1
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Capp JP, Catania F, Thomas F. From genetic mosaicism to tumorigenesis through indirect genetic effects. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300238. [PMID: 38736323 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Genetic mosaicism has long been linked to aging, and several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the potential connections between mosaicism and susceptibility to cancer. It has been proposed that mosaicism may disrupt tissue homeostasis by affecting intercellular communications and releasing microenvironmental constraints within tissues. The underlying mechanisms driving these tissue-level influences remain unidentified, however. Here, we present an evolutionary perspective on the interplay between mosaicism and cancer, suggesting that the tissue-level impacts of genetic mosaicism can be attributed to Indirect Genetic Effects (IGEs). IGEs can increase the level of cellular stochasticity and phenotypic instability among adjacent cells, thereby elevating the risk of cancer development within the tissue. Moreover, as cells experience phenotypic changes in response to challenging microenvironmental conditions, these changes can initiate a cascade of nongenetic alterations, referred to as Indirect non-Genetic Effects (InGEs), which in turn catalyze IGEs among surrounding cells. We argue that incorporating both InGEs and IGEs into our understanding of the process of oncogenic transformation could trigger a major paradigm shift in cancer research with far-reaching implications for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pascal Capp
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, INSA/University of Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, Toulouse, France
| | - Francesco Catania
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- CREEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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2
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Erickson A, He M, Berglund E, Marklund M, Mirzazadeh R, Schultz N, Kvastad L, Andersson A, Bergenstråhle L, Bergenstråhle J, Larsson L, Alonso Galicia L, Shamikh A, Basmaci E, Díaz De Ståhl T, Rajakumar T, Doultsinos D, Thrane K, Ji AL, Khavari PA, Tarish F, Tanoglidi A, Maaskola J, Colling R, Mirtti T, Hamdy FC, Woodcock DJ, Helleday T, Mills IG, Lamb AD, Lundeberg J. Spatially resolved clonal copy number alterations in benign and malignant tissue. Nature 2022; 608:360-367. [PMID: 35948708 PMCID: PMC9365699 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Defining the transition from benign to malignant tissue is fundamental to improving early diagnosis of cancer1. Here we use a systematic approach to study spatial genome integrity in situ and describe previously unidentified clonal relationships. We used spatially resolved transcriptomics2 to infer spatial copy number variations in >120,000 regions across multiple organs, in benign and malignant tissues. We demonstrate that genome-wide copy number variation reveals distinct clonal patterns within tumours and in nearby benign tissue using an organ-wide approach focused on the prostate. Our results suggest a model for how genomic instability arises in histologically benign tissue that may represent early events in cancer evolution. We highlight the power of capturing the molecular and spatial continuums in a tissue context and challenge the rationale for treatment paradigms, including focal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Erickson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mengxiao He
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Emelie Berglund
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Maja Marklund
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Reza Mirzazadeh
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Niklas Schultz
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Linda Kvastad
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Alma Andersson
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Bergenstråhle
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Joseph Bergenstråhle
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Larsson
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Leire Alonso Galicia
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Alia Shamikh
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisa Basmaci
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teresita Díaz De Ståhl
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Timothy Rajakumar
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Kim Thrane
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Andrew L Ji
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul A Khavari
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Firaz Tarish
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anna Tanoglidi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Uppsala Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Maaskola
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Richard Colling
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki & Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN-Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Freddie C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Urology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Dan J Woodcock
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Weston Park Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ian G Mills
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alastair D Lamb
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Urology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden.
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3
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Ochiai K, Sutijarit S, Uemura M, Morimatsu M, Michishita M, Onozawa E, Maeda M, Sasaki T, Watanabe M, Tanaka Y, Omi T. The number of glutamines in the N-terminal of the canine androgen receptor affects signalling intensities. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 19:399-403. [PMID: 33169479 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Most male dogs are castrated at young ages, making them easy to rear following androgen deprivation. Although the incidence of canine prostate cancer is low, several patients have resistance to androgen therapy and poor clinical prognosis. These outcomes are similar to those of end-stage human androgen-independent prostate cancer. The androgen receptor (AR) of canines has two polyglutamine (polyQ) sequences (Q × 10 and Q × 23) at its N-terminal. The length of polyQ may be a risk factor for the development of prostate cancer in dogs; however, there is no evidence to support this. Hence, we artificially created polyQ deletion mutants of canine AR and evaluated their effects on AR signalling. The deletions of Q × 10 and Q × 23 were associated with significant reductions in AR signalling intensities. The Q × 10 mutants, which increase or decrease Q sequentially, also altered AR signalling. Furthermore, the Q × 10 deletion mutant, compared with the Q × 10 control, altered the intensities of the binding of polyQ to the C-terminal of AR, which contains a ligand-binding domain; this was not observed with the Q × 9, 11, and 12 variants. The number of glutamines in the N-terminals of canine ARs may influence AR signalling intensities and contribute to the risk of prostate cancer in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Ochiai
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Samak Sutijarit
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mitsuki Uemura
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Morimatsu
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaki Michishita
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Onozawa
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marika Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Sasaki
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masami Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Omi
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Fassbender TF, Schiller F, Zamboglou C, Drendel V, Kiefer S, Jilg CA, Grosu AL, Mix M. Voxel-based comparison of [ 68Ga]Ga-RM2-PET/CT and [ 68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11-PET/CT with histopathology for diagnosis of primary prostate cancer. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:62. [PMID: 32533273 PMCID: PMC7292851 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00652-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal therapies or focally escalated therapies of primary prostate cancer are becoming more and more important. This increases the need to identify the exact extension of the intraprostatic tumor and possible dominant intraprostatic lesions by imaging techniques. While the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is already a well-established target for imaging of prostate cancer cells, the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) seems to provide interesting additional information. Histopathology was used to examine the extent to which the single and combined image information of PET scans targeting GRPR and PSMA might lead to better tumor delineation. METHODS Eight patients with histologically proven primary prostate cancer underwent two positron emission tomography with computer tomography scans, [68Ga]Ga-RM2-PET/CT (RM2-PET) and [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11-PET/CT (PSMA-PET), prior to radical prostatectomy. RM2-PET data were correlated voxel-wise to a voxel-based model of the histopathologic tumor volume information. The results were compared to, correlated to, and combined with the correlation of PSMA-PET data analyzed analogously. RESULTS In 4/8 patients, RM2-PET showed a higher signal in histologically proven tumor regions compared to PSMA. There were also tumor regions where PSMA-PET showed a higher signal than GRPR in 4/8 patients. A voxel-wise correlation of RM2-PET against histopathology yielded similar results compared to the correlation of PSMA-PET against histopathology, while PSMA-PET is the slightly better performing imaging technique. The combined information of both tracers yielded the best overall result, although this effect was not statistically significant compared to RM2-PET alone. CONCLUSIONS Qualitative and quantitative findings in this preliminary study with 8 patients indicate that RM2-PET and PSMA-PET partially show not only the same, but also distinct regions of prostate cancer. Patients with pPCa might profit from information given by tracers targeting GRPR and PSMA simultaneously, in terms of a better delineation of the gross tumor volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Franz Fassbender
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Schiller
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Constantinos Zamboglou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Drendel
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Selina Kiefer
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cordula A. Jilg
- Department of Urology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anca-Ligia Grosu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Mix
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Liang J, Cai W, Sun Z, Wang Y, Teng H. Androgen deprivation drives variation of androgen receptor trinucleotide repeats. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:972-975. [PMID: 31392319 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Wang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jialong Liang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanshi Cai
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongsheng Sun
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huajing Teng
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Liu A, Yang X, Yang X, Wu Q, Zhang J, Sun D, Yang Z, Jiang Y, Wu X, Wei L, Zhang Y. Mosaicism and incomplete penetrance of PCDH19 mutations. J Med Genet 2018; 56:81-88. [PMID: 30287595 PMCID: PMC6581080 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-105235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the PCDH19 gene have mainly been reported in female patients with epilepsy. To date, PCDH19 mutations have been reported in hundreds of females and only in 10 mosaic male epileptic patients with mosaicism. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the occurrence of mosaic PCDH19 mutations in 42 families comprising at least one patient with PCDH19-related epilepsy. METHODS Two male patients with mosaic PCDH19 variants were identified using targeted next-generation sequencing. Forty female patients with PCDH19 variants were identified by Sanger sequencing and Multiple Ligation Probe Amplification (MLPA). Microdroplet digital PCR was used to quantify the mutant allelic fractions (MAFs) in 20 families with PCDH19 variants. RESULTS Five mosaic individuals, four males and one female, were identified in total. Mosaic variant was confirmed in multiple somatic tissues from one male patient and in blood from the other male patient. Among 22 female patients harbouring a newly occurred PCDH19 variant identified by Sanger sequencing and MLPA, Sanger sequencing revealed two mosaic fathers (9%, 2/22), one with two affected daughters and the other with an affected child. Two asymptomatic mosaic fathers were confirmed as gonosomal mosaicism, with MAFs ranging from 4.16% to 37.38% and from 1.27% to 19.13%, respectively. In 11 families with apparent de novo variants, 1 female patient was identified as a mosaic with a blood MAF of 26.72%. CONCLUSION Our study provides new insights into phenotype-genotype correlations in PCDH19 related epilepsy and the finding of high-frequency mosaicism has important implications for genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijie Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxu Yang
- Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qixi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixian Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwu Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiru Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Wei
- Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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7
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Al-Hashimi F, J. Diaz-Cano S. Multi-target analysis of neoplasms for the evaluation of tumor progression: stochastic approach of biologic processes. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2018.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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8
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Grzywa TM, Paskal W, Włodarski PK. Intratumor and Intertumor Heterogeneity in Melanoma. Transl Oncol 2017; 10:956-975. [PMID: 29078205 PMCID: PMC5671412 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a cancer that exhibits one of the most aggressive and heterogeneous features. The incidence rate escalates. A high number of clones harboring various mutations contribute to an exceptional level of intratumor heterogeneity of melanoma. It also refers to metastases which may originate from different subclones of primary lesion. Such component of the neoplasm biology is termed intertumor and intratumor heterogeneity. These levels of tumor heterogeneity hinder accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. The increasing number of research on the topic reflects the need for understanding limitation or failure of contemporary therapies. Majority of analyses concentrate on mutations in cancer-related genes. Novel high-throughput techniques reveal even higher degree of variations within a lesion. Consolidation of theories and researches indicates new routes for treatment options such as targets for immunotherapy. The demand for personalized approach in melanoma treatment requires extensive knowledge on intratumor and intertumor heterogeneity on the level of genome, transcriptome/proteome, and epigenome. Thus, achievements in exploration of melanoma variety are described in details. Particularly, the issue of tumor heterogeneity or homogeneity given BRAF mutations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Grzywa
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Paskal
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł K Włodarski
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
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9
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Abstract
Although prostate cancer is the most common malignancy to affect men in the Western world, the molecular mechanisms underlying its development and progression remain poorly understood. Like all cancers, prostate cancer is a genetic disease that is characterized by multiple genomic alterations, including point mutations, microsatellite variations, and chromosomal alterations such as translocations, insertions, duplications, and deletions. In prostate cancer, but not other carcinomas, these chromosome alterations result in a high frequency of gene fusion events. The development and application of novel high-resolution technologies has significantly accelerated the detection of genomic alterations, revealing the complex nature and heterogeneity of the disease. The clinical heterogeneity of prostate cancer can be partly explained by this underlying genetic heterogeneity, which has been observed between patients from different geographical and ethnic populations, different individuals within these populations, different tumour foci within the same patient, and different cells within the same tumour focus. The highly heterogeneous nature of prostate cancer provides a real challenge for clinical disease management and a detailed understanding of the genetic alterations in all cells, including small subpopulations, would be highly advantageous.
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10
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Lindquist KJ, Paris PL, Hoffmann TJ, Cardin NJ, Kazma R, Mefford JA, Simko JP, Ngo V, Chen Y, Levin AM, Chitale D, Helfand BT, Catalona WJ, Rybicki BA, Witte JS. Mutational Landscape of Aggressive Prostate Tumors in African American Men. Cancer Res 2016; 76:1860-8. [PMID: 26921337 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed and second most fatal nonskin cancer among men in the United States. African American men are two times more likely to develop and die of prostate cancer compared with men of other ancestries. Previous whole genome or exome tumor-sequencing studies of prostate cancer have primarily focused on men of European ancestry. In this study, we sequenced and characterized somatic mutations in aggressive (Gleason ≥7, stage ≥T2b) prostate tumors from 24 African American patients. We describe the locations and prevalence of small somatic mutations (up to 50 bases in length), copy number aberrations, and structural rearrangements in the tumor genomes compared with patient-matched normal genomes. We observed several mutation patterns consistent with previous studies, such as large copy number aberrations in chromosome 8 and complex rearrangement chains. However, TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions and PTEN losses occurred in only 21% and 8% of the African American patients, respectively, far less common than in patients of European ancestry. We also identified mutations that appeared specific to or more common in African American patients, including a novel CDC27-OAT gene fusion occurring in 17% of patients. The genomic aberrations reported in this study warrant further investigation of their biologic significant role in the incidence and clinical outcomes of prostate cancer in African Americans. Cancer Res; 76(7); 1860-8. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla J Lindquist
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Pamela L Paris
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas J Hoffmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Niall J Cardin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rémi Kazma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joel A Mefford
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey P Simko
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Vy Ngo
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Yalei Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Albert M Levin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Dhananjay Chitale
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Brian T Helfand
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - William J Catalona
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Benjamin A Rybicki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - John S Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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11
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12
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Dabaja AA, Wosnitzer MS, Mielnik A, Bolyakov A, Schlegel PN, Paduch DA. Bulbocavernosus muscle area measurement: a novel method to assess androgenic activity. Asian J Androl 2015; 16:618-22. [PMID: 24589463 PMCID: PMC4104093 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.123681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum testosterone does not correlate with androgen tissue activity, and it is critical to optimize tools to evaluate such activity in males. Ultrasound measurement of bulbocavernosus muscle (BCM) was used to assess the relationship between the number of CAG repeats (CAGn) in the androgen receptor (AR) and the BCM size; the changes in the number of CAGn over age were also evaluated. Transperineal ultrasound measurement of the BCM was also performed. AR CAGn were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and morning hormone levels were determined using immunoassays. Forty-eight men had CAG repeat analysis. Twenty-five were <30 years of age, mean 23.7 years (s.d. = 3.24) and 23 were >45 years of age, mean 53 years (s.d. = 5.58). The median CAGn was 21 (13-29). BCM area was greater when the number of CAGn were <18 as compared to the number of CAGn >24 (P = 0.04). There was a linear correlation between the number of CAGn and the BCM area R 2 = 16% (P = 0.01). In the 45 to 65-years-old group, a much stronger negative correlation (R 2 = 29%, P = 0.01) was noticed. In the 19 to 29-years-old group, no such correlation was found (R 2 = 4%, P = 0.36). In older men, the number of CAGn increased with age (R 2 = 32%, P = 0.01). The number of CAGn in the AR correlates with the area of the BCM. Ultrasound assessment of the BCM is an effective surrogate to evaluate end-organ activity of androgens. The number of CAGn may increase with age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Darius A Paduch
- Department of Urology and Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
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13
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Diaz-Cano SJ. Pathological bases for a robust application of cancer molecular classification. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8655-75. [PMID: 25898411 PMCID: PMC4425102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Any robust classification system depends on its purpose and must refer to accepted standards, its strength relying on predictive values and a careful consideration of known factors that can affect its reliability. In this context, a molecular classification of human cancer must refer to the current gold standard (histological classification) and try to improve it with key prognosticators for metastatic potential, staging and grading. Although organ-specific examples have been published based on proteomics, transcriptomics and genomics evaluations, the most popular approach uses gene expression analysis as a direct correlate of cellular differentiation, which represents the key feature of the histological classification. RNA is a labile molecule that varies significantly according with the preservation protocol, its transcription reflect the adaptation of the tumor cells to the microenvironment, it can be passed through mechanisms of intercellular transference of genetic information (exosomes), and it is exposed to epigenetic modifications. More robust classifications should be based on stable molecules, at the genetic level represented by DNA to improve reliability, and its analysis must deal with the concept of intratumoral heterogeneity, which is at the origin of tumor progression and is the byproduct of the selection process during the clonal expansion and progression of neoplasms. The simultaneous analysis of multiple DNA targets and next generation sequencing offer the best practical approach for an analytical genomic classification of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador J Diaz-Cano
- King's Health Partners, Cancer Studies, King's College Hospital-Viapath, Denmark Hill, London SE5-9RS, UK.
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14
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Forsberg LA, Absher D, Dumanski JP. Republished: Non-heritable genetics of human disease: spotlight on post-zygotic genetic variation acquired during lifetime. Postgrad Med J 2014; 89:417-26. [PMID: 23781115 PMCID: PMC3711362 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-101322rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The heritability of most common, multifactorial diseases is rather modest and known genetic effects account for a small part of it. The remaining portion of disease aetiology has been conventionally ascribed to environmental effects, with an unknown part being stochastic. This review focuses on recent studies highlighting stochastic events of potentially great importance in human disease—the accumulation of post-zygotic structural aberrations with age in phenotypically normal humans. These findings are in agreement with a substantial mutational load predicted to occur during lifetime within the human soma. A major consequence of these results is that the genetic profile of a single tissue collected at one time point should be used with caution as a faithful portrait of other tissues from the same subject or the same tissue throughout life. Thus, the design of studies in human genetics interrogating a single sample per subject or applying lymphoblastoid cell lines may come into question. Sporadic disorders are common in medicine. We wish to stress the non-heritable genetic variation as a potentially important factor behind the development of sporadic diseases. Moreover, associations between post-zygotic mutations, clonal cell expansions and their relation to cancer predisposition are central in this context. Post-zygotic mutations are amenable to robust examination and are likely to explain a sizable part of non-heritable disease causality, which has routinely been thought of as synonymous with environmental factors. In view of the widespread accumulation of genetic aberrations with age and strong predictions of disease risk from such analyses, studies of post-zygotic mutations may be a fruitful approach for delineation of variants that are causative for common human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Anders Forsberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Gottlieb B, Alvarado C, Wang C, Gharizadeh B, Babrzadeh F, Richards B, Batist G, Basik M, Beitel LK, Trifiro M. Making sense of intratumor genetic heterogeneity: altered frequency of androgen receptor CAG repeat length variants in breast cancer tissues. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:610-8. [PMID: 23377847 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To examine the significance of intratumor genetic heterogeneity (ITGH) of the androgen receptor (AR) gene in breast cancer, patient-matched samples of laser capture microdissected breast tumor cells, adjacent normal breast epithelia cells, and peripheral blood leukocytes were sequenced using a novel next generation sequencing protocol. This protocol measured the frequency of distribution of a variable AR CAG repeat length, a functional polymorphism associated with breast cancer risk. All samples exhibited some degree of ITGH with up to 30 CAG repeat length variants identified. Each type of tissue exhibited a different distribution profile of CAG repeat lengths with substantial differences in the frequencies of zero and 18-25 CAG AR variants. Tissue differences in the frequency of ARs with each of these CAG repeat lengths were significant as measured by paired, twin t-tests. These results suggest that preferential selection of 18-25 CAG repeat length variants in breast tumors may be associated with breast cancer, and support the observation that shorter CAG repeats may protect against breast cancer. They also suggest that merely identifying variant genes will be insufficient to determine the critical mutational events of oncogenesis, which will require measuring the frequency of distribution of mutations within cancerous and matching normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Gottlieb
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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16
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Forsberg LA, Absher D, Dumanski JP. Non-heritable genetics of human disease: spotlight on post-zygotic genetic variation acquired during lifetime. J Med Genet 2013; 50:1-10. [PMID: 23172682 PMCID: PMC3534255 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The heritability of most common, multifactorial diseases is rather modest and known genetic effects account for a small part of it. The remaining portion of disease aetiology has been conventionally ascribed to environmental effects, with an unknown part being stochastic. This review focuses on recent studies highlighting stochastic events of potentially great importance in human disease-the accumulation of post-zygotic structural aberrations with age in phenotypically normal humans. These findings are in agreement with a substantial mutational load predicted to occur during lifetime within the human soma. A major consequence of these results is that the genetic profile of a single tissue collected at one time point should be used with caution as a faithful portrait of other tissues from the same subject or the same tissue throughout life. Thus, the design of studies in human genetics interrogating a single sample per subject or applying lymphoblastoid cell lines may come into question. Sporadic disorders are common in medicine. We wish to stress the non-heritable genetic variation as a potentially important factor behind the development of sporadic diseases. Moreover, associations between post-zygotic mutations, clonal cell expansions and their relation to cancer predisposition are central in this context. Post-zygotic mutations are amenable to robust examination and are likely to explain a sizable part of non-heritable disease causality, which has routinely been thought of as synonymous with environmental factors. In view of the widespread accumulation of genetic aberrations with age and strong predictions of disease risk from such analyses, studies of post-zygotic mutations may be a fruitful approach for delineation of variants that are causative for common human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Anders Forsberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Ryan CP, Crespi BJ. Androgen receptor polyglutamine repeat number: models of selection and disease susceptibility. Evol Appl 2012; 6:180-96. [PMID: 23467468 PMCID: PMC3586616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in polyglutamine repeat number in the androgen receptor (AR CAGn) is negatively correlated with the transcription of androgen-responsive genes and is associated with susceptibility to an extensive list of human disease. Only a small portion of the heritability for many of these diseases is explained by conventional SNP-based genome-wide association studies, and the forces shaping AR CAGn among humans remains largely unexplored. Here, we propose evolutionary models for understanding selection at the AR CAG locus, namely balancing selection, sexual conflict, accumulation-selection, and antagonistic pleiotropy. We evaluate these models by examining AR CAGn-linked susceptibility to eight extensively studied diseases representing the diverse physiological roles of androgens, and consider the costs of these diseases by their frequency and fitness effects. Five diseases could contribute to the distribution of AR CAGn observed among contemporary human populations. With support for disease susceptibilities associated with long and short AR CAGn, balancing selection provides a useful model for studying selection at this locus. Gender-specific differences AR CAGn health effects also support this locus as a candidate for sexual conflict over repeat number. Accompanied by the accumulation of AR CAGn in humans, these models help explain the distribution of repeat number in contemporary human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calen P Ryan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
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18
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Robins DM. Androgen receptor gene polymorphisms and alterations in prostate cancer: of humanized mice and men. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 352:26-33. [PMID: 21689727 PMCID: PMC3188356 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Germline polymorphisms and somatic mutations of the androgen receptor (AR) have been intensely investigated in prostate cancer but even with genomic approaches their impact remains controversial. To assess the functional significance of AR genetic variation, we converted the mouse gene to the human sequence by germline recombination and engineered alleles to query the role of a polymorphic glutamine (Q) tract implicated in cancer risk. In a prostate cancer model, AR Q tract length influences progression and castration response. Mutation profiling in mice provides direct evidence that somatic AR variants are selected by therapy, a finding validated in human metastases from distinct treatment groups. Mutant ARs exploit multiple mechanisms to resist hormone ablation, including alterations in ligand specificity, target gene selectivity, chaperone interaction and nuclear localization. Regardless of their frequency, these variants permute normal function to reveal novel means to target wild type AR and its key interacting partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Robins
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA.
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19
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Gottlieb B, Beitel LK, Nadarajah A, Paliouras M, Trifiro M. The androgen receptor gene mutations database: 2012 update. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:887-94. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Diaz-Cano SJ. Tumor heterogeneity: mechanisms and bases for a reliable application of molecular marker design. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:1951-2011. [PMID: 22408433 PMCID: PMC3292002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13021951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity is a confusing finding in the assessment of neoplasms, potentially resulting in inaccurate diagnostic, prognostic and predictive tests. This tumor heterogeneity is not always a random and unpredictable phenomenon, whose knowledge helps designing better tests. The biologic reasons for this intratumoral heterogeneity would then be important to understand both the natural history of neoplasms and the selection of test samples for reliable analysis. The main factors contributing to intratumoral heterogeneity inducing gene abnormalities or modifying its expression include: the gradient ischemic level within neoplasms, the action of tumor microenvironment (bidirectional interaction between tumor cells and stroma), mechanisms of intercellular transference of genetic information (exosomes), and differential mechanisms of sequence-independent modifications of genetic material and proteins. The intratumoral heterogeneity is at the origin of tumor progression and it is also the byproduct of the selection process during progression. Any analysis of heterogeneity mechanisms must be integrated within the process of segregation of genetic changes in tumor cells during the clonal expansion and progression of neoplasms. The evaluation of these mechanisms must also consider the redundancy and pleiotropism of molecular pathways, for which appropriate surrogate markers would support the presence or not of heterogeneous genetics and the main mechanisms responsible. This knowledge would constitute a solid scientific background for future therapeutic planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador J. Diaz-Cano
- Department Histopathology, King’s College Hospital and King’s Health Partners, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-20-3299-3041; Fax: +44-20-3299-3670
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21
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Evaluation of CAG repeat length of androgen receptor expressing cells in human testes showing different pictures of spermatogenic impairment. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 136:689-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0871-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Paliouras M, Zaman N, Lumbroso R, Kapogeorgakis L, Beitel LK, Wang E, Trifiro M. Dynamic rewiring of the androgen receptor protein interaction network correlates with prostate cancer clinical outcomes. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:1020-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ib00038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Kuasne H, Rodrigues IS, Fuganti PE, Losi-Guembarovski R, Ito K, Kishima MO, Rodrigues MADF, Rogatto SR, Santos RMD, Cólus IMDS. Polymorphisms in the AR and PSA genes as markers of susceptibility and aggressiveness in prostate cancer. Cancer Invest 2010; 28:917-24. [PMID: 20632874 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2010.483509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The study of genes involved in androgen pathway can contribute to a better knowledge of prostate cancer. Our aim was to examine if polymorphisms in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and androgen receptor (AR) genes were involved in prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness. Genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP (PSA) or using a 377 ABI DNA Sequencer (AR). PSA(G/G) genotype (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.06–2.99) and AR short CAG repeats (OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.21–2.96) increased risk for prostate cancer and were related with tumor aggressiveness. About 38.3% of tumors showed microsatellite instability. In conclusion, polymorphisms in these genes may be indicated as potential biomarkers for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Kuasne
- Department of General Biology, Biological Science Center, Londrina State University, Paraná, Brazil
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24
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Gottlieb B, Beitel LK, Alvarado C, Trifiro MA. Selection and mutation in the “new” genetics: an emerging hypothesis. Hum Genet 2010; 127:491-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Harada N, Mitani T, Higashimura Y, Yamaji R, Okamoto K, Nakano Y, Inui H. Involvement of three glutamine tracts in human androgen receptor transactivation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 118:77-84. [PMID: 19833203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) possesses a polymorphic polyglutamine tract (polyQ), whose length is inversely correlated with its transcriptional activity. Here, we investigated whether 6 and 5 repetitive glutamine tracts (Q6 and Q5, respectively) in the N-terminal domain of AR also have effects on AR transactivation. In a reporter gene assay using two-tandem repeats of an androgen response element, deletion of glutamine tracts significantly increased AR transactivation in the following order: wild-type<a single deletion of polyQ or Q5<double deletion of polyQ and Q6<double deletion of polyQ and Q5<triple deletion. Deletion of polyQ alone or combined deletion of polyQ and Q5 from an AR mutant lacking the ligand-binding domain, which is constitutively active due to activation function-1, increased AR transactivation. However, the glutamine tracts had no influence on activation function-1 activity, suggesting that the glutamine tracts modulate the binding of AR to DNA. Q5, like polyQ, was found to be involved in the interaction between the NH(2)- and COOH-terminal regions of AR (N-C interaction). These results indicate that the inhibitory effects of polyQ and Q5 on AR transactivation are the due, at least in part, to their negative regulation of N-C interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Harada
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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26
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Marusyk A, Polyak K. Tumor heterogeneity: causes and consequences. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2010; 1805:105-17. [PMID: 19931353 PMCID: PMC2814927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 802] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With rare exceptions, spontaneous tumors originate from a single cell. Yet, at the time of clinical diagnosis, the majority of human tumors display startling heterogeneity in many morphological and physiological features, such as expression of cell surface receptors, proliferative and angiogenic potential. To a substantial extent, this heterogeneity might be attributed to morphological and epigenetic plasticity, but there is also strong evidence for the co-existence of genetically divergent tumor cell clones within tumors. In this perspective, we summarize the sources of intra-tumor phenotypic heterogeneity with emphasis on genetic heterogeneity. We review experimental evidence for the existence of both intra-tumor clonal heterogeneity as well as frequent evolutionary divergence between primary tumors and metastatic outgrowths. Furthermore, we discuss potential biological and clinical implications of intra-tumor clonal heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Marusyk
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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27
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Humbert L, Chevrette M. Somatic Molecular Genetics of Prostate Cancer. MALE REPRODUCTIVE CANCERS 2010:143-180. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0449-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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28
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29
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Gottlieb B, Chalifour LE, Mitmaker B, Sheiner N, Obrand D, Abraham C, Meilleur M, Sugahara T, Bkaily G, Schweitzer M. BAK1 gene variation and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:1043-7. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Di Fabio F, Alvarado C, Gologan A, Youssef E, Voda L, Mitmaker E, Beitel LK, Gordon PH, Trifiro M. Somatic Mosaicism of Androgen Receptor CAG Repeats in Colorectal Carcinoma Epithelial Cells From Men. J Surg Res 2009; 154:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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O'Mahony OA, Steinkamp MP, Albertelli MA, Brogley M, Rehman H, Robins DM. Profiling human androgen receptor mutations reveals treatment effects in a mouse model of prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 6:1691-701. [PMID: 19010817 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-08-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) are found in prostate cancer and are implicated in the failure of hormone therapy. Most studies have emphasized the ligand-binding domain (LBD) where mutations can create promiscuous receptors, but mutations in the NH(2)-terminal transactivation domain have also been found. To assess AR alteration as a mechanism of treatment resistance, a mouse model (h/mAR-TRAMP) was used in which the murine AR coding region is replaced by human sequence and prostate cancer initiated by a transgenic oncogene. Mice received either no treatment, androgen depletion by castration, or treatment with antiandrogens, and 20 AR transcripts were sequenced per end-stage tumor. All tumors expressed several mutant alleles, although most mutations were low frequency. Some mutations that occurred multiple times within the population were differentially located dependent on treatment. Mutations in castrated or antiandrogen-treated mice were widely dispersed but with a prominent cluster in the LBD (amino acids 736-771), whereas changes in intact mice centered near the NH(2)-terminal polymorphic glutamine tract. Functional characterization of selected LBD mutant alleles showed diverse effects on AR activity, with about half of the mutations reducing transactivation in vitro. One receptor, AR-R753Q, behaved in a cell- and promoter-dependent manner, although as a germ-line mutation it causes androgen insensitivity syndrome. This suggests that alleles that are loss of function during development may still activate a subset of AR targets to become gain of function in tumorigenesis. Mutant ARs may thus use multiple mechanisms to evade cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla A O'Mahony
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5618, USA
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32
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dos Santos RM, de Jesus CMN, Trindade Filho JCS, Trindade JCS, de Camargo JLV, Rainho CA, Rogatto SR. PSA and Androgen-Related Gene (AR, CYP17, and CYP19) Polymorphisms and the Risk of Adenocarcinoma at Prostate Biopsy. DNA Cell Biol 2008; 27:497-503. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2007.0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José Carlos Souza Trindade
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Lauro Viana de Camargo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia Regina Rogatto
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- AC Camargo Hospital, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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33
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Southwell J, Chowdhury SF, Gottlieb B, Beitel LK, Lumbroso R, Purisima EO, Trifiro M. An investigation into CAG repeat length variation and N/C terminal interactions in the T877A mutant androgen receptor found in prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 111:138-46. [PMID: 18619542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer may progress by circumventing ablation therapy due to mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. The most intensively studied is the T877A mutation in the ligand binding domain (LBD), which causes the AR to become promiscuous, i.e., respond to a number of different ligands. Our investigations have shown that the T877A mutation alters the inverse relationship between CAG repeat length and transactivation in a noticeable albeit minor manner, while increasing N/C terminal interactions. In the presence of beta-catenin, a coactivator over-expressed in prostate cancer, the inverse relationship between CAG repeat length and transactivation is reversed for the wild type (wt) AR as well. We have also used molecular modeling with the AR and FXXLF and LXXLL peptides to investigate N/C terminal and coactivator interactions. In T877A, this approach revealed an increase in the flexibility of amino acid residues in the activation function 2 (AF-2) domain in the LBD, and a larger solvent accessible surface in T877A compared to the wt AR AF-2 domain. Thus, the improved induced fit of the AR N-terminal domain FXXLF-containing peptide into the T877A LBD could be due to the increased flexibility and solvent accessibility of the AF-2 domain. These new observations suggest that the AR CAG effect can be overridden by prostate cancer mutations, and also further our understanding of hormone-refractory prostate cancer by helping to explain the promiscuity of the T877A mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Southwell
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Palazzolo I, Gliozzi A, Rusmini P, Sau D, Crippa V, Simonini F, Onesto E, Bolzoni E, Poletti A. The role of the polyglutamine tract in androgen receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 108:245-53. [PMID: 17945479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor which is responsible for the androgen responsiveness of target cells. Several types of mutations have been found in the AR and linked to endocrine dysfunctions. Surprisingly, the polymorphism involving the CAG triplet repeat expansion of the AR gene, coding for a polyglutamine (PolyGln) tract in the N-terminal transactivation domain of the AR protein, has been involved either in endocrine or neurological disorders. For example, among endocrine-related-diseases, the PolyGln size has been proposed to be associated to prostate cancer susceptibility, hirsutism, male infertility, cryptorchidism (in conjunction with polyglycine stretches polymorphism), etc.; the molecular mechanisms of these alterations are thought to involve a modulation of AR transcriptional competence, which inversely correlates with the PolyGln length. Among neurological alterations, a decreased AR function seems to be also involved in depression. Moreover, when the polymorphic PolyGln becomes longer than 35-40 contiguous glutamines (ARPolyGln), the ARPolyGln acquires neurotoxicity, because of an unknown gain-of-function. This mutation has been linked to a rare inherited X-linked motor neuronal disorder, the Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy, or Kennedy's disease. The disorder is characterized by death of motor neurons expressing high levels of AR. The degenerating motor neurons are mainly located in the anterior horns of the spinal cord and in the bulbar region; some neurons of the dorsal root ganglia may also be involved. Interestingly, the same type of PolyGln elongation has been found in other totally unrelated proteins responsible for different neurodegenerative diseases. A common feature of all these disorders is the formation of intracellular aggregates containing the mutated proteins; at present, but their role in the disease is largely debated. This review will discuss how the PolyGln neurotoxicity of SBMA AR may be either mediated or decreased by aggregates, and will present data on the dual role played by testosterone on motor neuronal functions and dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Palazzolo
- Institute of Endocrinology, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, Italy
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Somatic Genetic Changes in Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-079-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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36
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The androgen receptor and prostate cancer: A role for sexual selection and sexual conflict? Med Hypotheses 2008; 70:435-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Prostate Molecular Oncogenesis. Prostate Cancer 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-079-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Lyons JG, Lobo E, Martorana AM, Myerscough MR. Clonal diversity in carcinomas: its implications for tumour progression and the contribution made to it by epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 25:665-77. [PMID: 18071912 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The progression of tumours to malignancy is commonly considered to arise through lineal evolution, a process in which mutations conferring pro-oncogenic cellular phenotypes are acquired by a succession of ever-more dominant clones. However, this model is at odds with the persistent polyclonality observed in many cancers. We propose that an alternative mechanism for tumour progression, called interclonal cooperativity, is likely to play a role at stages of tumour progression when mutations cause microenvironmental changes, such as occur with epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs). Interclonal cooperativity occurs when cancer cell-cancer cell interactions produce an emergent malignant phenotype from individually non-malignant clones. In interclonal cooperativity, the oncogenic mutations occur in different clones within the tumour that complement each other and cooperate in order to drive progression. This reconciles the accepted genetic and evolutionary basis of cancers with the observed polyclonality in tumours. Here, we provide a conceptual basis for examining the importance of cancer cell-cancer cell interactions to the behaviour of tumours and propose specific mechanisms by which clonal diversity in tumours, including that provided by EMTs, can drive the progression of tumours to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guy Lyons
- Sydney Head & Neck Cancer Institute, Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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Albertelli MA, O'Mahony OA, Brogley M, Tosoian J, Steinkamp M, Daignault S, Wojno K, Robins DM. Glutamine tract length of human androgen receptors affects hormone-dependent and -independent prostate cancer in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 17:98-110. [PMID: 17906287 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is involved in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer and its transition to androgen independence. Genetic variation in AR may contribute to disease risk and has been studied for a polymorphic N-terminal glutamine (Q) tract that shows population heterogeneity. While the length of this tract is known to affect AR in vitro, association with disease is complicated by genetic and environmental factors that have led to discordant epidemiological findings. To clarify the effect of Q tract polymorphism on prostate cancer, we created mice bearing humanized AR genes (h/mAr) varying in Q tract length. ARs with short Q tracts (12Q), which are transcriptionally more active, induce earlier disease in the transgene-induced TRAMP prostate cancer model than alleles with median (21Q) or long (48Q) tracts. Disease length varies within each genotype, with greater differentiation and AR expression in slower growing tumors. Remarkably, following androgen ablation, Q tract length has effects that are also allele-dependent and in directions opposite to those in hormone intact mice. Differences in AR activity conferred by Q tract length thus appear to direct distinct pathways of androgen-independent as well as androgen-dependent progression, and highlight substantial risk that may be associated with alterations in the androgen axis. This AR allelic series in humanized mice provides an experimental paradigm to dissect the role of AR in prostate cancer initiation and progression, to model response to treatment and to test therapies targeted specifically to the human AR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Genotype
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/etiology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Orchiectomy
- Peptides/chemistry
- Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia/etiology
- Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia/genetics
- Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/etiology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/chemistry
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Albertelli
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0618, USA
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Gottlieb B, Beitel LK, Trifiro M. Will knowledge of human genome variation result in changing cancer paradigms? Bioessays 2007; 29:678-85. [PMID: 17563087 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Our incomplete understanding of carcinogenesis may be a significant reason why some cancer mortality rates are still increasing. This lack of understanding is likely due to a research approach that relies heavily on genetic comparison between cancerous and non-cancerous tissues and cells, which has led to the identification of genes of cancer proliferation rather than differentiation. Recent observations showing that a tremendous degree of natural human genetic variation occurs are likely to lead to a shift in the basic paradigms of cancer genetics, in that there is a need to consider both the nature of the genes involved, and the idea that not every genetic variation identified in these genes may be associated with carcinogenesis. Based on studies using LCM and micro-genetic analyses, we propose that significant cancer initiating events may take place during the very early stages of development of cancer-susceptible tissues and that using such techniques might greatly help us in our understanding of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Gottlieb
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Sircar K, Gottlieb B, Alvarado C, Aprikian A, Beitel LK, Alam-Fahmy M, Begin L, Trifiro M. Androgen receptor CAG repeat length contraction in diseased and non-diseased prostatic tissues. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2007; 10:360-8. [PMID: 17440439 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To investigate contraction of CAG repeats within the androgen receptor gene (AR) as shorter CAG repeats have been implicated as a possible risk factor in prostate cancer (PCa). AR CAG repeat lengths were analyzed in DNA from microdissected diseased prostates, leukocytes from matched peripheral blood, and control non-diseased prostates. Consistently, all prostatic tissues, whether from benign or cancerous areas of diseased prostates, or from control prostates, showed multiple AR CAG repeat contractions. Germline DNA from blood leukocytes had single CAG repeat lengths in the normal range. AR CAG repeat length contraction may be involved in prostate carcinogenesis and may precede the pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sircar
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The genetic and molecular basis of prostate-cancer pathogenesis is reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Several genetic loci have been found that are associated with hereditary predisposition to prostate cancer, but they account for a small fraction of all cases. A number of suppressor genes have been identified that are activated by either complete or partial genetic loss in sporadic prostate cancer. Chromosomal translocation results in transcriptional activation of truncated ETS transcription factors ERG and ETV1, the first candidates for dominant oncogenes for prostate cancer. Lastly, the androgen receptor is active throughout the course of prostate cancer and, in androgen-independent prostate cancer, takes on the role of a dominant oncogene as the target of gene amplification, overexpression, and the activation of mutations. SUMMARY Genetic lesions responsible for familial and sporadic prostate cancer are being revealed and they suggest that prostate cancer often initiates owing to an increased susceptibility to oxidative damage; it then progresses by affecting transcription factors, the PI3 kinase pathway, and other growth stimulatory pathways. The final common pathway after androgen ablation appears to be activation of androgen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi L Shand
- Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3800 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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