
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Li Gong
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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Co-delivery of curcumin and serratiopeptidase in HeLa and MCF-7 cells through nanoparticles show improved anti-cancer activity. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 92:673-684. [PMID: 30184794 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin was employed to prepare anticancer nanoparticles (size 175 ± 15 nm) using anti-inflammatory enzyme serratiopeptidase by desolvation method. Here serratiopeptidase acted as a carrier as well as bioactive molecule in the nanoformulations. The Cur-SPD NPs (curcumin loaded serratiopeptidase nanoparticles) were characterized using DLS, FESEM and FTIR. The in vitro release behavior depicted biphasic pattern at 37 °C (pH 7.4) and release of 95% of both molecules occurred in 24 h. Serratiopeptidase not only provided stability to curcumin but also increased its effectiveness against cancer cells. These nanoparticles had anti-cancer activity in MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines as shown by cytotoxicity assay, DAPI nuclear staining, ROS production and DNA damage. The immunomodulatory tests showed that Cur-SPD NPs reduce level of IL-6 but increase TNFα level in THP1 cell lines. Structural similarity of serratiopeptidase to matrix metallo proteases (MMPs), particularly MMP8, have been found (based on low RMSD values) to induce TNFα production and play tumour suppressive role in certain cancers. Thus anti-cancer properties of Cur-SPD NPs may be attributed to synergistic effect of curcumin and serratiopeptidase. Thus results in present investigation provide an insight on role of serratiopeptidase in development of co-delivery of multifunctional nanoparticles with anti-cancer properties introduction.
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Pei JS, Chang WS, Hsu PC, Hung YW, Cheng SP, Tsai CW, Bau DAT, Gong CL. The Contribution of MMP-8 Promoter Genotypes to Childhood Leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 31:1059-1064. [PMID: 29102926 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Accumulated evidence has supported the notion that matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genotypes are associated with the susceptibility of many types of cancers. However, few reports have studied the contribution of MMP genotypes to either diagnostic or prognostic potential in non-solid tumors such as leukemia. In this study, we firstly investigated the contribution of a polymorphism in the promoter region of MMP-8 (-799C/T) and two non-synonymous polymorphisms (Val436Ala and Lys460Thr) to childhood leukemia. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this study, 266 patients with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 266 non-cancer control patients were collected and the genomic DNA was isolated from their peripheral blood. MMP-8 -799C/T, Val436Ala and Lys460Thr polymorphic genotypes of each subject were determined by the typical polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS The results showed that the three polymorphisms were not significantly associated with an increased risk of childhood ALL in the overall investigated population. Furthermore, when the analyses were stratified by age and gender, no significant association between these genotypes and increased ALL risk was found. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the polymorphisms at MMP-8 -799C/T, Val436Ala and Lys460Thr may not play a major role in determining the personal susceptibility to childhood ALL in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Sheng Pei
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Shin Chang
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pei-Chen Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Wen Hung
- Department of Medicine Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shun-Ping Cheng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Wen Tsai
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - DA-Tian Bau
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Li Gong
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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Hung YW, Tsai CW, Wu CN, Shih LC, Chen YY, Liu YF, Hung HS, Shen MY, Chang WS, Bau DAT. The Contribution of Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 Promoter Polymorphism to Oral Cancer Susceptibility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 31:585-590. [PMID: 28652424 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of multifunctional proteins reported to be overexpressed in several types of cancers. However, the contribution of MMP8 genotype to oral cancer has not been elucidated. In this study, we focused on the contribution of polymorphisms in the promoter region of MMP-8 (C-799T) and two non-synonymous polymorphisms (Val436Ala and Lys460Thr) to Taiwanese oral cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this case-control study, MMP-8 genotype, was examined among 788 patients with oral cancer and 956 gender- and age-matched healthy controls regarding its potential to determine oral cancer risk. RESULTS The distributions of MMP-8 C-799T, Val436Ala and Lys460Thr genotypes were not different between the oral cancer and non-cancer control groups. We also analyzed the allelic frequency distributions and no significant difference was found. As for gene-environment interaction analysis, there was an increased risk for smokers, alcohol drinkers or betel quid chewers with variant MMP-8 C-799T or Val436Ala genotypes. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the polymorphisms at MMP-8 C-799T or Val436Ala may not play a major role in mediating personal risk of oral cancer; however, the detailed mechanisms require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Hung
- Department of Medicine Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Wen Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Liang-Chun Shih
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Otolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yen-Yu Chen
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yen-Fang Liu
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Huey-Shan Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Yi Shen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Shin Chang
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - DA-Tian Bau
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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12
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Åström P, Juurikka K, Hadler-Olsen ES, Svineng G, Cervigne NK, Coletta RD, Risteli J, Kauppila JH, Skarp S, Kuttner S, Oteiza A, Sutinen M, Salo T. The interplay of matrix metalloproteinase-8, transforming growth factor-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-C cooperatively contributes to the aggressiveness of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:1007-1016. [PMID: 28772283 PMCID: PMC5625665 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) has oncosuppressive properties in various cancers. We attempted to assess MMP-8 function in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). Methods: MMP-8 overexpressing OTSCC cells were used to study the effect of MMP-8 on proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and gene and protein expression. Moreover, MMP-8 functions were assessed in the orthotopic mouse tongue cancer model and by immunohistochemistry in patient samples. Results: MMP-8 reduced the invasion and migration of OTSCC cells and decreased the expression of MMP-1, cathepsin-K and vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C). VEGF-C was induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in control cells, but not in MMP-8 overexpressing cells. In human OTSCC samples, low MMP-8 in combination with high VEGF-C was an independent predictor of poor cancer-specific survival. TGF-β1 treatment also restored the migration of MMP-8 overexpressing cells to the level of control cells. In mouse tongue cancer, MMP-8 did not inhibit metastasis, possibly because it was eliminated in the peripheral carcinoma cells. Conclusions: The suppressive effects of MMP-8 in OTSCC may be mediated through interference of TGF-β1 and VEGF-C function and altered proteinase expression. Together, low MMP-8 and high VEGF-C expression have strong independent prognostic value in OTSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirjo Åström
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 5281, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Krista Juurikka
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 5281, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Elin S Hadler-Olsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Gunbjørg Svineng
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Nilva K Cervigne
- Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiai (FMJ), Jundiai, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira 901, CEP 13414-018, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira 901, CEP 13414-018, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Juha Risteli
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 5281, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu PO Box 5000, 90014, Finland.,Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Joonas H Kauppila
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 5281, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland.,Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
| | - Sini Skarp
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, PO Box 5000, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Samuel Kuttner
- Medical Imaging Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø - the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø 9038, Norway
| | - Ana Oteiza
- Medical Imaging Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø - the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø 9038, Norway
| | - Meeri Sutinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 5281, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Tuula Salo
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 5281, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland.,Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oral Pathology, Institute of Dentistry, Biomedicum, PO Box 63, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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13
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Radisky ES, Raeeszadeh-Sarmazdeh M, Radisky DC. Therapeutic Potential of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition in Breast Cancer. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3531-3548. [PMID: 28585723 PMCID: PMC5621753 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc endopeptidases that cleave nearly all components of the extracellular matrix as well as many other soluble and cell-associated proteins. MMPs have been implicated in normal physiological processes, including development, and in the acquisition and progression of the malignant phenotype. Disappointing results from a series of clinical trials testing small molecule, broad spectrum MMP inhibitors as cancer therapeutics led to a re-evaluation of how MMPs function in the tumor microenvironment, and ongoing research continues to reveal that these proteins play complex roles in cancer development and progression. It is now clear that effective targeting of MMPs for therapeutic benefit will require selective inhibition of specific MMPs. Here, we provide an overview of the MMP family and its biological regulators, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). We then summarize recent research from model systems that elucidate how specific MMPs drive the malignant phenotype of breast cancer cells, including acquisition of cancer stem cell features and induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and we also outline clinical studies that implicate specific MMPs in breast cancer outcomes. We conclude by discussing ongoing strategies for development of inhibitors with therapeutic potential that are capable of selectively targeting the MMPs most responsible for tumor promotion, with special consideration of the potential of biologics including antibodies and engineered proteins based on the TIMP scaffold. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3531-3548, 2017. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville 32224, Florida
| | | | - Derek C Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville 32224, Florida
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14
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Berkey SE, Thorne SH, Bartlett DL. Oncolytic Virotherapy and the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1036:157-172. [PMID: 29275471 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67577-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viral therapy is a promising approach to treat many malignancies, including breast, colorectal, hepatocellular, and melanoma. The best results are seen when using "targeted and armed" viruses. These are viruses that have been genetically modified to selectively replicate within cancer cells and express specific transgenes that alter the tumor microenvironment to inhibit tumor progression. The products of these transgenes induce cell death, make the virus less virulent, compromise tumor vascularity, and are capable of modulating or enhancing the immune system-such as cytokines and chemokines. In addition, oncolytic viruses can induce anti-vascular effects and disrupt the extracellular matrix to improve viral spread within the tumor. Oncolytic viruses also improve crosstalk between fibroblasts, cytokine-induced killer cells, and cancer cells within the microenvironment, leading to enhanced tumor cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Berkey
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Steve H Thorne
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David L Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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15
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Matrix metalloproteinases: new directions toward inhibition in the fight against cancers. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:297-309. [PMID: 26910530 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases are zinc-dependent enzymes whose main function is to cleave the components of the extracellular matrix. Their overexpression is evident in all cancers but to date there is no satisfactory way to inhibit their actions. Here, we look at their types, their structures, their functions and the developing understanding we have of them in the search for ways to drug them and inhibit their actions selectively. We investigate their subtle but exploitable differences in order that we can develop drugs to target them and even to target specific substrates and functions that they carry out. To date there are no new matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors developed to treat cancer, but we are progressing in our understanding of them, which is leading us ever closer to our goal.
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16
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Lawal AO, Adisa AO, Kolude B, Adeyemi BF. Immunohistochemical expression of MMP-2 and MMP-8 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Exp Dent 2015; 7:e203-7. [PMID: 26155333 PMCID: PMC4483324 DOI: 10.4317/jced.52047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases that can degrade extracellular matrix components and affect invasiveness and aggressiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of this study was to examine the immunohistochemical expression of MMP-2 and MMP-8 in OSCCs in patients presenting at the Tertiary Health facility in Nigeria. Material and Methods Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) OSCC samples diagnosed between the years 2010 and 2012 were used for his study. The FFPE were processed for MMP-2 and MMP-8 using the specifications of the manufacturer. Two investigators reviewed the slides scoring the pattern and intensity of staining as negative (0), weakly positive (+1), moderately positive (+2) and strongly positive (+3). The data were analysed using version 20 of the SPSS. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results Twenty-five OSCC consisting of 14 (56%) males and 11 females (44%) were used. The mean age was 54.6 ± 17.9 years. A higher proportion (100%) of poorly differentiated OSCC strongly expressed MMP-2 compared with the well differentiated and moderately differentiated OSSC. There was no significant difference in the expression of MMP-2 amongst the three grades of OSCC (X2 = 2.87; p= 0.17). Only 5 (20%) OSCC cases positively expressed MMP-8. Moderate expression of MMP-8 was only seen in well-differentiated OSCCs. Conclusions This study showed that a higher proportion of poorly differentiated OSSC strongly expressed MMP-2. Eighty percent of cases that express MMP-8 were females and moderate expression of MMP-8 was seen only in well differentiated OSCC. Key words:Oral squamous cell carcinoma, MMP-2, MMP-8, immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed-Oluwatoyin Lawal
- (FMCDS), Lecturer/Consultant, Department of Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Akinyele-Olumuyiwa Adisa
- (FMCDS), Lecturer/Consultant, Department of Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bamidele Kolude
- (FWASC), Lecturer/Consultant, Department of Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bukola-Folasade Adeyemi
- (FWASC), Lecturer/Consultant, Department of Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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17
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Decock J, Hendrickx W, Thirkettle S, Gutiérrez-Fernández A, Robinson SD, Edwards DR. Pleiotropic functions of the tumor- and metastasis-suppressing matrix metalloproteinase-8 in mammary cancer in MMTV-PyMT transgenic mice. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:38. [PMID: 25848906 PMCID: PMC4380014 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8; neutrophil collagenase) is an important regulator of innate immunity that has oncosuppressive actions in numerous tumor types. METHODS We have intercrossed Mmp8-null mice with the Polyoma virus middle T oncogene-driven (MMTV-PyMT) mouse model of mammary cancer to explore the effects of loss of MMP-8 on the incidence and progression of mammary carcinomas. RESULTS In this aggressive mouse model of breast cancer, loss of MMP-8 accelerated tumor onset even further, such that 90% of MMTV-PyMT; Mmp8-null female mice were tumor-bearing at the time of weaning. Throughout the 14 weeks of the model, tumor burden increased in homozygous Mmp8-null mice compared to Mmp8-wild-type and -heterozygote animals. Likewise, lung metastasis dramatically increased in the MMTV-PyMT; Mmp8-null mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed that tumors in wild-type, Mmp8-heterozygotes and -null animals had similar vascular density at 8 weeks, but at 10 weeks Mmp8-wild-type tumors had a lower vascularity than their heterozygote and null counterparts. No differences in macrophage infiltration were apparent throughout primary tumor development, though at 10 weeks a drop in neutrophil infiltrates was observed in Mmp8-wild-type tumors. Using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, we tracked the expression of the entire Mmp and Timp gene families, observing a significant decrease in Mmp3 expression in Mmp8-null tumors compared to wild-type and heterozygotes throughout the time course of the model, which was confirmed at the protein level. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide novel insight into the suppressive action of MMP-8 on mammary tumorigenesis and metastasis, and indicate that the loss of MMP-8 likely has pleiotropic effects on innate immunity and angiogenesis that are reflected in changes in the protease web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Decock
- />School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
- />Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wouter Hendrickx
- />School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
- />Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sally Thirkettle
- />School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Ana Gutiérrez-Fernández
- />Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, s/n, Oviedo, 33006 Spain
| | - Stephen D Robinson
- />School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Dylan R Edwards
- />School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
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18
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Foley CJ, Kuliopulos A. Mouse matrix metalloprotease-1a (Mmp1a) gives new insight into MMP function. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1875-80. [PMID: 24737602 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP1) has been implicated in many human disease processes, however the lack of a well characterized murine homologue has significantly limited the study of MMP1 and the development of MMP-targeted therapeutics. The discovery of murine Mmp1a in 2001, the functional mouse homologue of MMP1, offers a valuable tool for modeling MMP1-mediated processes in mice. Variation in physiologic expression levels of Mmp1a in mice as compared to MMP1 in humans highlights the importance of understanding the similarities and differences between the homologues. Recent studies have demonstrated tumor growth-, invasion-, and angiogenesis-promoting functions of Mmp1a in lung cancer models, consistent with the analogous functions observed for human MMP1. Biochemical investigations have shown that point mutations in the pro-domain of mouse Mmp1a weaken docking between the pro- and catalytic domains, generating an unstable zymogen primed for activation. The difficulty to effectively maintain Mmp1a in the zymogen form may account for the tight control of Mmp1a expression and reduced expression in normal tissue as compared to inflammatory states or cancer. This discovery raises important questions about the activation mechanisms and regulation of the MMP family in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Foley
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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19
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Kunz M. Oncogenes in melanoma: an update. Eur J Cell Biol 2013; 93:1-10. [PMID: 24468268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive tumour with poor prognosis in the metastatic stage. BRAF, NRAS, and KIT are three well-known oncogenes involved in melanoma pathogenesis. Targeting of mutated BRAF kinase has recently been shown to significantly improve overall survival of metastatic melanoma patients, underscoring the particular role of this oncogene in melanoma biology. However, recurrences regularly occur within several months, which supposedly involve further oncogenes. Moreover, oncogenic driver mutations have not been described for up to 30% of all melanomas. In order to obtain a more complete picture of the mutational landscape of melanoma, more recent studies used high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies. A number of new oncogene candidates such as MAPK1/2, ERBB4, GRIN2A, GRM3, RAC1, and PREX2 were identified. Their particular role in melanoma biology is currently under investigation. Evidence for the functional relevance of some of these new oncogene candidates has been provided in in vitro and in vivo experiments. However, these findings await further validation in clinical studies. This review provides an overview on well-known melanoma oncogenes and new oncogene candidates, based on recent high-throughput sequencing studies. The list of genes discussed herein is of course not complete but highlights some of the most significant of recent findings in this area. The new candidates may support more individualized treatment approaches for metastatic melanoma patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Kunz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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20
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Ramanujum R, Lin YL, Liu JK, He S. Regulatory expression of MMP-8/MMP-9 and inhibition of proliferation, migration and invasion in human lung cancer A549 cells in the presence of HGF variants. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2013; 29:530-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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21
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Decock J, Roghi C, Edwards DR. Matrix metalloproteinases: a dual role in breast cancer? BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/bmt.13.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Decock
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Christian Roghi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Dylan R Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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22
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The anti-metastatic activity of collagenase-2 in breast cancer cells is mediated by a signaling pathway involving decorin and miR-21. Oncogene 2013; 33:3054-63. [PMID: 23851508 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been traditionally implicated in cancer progression because of their ability to degrade the extracellular matrix. However, some members of the MMP family have recently been identified as proteases with antitumor properties. Thus, it has been described that collagenase-2 (MMP-8) has a protective role in tumor and metastasis progression, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are unknown. We show herein that Mmp8 expression causes a decrease in miR-21 levels that in turn leads to a reduction in tumor growth and lung metastasis formation by MDA-MB-231 (4175) breast cancer cells. By using both in vitro and in vivo models, we demonstrate that the mechanism responsible for these MMP-8 beneficial effects involves cleavage of decorin by MMP-8 and a subsequent reduction of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling that controls miR-21 levels. In addition, miR-21 downregulation induced by MMP-8 increases the levels of tumor suppressors such as programmed cell death 4, which may also contribute to the decrease in tumor formation and metastasis of breast cancer cells overexpressing this metalloproteinase. These findings reveal a new signaling pathway for cancer regulation controlled by MMP-8, and contribute to clarify the molecular mechanisms by which tumor-defying proteases may exert their protective function in cancer and metastasis.
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23
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Juncker-Jensen A, Deryugina EI, Rimann I, Zajac E, Kupriyanova TA, Engelholm LH, Quigley JP. Tumor MMP-1 activates endothelial PAR1 to facilitate vascular intravasation and metastatic dissemination. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4196-211. [PMID: 23687338 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Intravasation, the active entry of primary tumor cells into the vasculature, remains the least studied step in the metastatic cascade. Protease-mediated escape and stromal invasion of tumor cells represent widely accepted processes leading up to the intravasation step. However, molecular factors that contribute directly to tumor cell vascular penetration have not been identified. In this study, the in vivo role of the collagenolytic protease, MMP-1, in cancer cell intravasation and metastasis was analyzed by using a highly disseminating variant of human HEp3 epidermoid carcinoma, HEp3-hi/diss. Although naturally acquired or experimentally induced MMP-1 deficiency substantially suppressed HEp3-hi/diss intravasation, supplementation of recombinant MMP-1 to MMP-1-silenced primary tumors restored their impaired vascular dissemination. Surprisingly, abrogation of MMP-1 production and activity did not significantly affect HEp3-hi/diss migration or matrix invasion, suggesting noncollagenolytic mechanisms underlying MMP-1-dependent cell intravasation. In support of such noncollagenolytic mechanisms, MMP-1 silencing in HEp3-hi/diss cells modulated the microarchitecture and integrity of the angiogenic vasculature in a novel microtumor model. Concomitantly, MMP-1 deficiency led to decreased levels of intratumoral vascular permeability, tumor cell intravasation, and metastatic dissemination. Taking advantage of PAR1 deficiency of HEp3-hi/diss cells, we further show that endothelial PAR1 is a putative nontumor-cell/nonmatrix target, activation of which by carcinoma-produced MMP-1 regulates endothelial permeability and transendothelial migration. The inhibitory effects of specific PAR1 antagonists in live animals have also indicated that the mechanisms of MMP-1-dependent vascular permeability in tumors involve endothelial PAR1 activation. Together, our findings mechanistically underscore the contribution of a tumor MMP-1/endothelial PAR1 axis to actual intravasation events manifested by aggressive carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Juncker-Jensen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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24
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Thirkettle S, Decock J, Arnold H, Pennington CJ, Jaworski DM, Edwards DR. Matrix metalloproteinase 8 (collagenase 2) induces the expression of interleukins 6 and 8 in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16282-16294. [PMID: 23632023 PMCID: PMC3675567 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.464230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8) is a tumor-suppressive protease that cleaves numerous substrates, including matrix proteins and chemokines. In particular, MMP-8 proteolytically activates IL-8 and, thereby, regulates neutrophil chemotaxis in vivo. We explored the effects of expression of either a WT or catalytically inactive (E198A) mutant version of MMP-8 in human breast cancer cell lines. Analysis of serum-free conditioned media from three breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, SK-BR-3, and MDA-MB-231) expressing WT MMP-8 revealed elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-8. This increase was mirrored at the mRNA level and was dependent on MMP-8 catalytic activity. However, sustained expression of WT MMP-8 by breast cancer cells was non-permissive for long-term growth, as shown by reduced colony formation compared with cells expressing either control vector or E198A mutant MMP-8. In long-term culture of transfected MDA-MB-231 cells, expression of WT but not E198A mutant MMP-8 was lost, with IL-6 and IL-8 levels returning to base line. Rare clonal isolates of MDA-MB-231 cells expressing WT MMP-8 were generated, and these showed constitutively high levels of IL-6 and IL-8, although production of the interleukins was no longer dependent upon MMP-8 activity. These studies support a causal connection between MMP-8 activity and the IL-6/IL-8 network, with an acute response to MMP-8 involving induction of the proinflammatory mediators, which may in part serve to compensate for the deleterious effects of MMP-8 on breast cancer cell growth. This axis may be relevant to the recognized ability of MMP-8 to orchestrate the innate immune system in inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Thirkettle
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Decock
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Arnold
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline J Pennington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Diane M Jaworski
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Dylan R Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
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25
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Missing the target: matrix metalloproteinase antitargets in inflammation and cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:233-42. [PMID: 23541335 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are reputed to cause the inflammatory tissue destruction characterizing chronic inflammatory diseases and to degrade basement membrane collagen, thereby facilitating cancer cell metastasis. However, following the disappointing MMP drug cancer trials, recent studies using mouse models of disease coupled with high-throughput methods for substrate discovery have revealed surprising and unexpected new biological roles of MMPs in inflammatory diseases and cancer in vivo. Thus, MMPs modify signaling pathways and regulate the activity of whole families of cytokines of the immune response by precise proteolytic processing. By cleaving and inactivating cytokine-binding proteins and protease inhibitors, cytokine activities are unmasked and activities of diverse proteases are increased in an interconnected protease web. With new substrates come new roles, and 10 of 24 murine MMPs have antitumorigenic and anti-inflammatory roles making them drug antitargets; that is, their beneficial actions should not be inhibited. Here, we examine whether the discovery that MMPs are drug antitargets for one disease might pave the way for their use for other indications or whether this is a serious threat to the development of MMP inhibitors.
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Vihinen P, Ala-Aho R, Kähäri VM. Diagnostic and prognostic role of matrix metalloproteases in cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2:1025-39. [PMID: 23495924 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.9.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are key players in the progression and metastasis of cancer. MMPs cleave extracellular matrix components and in this way promote tumor growth, invasion and vascularization. MMPs also affect tumor progression by regulating availability and activity of growth factors, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Accordingly, several MMPs have been found to serve as prognostic indicators in solid tumors. Usually the increased levels of MMPs in patients' tumor tissue or serum/plasma are associated with poor outcome. Interestingly, recent results show that certain MMPs also serve as tumor suppressors. OBJECTIVE This review discusses the latest view on MMPs as diagnostic and prognostic indicators in cancer patients. METHODS Studies with clinical samples of 70 or more patients are included in particular. In addition, the possible roles of MMPs in future molecular diagnostics and in the evaluation of therapeutic responses are discussed. CONCLUSION MMP-9 in particular has shown prognostic value in various types of tumor, and its measurement in circulation, urine or tumor tissue might help in clinical surveillance of otherwise problematic patient cases. There is upcoming new knowledge on MMPs in therapy response evaluation, in which MMPs might be useful together with CT scans and other clinically more established prognostic factors. Certain MMPs have a dual role in terms of cancer-modulating properties and thus it is essential to evaluate their expression and function in tumor cells and host environment to select validated therapy targets but spare MMP antitargets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Vihinen
- Turku University Hospital, Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, POB 52, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland +358 2 313 0804 ; +358 2 313 2809 ;
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Srivastava P, Kapoor R, Mittal RD. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in promoter of matrix metalloproteinase-2, 8 genes with bladder cancer risk in Northern India. Urol Oncol 2013; 31:247-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Koskensalo S, Hagström J, Linder N, Lundin M, Sorsa T, Louhimo J, Haglund C. Lack of MMP-9 expression is a marker for poor prognosis in Dukes' B colorectal cancer. BMC Clin Pathol 2012; 12:24. [PMID: 23216739 PMCID: PMC3538073 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-12-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a role in cancer progression by degrading extracellular matrix and basement membranes, assisting in tumour neovascularization and in supporting immune response in cancer. Methods We studied the prognostic value of immunohistochemical expression of MMP-2, MMP-8, and MMP-9 in a series of 619 colorectal cancer patients using tissue microarray specimens. Results Of the samples, 56% were positive for MMP-2, 78% for MMP-8, and 60% for MMP-9. MMP-9 associated with low WHO grade (p < 0.001). In univariate analysis of Dukes’ B tumours, MMP-9 negativity associated with poor survival (p = 0.018), and MMP-9 positivity was an independent prognostic marker in multivariate analysis of these tumours (p = 0.034). Conclusion Negative MMP-9 expression can predict poor prognosis in Dukes’ B colorectal tumours and may prove useful for identifying patients, who should be offered adjuvant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selja Koskensalo
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P,O, Box 440, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland.
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Inappropriate gene expression in human cancer and its far-reaching biological and clinical significance. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2012; 31:21-39. [PMID: 22138779 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a broad overview of the field of inappropriate gene expression in many organisms across the animal and plant kingdoms as well as its importance to human disease in general and cancer in particular. Study of the topic is especially important for understanding how the chaotic maelstrom of evolving and cascading regulatory genetic interactions in an advancing cancer produces its clinical effects and for designing pragmatic solutions to how such disorder might eventually be tamed. It is emphasized that the topic warrants much more attention in research and in clinical practice because of the added value it brings to refining cancer diagnosis and treatment and to the assessment of prognostic markers. It is also particularly relevant to understanding the etiology and extensive clinical manifestations of paraneoplastic syndromes affecting multiple organs remote from the tumor and the treatment or amelioration of the substantial morbidity that they cause in cancer patients. More broadly, inappropriate expression can be caused by a number of mechanisms including mutations, rearrangements of the genome, and viral insertions and, under prolonged selection pressures, also has the potential to be an agent of evolutionary change.
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Noël A, Gutiérrez-Fernández A, Sounni NE, Behrendt N, Maquoi E, Lund IK, Cal S, Hoyer-Hansen G, López-Otín C. New and paradoxical roles of matrix metalloproteinases in the tumor microenvironment. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:140. [PMID: 22822400 PMCID: PMC3398411 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Processes such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, or invasion are strongly influenced by the surrounding microenvironment of the tumor. Therefore, the ability to change these surroundings represents an important property through which tumor cells are able to acquire specific functions necessary for tumor growth and dissemination. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute key players in this process, allowing tumor cells to modify the extracellular matrix (ECM) and release cytokines, growth factors, and other cell-surface molecules, ultimately facilitating protease-dependent tumor progression. Remodeling of the ECM by collagenolytic enzymes such as MMP1, MMP8, MMP13, or the membrane-bound MT1-MMP as well as by other membrane-anchored proteases is required for invasion and recruitment of novel blood vessels. However, the multiple roles of the MMPs do not all fit into a simple pattern. Despite the pro-tumorigenic function of certain metalloproteinases, recent studies have shown that other members of these families, such as MMP8 or MMP11, have a protective role against tumor growth and metastasis in animal models. These studies have been further expanded by large-scale genomic analysis, revealing that the genes encoding metalloproteinases, such as MMP8, MMP27, ADAM7, and ADAM29, are recurrently mutated in specific tumors, while several ADAMTSs are epigenetically silenced in different cancers. The importance of these proteases in modifying the tumor microenvironment highlights the need for a deeper understanding of how stroma cells and the ECM can modulate tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Noël
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège Liège, Belgium
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Kulić A, Dedić Plavetić N, Vrbanec J, Sirotković-Skerlev M. Low serum MMP-1 in breast cancer: a negative prognostic factor? Biomarkers 2012; 17:416-21. [PMID: 22515421 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2012.678885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the prognostic significance of serum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 levels in early-stage breast cancer patients and correlated these levels with various clinicopathologic parameters. MMP-1 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MMP-1 serum levels in patients (n = 60) were significantly lower than in healthy subjects (n = 20, p < 0.0001). We found significant negative correlation between serum levels of MMP-1 and several negative prognostic factors of breast cancer. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed significantly shorter 5-year survival in patients with lower values of MMP-1 compared to those with high levels of MMP-1 (p = 0.0147). Our results suggest a negative prognostic role of low serum MMP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kulić
- Department of Pathophysiology, University Hospital Center Zagreb and Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Abstract
Melanoma, the most aggressive form of skin cancer, has increased in incidence more rapidly than any other cancer. The completion of the human genome project and advancements in genomics technologies has allowed us to investigate genetic alterations of melanoma at a scale and depth that is unprecedented. Here, we survey the history of the different approaches taken to understand the genomics of melanoma - from early candidate genes, to gene families, to genome-wide studies. The new era of whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing has paved the way for an in-depth understanding of melanoma biology, identification of new therapeutic targets, and development of novel personalized therapies for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Walia
- The Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Euphemia W. Mu
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jimmy C. Lin
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yardena Samuels
- The Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Mäkinen LK, Häyry V, Atula T, Haglund C, Keski-Säntti H, Leivo I, Mäkitie A, Passador-Santos F, Böckelman C, Salo T, Sorsa T, Hagström J. Prognostic significance of matrix metalloproteinase-2, -8, -9, and -13 in oral tongue cancer. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 41:394-9. [PMID: 22084953 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) often metastasizes to cervical lymph nodes. Mechanisms of this disease progression are not fully known. We aimed at finding new predictive markers for diagnosis and disease monitoring. METHODS Seventy-three consecutive T1N0M0 and T2N0M0 OTSCC patients treated at Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, in 1992-2002 were included. Tissue array blocks were prepared from primary tumors and immunostained. Immunoexpression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, -8, -9, and -13 was compared with patient characteristics and outcome. RESULTS Nuclear expression of MMP-13, but not cytoplasmic expression of MMP-2, -8, and -9, was associated with invasion depth (P = 0.017) and tumor size (P = 0.008). Furthermore, high nuclear MMP-13 expression was predictive of poor outcome (P = 0.042). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that especially MMP-13 may be regarded as a prognostic biomarker in OTSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Mäkinen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Misra Y, Bentley PA, Bond JP, Tighe S, Hunter T, Zhao FQ. Mammary gland morphological and gene expression changes underlying pregnancy protection of breast cancer tumorigenesis. Physiol Genomics 2011; 44:76-88. [PMID: 22085904 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00056.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A full-term pregnancy early in life reduces lifetime risk of developing breast cancer, and the effect can be mimicked in rodents by full-term pregnancy or short-term treatment with exogenous estrogen and progesterone. To gain insight into the protective mechanism, 15 3-mo-old postpubertal virgin Lewis rats were randomly assigned to three groups: control (C), pregnancy (P), or hormone (H). The P group animals underwent a full-term pregnancy, and H group animals were implanted subcutaneously with silastic capsules filled with ethynyl estradiol and megesterol acetate for 21 days. C and P animals were implanted with sham capsules. On day 21 capsules were removed, which was followed by a 49-day involution period, euthanasia, and mammary tissue collection. Global gene expression was measured using Rat Genome 230.2 Arrays. Histological analysis revealed that P and H treatments induced sustained morphological changes in the mammary gland with significantly increased percentages of mammary parenchyma and stromal tissues and higher ratio of stroma to parenchyma. Transcriptome analysis showed that P and H treatments induced sustained global changes in gene expression in the mammary gland. Analysis of commonly up- and downregulated genes in P and H relative to C treatment showed increased expression of three matrix metallopeptidases (Mmp3, 8, and 12), more differentiated mammary phenotype, enhanced innate and adaptive immunity, and reduced cell proliferation and angiogenic signatures. The sustained morphological and global gene expression changes in mammary tissue after pregnancy and hormone treatment may function together to provide the protective effect against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogi Misra
- Laboratory of Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology, Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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Human matrix metalloproteinases: an ubiquitarian class of enzymes involved in several pathological processes. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 33:119-208. [PMID: 22100792 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to the M10 family of the MA clan of endopeptidases. They are ubiquitarian enzymes, structurally characterized by an active site where a Zn(2+) atom, coordinated by three histidines, plays the catalytic role, assisted by a glutamic acid as a general base. Various MMPs display different domain composition, which is very important for macromolecular substrates recognition. Substrate specificity is very different among MMPs, being often associated to their cellular compartmentalization and/or cellular type where they are expressed. An extensive review of the different MMPs structural and functional features is integrated with their pathological role in several types of diseases, spanning from cancer to cardiovascular diseases and to neurodegeneration. It emerges a very complex and crucial role played by these enzymes in many physiological and pathological processes.
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Väyrynen JP, Vornanen J, Tervahartiala T, Sorsa T, Bloigu R, Salo T, Tuomisto A, Mäkinen MJ. Serum MMP-8 levels increase in colorectal cancer and correlate with disease course and inflammatory properties of primary tumors. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:E463-74. [PMID: 21918979 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) form a family of zinc-dependent endoproteases participating in cancer pathogenesis by promoting invasion and regulating growth signaling, apoptosis, angiogenesis and immune responses. MMP-8 is an intriguing MMP with recently discovered antitumor activity and immunoregulatory properties, but its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been studied extensively. Preoperative serum MMP-8 levels (S-MMP-8) of 148 CRC patients and 83 healthy controls were measured using an immunofluorometric assay and related to clinical and pathological parameters. The patients had higher S-MMP-8 than the controls (median 63.0 vs. 17.2 ng/ml, p = 1.5E - 9), and a receiver operating characteristics analysis yielded an area under the curve of 0.751 in differentiating the groups. In univariate analyses, S-MMP-8 correlated positively with disease stage (p = 4.5E - 4), the degree of primary tumor necrosis (p = 0.0024) and blood neutrophil count (Pearson r = 0.523, p = 2.5E - 9). Particular interest was also addressed to the inflammatory properties of the tumors, and both variables studied, peritumoral tumor-destructing inflammatory infiltrate and Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction (CLR), showed a negative correlation with S-MMP-8 (p = 0.041 and p = 0.0057, respectively). In a multiple linear regression analysis, high S-MMP-8 associated with elevated blood neutrophil count, distant metastases, low-grade CLR and low body mass index. Overall, our results indicate that MMP-8 is involved in the course and progression of CRC influencing the immune response against the tumor and contributing to the resolution of necrosis. Serum or plasma MMP-8 may prove to be a worthy biomarker for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha P Väyrynen
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Diagnostics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Paiva LR, Martins ML, Ferreira SC. Questing for an optimal, universal viral agent for oncolytic virotherapy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:041918. [PMID: 22181186 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.041918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
One of the most promising strategies to treat cancer is attacking it with viruses designed to exploit specific altered pathways. Here, the effects of oncolytic virotherapy on tumors having compact, papillary, and disconnected morphologies are investigated through computer simulations of a multiscale model coupling macroscopic reaction-diffusion equations for the nutrients with microscopic stochastic rules for the actions of individual cells and viruses. The interaction among viruses and tumor cells involves cell infection, intracellular virus replication, and the release of new viruses in the tissue after cell lysis. The evolution over time of both the viral load and cancer cell population, as well as the probabilities for tumor eradication, were evaluated for a range of multiplicities of infection, viral entries, and burst sizes. It was found that in immunosuppressed hosts, the antitumor efficacy of a virus is primarily determined by its entry efficiency, its replicative capacity within the tumor, and its ability to spread over the tissue. However, the optimal traits for oncolytic viruses depend critically on the tumor growth dynamics and do not necessarily include rapid replication, cytolysis, or spreading, currently assumed as necessary conditions for a successful therapeutic outcome. Our findings have potential implications on the design of new vectors for the viral therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Paiva
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Decock J, Thirkettle S, Wagstaff L, Edwards DR. Matrix metalloproteinases: protective roles in cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:1254-65. [PMID: 21418514 PMCID: PMC4373327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The original notion that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) act as tumour and metastasis-promoting enzymes by clearing a path for tumour cells to invade and metastasize has been challenged in the last decade. It has become clear that MMPs are involved in numerous steps of tumour progression and metastasis, and hence are now considered to be multifaceted proteases. Moreover, more recent experimental evidence indicates that some members of the MMP family behave as tumour-suppressor enzymes and should therefore be regarded as anti-targets in cancer therapy. The complexity of the pro- and anti-tumorigenic and -metastatic functions might partly explain why broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors failed in phase III clinical trials. This review will provide a focussed overview of the published data on the tumour-suppressive behaviour of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Decock
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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Chetty C, Rao JS, Lakka SS. Matrix metalloproteinase pharmacogenomics in non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 12:535-46. [PMID: 21521025 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung carcinoma demonstrated considerable variability in its chemoresponse. However, the prospect of individualized medicine holds high hopes for improving patient survival. The study of tumor and patient genetic profiles, relative to drug-related genes, may offer new opportunities for tailoring treatments. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-containing endopeptidases, which degrade the extracellular matrix and basement membrane, and process bioactive mediators involved in promoting aspects of tumor growth. Polymorphisms in MMP genes known to influence the protein-expression patterns has been shown to influence therapy outcomes by altering signaling pathways. In this article, we address the polymorphic association of MMPs in response to chemotherapy in non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Advances in genome technology and their comprehensive and systematic deployment to elucidate the genomic basis of MMP differences promise to ultimately enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy while reducing its toxicity for the treatment of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramu Chetty
- Department of Cancer Biology & Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, 1 Illini Drive, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
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Smith E, Breznik J, Lichty BD. Strategies to enhance viral penetration of solid tumors. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:1053-60. [PMID: 21443415 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient delivery of viral vectors to tumors is an active area of investigation. A number of barriers exist that must be overcome to achieve good penetration of vectors into tumors and distribution of their effects throughout the tumor mass. Replicating oncolytic viruses have the advantage of being able to amplify the initial dose, but progeny virus are prevented from spreading because of a dense mass of tightly packed cells with a dense extracellular matrix, admixed normal stromal cells, and high interstitial pressure. Although intratumoral injection may ensure initial delivery the distribution achieved by intravenous administration may be superior and come with beneficial bystander damage to the tumor vasculature. Strategies to enhance intravenous delivery and subsequent spread of these vectors within tumors are being developed by a number of groups. Achieving the goal of efficient penetration and spread of viruses within solid tumors is a necessary prerequisite to significant improvements in virus-vectored therapy of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elspeth Smith
- Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
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Perentes JY, Kirkpatrick ND, Nagano S, Smith EY, Shaver CM, Sgroi D, Garkavtsev I, Munn LL, Jain RK, Boucher Y. Cancer cell-associated MT1-MMP promotes blood vessel invasion and distant metastasis in triple-negative mammary tumors. Cancer Res 2011; 71:4527-38. [PMID: 21571860 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Functional roles for the cancer cell-associated membrane type I matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) during early steps of the metastatic cascade in primary tumors remain unresolved. In an effort to determine its significance, we determined the in vivo effects of RNAi-mediated downregulation in mammary cancer cells on the migration, blood and lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI), and lymph node and lung metastasis. We also correlated the expression of cancer cell MT1-MMP with blood vessel invasion (BVI) in 102 breast cancer biopsies. MT1-MMP downregulation in cancer cells decreased lung metastasis without affecting primary tumor growth. The inhibition of lung metastasis correlated with reduced cancer cell migration and BVI. Furthermore, cancer cell-expressed MT1-MMP upregulated the expression of MT1-MMP in vascular endothelial cells, but did not affect MT1-MMP expression in lymphatic endothelial cells, LVI, or lymph node metastasis. Of clinical importance, we observed that elevated MT1-MMP expression correlated with BVI in biopsies from triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC), which have a poor prognosis and high incidence of distant metastasis, relative to other breast cancer subtypes. Together, our findings established that MT1-MMP activity in breast tumors is essential for BVI, but not LVI, and that MT1-MMP should be further explored as a predictor and therapeutic target of hematogenous metastasis in TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Y Perentes
- Edwin L Steele Laboratory for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Molecular Pathology Unit, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Dejonckheere E, Vandenbroucke RE, Libert C. Matrix metalloproteinase8 has a central role in inflammatory disorders and cancer progression. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:73-81. [PMID: 21388856 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The predominant role of matrix metalloproteinase 8 in extracellular matrix turnover, modulation of inflammatory responses and other physiological processes is well documented. Several recent studies highlight the involvement of MMP8 in a wide range of pathologies. This review will shed light on the putative role of MMP8 as a drug target or disease marker in some inflammatory disorders and in cancer progression.
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Dangi-Garimella S, Redig AJ, Shields MA, Siddiqui MA, Munshi HG. Rho-ROCK-myosin signaling mediates membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase-induced cellular aggregation of keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:28363-72. [PMID: 20605790 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.146019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP, MMP14), which is associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) breakdown in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), promotes tumor formation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. However, in this report we demonstrate that MT1-MMP, by cleaving the underlying ECM, causes cellular aggregation of keratinocytes and SCC cells. Treatment with an MMP inhibitor abrogated MT1-MMP-induced phenotypic changes, but decreasing E-cadherin expression did not affect MT1-MMP-induced cellular aggregation. As ROCK1/2 can regulate cell-cell and cell-ECM interaction, we examined its role in mediating MT1-MMP-induced phenotypic changes. Blocking ROCK1/2 expression or activity abrogated the cellular aggregation resulting from MT1-MMP expression. Additionally, blocking Rho and non-muscle myosin attenuated MT1-MMP-induced phenotypic changes. Moreover, SCC cells expressing only the catalytically active MT1-MMP protein demonstrated increased cellular aggregation and increased myosin II activity in vivo when injected subcutaneously into nude mice. Together, these results demonstrate that expression of MT1-MMP may be anti-tumorigenic in keratinocytes by promoting cellular aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Dangi-Garimella
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Pradhan-Palikhe P, Vesterinen T, Tarkkanen J, Leivo I, Sorsa T, Salo T, Mattila PS. Plasma level of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 but not that of matrix metalloproteinase-8 predicts survival in head and neck squamous cell cancer. Oral Oncol 2010; 46:514-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
The very deep knowledge acquired on the genetics and molecular biology of herpes simplex virus (HSV), has allowed the development of potential replication-competent and replication-defective vectors for several applications in human healthcare. These include delivery and expression of human genes to cells of the nervous systems, selective destruction of cancer cells, prophylaxis against infection with HSV or other infectious diseases, and targeted infection to specific tissues or organs. Replication-defective recombinant vectors are non-toxic gene transfer tools that preserve most of the neurotropic features of wild type HSV-1, particularly the ability to express genes after having established latent infections, and are thus proficient candidates for therapeutic gene transfer settings in neurons. A replication-defective HSV vector for the treatment of pain has recently entered in phase 1 clinical trial. Replication-competent (oncolytic) vectors are becoming a suitable and powerful tool to eradicate brain tumours due to their ability to replicate and spread only within the tumour mass, and have reached phase II/III clinical trials in some cases. The progress in understanding the host immune response induced by the vector is also improving the use of HSV as a vaccine vector against both HSV infection and other pathogens. This review briefly summarizes the obstacle encountered in the delivery of HSV vectors and examines the various strategies developed or proposed to overcome such challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Manservigi
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine - Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Manservigi R, Argnani R, Marconi P. HSV Recombinant Vectors for Gene Therapy. Open Virol J 2010; 4:123-56. [PMID: 20835362 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901004030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The very deep knowledge acquired on the genetics and molecular biology of herpes simplex virus (HSV), has allowed the development of potential replication-competent and replication-defective vectors for several applications in human healthcare. These include delivery and expression of human genes to cells of the nervous systems, selective destruction of cancer cells, prophylaxis against infection with HSV or other infectious diseases, and targeted infection to specific tissues or organs. Replication-defective recombinant vectors are non-toxic gene transfer tools that preserve most of the neurotropic features of wild type HSV-1, particularly the ability to express genes after having established latent infections, and are thus proficient candidates for therapeutic gene transfer settings in neurons. A replication-defective HSV vector for the treatment of pain has recently entered in phase 1 clinical trial. Replication-competent (oncolytic) vectors are becoming a suitable and powerful tool to eradicate brain tumours due to their ability to replicate and spread only within the tumour mass, and have reached phase II/III clinical trials in some cases. The progress in understanding the host immune response induced by the vector is also improving the use of HSV as a vaccine vector against both HSV infection and other pathogens. This review briefly summarizes the obstacle encountered in the delivery of HSV vectors and examines the various strategies developed or proposed to overcome such challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Manservigi
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine - Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Radisky ES, Radisky DC. Matrix metalloproteinase-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010; 15:201-12. [PMID: 20440544 PMCID: PMC2886087 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-010-9177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade and modify the extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as cell-ECM and cell-cell contacts, facilitating detachment of epithelial cells from the surrounding tissue. MMPs play key functions in embryonic development and mammary gland branching morphogenesis, but they are also upregulated in breast cancer, where they stimulate tumorigenesis, cancer cell invasion and metastasis. MMPs have been investigated as potential targets for cancer therapy, but clinical trials using broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors yielded disappointing results, due in part to lack of specificity toward individual MMPs and specific stages of tumor development. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental process in which epithelial cells take on the characteristics of invasive mesenchymal cells, and activation of EMT has been implicated in tumor progression. Recent findings have implicated MMPs as promoters and mediators of developmental and pathogenic EMT processes in the breast. In this review, we will summarize recent studies showing how MMPs activate EMT in mammary gland development and in breast cancer, and how MMPs mediate breast cancer cell motility, invasion, and EMT-driven breast cancer progression. We also suggest approaches to inhibit these MMP-mediated malignant processes for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evette S. Radisky
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Griffin Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Derek C. Radisky
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Griffin Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
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Zhang Y, Ma B, Fan Q. Mechanisms of breast cancer bone metastasis. Cancer Lett 2010; 292:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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López-Otín C, Palavalli LH, Samuels Y. Protective roles of matrix metalloproteinases: from mouse models to human cancer. Cell Cycle 2009; 8:3657-62. [PMID: 19844170 PMCID: PMC3164587 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.22.9956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have long been linked to cancer progression owing to their ability to breakdown tissue barriers for metastatic spread. Accordingly, multiple studies have examined the potential value of these enzymes as targets for cancer therapy. Unfortunately, most clinical trials with MMP inhibitors have yielded negative results which has made necessary to re-evaluate the role of these proteases in cancer. Recent works mainly based on the use of mouse models deficient in specific MMPs have revealed that these enzymes play many roles in cancer distinct from matrix destruction, influencing early steps of tumor evolution, and expanding their pro-tumorigenic properties. However, these in vivo studies have also shown that, unexpectedly, some MMP family members like MMP8 may have paradoxical anti-tumor functions. Nevertheless, the final validation of these MMPs as bona fide tumor suppressors requested the identification of the putative genetic or epigenetic changes underlying their inactivation during cancer development. To this purpose, very recent large-scale genomic studies have explored the possibility that MMPs could be genetically altered in a panel of human malignant tumors from different sources. These studies have demonstrated that MMP8 is a frequently mutated gene in human melanoma. Functional analysis of the identified mutations has confirmed that all of them lead to the loss-of-function of MMP8 and enhance the progression of melanoma, thus providing definitive evidence that MMP8 is a tumor-suppressor gene. Parallel studies have extended these findings to other MMP-related metalloproteinases such as ADAMTS15, which has been found to be genetically inactivated in human colorectal cancer. This review describes the identification and validation of some MMPs and related enzymes as anti-tumor proteases and speculates about the molecular mechanisms underlying their protective roles in tumor development. Finally, the review explores the clinical applications derived from the identification of MMPs that favour the host instead of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Facultad de Medicina; Instituto Universitario de Oncología; Universidad de Oviedo; Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lavanya H. Palavalli
- Cancer Genetics Branch; National Human Genome Research Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Yardena Samuels
- Cancer Genetics Branch; National Human Genome Research Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
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Deryugina EI, Quigley JP. Pleiotropic roles of matrix metalloproteinases in tumor angiogenesis: contrasting, overlapping and compensatory functions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1803:103-20. [PMID: 19800930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A number of extensive reviews are available discussing the roles of MMPs in various aspects of cancer progression from benign tumor formation to overt cancer present with deadly metastases. This review will focus specifically on the evidence functionally linking the MMPs and tumor-induced angiogenesis in various in vivo models. Emphasis has been placed on the cellular origin of the MMPs in tumor tissue, the requirement of proMMP activation and the resulting proteolytic activity for the induction and progression of tumor angiogenesis, and the pleiotropic roles for some of the MMPs. The functional mechanisms of the angiogenic MMPs are discussed as well as their catalytic detection in complex biological systems. In addition, the contribution of active MMPs to metastatic spread and establishment of secondary metastasis will be discussed in view of the findings indicating that MMPs are involved in the preparation of pre-metastatic niches. Finally, the most recent evidence, indicating the pro-metastatic consequences of anti-angiogenic therapies employing MMP inhibitors will be presented as examples highlighting possible outcomes of interfering with the pleiotropic nature of the MMP functionality.
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