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Kim C, Kim E. Rational Drug Design Approach of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Type III Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:7623-7640. [PMID: 29932031 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180622143548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Rational drug design is accomplished through the complementary use of structural biology and computational biology of biological macromolecules involved in disease pathology. Most of the known theoretical approaches for drug design are based on knowledge of the biological targets to which the drug binds. This approach can be used to design drug molecules that restore the balance of the signaling pathway by inhibiting or stimulating biological targets by molecular modeling procedures as well as by molecular dynamics simulations. Type III receptor tyrosine kinase affects most of the fundamental cellular processes including cell cycle, cell migration, cell metabolism, and survival, as well as cell proliferation and differentiation. Many inhibitors of successful rational drug design show that some computational techniques can be combined to achieve synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheolhee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Eunae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
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2
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Deficiency of the Endocytic Protein Hip1 Leads to Decreased Gdpd3 Expression, Low Phosphocholine, and Kypholordosis. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00385-18. [PMID: 30224518 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00385-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of huntingtin-interacting protein 1 (Hip1) results in degenerative phenotypes. Here we generated a Hip1 deficiency allele where a floxed transcriptional stop cassette and a human HIP1 cDNA were knocked into intron 1 of the mouse Hip1 locus. CMV-Cre-mediated germ line excision of the stop cassette resulted in expression of HIP1 and rescue of the Hip1 knockout phenotype. Mx1-Cre-mediated excision led to HIP1 expression in spleen, kidney and liver, and also rescued the phenotype. In contrast, hGFAP-Cre-mediated, brain-specific HIP1 expression did not rescue the phenotype. Metabolomics and microarrays of several Hip1 knockout tissues identified low phosphocholine (PC) levels and low glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 3 (Gdpd3) gene expression. Since Gdpd3 has lysophospholipase D activity that results in the formation of choline, a precursor of PC, Gdpd3 downregulation could lead to the low PC levels. To test whether Gdpd3 contributes to the Hip1 deficiency phenotype, we generated Gdpd3 knockout mice. Double knockout of Gdpd3 and Hip1 worsened the Hip1 phenotype. This suggests that Gdpd3 compensates for Hip1 loss. More-detailed knowledge of how Hip1 deficiency leads to low PC will improve our understanding of HIP1 in choline metabolism in normal and disease states.
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Myeloid and Lymphoid Neoplasms with Eosinophilia and Abnormalities of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, FGFR1, or t(8;9)(p22;p24.1);PCM1-JAK2. MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY LIBRARY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62146-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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4
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Sheng G, Zeng Z, Pan J, Kou L, Wang Q, Yao H, Wen L, Ma L, Wu D, Qiu H, Chen S. Multiple MYO18A- PDGFRB fusion transcripts in a myeloproliferative neoplasm patient with t(5;17)(q32;q11). Mol Cytogenet 2017; 10:4. [PMID: 28261327 PMCID: PMC5329908 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-017-0306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), typically defined by myeloid proliferation and eosinophilia, and are only rarely caused by platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB) gene rearrangements. CASE PRESENTATION Here, we report a unique case of MPN that is negative for eosinophilia and characterized by a novel PDGFRB rearrangement. After cytogenetic analysis revealed a karyotype of t(5;17) (q32;q11), we used fluorescence in situ hybridization to specifically identify the PDGFRB gene at 5q31-q33 as the gene that had been translocated. Subsequently, RNA sequencing identified a new MYO18A-PDGFRB gene fusion. This fusion presented a previously undescribed breakpoint composed of exon 37 of MYO18A and exon 13 of PDGFRB. Furthermore, both RT-PCR and Bi-directional Sanger sequencing confirmed this out-of-frame fusion. Interestingly, we simultaneously identified the presence of another three PDGFRB transcripts, all of which were in-frame fusions. After treating the patient with imatinib, the t(5;17) translocation was no longer detected by conventional cytogenetics or by FISH, and at the time of the last follow-up, the patient had been in complete remission for 26 months. CONCLUSION We prove that MYO18A-PDGFRB fusions are recurrent genetic aberrations involved in MPNs, and identify multiple fusion transcripts with novel breakpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangying Sheng
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu province 215006 China
| | - Zhao Zeng
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu province 215006 China
| | - Jinlan Pan
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu province 215006 China
| | - Linbing Kou
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu province 215006 China
| | - Qinrong Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu province 215006 China
| | - Hong Yao
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu province 215006 China
| | - Lijun Wen
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu province 215006 China
| | - Liang Ma
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu province 215006 China
| | - Depei Wu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu province 215006 China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huiying Qiu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu province 215006 China
| | - Suning Chen
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu province 215006 China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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5
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Andrei M, Bandarchuk A, Abdelmalek C, Kundra A, Gotlieb V, Wang JC. PDGFRᵝ-Rearranged Myeloid Neoplasm with Marked Eosinophilia in a 37-Year-Old Man; And a Literature Review. Am J Case Rep 2017; 18:173-180. [PMID: 28209946 PMCID: PMC5325042 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.900623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient: Male, 37 Final Diagnosis: PDGFRβ-rearranged myeloid neoplasm with eosinophilia Symptoms: Night sweats • weight loss Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Hematology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Andrei
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Andrei Bandarchuk
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Cherif Abdelmalek
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Ajay Kundra
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Vladimir Gotlieb
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Jen Chin Wang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
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6
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Nelson KN, Peiris MN, Meyer AN, Siari A, Donoghue DJ. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Translocation Partners in Hematopoietic Disorders. Trends Mol Med 2016; 23:59-79. [PMID: 27988109 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) activate various signaling pathways and regulate cellular proliferation, survival, migration, and angiogenesis. Malignant neoplasms often circumvent or subjugate these pathways by promoting RTK overactivation through mutation or chromosomal translocation. RTK translocations create a fusion protein containing a dimerizing partner fused to an RTK kinase domain, resulting in constitutive kinase domain activation, altered RTK cellular localization, upregulation of downstream signaling, and novel pathway activation. While RTK translocations in hematological malignancies are relatively rare, clinical evidence suggests that patients with these genetic abnormalities benefit from RTK-targeted inhibitors. Here, we present a timely review of an exciting field by examining RTK chromosomal translocations in hematological cancers, such as Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK), Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor (PDGFR), REarranged during Transfection (RET), Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF1R), and Neurotrophic Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Type 3 (NTRK3) fusions, and discuss current therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn N Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Malalage N Peiris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - April N Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Asma Siari
- Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel J Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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7
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Appiah-Kubi K, Lan T, Wang Y, Qian H, Wu M, Yao X, Wu Y, Chen Y. Platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) fusion genes involvement in hematological malignancies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 109:20-34. [PMID: 28010895 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate oncogenic platelet-derived growth factor receptor(PDGFR) fusion genes involvement in hematological malignancies, the advances in the PDGFR fusion genes diagnosis and development of PDGFR fusions inhibitors. METHODS Literature search was done using terms "PDGFR and Fusion" or "PDGFR and Myeloid neoplasm" or 'PDGFR and Lymphoid neoplasm' or "PDGFR Fusion Diagnosis" or "PDGFR Fusion Targets" in databases including PubMed, ASCO.org, and Medscape. RESULTS Out of the 36 fusions detected, ETV6(TEL)-PDGFRB and FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusions were frequently detected, 33 are as a result of chromosomal translocation, FIP1L1-PDGFRA and EBF1-PDGFRB are the result of chromosomal deletion and CDK5RAP2- PDGFRΑ is the result of chromosomal insertion. Seven of the 34 rare fusions have detectable reciprocals. CONCLUSION RNA aptamers are promising therapeutic target of PDGFRs and diagnostic tools of PDGFRs fusion genes. Also, PDGFRs have variable prospective therapeutic strategies including small molecules, RNA aptamers, and interference therapeutics as well as development of adaptor protein Lnk mimetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwaku Appiah-Kubi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China; Department of Applied Biology, University for Development Studies, Navrongo, Ghana.
| | - Ting Lan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Qian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyuan Yao
- Basic medical department, Changchun medical college, Changchun, Jilin 130013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchang Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Iotchkova V, Huang J, Morris JA, Jain D, Barbieri C, Walter K, Min JL, Chen L, Astle W, Cocca M, Deelen P, Elding H, Farmaki AE, Franklin CS, Franberg M, Gaunt TR, Hofman A, Jiang T, Kleber ME, Lachance G, Luan J, Malerba G, Matchan A, Mead D, Memari Y, Ntalla I, Panoutsopoulou K, Pazoki R, Perry JR, Rivadeneira F, Sabater-Lleal M, Sennblad B, Shin SY, Southam L, Traglia M, van Dijk F, van Leeuwen EM, Zaza G, Zhang W, Amin N, Butterworth A, Chambers JC, Dedoussis G, Dehghan A, Franco OH, Franke L, Frontini M, Gambaro G, Gasparini P, Hamsten A, Issacs A, Kooner JS, Kooperberg C, Langenberg C, Marz W, Scott RA, Swertz MA, Toniolo D, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Watkins H, Zeggini E, Maurano MT, Timpson NJ, Reiner AP, Auer PL, Soranzo N. Discovery and refinement of genetic loci associated with cardiometabolic risk using dense imputation maps. Nat Genet 2016; 48:1303-1312. [PMID: 27668658 PMCID: PMC5279872 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale whole-genome sequence data sets offer novel opportunities to identify genetic variation underlying human traits. Here we apply genotype imputation based on whole-genome sequence data from the UK10K and 1000 Genomes Project into 35,981 study participants of European ancestry, followed by association analysis with 20 quantitative cardiometabolic and hematological traits. We describe 17 new associations, including 6 rare (minor allele frequency (MAF) < 1%) or low-frequency (1% < MAF < 5%) variants with platelet count (PLT), red blood cell indices (MCH and MCV) and HDL cholesterol. Applying fine-mapping analysis to 233 known and new loci associated with the 20 traits, we resolve the associations of 59 loci to credible sets of 20 or fewer variants and describe trait enrichments within regions of predicted regulatory function. These findings improve understanding of the allelic architecture of risk factors for cardiometabolic and hematological diseases and provide additional functional insights with the identification of potentially novel biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Iotchkova
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jie Huang
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Boston VA Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John A. Morris
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Deepti Jain
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Caterina Barbieri
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Klaudia Walter
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Josine L. Min
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lu Chen
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - William Astle
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Massimilian Cocca
- Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Patrick Deelen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Genomics Coordination Center, Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Heather Elding
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Mattias Franberg
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Dep. Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom R. Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Genevieve Lachance
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, Londo, UK
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Biology and Genetics, Department Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Angela Matchan
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Mead
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yasin Memari
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Raha Pazoki
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - John R.B. Perry
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, Londo, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Dep. Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Dep. Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - So-Youn Shin
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Michela Traglia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Freerk van Dijk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Genomics Coordination Center, Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, St Mary’s campus, London, UK
| | | | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adam Butterworth
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John C. Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, St Mary’s campus, London, UK
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Oscar H. Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Institute of Internal Medicine, Renal Program, Columbus-Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Experimental Genetics Division, Sidra, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Dep. Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aaron Issacs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Winfried Marz
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
- Medical Clinic V (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinolgy, Diabetology), Mannheim Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Morris A. Swertz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Genomics Coordination Center, Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Mathew T. Maurano
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alexander P. Reiner
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Paul L. Auer
- Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Maccaferri M, Pierini V, Di Giacomo D, Zucchini P, Forghieri F, Bonacorsi G, Paolini A, Quadrelli C, Giacobbi F, Fontana F, Cappelli G, Potenza L, Marasca R, Luppi M, Mecucci C. The importance of cytogenetic and molecular analyses in eosinophilia-associated myeloproliferative neoplasms: an unusual case with normal karyotype and TNIP1- PDGFRB rearrangement and overview ofPDGFRBpartner genes. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:489-493. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1197396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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Zhu N, Xiao H, Wang LM, Fu S, Zhao C, Huang H. Mutations in tyrosine kinase and tyrosine phosphatase and their relevance to the target therapy in hematologic malignancies. Future Oncol 2015; 11:659-73. [PMID: 25686120 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases play pivotal roles in regulation of cellular phosphorylation and signal transduction with opposite functions. Accumulating evidences have uncovered the relevance of genetic alterations in these two family members to hematologic malignancies. This review underlines progress in understanding the pathogenesis of these genetic alterations including mutations and aberrant expression and the evolving protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases targeted therapeutic strategies in hematologic neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zhu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
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11
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Naumann N, Schwaab J, Metzgeroth G, Jawhar M, Haferlach C, Göhring G, Schlegelberger B, Dietz CT, Schnittger S, Lotfi S, Gärtner M, Dang TA, Hofmann WK, Cross NCP, Reiter A, Fabarius A. Fusion of PDGFRB to MPRIP, CPSF6, and GOLGB1 in three patients with eosinophilia-associated myeloproliferative neoplasms. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2015; 54:762-70. [PMID: 26355392 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In eosinophilia-associated myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN-eo), constitutive activation of protein tyrosine kinases (TK) as consequence of translocations, inversions, or insertions and creation of TK fusion genes is recurrently observed. The most commonly involved TK and their potential TK inhibitors include PDGFRA at 4q12 or PDGFRB at 5q33 (imatinib), FGFR1 at 8p11 (ponatinib), and JAK2 at 9p24 (ruxolitinib). We here report the identification of three new PDGFRB fusion genes in three male MPN-eo patients: MPRIP-PDGFRB in a case with t(5;17)(q33;p11), CPSF6-PDGFRB in a case with t(5;12)(q33;q15), and GOLGB1-PDGFRB in a case with t(3;5)(q13;q33). The fusion proteins identified by 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or DNA-based long distance inverse PCR are predicted to contain the TK domain of PDGFRB. The partner genes contain domains like coiled-coil structures, which are likely to cause dimerization and activation of the TK. In all patients, imatinib induced rapid and durable complete remissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Naumann
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliana Schwaab
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Georgia Metzgeroth
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mohamad Jawhar
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Gudrun Göhring
- Institut Für Humangenetik, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Christian T Dietz
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Sina Lotfi
- Onkologie MVZ Am Siloah St. Trudpert Klinikum Pforzheim, Pforzheim, Germany
| | | | - Tu-Anh Dang
- Medizinische Klinik V, Klinikum Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Nicholas C P Cross
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Andreas Reiter
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alice Fabarius
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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12
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Patnaik MM, Tefferi A. Molecular diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 9:481-92. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Philips ST, Hildenbrand ZL, Oravecz-Wilson KI, Foley SB, Mgbemena VE, Ross TS. Toward a therapeutic reduction of imatinib refractory myeloproliferative neoplasm-initiating cells. Oncogene 2013; 33:5379-90. [PMID: 24240679 PMCID: PMC4025985 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) such as chronic myelogenous (CML) and chronic myelomonocytic leukemias (CMML) are frequently induced by tyrosine kinase oncogenes. Although these MPNs are sensitive to tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib, patients often relapse upon withdrawal of therapy. We used a model of MPN, which is induced by co-expression of the oncoproteins HIP1/PDGFβR (H/P) and AML1/ETO (A/E) from their endogenous loci, to examine the mechanisms of disease development and recurrence following imatinib withdrawal. Although the MPN displayed a full hematologic response to imatinib, 100% of the diseased mice relapsed upon drug withdrawal. MPN persistence was not due to imatinib resistance mutations in the H/P oncogene or massive gene expression changes. Within one week of imatinib treatment, more than 98% of gene expression changes induced by the oncogenes in isolated hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (LSKs) normalized. Supplementation of imatinib with G-CSF or arsenic trioxide reduced MPN-initiating cell frequencies and the combination of imatinib with arsenic trioxide cured a large fraction of mice with MPNs. In contrast, no mice in the imatinib-treated control cohorts were cured. These data suggest that treatment with a combination of arsenic trioxide and imatinib can eliminate refractory MPN-initiating cells and reduce disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Philips
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Z L Hildenbrand
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - S B Foley
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - V E Mgbemena
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - T S Ross
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
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14
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Lion T, Webersinke G, Kastner U, Seger C, Mitterbauer-Hohendanner G, Gastl G. [Current diagnostic requirements in chronic myeloid leukemia]. Wien Med Wochenschr 2013; 163:477-94. [PMID: 24081749 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-013-0239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, high-quality diagnostics is of paramount importance for the surveillance of treatment efficacy. The availability of new tyrosine kinase inhibitors providing more rapid and deeper responses requires the employment of standardized and highly sensitive diagnostic methods to ensure optimal monitoring of the patients. This review presents the current international diagnostic standards and the certified laboratories in Austria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lion
- LabDia Labordiagnostik/St.Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Zimmermannplatz 8, 1090, Wien, Österreich,
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15
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Huntingtin-interacting protein 1 phosphorylation by receptor tyrosine kinases. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:3580-93. [PMID: 23836884 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00473-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntingtin-interacting protein 1 (HIP1) binds inositol lipids, clathrin, actin, and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). HIP1 is elevated in many tumors, and its expression is prognostic in prostate cancer. HIP1 overexpression increases levels of the RTK epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and transforms fibroblasts. Here we report that HIP1 is tyrosine phosphorylated in the presence of EGFR and platelet-derived growth factor β receptor (PDGFβR) as well as the oncogenic derivatives EGFRvIII, HIP1/PDGFβR (H/P), and TEL/PDGFβR (T/P). We identified a four-tyrosine "HIP1 phosphorylation motif" (HPM) in the N-terminal region of HIP1 that is required for phosphorylation mediated by both EGFR and PDGFβR but not by the oncoproteins H/P and T/P. We also identified a tyrosine residue (Y152) within the HPM motif of HIP1 that inhibits HIP1 tyrosine phosphorylation. The HPM tyrosines are conserved in HIP1's only known mammalian relative, HIP1-related protein (HIP1r), and are also required for HIP1r phosphorylation. Tyrosine-to-phenylalanine point mutations in the HPM of HIP1 result in proapoptotic activity, indicating that an intact HPM may be necessary for HIP1's role in cellular survival. These data suggest that phosphorylation of HIP1 by RTKs in an N-terminal region contributes to the promotion of cellular survival.
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16
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Savage N, George TI, Gotlib J. Myeloid neoplasms associated with eosinophilia and rearrangement of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, and FGFR1: a review. Int J Lab Hematol 2013; 35:491-500. [PMID: 23489324 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and abnormalities of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA), platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB), and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1) are a group of hematologic neoplasms resulting from the formation of abnormal fusion genes that encode constitutively activated tyrosine kinases. These entities are now separated into their own major category in the 2008 World Health Organization classification of hematolymphoid tumors. Although eosinophilia is characteristic of these diseases, the clinical presentation of the three entities is variable. Conventional cytogenetics (karyotyping) will detect the majority of abnormalities involving PDGFRB and FGFR1, but florescence in situ hybridization (FISH)/molecular studies are required to detect factor interacting with PAP (FIP1L1)-PDGFRA as the characteristic 4q12 interstitial deletion is cryptic. Imatinib mesylate (imatinib) is the first-line therapy for patients with abnormalities of PDGFRA/B, whereas patients with FGFR1 fusions are resistant to this therapy and carry a poor prognosis. The discovery of novel gene rearrangements associated with eosinophilia will further guide our understanding of the molecular pathobiology of these diseases and aid in the development of small-molecule inhibitors that inhibit deregulated hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Savage
- Department of Pathology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Pathology, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
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17
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Centrosomal targeting of tyrosine kinase activity does not enhance oncogenicity in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Leukemia 2011; 26:728-35. [PMID: 22015771 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive tyrosine kinase activation by reciprocal chromosomal translocation is a common pathogenetic mechanism in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Since centrosomal proteins have been recurrently identified as translocation partners of tyrosine kinases FGFR1, JAK2, PDGFRα and PDGFRβ in these diseases, a role for the centrosome in oncogenic transformation has been hypothesized. In this study, we addressed the functional role of centrosomally targeted tyrosine kinase activity. First, centrosomal localization was not routinely found for all chimeric fusion proteins tested. Second, targeting of tyrosine kinases to the centrosome by creating artificial chimeric fusion kinases with the centrosomal targeting domain of AKAP450 failed to enhance the oncogenic transforming potential in both Ba/F3 and U2OS cells, although phospho-tyrosine-mediated signal transduction pathways were initiated at the centrosome. We conclude that the centrosomal localization of constitutively activated tyrosine kinases does not contribute to disease pathogenesis in chronic myeloproliferative disorders.
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18
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Wang M, Liu S, Liu P. Gene expression profile of multiple myeloma cell line treated by arsenic trioxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 27:646-9. [PMID: 18231732 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-007-0606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
cDNA microarray was used to compare the gene expression profiles of multiple myeloma cell line RPMI8226 24 h before and after treatment with arsenic trioxide. Two cDNA probes were prepared by mRNA reverse transcription of both arsenic trioxide-treated and untreated RPMI8226 cells. The probes were labeled with Cy3 and Cy5 fluorescence dyes separately, hybridized with cDNA microarray representing 4096 different human genes, and scanned for fluorescence intensity. The differences in gene expression were calculated on the basis of the ratios of signal intensity of treated and untreated samples. The up-and down-regulated genes were screened through the analysis of gene expression ratios. The results showed that 273 genes were differentially altered at mRNA level, 121 genes were up-regulated and 152 were down-regulated. It is concluded that the treatment with arsenic trioxide can induce a variety of gene changes in RPMI8226 cell line. Many genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. ALK-1 and TXNIP genes may play an important role in the apoptosis and partial differentiation of RPMI8226 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchang Wang
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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19
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Abstract
Constitutive activation of protein tyrosine kinases plays a central role in the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative disorders, including BCR-ABL-negative chronic myeloid leukemia. Current research is focused on elucidating the full spectrum of causative mutations in this rare, heterogeneous disease. Activated tyrosine kinases are excellent targets for signal transduction therapy, and an accurate diagnosis including morphology, karyotyping, and molecular genetics will become increasingly important to direct individualized treatment. In addition, new molecular findings need to be incorporated into disease classification systems.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aneuploidy
- Enzyme Activation
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/classification
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/pathology
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- Protein Kinases/physiology
- Risk Factors
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Burgstaller
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, University of Southampton,Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury SP2 8BJ, UK
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20
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Abstract
Primary eosinophilic disorders include hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES); chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise categorized (CEL-NOC); platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-rearranged myeloid neoplasms; and other myeloid malignancies associated with prominent blood eosinophilia. According to the World Health Organization consensus criteria, the diagnosis of HES requires the absence of clonal cytogenetic or molecular markers of an underlying myeloid or lymphoid neoplasm. CEL-NOC constitutes an HES-like phenotype associated with an abnormal karyotype or excess blasts in blood (> 2%) or bone marrow (> 5%). HES and CEL-NOC are considered distinct from molecularly defined eosinophilic disorders, such as those associated with activating mutations of PDGFR (PDGFRA and PDGFRB) and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1. This is an important distinction because PDGFR-mutated but not other eosinophilic neoplasms are effectively treated with imatinib. Current management in HES includes observation only for asymptomatic patients with no evidence of organ damage, systemic corticosteroid therapy for acute control of symptoms, and interferon-alfa-2a or hydroxyurea as steroid-sparing agents. In patients with HES who are refractory to usual therapy and have life-threatening disease complications, the use of investigational drugs such as alemtuzumab or mepolizumab might be considered, but data on long-term efficacy and safety are limited.
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21
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Hidalgo-Curtis C, Apperley JF, Stark A, Stark A, Jeng M, Gotlib J, Chase A, Cross NCP, Grand FH. Fusion of PDGFRB to two distinct loci at 3p21 and a third at 12q13 in imatinib-responsive myeloproliferative neoplasms. Br J Haematol 2010; 148:268-73. [PMID: 20085582 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We identified four patients who presented with BCR-ABL1 negative myeloproliferative neoplasms and cytogenetically visible abnormalities of chromosome band 5q31-35. Fluorescence in situ hybridization indicated that the platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta gene (PDGFRB) was disrupted in all four cases and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends identified in-frame mRNA fusions between PDGFRB and WDR48 (3p21), GOLGA4 (3p21) and BIN2 (12q13). Strikingly, all three genes encode proteins involving intracellular trafficking. Imatinib, a known inhibitor of PDGFRbeta, selectively blocked the growth of t(3;5) myeloid colonies and produced clinically significant responses in all patients. We conclude that PDGFRB fuses to diverse partner genes in atypical myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Although very rare, identification of these fusions is critical for proper management of affected individuals.
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22
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Oravecz-Wilson KI, Philips ST, Yilmaz ÖH, Ames HM, Li L, Crawford BD, Gauvin AM, Lucas PC, Sitwala K, Downing JR, Morrison SJ, Ross TS. Persistence of leukemia-initiating cells in a conditional knockin model of an imatinib-responsive myeloproliferative disorder. Cancer Cell 2009; 16:137-48. [PMID: 19647224 PMCID: PMC2763369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 03/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite remarkable responses to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib, CML patients are rarely cured by this therapy perhaps due to imatinib refractoriness of leukemia-initiating cells (LICs). Evidence for this is limited because of poor engraftment of human CML-LICs in NOD-SCID mice and nonphysiologic expression of oncogenes in retroviral transduction mouse models. To address these challenges, we generated mice bearing conditional knockin alleles of two human oncogenes: HIP1/PDGFbetaR (H/P) and AML1-ETO (A/E). Unlike retroviral transduction, physiologic expression of H/P or A/E individually failed to induce disease, but coexpression of both H/P and A/E led to rapid onset of a fully penetrant, myeloproliferative disorder, indicating cooperativity between these two alleles. Although imatinib dramatically decreased disease burden, LICs persisted, demonstrating imatinib refractoriness of LICs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Knock-In Techniques
- Genotype
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/drug therapy
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/genetics
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- RUNX1 Translocation Partner 1 Protein
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven T. Philips
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ömer H. Yilmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Heather M. Ames
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lina Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Brendan D. Crawford
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Alice M. Gauvin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Peter C. Lucas
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kajal Sitwala
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - James R. Downing
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Sean J. Morrison
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Theodora S. Ross
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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23
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Walz C, Haferlach C, Hänel A, Metzgeroth G, Erben P, Gosenca D, Hochhaus A, Cross NCP, Reiter A. Identification of aMYO18A-PDGFRBfusion gene in an eosinophilia-associated atypical myeloproliferative neoplasm with a t(5;17)(q33-34;q11.2). Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:179-83. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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24
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Tefferi A. Molecular drug targets in myeloproliferative neoplasms: mutant ABL1, JAK2, MPL, KIT, PDGFRA, PDGFRB and FGFR1. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:215-37. [PMID: 19175693 PMCID: PMC3823350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutically validated oncoproteins in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) include BCR-ABL1 and rearranged PDGFR proteins. The latter are products of intra- (e.g. FIP1L1-PDGFRA) or inter-chromosomal (e.g.ETV6-PDGFRB) gene fusions. BCR-ABL1 is associated with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) and mutant PDGFR with an MPN phenotype characterized by eosinophilia and in addition, in case of FIP1L1-PDGFRA, bone marrow mastocytosis. These genotype-phenotype associations have been effectively exploited in the development of highly accurate diagnostic assays and molecular targeted therapy. It is hoped that the same will happen in other MPN with specific genetic alterations: polycythemia vera (JAK2V617F and other JAK2 mutations), essential thrombocythemia (JAK2V617F and MPL515 mutations), primary myelofibrosis (JAK2V617F and MPL515 mutations), systemic mastocytosis (KITD816V and other KIT mutations) and stem cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ZNF198-FGFR1 and other FGFR1 fusion genes). The current review discusses the above-listed mutant molecules in the context of their value as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayalew Tefferi
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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25
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Five years since the discovery of FIP1L1–PDGFRA: what we have learned about the fusion and other molecularly defined eosinophilias. Leukemia 2008; 22:1999-2010. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Nolte F, Hofmann WK. Myelodysplastic syndromes: molecular pathogenesis and genomic changes. Ann Hematol 2008; 87:777-95. [PMID: 18516602 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-008-0502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis presenting with peripheral cytopenias in combination with a hyperplastic bone marrow and an increased risk of evolution to acute myeloid leukemia. The classification systems such as the WHO classification mainly rely on morphological criteria and are supplemented by the International Prognostic Scoring System which takes cytogenetical changes into consideration when determining the prognosis of MDS but wide intra-subtype variations do exist. The pathomechanisms causing primary MDS require further work. Development and progression of MDS is suggested to be a multistep alteration to hematopoietic stem cells. Different molecular alterations have been described, affecting genes involved in cell-cycle control, mitotic checkpoints, and growth factor receptors. Secondary signal proteins and transcription factors, which gives the cell a growth advantage over its normal counterpart, may be affected as well. The accumulation of such defects may finally cause the leukemic transformation of MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Nolte
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Benjamin Franklin, Charité, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Gallagher G, Horsman DE, Tsang P, Forrest DL. Fusion of PRKG2 and SPTBN1 to the platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta gene (PDGFRB) in imatinib-responsive atypical myeloproliferative disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 181:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2007.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Albano F, Anelli L, Zagaria A, Lonoce A, La Starza R, Liso V, Rocchi M, Specchia G. Extramedullary molecular evidence of the 5′KIAA1509/3′PDGFRB fusion gene in chronic eosinophilic leukemia. Leuk Res 2008; 32:347-51. [PMID: 17681599 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL), demonstrating for the first time: (i) the association of CEL with the 5'KIAA1509/3'PDGFRB fusion gene as a consequence of a t(5;14)(q33;q32); (ii) the molecular detection of this rearrangement in an extramedullary site; (iii) the cloning and sequencing of the KIAA1509 and PDGFRB genomic breakpoints. The 5'KIAA1509/3'PDGFRB fusion gene is predicted to encode a protein of 2059 amino acids. The genomic breakpoints were localized inside KIAA1509 intron 11 and PDGFRB intron 10. Sequence analysis in correspondence with these breakpoints revealed the presence of repetitive DNA, such Alu elements, which could promote chromosomal rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Albano
- Hematology, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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29
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Bain BJ, Fletcher SH. Chronic eosinophilic leukemias and the myeloproliferative variant of the hypereosinophilic syndrome. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2007; 27:377-88. [PMID: 17868855 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Among patients with hypereosinophilia, a myeloproliferative variant is recognized. In many of these patients a diagnosis of eosinophilic leukemia can be made. The molecular mechanism is often a fusion gene, incorporating part of PDGFRA or PDGFRB, encoding anaberrant tyrosine kinase. Prompt diagnosis of such cases is important since specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Bain
- Department of Haematology, St Mary's Hospital Campus of Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK.
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30
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31
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Grand FH, Iqbal S, Zhang L, Russell NH, Chase A, Cross NCP. A constitutively active SPTBN1-FLT3 fusion in atypical chronic myeloid leukemia is sensitive to tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapy. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:1723-7. [PMID: 17764812 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the consequences and significance of an acquired 46XX,t(2;13;2;21)(p13;q12;q33;q11.2) in atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML). METHODS Translocation breakpoints were identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization and a novel fusion gene identified by rapid amplification of cDNA ends polymerase chain reaction. Functional analysis of the fusion was performed using the Ba/F3 transformation assay and specific inhibition demonstrated using small molecule inhibitors. RESULTS Fluorescence in situ hybridization indicated that FLT3 at 13q12 was disrupted and 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends polymerase chain reaction identified a novel in-frame mRNA fusion between exon 3 of SPTBN1 (spectrin, beta, nonerythrocytic 1) at chromosome 2p16 and exon 13 of FLT3. Expression of SPTBN1-FLT3 transformed Ba/F3 cells to growth factor independence and was accompanied by constitutive phosphorylation of the fusion protein and the downstream substrate extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. The growth of transformed cells was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by SU11657, PKC412, and TKI258 (CHIR-258), but not by imatinib. To determine if FLT3 might be involved more widely in BCR-ABL-negative aCML, we analyzed 40 cases and found two were internal tandem duplication-positive, but D835 mutations were not observed. The t(2;13;2;21) patient was initially treated with hydroxyurea and subsequently underwent an unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation. She relapsed cytogenetically at 4 years, but responded to donor lymphocyte infusion, achieving sustained cytogenetic and molecular (nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) remission. CONCLUSION Although FLT3 abnormalities are uncommon in aCML, SPTBN1-FLT3 is a novel constitutively active tyrosine kinase that appears to responsive to both targeted signal transduction therapy and immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Female
- Humans
- Hydroxyurea/therapeutic use
- Immunotherapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/therapy
- Lymphocyte Transfusion
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/analysis
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors
- Spectrin/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- Treatment Outcome
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis H Grand
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, University of Southampton, Salisbury, UK.
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32
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DeAngelo DJ. Role of Imatinib-Sensitive Tyrosine Kinases in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders. Semin Hematol 2007. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Martinelli G. Atypical Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders: Genes and Imatinib-Sensitive Targets. Semin Hematol 2007. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Gotlib J, Cross NCP, Gilliland DG. Eosinophilic disorders: molecular pathogenesis, new classification, and modern therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2006; 19:535-69. [PMID: 16781488 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2005.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Before the 1990s, lack of evidence for a reactive cause of hypereosinophilia or chronic eosinophilic leukemia (e.g. presence of a clonal cytogenetic abnormality or increased blood or bone marrow blasts) resulted in diagnosticians characterizing such nebulous cases as 'idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)'. However, over the last decade, significant advances in our understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of eosinophilic disorders have shifted an increasing proportion of cases from this idiopathic HES 'pool' to genetically defined eosinophilic diseases with recurrent molecular abnormalities. The majority of these genetic lesions result in constitutively activated fusion tyrosine kinases, the phenotypic consequence of which is an eosinophilia-associated myeloid disorder. Most notable among these is the recent discovery of the cryptic FIP1L1-PDGFRA gene fusion in karyotypically normal patients with systemic mast cell disease with eosinophilia or idiopathic HES, redefining these diseases as clonal eosinophilias. Rearrangements involving PDGFRA and PDGFRB in eosinophilic chronic myeloproliferative disorders, and of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) in the 8p11 stem cell myeloproliferative syndrome constitute additional examples of specific genetic alterations linked to clonal eosinophilia. The identification of populations of aberrant T-lymphocytes secreting eosinophilopoietic cytokines such as interleukin-5 establish a pathophysiologic basis for cases of lymphocyte-mediated hypereosinophilia. This recent revival in understanding the biologic basis of eosinophilic disorders has permitted more genetic specificity in the classification of these diseases, and has translated into successful therapeutic approaches with targeted agents such as imatinib mesylate and recombinant anti-IL-5 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Gotlib
- Stanford Cancer Center, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Room 2327B, Stanford, CA 94305-5821, USA.
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35
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Chase A, Cross NCP. Signal transduction therapy in haematological malignancies: identification and targeting of tyrosine kinases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2006; 111:233-49. [PMID: 16961463 DOI: 10.1042/cs20060035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases play key roles in cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. Their aberrant activation, caused either by the formation of fusion genes by chromosome translocation or by intragenic changes, such as point mutations or internal duplications, is of major importance in the development of many haematological malignancies. An understanding of the mechanisms by which BCR-ABL contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukaemia led to the development of imatinib, the first of several tyrosine kinase inhibitors to enter clinical trials. Although the development of resistance has been problematic, particularly in aggressive disease, the development of novel inhibitors and combination with other forms of therapy shows promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chase
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury and Human Genetics Division, University of Southampton, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury SP2 8BJ, U.K
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36
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David M, Cross NCP, Burgstaller S, Chase A, Curtis C, Dang R, Gardembas M, Goldman JM, Grand F, Hughes G, Huguet F, Lavender L, McArthur GA, Mahon FX, Massimini G, Melo J, Rousselot P, Russell-Jones RJ, Seymour JF, Smith G, Stark A, Waghorn K, Nikolova Z, Apperley JF. Durable responses to imatinib in patients with PDGFRB fusion gene-positive and BCR-ABL-negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Blood 2006; 109:61-4. [PMID: 16960151 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-024828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusion genes derived from the platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB) or alpha (PDGFRA) play an important role in the pathogenesis of BCR-ABL-negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders (CMPDs). These fusion genes encode constitutively activated receptor tyrosine kinases that can be inhibited by imatinib. Twelve patients with BCR-ABL-negative CMPDs and reciprocal translocations involving PDGFRB received imatinib for a median of 47 months (range, 0.1-60 months). Eleven had prompt responses with normalization of peripheral-blood cell counts and disappearance of eosinophilia; 10 had complete resolution of cytogenetic abnormalities and decrease or disappearance of fusion transcripts as measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Updates were sought from 8 further patients previously described in the literature; prompt responses were described in 7 and persist in 6. Our data show that durable hematologic and cytogenetic responses are achieved with imatinib in patients with PDGFRB fusion-positive, BCR-ABL-negative CMPDs.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Drug Evaluation
- Eosinophilia/etiology
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/blood
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Infant
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/blood
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/blood
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/drug therapy
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/blood
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/blood
- RNA, Neoplasm/blood
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/blood
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Retrospective Studies
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Translocation, Genetic
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna David
- Department of Haematology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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37
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Tefferi A, Gilliland G. Classification of chronic myeloid disorders: From Dameshek towards a semi-molecular system. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2006; 19:365-85. [PMID: 16781478 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hematological malignancies are phenotypically organized into lymphoid and myeloid disorders, although such a distinction might not be precise from the standpoint of lineage clonality. In turn, myeloid malignancies are broadly categorized into either acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or chronic myeloid disorder (CMD), depending on the presence or absence, respectively, of AML-defining cytomorphologic and cytogenetic features. The CMD are traditionally classified by their morphologic appearances into discrete clinicopathologic entities based primarily on subjective technologies. It has now become evident that most CMD represent clonal stem cell processes where the primary oncogenic event has been characterized in certain instances; Bcr/Abl in chronic myeloid leukemia, FIP1L1-PDGFRA or c-kit(D816V) in systemic mastocytosis, rearrangements of PDGFRB in chronic eosinophilic leukemia, and rearrangements of FGFR1 in stem cell leukemia/lymphoma syndrome. In addition, Bcr/Abl-negative classic myeloproliferative disorders are characterized by recurrent JAK2(V617F) mutations, whereas other mutations affecting the RAS signaling pathway molecules have been associated with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Such progress is paving the way for a transition from a histologic to a semi-molecular classification system that preserves conventional terminology, while incorporating new information on molecular pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayalew Tefferi
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester 55905, USA.
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38
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Adams MM, Carpenter PB. Tying the loose ends together in DNA double strand break repair with 53BP1. Cell Div 2006; 1:19. [PMID: 16945145 PMCID: PMC1601952 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-1-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To maintain genomic stability and ensure the fidelity of chromosomal transmission, cells respond to various forms of genotoxic stress, including DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs), through the activation of DNA damage response signaling networks. In response to DSBs as induced by ionizing radiation (IR), during DNA replication, or through immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) rearrangements in B cells of lymphoid origin, the phosphatidyl inositol-like kinase (PIK) kinases ATM (mutated in ataxia telangiectasia), ATR (ATM and Rad3-related kinase), and the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) activate signaling pathways that lead to DSB repair. DSBs are repaired by either of two major, non-mutually exclusive pathways: homologous recombination (HR) that utilizes an undamaged sister chromatid template (or homologous chromosome) and non- homologous end joining (NHEJ), an error prone mechanism that processes and joins broken DNA ends through the coordinated effort of a small set of ubiquitous factors (DNA-PKcs, Ku70, Ku80, artemis, Xrcc4/DNA lig IV, and XLF/Cernunnos). The PIK kinases phosphorylate a variety of effector substrates that propagate the DNA damage signal, ultimately resulting in various biological outputs that influence cell cycle arrest, transcription, DNA repair, and apoptosis. A variety of data has revealed a critical role for p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) in the cellular response to DSBs including various aspects of p53 function. Importantly, 53BP1 plays a major role in suppressing translocations, particularly in B and T cells. This report will review past experiments and current knowledge regarding the role of 53BP1 in the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Phillip B Carpenter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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39
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Abstract
Blood eosinophilia signifies either a cytokine-mediated reactive phenomenon (secondary) or an integral phenotype of an underlying haematological neoplasm (primary). Secondary eosinophilia is usually associated with parasitosis in Third World countries and allergic conditions in the West. Primary eosinophilia is operationally classified as being clonal or idiopathic, depending on the respective presence or absence of a molecular, cytogenetic or histological evidence for a myeloid malignancy. The current communication features a comprehensive clinical summary of both secondary and primary eosinophilic disorders with emphasis on recent developments in molecular pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayalew Tefferi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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40
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recurring chromosomal abnormalities are considered the primary genetic change in oncogenesis as well as an important indicator for tumor phenotype and clinical outcome. This review highlights recent findings regarding the genes associated with chromosomal translocations. RECENT FINDINGS A great number of novel fusion genes associated with chromosomal translocations have been cloned. These novel fusion genes are found in the smaller part of various malignancies, and it can be expected that the significance of novel fusion gene occurrence for oncogenesis will be clarified in the not too distant future. Observation of high frequencies of mutations in NOTCH1, NPM and JAK2 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia with normal karyotype and myeloproliferative disorders (polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and idiopathic myelofibrosis) have provided important suggestions for a better understanding of chromosomal translocations. This is because all these genes had already been identified as genes associated with chromosomal translocations in a small subset of specific phenotypes of hematologic malignancies. SUMMARY This review summarizes recent findings associated with chromosomal translocations including newly identified fusion genes, a novel mechanism of fusion gene formation and their relevance for novel targeted therapies. Continuing attempts to identify genes associated with chromosomal translocations can be expected to provide further insights into the significance of various gene alterations in cancer and the development of novel targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Taki
- Department of Molecular Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
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41
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Walz C, Sattler M. Novel targeted therapies to overcome imatinib mesylate resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2006; 57:145-64. [PMID: 16213151 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) was developed as the first molecularly targeted therapy that specifically inhibits the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase activity in patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Due to its excellent hematologic and cytogenetic responses, particularly in patients with chronic phase CML, imatinib has moved towards first-line treatment for newly diagnosed CML. Nevertheless, resistance to the drug has been frequently reported and is attributed to the fact that transformation of hematopoietic stem cells by BCR-ABL is associated with genomic instability. Point mutations within the ABL tyrosine kinase of the BCR-ABL oncoprotein are the major cause of resistance, though overexpression of the BCR-ABL protein and novel acquired cytogenetic aberrations have also been reported. A variety of strategies derived from structural studies of the ABL-imatinib complex have been developed, resulting in the design of novel ABL inhibitors, including AMN107, BMS-354825, ON012380 and others. The major goal of these efforts is to create new drugs that are more potent than imatinib and/or more effective against imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL clones. Some of these drugs have already been successfully tested in preclinical studies where they show promising results. Additional approaches are geared towards targeting the expression or stability of the BCR-ABL kinase itself or targeting signaling pathways that are chronically activated and required for transformation. In this review, we will discuss the underlying mechanisms of resistance to imatinib and novel targeted approaches to overcome imatinib resistance in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Walz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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42
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Abstract
Therapeutic management of blood hypereosinophilia depends on its underlying cause. The cause may be clearly established (parasitic infestation) or more hypothetical (systemic disease). Blood eosinophils often return to normal levels after treatment of either the cause or the associated eosinophilic disease. A targeted approach is more difficult when the cause is unknown (unexplained chronic hypereosinophilia). Various conventional treatments (corticosteroids, hydroxyurea, interferon) have been somewhat effective. The identification of new cellular and molecular markers with diagnostic and pathophysiologic significance makes more rational approaches possible.
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43
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Abstract
Chronic myeloproliferative diseases (CMPDs) are characterized by the abnormal proliferation and survival of one or more myeloid cell types. The archetype of this class of hematological diseases is chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, the result of t(9;22)(q34;q11), and the associated BCR-ABL1 oncogene. Some of the Ph-negative myeloproliferative diseases are characterized by other chromosomal translocations involving a variety of tyrosine kinase genes, including ABL1, ABL2, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, FGFR1, and JAK2. The majority of Ph-negative CMPDs, however, such as chronic eosinophilic leukemia, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and idiopathic myelofibrosis are not characterized by the presence of recurrent chromosomal abnormalities. Recent studies have identified the FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion gene, generated due to a small cryptic deletion on chromosome 4q12, and the activating V617F mutation in JAK2 in a significant fraction of Ph-negative CMPDs. These results show that abnormalities in tyrosine kinase genes are central to the molecular pathogenesis of CMPDs. Genome-wide screenings to identify novel tyrosine kinase abnormalities in CMPDs may contribute to further improvement of the diagnosis and the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K De Keersmaecker
- Department of Human Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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44
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Griesinger F, Hennig H, Hillmer F, Podleschny M, Steffens R, Pies A, Wörmann B, Haase D, Bohlander SK. A BCR-JAK2 fusion gene as the result of a t(9;22)(p24;q11.2) translocation in a patient with a clinically typical chronic myeloid leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 44:329-33. [PMID: 16001431 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by the presence of a t(9;22)(q34;q11.2), which leads to the well-known BCR-ABL1 fusion protein. We describe a patient who was diagnosed clinically with a typical CML but on cytogenetic analysis was found to have a t(9;22)(p24;q11.2). Chromosomal fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that the BCR gene locus spanned the breakpoint at band 22q11.2 but that the ABL1 gene was not rearranged. By means of a candidate gene approach, the JAK2 gene, at 9p24, was identified as the fusion partner of BCR in this case. The BCR-JAK2 fusion protein contains the coiled-coil dimerization domain of BCR and the protein tyrosine kinase domain (JH1) of JAK2. The patient's disease did not respond to Imatinib, and this unresponsiveness was most likely a result of the BCR-JAK2 fusion protein.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Janus Kinase 2
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcr/genetics
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Griesinger
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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45
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Abstract
Some myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) result from a reciprocal translocation that involves the FGFR1 gene and a partner gene. The event creates a chimeric gene that encodes a fusion protein with constitutive FGFR1 tyrosine kinase activity. FGFR1-MPD is a rare disease, but its study may provide interesting clues on different processes such as cell signalling, oncogenesis and stem cell renewal. Some partners of FGFR1 are centrosomal proteins. The corresponding oncogenic fusion kinases are targeted to the centrosome. Constitutive phosphorylation at this site may perturbate centrosome function and the cell cycle. Direct attack at this small organelle may be an efficient way for oncogenes to alter regulation of signalling for proliferation and survival and get rid of checkpoints in cell cycle progression. The same effect might be triggered by other fusion kinases in other MPD and non-MPD malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Delaval
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, UMR599 Inserm, Marseille Cancer Institute, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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46
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Fröhling S, Scholl C, Gilliland DG, Levine RL. Genetics of Myeloid Malignancies: Pathogenetic and Clinical Implications. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:6285-95. [PMID: 16155011 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid malignancies are clonal disorders that are characterized by acquired somatic mutation in hematopoietic progenitors. Recent advances in our understanding of the genetic basis of myeloid malignancies have provided important insights into the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myeloproliferative diseases (MPD) and have led to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. In this review, we describe our current state of understanding of the genetic basis of AML and MPD, with a specific focus on pathogenetic and therapeutic significance. Specific examples discussed include RAS mutations, KIT mutations, FLT3 mutations, and core binding factor rearrangements in AML, and JAK2 mutations in polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, and chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Fröhling
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Hematology, Karp Family Research Building, 5th Floor, 1 Blackfan Cir, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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47
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Tefferi A, Gilliland DG. The JAK2V617F tyrosine kinase mutation in myeloproliferative disorders: status report and immediate implications for disease classification and diagnosis. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80:947-58. [PMID: 16007902 DOI: 10.4065/80.7.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase that catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-phosphate group of adenosine triphosphate to the hydroxyl groups of specific tyrosine residues in signal transduction molecules. JAK2 mediates signaling downstream of cytokine receptors after ligand-induced autophosphorylation of both receptor and enzyme. The main downstream effectors of JAK2 are a family of transcription factors known as signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins. The myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), a subgroup of myeloid malignancies, are clonal stem cell diseases characterized by an expansion of morphologically mature granulocyte, erythroid, megakaryocyte, or monocyte lineage cells. Among the traditionally classified MPD, the disease-causing mutation has been delineated, thus far, for only chronic myeloid leukemia (ie, bcr/abl). In the past 3 months, 7 different studies have Independently described a close association between an activating JAK2 mutation (JAK2V617F) and the classic bcr/abi-negative MPD (ie, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia) as well as the less frequent occurrence of the same mutation in both atypical MPD and the myelodysplastic syndrome. The particular finding is consistent with previous observations that have implicated the JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway in the pathogenesis of bcr/abl-negative MPD, Including the phenotype of growth factor independence and/or hypersensitivity. The current article summarizes this new information and discusses its implications for both classification and diagnosis of MPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayalew Tefferi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn 55905, USA
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48
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Abstract
The recent discovery of an eosinophilia-specific, imatinib-sensitive, karyotypically occult but fluorescence in situ hybridization-apparent molecular lesion in a subset of patients with blood eosinophilia has transformed the diagnostic as well as treatment approach to eosinophilic disorders. Primary (i.e. nonreactive) eosinophilia is considered either "clonal" or "idiopathic" based on the presence or absence, respectively, of either a molecular or bone marrow histological evidence for a myeloid neoplasm. Clonal eosinophilia might accompany a spectrum of clinicopathological entities, the minority of whom are molecularly characterized; Fip1-like-1-platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (FIP1L1-PDGFRA(+)) systemic mastocytosis, platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB)-rearranged atypical myeloproliferative disorder, chronic myeloid leukemia, and the 8p11 syndrome that is associated with fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) rearrangement. Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a subcategory of idiopathic eosinophilia and is characterized by an absolute eosinophil count of > or =1.5 x 10(9)/l for at least 6 months as well as eosinophil-mediated tissue damage. At present, a working diagnosis of primary eosinophilia mandates a bone marrow examination, karyotype analysis, and additional molecular studies in order to provide the patient with accurate prognostic information as well as select appropriate therapy. For example, the presence of either PDGFRA or PDGFRB mutations warrants the use of imatinib in clonal eosinophilia. In HES, prednisone, hydroxyurea, and interferon-alpha constitute first-line therapy, whereas imatinib, cladribine, and monoclonal antibodies to either interleukin-5 (mepolizumab) or CD52 (alemtuzumab) are considered investigational. Allogeneic transplantation offers a viable treatment option for drug-refractory cases.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Humans
- Hypereosinophilic Syndrome/diagnosis
- Hypereosinophilic Syndrome/pathology
- Hypereosinophilic Syndrome/therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Mastocytosis, Systemic/diagnosis
- Mastocytosis, Systemic/pathology
- Mastocytosis, Systemic/therapy
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/analysis
- Stem Cell Transplantation
- Transplantation, Homologous
- mRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factors/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tefferi
- Divisions of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Gotlib J. Molecular classification and pathogenesis of eosinophilic disorders: 2005 update. Acta Haematol 2005; 114:7-25. [PMID: 15995322 DOI: 10.1159/000085559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Use of the term "idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)" has highlighted our basic lack of understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of eosinophilic disorders. However, over the last 10 years, the study of hypereosinophilia has enjoyed a revival. This interest has been rekindled by two factors: (1) the development of increasingly sophisticated molecular biology techniques that have unmasked recurrent genetic abnormalities linked to eosinophilia, and (2) the successful application of targeted therapy with agents such as imatinib to treat eosinophilic diseases. To date, most of these recurrent molecular abnormalities have resulted in constitutively activated fusion tyrosine kinases whose phenotypic consequence is an eosinophilia-associated myeloid disorder. Most notable among these are rearrangements of platelet-derived growth factor receptors alpha and beta (PDGFRalpha, PDGFRbeta), which define a small subset of patients with eosinophilic chronic myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) and/or overlap myelodysplastic syndrome/MPD syndromes, including chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Discovery of the cryptic FIP1L1-PDGFRA gene fusion in cytogenetically normal patients with systemic mast cell disease with eosinophilia or idiopathic HES has redefined these diseases as clonal eosinophilias. A growing list of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 fusion partners has similarly emerged in the 8p11 myeloproliferative syndromes, which are often characterized by elevated eosinophil counts. Herein the focus is on the molecular gains made in these MPD-type eosinophilias, and the classification and clinicopathological issues related to hypereosinophilic syndromes, including the lymphocyte variant. Success in establishing the molecular basis of a group of once seemingly heterogeneous diseases has now the laid the foundation for establishing a semi-molecular classification scheme of eosinophilic disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Hypereosinophilic Syndrome/classification
- Hypereosinophilic Syndrome/genetics
- Hypereosinophilic Syndrome/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/classification
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/pathology
- Mastocytosis, Systemic/classification
- Mastocytosis, Systemic/genetics
- Mastocytosis, Systemic/pathology
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/classification
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/genetics
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/genetics
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- mRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factors/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Gotlib
- Stanford Cancer Center, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Rm. 2327B, Stanford, CA 94305-5821, USA.
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