1
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Heng E, Thanedar S, Heng HH. The Importance of Monitoring Non-clonal Chromosome Aberrations (NCCAs) in Cancer Research. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2825:79-111. [PMID: 38913304 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3946-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis has traditionally focused on the clonal chromosome aberrations, or CCAs, and considered the large number of diverse non-clonal chromosome aberrations, or NCCAs, as insignificant noise. Our decade-long karyotype evolutionary studies have unexpectedly demonstrated otherwise. Not only the baseline of NCCAs is associated with fuzzy inheritance, but the frequencies of NCCAs can also be used to reliably measure genome or chromosome instability (CIN). According to the Genome Architecture Theory, CIN is the common driver of cancer evolution that can unify diverse molecular mechanisms, and genome chaos, including chromothripsis, chromoanagenesis, and polypoidal giant nuclear and micronuclear clusters, and various sizes of chromosome fragmentations, including extrachromosomal DNA, represent some extreme forms of NCCAs that play a key role in the macroevolutionary transition. In this chapter, the rationale, definition, brief history, and current status of NCCA research in cancer are discussed in the context of two-phased cancer evolution and karyotype-coded system information. Finally, after briefly describing various types of NCCAs, we call for more research on NCCAs in future cytogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Heng
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sanjana Thanedar
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Henry H Heng
- Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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2
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Gattupalli M, Dey P, Poovizhi S, Patel RB, Mishra D, Banerjee S. The Prospects of RNAs and Common Significant Pathways in Cancer Therapy and Regenerative Medicine. Regen Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-6008-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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3
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Tolmacheva EN, Vasilyev SA, Nikitina TV, Lytkina ES, Sazhenova EA, Zhigalina DI, Vasilyeva OY, Markov AV, Demeneva VV, Tashireva LA, Kashevarova AA, Lebedev IN. Identification of differentially methylated genes in first-trimester placentas with trisomy 16. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1166. [PMID: 35064135 PMCID: PMC8782849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of an extra chromosome in the embryo karyotype often dramatically affects the fate of pregnancy. Trisomy 16 is the most common aneuploidy in first-trimester miscarriages. The present study identified changes in DNA methylation in chorionic villi of miscarriages with trisomy 16. Ninety-seven differentially methylated sites in 91 genes were identified (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05 and Δβ > 0.15) using DNA methylation arrays. Most of the differentially methylated genes encoded secreted proteins, signaling peptides, and receptors with disulfide bonds. Subsequent analysis using targeted bisulfite massive parallel sequencing showed hypermethylation of the promoters of specific genes in miscarriages with trisomy 16 but not miscarriages with other aneuploidies. Some of the genes were responsible for the development of the placenta and embryo (GATA3-AS1, TRPV6, SCL13A4, and CALCB) and the formation of the mitotic spindle (ANKRD53). Hypermethylation of GATA3-AS1 was associated with reduced expression of GATA3 protein in chorionic villi of miscarriages with trisomy 16. Aberrant hypermethylation of genes may lead to a decrease in expression, impaired trophoblast differentiation and invasion, mitotic disorders, chromosomal mosaicism and karyotype self-correction via trisomy rescue mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina N Tolmacheva
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - Stanislav A Vasilyev
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Nikitina
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | - Elena A Sazhenova
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Daria I Zhigalina
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Oksana Yu Vasilyeva
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anton V Markov
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Victoria V Demeneva
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Liubov A Tashireva
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anna A Kashevarova
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Igor N Lebedev
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
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4
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Ye CJ, Sharpe Z, Heng HH. Origins and Consequences of Chromosomal Instability: From Cellular Adaptation to Genome Chaos-Mediated System Survival. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1162. [PMID: 33008067 PMCID: PMC7601827 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
When discussing chromosomal instability, most of the literature focuses on the characterization of individual molecular mechanisms. These studies search for genomic and environmental causes and consequences of chromosomal instability in cancer, aiming to identify key triggering factors useful to control chromosomal instability and apply this knowledge in the clinic. Since cancer is a phenomenon of new system emergence from normal tissue driven by somatic evolution, such studies should be done in the context of new genome system emergence during evolution. In this perspective, both the origin and key outcome of chromosomal instability are examined using the genome theory of cancer evolution. Specifically, chromosomal instability was linked to a spectrum of genomic and non-genomic variants, from epigenetic alterations to drastic genome chaos. These highly diverse factors were then unified by the evolutionary mechanism of cancer. Following identification of the hidden link between cellular adaptation (positive and essential) and its trade-off (unavoidable and negative) of chromosomal instability, why chromosomal instability is the main player in the macro-cellular evolution of cancer is briefly discussed. Finally, new research directions are suggested, including searching for a common mechanism of evolutionary phase transition, establishing chromosomal instability as an evolutionary biomarker, validating the new two-phase evolutionary model of cancer, and applying such a model to improve clinical outcomes and to understand the genome-defined mechanism of organismal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J. Ye
- The Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zachary Sharpe
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Henry H. Heng
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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5
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Potter H, Chial HJ, Caneus J, Elos M, Elder N, Borysov S, Granic A. Chromosome Instability and Mosaic Aneuploidy in Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Genet 2019; 10:1092. [PMID: 31788001 PMCID: PMC6855267 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from multiple laboratories has accumulated to show that mosaic neuronal aneuploidy and consequent apoptosis characterizes and may underlie neuronal loss in many neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Furthermore, several neurodevelopmental disorders, including Seckel syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, Nijmegen breakage syndrome, Niemann–Pick type C, and Down syndrome, have been shown to also exhibit mosaic aneuploidy in neurons in the brain and in other cells throughout the body. Together, these results indicate that both neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders with apparently different pathogenic causes share a cell cycle defect that leads to mosaic aneuploidy in many cell types. When such mosaic aneuploidy arises in neurons in the brain, it promotes apoptosis and may at least partly underlie the cognitive deficits that characterize the neurological symptoms of these disorders. These findings have implications for both diagnosis and treatment/prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Heidi J Chial
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Julbert Caneus
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Mihret Elos
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nina Elder
- Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sergiy Borysov
- Department of Math and Science, Saint Leo University, Saint Leo, FL, United States
| | - Antoneta Granic
- AGE Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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6
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Njeru SN, Kraus J, Meena JK, Lechel A, Katz SF, Kumar M, Knippschild U, Azoitei A, Wezel F, Bolenz C, Leithäuser F, Gollowitzer A, Omrani O, Hoischen C, Koeberle A, Kestler HA, Günes C, Rudolph KL. Aneuploidy-inducing gene knockdowns overlap with cancer mutations and identify Orp3 as a B-cell lymphoma suppressor. Oncogene 2019; 39:1445-1465. [PMID: 31659255 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy can instigate tumorigenesis. However, mutations in genes that control chromosome segregation are rare in human tumors as these mutations reduce cell fitness. Screening experiments indicate that the knockdown of multiple classes of genes that are not directly involved in chromosome segregation can lead to aneuploidy induction. The possible contribution of these genes to cancer formation remains yet to be defined. Here we identified gene knockdowns that lead to an increase in aneuploidy in checkpoint-deficient human cancer cells. Computational analysis revealed that the identified genes overlap with recurrent mutations in human cancers. The knockdown of the three strongest selected candidate genes (ORP3, GJB3, and RXFP1) enhances the malignant transformation of human fibroblasts in culture. Furthermore, the knockout of Orp3 results in an aberrant expansion of lymphoid progenitor cells and a high penetrance formation of chromosomal instable, pauci-clonal B-cell lymphoma in aging mice. At pre-tumorous stages, lymphoid cells from the animals exhibit deregulated phospholipid metabolism and an aberrant induction of proliferation regulating pathways associating with increased aneuploidy in hematopoietic progenitor cells. Together, these results support the concept that aneuploidy-inducing gene deficiencies contribute to cellular transformation and carcinogenesis involving the deregulation of various molecular processes such as lipid metabolism, proliferation, and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sospeter N Njeru
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V., 07745, Jena, Germany.,Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Division Immunology, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Johann Kraus
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jitendra K Meena
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V., 07745, Jena, Germany.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah-Fee Katz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anca Azoitei
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Felix Wezel
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Bolenz
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - André Gollowitzer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Omid Omrani
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V., 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hoischen
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V., 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Michael Popp Research Institute, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hans A Kestler
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Cagatay Günes
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - K Lenhard Rudolph
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V., 07745, Jena, Germany.
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7
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Tijhuis AE, Johnson SC, McClelland SE. The emerging links between chromosomal instability (CIN), metastasis, inflammation and tumour immunity. Mol Cytogenet 2019; 12:17. [PMID: 31114634 PMCID: PMC6518824 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-019-0429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cancers possess an incorrect number of chromosomes, a state described as aneuploidy. Aneuploidy is often caused by Chromosomal Instability (CIN), a process of continuous chromosome mis-segregation. CIN is believed to endow tumours with enhanced evolutionary capabilities due to increased intratumour heterogeneity, and facilitating adaptive resistance to therapies. Recently, however, additional consequences and associations with CIN have been revealed, prompting the need to understand this universal hallmark of cancer in a multifaceted context. This review is focused on the investigation of possible links between CIN, metastasis and the host immune system in cancer development and treatment. We specifically focus on these links since most cancer deaths are due to the consequences of metastasis, and immunotherapy is a rapidly expanding novel avenue of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa E. Tijhuis
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
| | - Sarah C. Johnson
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
| | - Sarah E. McClelland
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
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8
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Emerce E, Ghosh M, Öner D, Duca RC, Vanoirbeek J, Bekaert B, Hoet PHM, Godderis L. Carbon Nanotube- and Asbestos-Induced DNA and RNA Methylation Changes in Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:850-860. [PMID: 30990028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are nanoscale tube-shaped carbon materials used in many industrial areas. Their fiber shape has caused concerns about their toxicity given their structural similarity with asbestos. The aim here was to elucidate the effect of CNTs and asbestos exposure on global DNA and RNA methylation and the methylation of genes associated with cell cycle, inflammation, and DNA damage processes in human lung cells. Human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o-) were exposed for 24 h to 25 and 100 μg/mL CNTs (single-walled CNTs [SWCNTs] and multiwalled CNTs [MWCNTs]) and 2.5 μg/mL asbestos (chrysotile, amosite, and crocidolite). Global DNA and RNA (hydroxy)methylation to cytosines was measured by a validated liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry method. Global RNA methylation to adenines was measured by a colorimetric ELISA-like assay. Gene-specific DNA methylation status at certain cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A ( CDKN1A), serine/threonine kinase ( ATM), and TNF receptor-associated factor 2 ( TRAF2) were analyzed by using bisulfite pyrosequencing technology. Only MWCNT-exposed cells showed significant global DNA hypomethylation of cytosine and global RNA hypomethylation of adenosine. SWCNT, MWCNT, and amosite exposure decreased DNA methylation of CDKN1A. ATM methylation was affected by chrysotile, SWCNT, and MWCNT. However, SWCNT exposure led to DNA hypermethylation of TRAF2. These findings contribute to further understanding of the effect of CNTs on different carcinogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Emerce
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Unit of Environment and Health , KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium.,Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Gazi University , 06560 Ankara , Turkey
| | - Manosij Ghosh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Unit of Environment and Health , KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Deniz Öner
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Unit of Environment and Health , KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Radu-Corneliu Duca
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Unit of Environment and Health , KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Jeroen Vanoirbeek
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Unit of Environment and Health , KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Bram Bekaert
- Forensic Biomedical Sciences, Department of Imaging and Pathology , KU Leuven - University of Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology , University Hospitals Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Peter H M Hoet
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Unit of Environment and Health , KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Lode Godderis
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Unit of Environment and Health , KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium.,External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work , IDEWE , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
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9
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Absence of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 or p18 increases efficiency of iPSC generation without induction of iPSC genomic instability. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:271. [PMID: 30894510 PMCID: PMC6426969 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and keeping iPSC stability remain to be further defined. Accumulated evidences showed that iPSC reprogramming may be controlled by the cell-division-rate-dependent model. Here we reported effects of absence of mouse p27 or p18 on iPSC generation efficiency and genomic stability. Expression levels of cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors (CDKIs), p21, p27, and p18 decreased during iPSC reprogramming. Like p21 loss, p27 or p18 deficiency significantly promoted efficiency of iPSC generation, whereas ectopic expression of p27, p18, or treatment with CDK2 or CDK4 inhibitors repressed the reprogramming rate, suggesting that CDKIs-regulated iPSC reprogramming is directly related with their functions as CDK inhibitors. However, unlike p21 deletion, absence of p27 or p18 did not increase DNA damage or chromosomal aberrations during iPSC reprogramming and at iPSC stage. Our data not only support that cell cycle regulation is critical for iPSC reprogramming, but also reveal the distinction of CDKIs in somatic cell reprogramming.
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10
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Wang YF, Lian XL, Zhong JY, Su SX, Xu YF, Xie XF, Wang ZP, Li W, Zhang L, Che D, Yu L, Huang P, Jia HL, Gu XQ. Serum exosomal microRNA let-7i-3p as candidate diagnostic biomarker for Kawasaki disease patients with coronary artery aneurysm. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:891-900. [PMID: 30724444 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis syndrome that leads to coronary artery aneurysm (CAA). While echocardiography is the most important imaging modality for coronary artery assessment, a specific diagnostic biomarker complementary for CAA has not been reported. We aimed to analyze the profiles of exosomal miRNAs extracted from the serum of KD patients and controls to identify candidate biomarkers for CAA. Serum samples from 39 healthy children, 42 CAA patients, 38 coronary artery dilatation (CAD) patients and 45 virus-infected patients including 24 EBV patients and 21 ADV patients were randomly selected. Next generation sequencing was used to analyze serum exosomal miRNA to detect differentially expressed miRNAs. Biomarker candidates were validated by qRT-PCR. One hundred (and) ninety-six differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were detected in CAA patients and healthy children. There were 70 DEMs and 140 DEMs in CAA patients versus CAD patients, and in CAA patients versus virus-infected patients, respectively. We selected the three most upregulated (let-7i-3p, miR-17-3p, and miR-210-5p) and the three most downregulated miRNAs (miR-6743-5p, miR-1246, and miR-6834-5p) in the DEMs, which were expressed differentially in CAA patients versus healthy children, and in CAA patients versus virus-infected patients, not in virus-infected patients versus healthy children, as biomarker candidates. Excluded DEMs of CAD and virus-infected patients, let-7i-3p was detected by sequence data analysis as a biomarker candidate for CAA patients, and then validated by qRT-PCR in a larger set of clinical samples. As a biomarker candidate, let-7i-3p provides an additional means of diagnosing CAA patients. Additionally, miRNA biomarkers complement ultrasonic imaging, allowing for greater diagnostic precision. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fei Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin-Lei Lian
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Yong Zhong
- Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Xin Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Fen Xu
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Xie
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhou-Ping Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Di Che
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Ling Jia
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Gu
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
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11
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Li SM, Liu WT, Yang F, Yi QJ, Zhang S, Jia HL. Phosphorylated proteomics analysis of human coronary artery endothelial cells stimulated by Kawasaki disease patients serum. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2019; 19:21. [PMID: 30654760 PMCID: PMC6337789 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-018-0982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile childhood systemic vasculitis that disturbs coronary arteries. The pathogenesis remains unknown. The study of phosphorylated proteins helps to elucidate the relevant pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiovascular disease. However, few researches explored phosphorylated proteins in KD patients. METHODS We compared phosphoprotein profiles of HCAECs stimulated by the serum of KD patients and normal children using iTRAQ technology, TiO2 enrichment phosphorylated peptide and MS analysis. Then we conducted the functional analysis by ClueGO and the biological interaction networking analysis by ReactomeFIViz. Western blotting was performed to identify the hub proteins. RESULTS Our results revealed that phosphorylation of 148 proteins showed different intensities between the two HCAECs groups, which are enriched in MAPK, VEGFR, EGFR, Angiopoietin receptor, mTOR, FAK signaling pathway and so on. Through the Network Analyzer analysis, the hub proteins are CDKN1A, MAPK1 and POLR2A, which were experimentally validated. CONCLUSION In summary, we provided evidence addressing the valuable phosphorylation signaling that could be useful resource to understand the molecular mechanism and the potential targets for novel therapy of KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Ming Li
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wan-Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Jian Yi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child development and Disorder, China International Science and Technology Coorperation base of Child development and Critical Disorder, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China.
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hong-Ling Jia
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
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12
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Ye CJ, Regan S, Liu G, Alemara S, Heng HH. Understanding aneuploidy in cancer through the lens of system inheritance, fuzzy inheritance and emergence of new genome systems. Mol Cytogenet 2018; 11:31. [PMID: 29760781 PMCID: PMC5946397 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-018-0376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past 15 years, impressive progress has been made to understand the molecular mechanism behind aneuploidy, largely due to the effort of using various -omics approaches to study model systems (e.g. yeast and mouse models) and patient samples, as well as the new realization that chromosome alteration-mediated genome instability plays the key role in cancer. As the molecular characterization of the causes and effects of aneuploidy progresses, the search for the general mechanism of how aneuploidy contributes to cancer becomes increasingly challenging: since aneuploidy can be linked to diverse molecular pathways (in regards to both cause and effect), the chances of it being cancerous is highly context-dependent, making it more difficult to study than individual molecular mechanisms. When so many genomic and environmental factors can be linked to aneuploidy, and most of them not commonly shared among patients, the practical value of characterizing additional genetic/epigenetic factors contributing to aneuploidy decreases. RESULTS Based on the fact that cancer typically represents a complex adaptive system, where there is no linear relationship between lower-level agents (such as each individual gene mutation) and emergent properties (such as cancer phenotypes), we call for a new strategy based on the evolutionary mechanism of aneuploidy in cancer, rather than continuous analysis of various individual molecular mechanisms. To illustrate our viewpoint, we have briefly reviewed both the progress and challenges in this field, suggesting the incorporation of an evolutionary-based mechanism to unify diverse molecular mechanisms. To further clarify this rationale, we will discuss some key concepts of the genome theory of cancer evolution, including system inheritance, fuzzy inheritance, and cancer as a newly emergent cellular system. CONCLUSION Illustrating how aneuploidy impacts system inheritance, fuzzy inheritance and the emergence of new systems is of great importance. Such synthesis encourages efforts to apply the principles/approaches of complex adaptive systems to ultimately understand aneuploidy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J. Ye
- The Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Sarah Regan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Guo Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Sarah Alemara
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Henry H. Heng
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
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13
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Arora M, Moser J, Phadke H, Basha AA, Spencer SL. Endogenous Replication Stress in Mother Cells Leads to Quiescence of Daughter Cells. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1351-1364. [PMID: 28514656 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells have two fundamentally different states, proliferative and quiescent, but our understanding of how and why cells switch between these states is limited. We previously showed that actively proliferating populations contain a subpopulation that enters quiescence (G0) in an apparently stochastic manner. Using single-cell time-lapse imaging of CDK2 activity and DNA damage, we now show that unresolved endogenous replication stress in the previous (mother) cell cycle prompts p21-dependent entry of daughter cells into quiescence immediately after mitosis. Furthermore, the amount of time daughter cells spend in quiescence is correlated with the extent of inherited damage. Our study thus links replication errors in one cell cycle to the fate of daughter cells in the subsequent cell cycle. More broadly, this work reveals that entry into quiescence is not purely stochastic but has a strong deterministic component arising from a memory of events that occurred in the previous generation(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Arora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Justin Moser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Harsha Phadke
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ashik Akbar Basha
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Sabrina L Spencer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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14
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Manu KA, Chai TF, Teh JT, Zhu WL, Casey PJ, Wang M. Inhibition of Isoprenylcysteine Carboxylmethyltransferase Induces Cell-Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis through p21 and p21-Regulated BNIP3 Induction in Pancreatic Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:914-923. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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15
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Rao CV, Asch AS, Yamada HY. Frequently mutated genes/pathways and genomic instability as prevention targets in liver cancer. Carcinogenesis 2016; 38:2-11. [PMID: 27838634 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of liver cancer has increased in recent years. Worldwide, liver cancer is common: more than 600000 related deaths are estimated each year. In the USA, about 27170 deaths due to liver cancer are estimated for 2016. Liver cancer is highly resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. For all stages combined, the 5-year survival rate is 15-17%, leaving much to be desired for liver cancer prevention and therapy. Heterogeneity, which can originate from genomic instability, is one reason for poor outcome. About 80-90% of liver cancers are hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and recent cancer genome sequencing studies have revealed frequently mutated genes in HCC. In this review, we discuss the cause of the tumor heterogeneity based on the functions of genes that are frequently mutated in HCC. We overview the functions of the genes that are most frequently mutated (e.g. TP53, CTNNB1, AXIN1, ARID1A and WWP1) that portray major pathways leading to HCC and identify the roles of these genes in preventing genomic instability. Notably, the pathway analysis suggested that oxidative stress management may be critical to prevent accumulation of DNA damage and further mutations. We propose that both chromosome instability (CIN) and microsatellite instability (MIN) are integral to the hepatic carcinogenesis process leading to heterogeneity in HCC and that the pathways leading to heterogeneity may be targeted for prognosis, prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinthalapally V Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), 975 NE 10th Street BRC1207, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA and
| | - Adam S Asch
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hiroshi Y Yamada
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), 975 NE 10th Street BRC1207, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA and
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16
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Mirzayans R, Andrais B, Kumar P, Murray D. The Growing Complexity of Cancer Cell Response to DNA-Damaging Agents: Caspase 3 Mediates Cell Death or Survival? Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050708. [PMID: 27187358 PMCID: PMC4881530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely stated that wild-type p53 either mediates the activation of cell cycle checkpoints to facilitate DNA repair and promote cell survival, or orchestrates apoptotic cell death following exposure to cancer therapeutic agents. This reigning paradigm has been challenged by numerous discoveries with different human cell types, including solid tumor-derived cell lines. Thus, activation of the p53 signaling pathway by ionizing radiation and other DNA-damaging agents hinders apoptosis and triggers growth arrest (e.g., through premature senescence) in some genetic backgrounds; such growth arrested cells remain viable, secrete growth-promoting factors, and give rise to progeny with stem cell-like properties. In addition, caspase 3, which is best known for its role in the execution phase of apoptosis, has been recently reported to facilitate (rather than suppress) DNA damage-induced genomic instability and carcinogenesis. This observation is consistent with an earlier report demonstrating that caspase 3 mediates secretion of the pro-survival factor prostaglandin E2, which in turn promotes enrichment of tumor repopulating cells. In this article, we review these and related discoveries and point out novel cancer therapeutic strategies. One of our objectives is to demonstrate the growing complexity of the DNA damage response beyond the conventional “repair and survive, or die” hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razmik Mirzayans
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - Bonnie Andrais
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - Piyush Kumar
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - David Murray
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
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17
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Heng HHQ, Regan SM, Liu G, Ye CJ. Why it is crucial to analyze non clonal chromosome aberrations or NCCAs? Mol Cytogenet 2016; 9:15. [PMID: 26877768 PMCID: PMC4752783 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-016-0223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Current cytogenetics has largely focused its efforts on the identification of recurrent karyotypic alterations, also known as clonal chromosomal aberrations (CCAs). The rationale of doing so seems simple: recurrent genetic changes are relevant for diseases or specific physiological conditions, while non clonal chromosome aberrations (NCCAs) are insignificant genetic background or noise. However, in reality, the vast majority of chromosomal alterations are NCCAs, and it is challenging to identify commonly shared CCAs in most solid tumors. Furthermore, the karyotype, rather than genes, represents the system inheritance, or blueprint, and each NCCA represents an altered genome system. These realizations underscore the importance of the re-evaluation of NCCAs in cytogenetic analyses. In this concept article, we briefly review the definition of NCCAs, some historical misconceptions about them, and why NCCAs are not insignificant "noise," but rather a highly significant feature of the cellular population for providing genome heterogeneity and complexity, representing one important form of fuzzy inheritance. The frequencies of NCCAs also represent an index to measure both internally- and environmentally-induced genome instability. Additionally, the NCCA/CCA cycle is associated with macro- and micro-cellular evolution. Lastly, elevated NCCAs are observed in many disease/illness conditions. Considering all of these factors, we call for the immediate action of studying and reporting NCCAs. Specifically, effort is needed to characterize and compare different types of NCCAs, to define their baseline in various tissues, to develop methods to access mitotic cells, to re-examine/interpret the NCCAs data, and to develop an NCCA database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H. Q. Heng
- />Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- />Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3226 Scott Hall, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Sarah M. Regan
- />Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- />Division of Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Guo Liu
- />Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Christine J. Ye
- />The Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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18
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Salari Fanoodi T, Motalleb G, Yegane Moghadam A, Talaee R. p21 Gene Expression Evaluation in Esophageal Cancer Patients. Gastrointest Tumors 2015. [DOI: 10.1159/000441901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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19
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Ohkoshi S, Yano M, Matsuda Y. Oncogenic role of p21 in hepatocarcinogenesis suggests a new treatment strategy. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:12150-6. [PMID: 26576099 PMCID: PMC4641132 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i42.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A well-known tumor suppressor, p21, acts paradoxically by promoting tumor growth in some cellular conditions. These conflicting functions have been demonstrated in association with the HBx gene and in hepatocarcinogenesis. The molecular behavior of p21 depends on its subcellular localization. Nuclear p21 may inhibit cell proliferation and be proapoptotic, while cytoplasmic p21 may have oncogenic and anti-apoptotic functions. Because most typical tumor suppressive proteins also have different effects according to subcellular localization, elucidating the regulatory mechanisms underlying nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of these proteins would be significant and may lead to a new strategy for anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy. Chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) is a major nuclear export receptor involved in transport of tumor suppressors from nucleus to cytoplasm. Expression of CRM1 is enhanced in a variety of malignancies and in vitro studies have shown the efficacy of specific inhibition of CRM1 against cancer cell lines. Interestingly, interferon may keep p21 in the nucleus; this is one of the mechanisms of its anti-hepatocarcinogenic function. Here we review the oncogenic property of p21, which depends on its subcellular localization, and discuss the rationale underlying a new strategy for HCC treatment and prevention.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism
- Drug Design
- Humans
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- Exportin 1 Protein
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20
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Liu Y, Wang B, Liu X, Lu L, Luo F, Lu X, Shi L, Xu W, Liu Q. Epigenetic silencing of p21 by long non-coding RNA HOTAIR is involved in the cell cycle disorder induced by cigarette smoke extract. Toxicol Lett 2015; 240:60-7. [PMID: 26506537 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are epigenetic regulators, are involved in human malignancies. Little is known, however, about the molecular mechanisms for lncRNA regulation of genes induced by cigarette smoke. We recently found that, in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells, the lncRNA, Hox transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR), is associated with changes in the cell cycle caused by cigarette smoke extract (CSE). In the present study, we report that increased expression of HOTAIR and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), and tri-methylation of Lys 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3), affect cell cycle progression during CSE-induced transformation of HBE cells. Inhibition of HOTAIR and EZH2 by siRNAs attenuated CSE-induced decreases of p21 levels. Further, ChIP assays verified that HOTAIR and EZH2 were needed to maintain the interaction of H3K27me3 with the promoter regions of p21; combined use of a HOTAIR plasmid and EZH2 siRNA supported this observation. Thus, HOTAIR epigenetic silencing of p21 via EZH2-mediated H3K27 trimethylation contributes to changes in the cell cycle induced by CSE. These observations provide further understanding of the regulation of CSE-induced lung carcinogenesis and identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Bairu Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Xinlu Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Lu Lu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Fei Luo
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Lu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Le Shi
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Wenchao Xu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Qizhan Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China.
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21
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Hommerding CJ, Childs BG, Baker DJ. The Role of Stem Cell Genomic Instability in Aging. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-015-0020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Activation and Inhibition of ATM by Phytochemicals: Awakening and Sleeping the Guardian Angel Naturally. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:357-66. [PMID: 26089209 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Double-stranded breaks (DSBs) are cytotoxic DNA lesions caused by oxygen radicals, ionizing radiation, and radiomimetic chemicals. Increasing understanding of DNA damage signaling has provided an ever-expanding list of modulators reported to orchestrate DNA damage repair and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is the master regulator and main transducer of the DSB response. Increasingly, it is being realized that DNA damage response is a synchronized and branched network that functionalizes different molecular cascades to activate special checkpoints, thus temporarily arresting progression of the cell cycle while damage is being assessed and processed. It is noteworthy that both nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics have revolutionized the field of molecular biology and rapidly accumulating experimental evidence has started to shed light on biological activities of a wide range of phytochemicals reported to modulate cell cycle, DNA repair, cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis as evidenced by cell-based studies. In this review, we have attempted to provide an overview of DNA damage signaling, how ATM signaling regulates tumor necrosis factors-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced intracellular network. We also illuminate on how resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, curcumin, jaceosidin, cucurbitacin, apigenin, genistein, and others trigger activation of ATM in different cancer cells as well as agents for ATM inactivation. Understanding the interplay of TRAIL-induced intracellular signaling and ATM modulation of downstream effectors is very important. This holds particularly for a reconceptualization of the apparently paradoxical roles and therapeutically targetable for enhancing the response to DNA damage-inducing therapy.
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23
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Heng HH, Bremer SW, Stevens JB, Horne SD, Liu G, Abdallah BY, Ye KJ, Ye CJ. Chromosomal instability (CIN): what it is and why it is crucial to cancer evolution. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 32:325-40. [PMID: 23605440 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9427-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Results of various cancer genome sequencing projects have "unexpectedly" challenged the framework of the current somatic gene mutation theory of cancer. The prevalence of diverse genetic heterogeneity observed in cancer questions the strategy of focusing on contributions of individual gene mutations. Much of the genetic heterogeneity in tumors is due to chromosomal instability (CIN), a predominant hallmark of cancer. Multiple molecular mechanisms have been attributed to CIN but unifying these often conflicting mechanisms into one general mechanism has been challenging. In this review, we discuss multiple aspects of CIN including its definitions, methods of measuring, and some common misconceptions. We then apply the genome-based evolutionary theory to propose a general mechanism for CIN to unify the diverse molecular causes. In this new evolutionary framework, CIN represents a system behavior of a stress response with adaptive advantages but also serves as a new potential cause of further destabilization of the genome. Following a brief review about the newly realized functions of chromosomes that defines system inheritance and creates new genomes, we discuss the ultimate importance of CIN in cancer evolution. Finally, a number of confusing issues regarding CIN are explained in light of the evolutionary function of CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Heng
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA,
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24
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Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded LANA can induce chromosomal instability through targeted degradation of the mitotic checkpoint kinase Bub1. J Virol 2014; 88:7367-78. [PMID: 24741095 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00554-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has a significant contributory role in the development of three major human neoplastic or lymphoproliferative diseases: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). These diseases are associated with chromosomal instability, a hallmark of human cancer. The latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) encoded by KSHV plays a key role in regulating a number of cellular pathways critical for oncogenesis. KSHV LANA alone can induce the development of B-cell hyperplasia and lymphoma in mice expressing LANA. LANA also induces chromosomal instability, thus promoting oncogenesis. However, the precise mechanism underlying LANA-mediated chromosomal instability remains uncharted. Here we report that LANA promoted the induction of chromosomal instability and the formation of micronuclei and multinucleation through its interaction with one of the critical spindle checkpoint proteins, Bub1, and the resulting degradation of Bub1. This interaction occurs through the Knl and kinase domains of Bub1, identified as important for stability and degradation. These results suggest that LANA can dysregulate Bub1 activity, which leads to aberrant chromosome replication and aneuploidy, thus contributing to KSHV-mediated oncogenesis. IMPORTANCE This work represents the first set of results identifying a novel mechanism by which LANA, a latency-associated antigen encoded by KSHV, can induce the degradation of Bub1, a spindle checkpoint protein that is important for spindle checkpoint signaling and chromosome segregation. The downregulation of Bub1 mediated by LANA resulted in chromosomal instability, a hallmark of cancer. We further investigated the specific domains of Bub1 that are required for the interaction between LANA and Bub1. The results demonstrated that the Knl and kinase domains of Bub1 are required for the interaction between LANA and Bub1. In addition, we also investigated the mechanism by which LANA promoted Bub1 degradation. Our results showed that LANA interacted physically with the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C), thus promoting the degradation of Bub1 in a ubiquitin-dependent process.
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25
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Castiglioni V, De Maglie M, Queliti R, Rustighi A, Del Sal G, Radaelli E. Immunohistochemical Characterization of a Renal Nephroblastoma in a Trp53-mutant and Prolyl Isomerase 1-deficient Mouse. J Toxicol Pathol 2014; 26:423-7. [PMID: 24526816 PMCID: PMC3921926 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2013-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A nephroblastoma is a tumor arising from metanephric blastema occurring in childhood.
Among laboratory rodents, nephroblastoma has been frequently reported in rats, but it
remains exceedingly rare in mice. The present work describes a nephroblastoma in a young
mouse homozygous for the specific Trp53 R172H point mutation coupled with targeted
deletion of the Pin1 gene. The affected kidney was effaced by a biphasic
tumor with an epithelial component arranged in tubules surrounded by nests of blastemal
cells. Immunohistochemically, the neoplasm was diffusely positive for Wilms’ tumor
antigen. The epithelial component expressed markers of renal tubular differentiation
including wide-spectrum cytokeratin, E-cadherin and folate-binding protein. Furthermore,
the neoplasm exhibited a high proliferative index and diffuse nucleocytoplasmic β-catenin
expression. Based on histological and immunohistochemical features, a diagnosis of
nephroblastoma potentially associated with Trp53 loss and oncogenic
β-catenin activation has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Castiglioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria (DIVET), Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milano, Italy ; Mouse & Animal Pathology Lab, Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles, 22/4, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Marcella De Maglie
- Mouse & Animal Pathology Lab, Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles, 22/4, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Queliti
- Centro Ricerche Bracco, Bracco Imaging Spa, via Ribes 5, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Alessandra Rustighi
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy ; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giannino Del Sal
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy ; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria (DIVET), Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milano, Italy ; Mouse & Animal Pathology Lab, Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles, 22/4, 20139 Milano, Italy
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Eliezer Y, Argaman L, Kornowski M, Roniger M, Goldberg M. Interplay between the DNA damage proteins MDC1 and ATM in the regulation of the spindle assembly checkpoint. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8182-93. [PMID: 24509855 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.532739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To avoid genomic instability, cells have developed surveillance mechanisms such as the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and the DNA damage response. ATM and MDC1 are central players of the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks. Here, we identify a new role for these proteins in the regulation of mitotic progression and in SAC activation. MDC1 localizes at mitotic kinetochores following SAC activation in an ATM-dependent manner. ATM phosphorylates histone H2AX at mitotic kinetochores, and this phosphorylation is required for MDC1 localization at kinetochores. ATM and MDC1 are needed for kinetochore localization of the inhibitory mitotic checkpoint complex components, Mad2 and Cdc20, and for the maintenance of the mitotic checkpoint complex integrity. This probably relies on the interaction of MDC1 with the MCC. In this work, we have established that ATM and MDC1 maintain genomic stability not only by controlling the DNA damage response, but also by regulating SAC activation, providing an important link between these two essential biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Eliezer
- From the Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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27
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Palazzo L, Della Monica R, Visconti R, Costanzo V, Grieco D. ATM controls proper mitotic spindle structure. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1091-100. [PMID: 24553124 PMCID: PMC4013160 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recessive ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) syndrome is characterized by cerebellar degeneration, immunodeficiency, cancer susceptibility, premature aging, and insulin-resistant diabetes and is caused by loss of function of the ATM kinase, a member of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-like protein kinases (PIKKs) family. ATM plays a crucial role in the DNA damage response (DDR); however, the complexity of A-T features suggests that ATM may regulate other cellular functions. Here we show that ATM affects proper bipolar mitotic spindle structure independently of DNA damage. In addition, we find that in mitosis ATM forms a complex with the poly(ADP)ribose (PAR) polymerase Tankyrase (TNKS) 1, the spindle pole protein NuMA1, and breast cancer susceptibility protein BRCA1, another crucial DDR player. Our evidence indicates that the complex is required for efficient poly(ADP)ribosylation of NuMA1. We find further that a mutant NuMA1 version, non-phosphorylatable at potential ATM-dependent phosphorylation sites, is poorly PARylated and induces loss of spindle bipolarity. Our findings may help to explain crucial A-T features and provide further mechanistic rationale for TNKS inhibition in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Palazzo
- DMMBM; University of Naples “Federico II”; Naples, Italy
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate; Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Della Monica
- DMMBM; University of Naples “Federico II”; Naples, Italy
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate; Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Domenico Grieco
- DMMBM; University of Naples “Federico II”; Naples, Italy
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate; Naples, Italy
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28
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Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase, the mutation of which causes the autosomal recessive disease ataxia-telangiectasia, plays an essential role in the maintenance of genome stability. Extensive studies have revealed that activated ATM signals to a massive list of proteins to facilitate cell cycle checkpoints, DNA repair, and many other aspects of physiological responses in the event of DNA double-strand breaks. ATM also plays functional roles beyond the well-characterized DNA damage response (DDR). In this review article, we discuss the recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of ATM in DDR, the mitotic spindle checkpoint, as well as hyperactive ATM signaling in cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Boohaker
- Department of Oncology, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Oncology, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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29
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Inoue K, Fry EA, Taneja P. Recent progress in mouse models for tumor suppressor genes and its implications in human cancer. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2013; 7:103-22. [PMID: 23843721 PMCID: PMC3682694 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s10358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in oncogenes and loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressor genes (TSG) lead to cancer. In most human cancers, these mutations occur in somatic tissues. However, hereditary forms of cancer exist for which individuals are heterozygous for a germline mutation in a TSG locus at birth. The second allele is frequently inactivated by gene deletion, point mutation, or promoter methylation in classical TSGs that meet Knudson's two-hit hypothesis. Conversely, the second allele remains as wild-type, even in tumors in which the gene is haplo-insufficient for tumor suppression. This article highlights the importance of PTEN, APC, and other tumor suppressors for counteracting aberrant PI3K, β-catenin, and other oncogenic signaling pathways. We discuss the use of gene-engineered mouse models (GEMM) of human cancer focusing on Pten and Apc knockout mice that recapitulate key genetic events involved in initiation and progression of human neoplasia. Finally, the therapeutic potential of targeting these tumor suppressor and oncogene signaling networks is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Fry
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Pankaj Taneja
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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30
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p21(WAF¹/C¹P¹) deficiency induces mitochondrial dysfunction in HCT116 colon cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 430:653-8. [PMID: 23211592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
p21(WAF1/CIP1) is a critical regulator of cell cycle progression. However, the role of p21 in mitochondrial function remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effect of p21 deficiency on mitochondrial function in HCT116 human colon cancer cells. We found that there was a significant increase in the mitochondrial mass of p21(-/-) HCT116 cells, as measured by 10-N-nonyl-acridine orange staining, as well as an increase in the mitochondrial DNA content. In contrast, p53(-/-) cells had a mitochondrial mass comparable to that of wild-type HCT116 cells. In addition, the expression levels of the mitochondrial biogenesis regulators PGC-1α and TFAM and AMPK activity were also elevated in p21(-/-) cells, indicating that p21 deficiency induces the rate of mitochondrial biogenesis through the AMPK-PGC-1α axis. However, the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis in p21(-/-) cells did not accompany an increase in the cellular steady-state level of ATP. Furthermore, p21(-/-) cells exhibited significant proliferation impairment in galactose medium, suggesting that p21 deficiency induces a defect in the mitochondrial respiratory chain in HCT116 cells. Taken together, our results suggest that the loss of p21 results in an aberrant increase in the mitochondrial mass and in mitochondrial dysfunction in HCT116 cells, indicating that p21 is required to maintain proper mitochondrial mass and respiratory function.
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31
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Chesnokova V, Zonis S, Wawrowsky K, Tani Y, Ben-Shlomo A, Ljubimov V, Mamelak A, Bannykh S, Melmed S. Clusterin and FOXL2 act concordantly to regulate pituitary gonadotroph adenoma growth. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:2092-103. [PMID: 23051594 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary tumors grow slowly and despite their high prevalence are invariably benign. We therefore studied mechanisms underlying pituitary tumor growth restraint. Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG), the index human securin, a hallmark of pituitary tumors, triggers pituitary cell proliferation and murine pituitary tumor development. We show that human gonadotroph cell pituitary tumors, unlike other secreting tumor types, express high levels of gonadotroph-specific forkhead transcription factor FOXL2, and both PTTG and Forkhead box protein L2 (FOXL2) stimulate gonadotroph clusterin (Clu) expression. Both Clu RNA isoforms are abundantly expressed in these nonhormone-secreting human tumors, and, when cultured, these tumor cells release highly abundant levels of secreted Clu. FOXL2 directly stimulates the Clu gene promoter, and we show that PTTG triggers ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase/IGF-I/p38MAPK DNA damage/chromosomal instability signaling, which in turn also induces Clu expression. Consequently, Clu restrains pituitary cell proliferation by inducing cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p16 and p27, whereas Clu deletion down-regulates p16 and p27 in the Clu(-/-) mouse pituitary. FOXL2 binds and suppresses the PTTG promoter, and Clu also suppresses PTTG expression, thus neutralizing protumorigenic PTTG gonadotroph tumor cell properties. In vivo, murine gonadotroph LβT2 tumor cell xenografts overexpressing Clu and FOXL2 both grow slower and elicit smaller tumors. Thus, gonadotroph tumor cell proliferation is determined by the interplay between cell-specific FOXL2 with PTTG and Clu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Chesnokova
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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32
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Jeffries CD, Johnson CR, Zhou T, Simpson DA, Kaufmann WK. A flexible and qualitatively stable model for cell cycle dynamics including DNA damage effects. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:55-66. [PMID: 22553421 PMCID: PMC3329186 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s8476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper includes a conceptual framework for cell cycle modeling into which the experimenter can map observed data and evaluate mechanisms of cell cycle control. The basic model exhibits qualitative stability, meaning that regardless of magnitudes of system parameters its instances are guaranteed to be stable in the sense that all feasible trajectories converge to a certain trajectory. Qualitative stability can also be described by the signs of real parts of eigenvalues of the system matrix. On the biological side, the resulting model can be tuned to approximate experimental data pertaining to human fibroblast cell lines treated with ionizing radiation, with or without disabled DNA damage checkpoints. Together these properties validate a fundamental, first order systems view of cell dynamics. Classification Codes: 15A68
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark D Jeffries
- Renaissance Computing Institute, CB 3127, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
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33
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Yang C, Tang X, Guo X, Niikura Y, Kitagawa K, Cui K, Wong STC, Fu L, Xu B. Aurora-B mediated ATM serine 1403 phosphorylation is required for mitotic ATM activation and the spindle checkpoint. Mol Cell 2012; 44:597-608. [PMID: 22099307 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ATM kinase plays a critical role in the maintenance of genetic stability. ATM is activated in response to DNA damage and is essential for cell-cycle checkpoints. Here, we report that ATM is activated in mitosis in the absence of DNA damage. We demonstrate that mitotic ATM activation is dependent on the Aurora-B kinase and that Aurora-B phosphorylates ATM on serine 1403. This phosphorylation event is required for mitotic ATM activation. Further, we show that loss of ATM function results in shortened mitotic timing and a defective spindle checkpoint, and that abrogation of ATM Ser1403 phosphorylation leads to this spindle checkpoint defect. We also demonstrate that mitotically activated ATM phosphorylates Bub1, a critical kinetochore protein, on Ser314. ATM-mediated Bub1 Ser314 phosphorylation is required for Bub1 activity and is essential for the activation of the spindle checkpoint. Collectively, our data highlight mechanisms of a critical function of ATM in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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34
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Bihani T, Hinds PW. Mitosis hit with an ATM transaction fee: aurora B-mediated activation of ATM during mitosis. Mol Cell 2012; 44:513-4. [PMID: 22099300 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Molecular Cell, Yang et al. (2011) demonstrate that Aurora B phosphorylates ATM, leading to its mitotic activation and ability to phosphorylate Bub1 and regulate the spindle checkpoint, thus maintaining genomic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teeru Bihani
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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35
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Abstract
The cell cycle inhibitors p21(Waf1/Cip1) and p27(Kip1) are frequently downregulated in many human cancers, and correlate with a worse prognosis. We show here that combined deficiency in p21 and p27 proteins in mice is linked to more aggressive spontaneous tumorigenesis, resulting in a decreased lifespan. The most common tumors developed in p21p27 double-null mice were endocrine, with a higher incidence of pituitary adenomas, pheochromocytomas and thyroid adenomas. The combined absence of p21 and p27 proteins delays the incidence of radiation-induced thymic lymphomas with a higher apoptotic rate, measured by active caspase-3 and cleaved PARP-1 immunoexpresion. These results provide experimental evidence for a cooperation of both cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in tumorigenesis in mice.
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36
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Darlington Y, Nguyen TA, Moon SH, Herron A, Rao P, Zhu C, Lu X, Donehower LA. Absence of Wip1 partially rescues Atm deficiency phenotypes in mice. Oncogene 2011; 31:1155-65. [PMID: 21765465 PMCID: PMC3197977 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (WIP1) is a serine/threonine phosphatase that dephosphorylates proteins in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-initiated DNA damage response pathway. WIP1 may have a homeostatic role in ATM signaling by returning the cell to a normal pre-stress state following completion of DNA repair. To better understand the effects of WIP1 on ATM signaling, we crossed Atm-deficient mice to Wip1-deficient mice and characterized phenotypes of the double knockout progeny. We hypothesized that the absence of Wip1 might rescue Atm deficiency phenotypes. Atm null mice, like ATM-deficient humans with the inherited syndrome ataxia telangiectasia, exhibit radiation sensitivity, fertility defects, and are T-cell lymphoma prone. Most double knockout mice were largely protected from lymphoma development and had a greatly extended lifespan compared with Atm null mice. Double knockout mice had increased p53 and H2AX phosphorylation and p21 expression compared with their Atm null counterparts, indicating enhanced p53 and DNA damage responses. Additionally, double knockout splenocytes displayed reduced chromosomal instability compared with Atm null mice. Finally, doubly null mice were partially rescued from gametogenesis defects observed in Atm null mice. These results indicate that inhibition of WIP1 may represent a useful strategy for cancer treatment in general and A-T patients in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Darlington
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Houston, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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37
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Chesnokova V, Zonis S, Zhou C, Ben-Shlomo A, Wawrowsky K, Toledano Y, Tong Y, Kovacs K, Scheithauer B, Melmed S. Lineage-specific restraint of pituitary gonadotroph cell adenoma growth. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17924. [PMID: 21464964 PMCID: PMC3064664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although pituitary adenomas are usually benign, unique trophic mechanisms restraining cell proliferation are unclear. As GH-secreting adenomas are associated with p53/p21-dependent senescence, we tested mechanisms constraining non-functioning pituitary adenoma growth. Thirty six gonadotroph-derived non-functioning pituitary adenomas all exhibited DNA damage, but undetectable p21 expression. However, these adenomas all expressed p16, and >90% abundantly expressed cytoplasmic clusterin associated with induction of the Cdk inhibitor p15 in 70% of gonadotroph and in 26% of somatotroph lineage adenomas (p = 0.006). Murine LβT2 and αT3 gonadotroph pituitary cells, and αGSU.PTTG transgenic mice with targeted gonadotroph cell adenomas also abundantly expressed clusterin and exhibited features of oncogene-induced senescence as evidenced by C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ induction. In turn, C/EBPs activated the clusterin promoter ∼5 fold, and elevated clusterin subsequently elicited p15 and p16 expression, acting to arrest murine gonadotroph cell proliferation. In contrast, specific clusterin suppression by RNAis enhanced gonadotroph proliferation. FOXL2, a tissue-specific gonadotroph lineage factor, also induced the clusterin promoter ∼3 fold in αT3 pituitary cells. As nine of 12 pituitary carcinomas were devoid of clusterin expression, this protein may limit proliferation of benign adenomatous pituitary cells. These results point to lineage-specific pathways restricting uncontrolled murine and human pituitary gonadotroph adenoma cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Chesnokova
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Zonis
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Cuiqi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anat Ben-Shlomo
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kolja Wawrowsky
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yoel Toledano
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yunguang Tong
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Departments of Pathology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kalman Kovacs
- Departments of Pathology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Shlomo Melmed
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Koi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA.
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39
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Quiescent, slow-cycling stem cell populations in cancer: a review of the evidence and discussion of significance. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2011. [PMID: 20936110 PMCID: PMC2948913 DOI: 10.1155/2011/396076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived cancer stem cells (CSCs) with indefinite proliferative potential have been identified in multiple epithelial cancer types. These cells are likely derived from transformed adult stem cells and are thought to share many characteristics with their parental population, including a quiescent slow-cycling phenotype. Various label-retaining techniques have been used to identify normal slow cycling adult stem cell populations and offer a unique methodology to functionally identify and isolate cancer stem cells. The quiescent nature of CSCs represents an inherent mechanism that at least partially explains chemotherapy resistance and recurrence in posttherapy cancer patients. Isolating and understanding the cell cycle regulatory mechanisms of quiescent cancer cells will be a key component to creation of future therapies that better target CSCs and totally eradicate tumors. Here we review the evidence for quiescent CSC populations and explore potential cell cycle regulators that may serve as future targets for elimination of these cells.
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40
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Chesnokova V, Melmed S. Pituitary senescence: the evolving role of Pttg. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 326:55-9. [PMID: 20153804 PMCID: PMC2906651 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of pituitary adenomas they are invariably benign, indicative of unique intrinsic mechanisms controlling pituitary cell proliferation. Cellular senescence is characterized by a largely irreversible cell cycle arrest and constitutes a strong anti-proliferative response, which can be triggered by DNA damage, chromosomal instability and aneuploidy, loss of tumor suppressive signaling or oncogene activation. In vivo senescence is an important protective mechanism against cancer. Here we discuss prospective mechanisms underlying senescence-associated molecular pathways activated in benign pituitary adenomas. Both deletion and over-expression of pituitary tumor transforming gene (Pttg) promote chromosomal instability and aneuploidy. Pttg deletion abrogates tumor development by activating p53/p21-dependent senescence pathways. Abundant PTTG in GH-secreting pituitary adenomas also triggers p21-dependent senescence. Pituitary p21 may therefore safeguard against further chromosomal instability by constraining pituitary tumor growth. These observations point to senescence as a target for effective therapy for both tumor silencing and growth restraint towards development of pituitary malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Chesnokova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cedars Sinai Medical Center-David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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41
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Xekouki P, Azevedo M, Stratakis CA. Anterior pituitary adenomas: inherited syndromes, novel genes and molecular pathways. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2010; 5:697-709. [PMID: 21264206 PMCID: PMC3024595 DOI: 10.1586/eem.10.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are common tumors. Although rarely malignant, pituitary adenomas cause significant morbidity due to mass effects and/or hormonal hypo- and/or hyper-secretion. Molecular understanding of pituitary adenoma formation is essential for the development of medical therapies and the treatment of post-operative recurrences. In general, mutations in genes involved in genetic syndromes associated with pituitary tumors are not a common finding in sporadic lesions. By contrast, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) mutations may be more frequent among specific subgroups of patients, such as children and young adults, with growth hormone-producing adenomas. In this article, we present the most recent data on the molecular pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas and discuss some of the most recent findings from our laboratory. Guidelines for genetic screening and clinical counseling of patients with pituitary tumors are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Xekouki
- SEGEN, PDEGEN & Pediatric Endocrinology Program, NICHD, NIH, Building 10, CRC (East Laboratories), Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive, MSC1103, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Monalisa Azevedo
- SEGEN, PDEGEN & Pediatric Endocrinology Program, NICHD, NIH, Building 10, CRC (East Laboratories), Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive, MSC1103, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- SEGEN, PDEGEN & Pediatric Endocrinology Program, NICHD, NIH, Building 10, CRC (East Laboratories), Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive, MSC1103, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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42
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Jung YS, Qian Y, Chen X. Examination of the expanding pathways for the regulation of p21 expression and activity. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1003-12. [PMID: 20100570 PMCID: PMC2860671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
p21(Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1) was originally identified as an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, a mediator of p53 in growth suppression and a marker of cellular senescence. p21 is required for proper cell cycle progression and plays a role in cell death, DNA repair, senescence and aging, and induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming. Although transcriptional regulation is considered to be the initial control point for p21 expression, there is growing evidence that post-transcriptional and post-translational regulations play a critical role in p21 expression and activity. This review will briefly discuss the activity of p21 and focus on current knowledge of the determinants that control p21 transcription, mRNA stability and translation, and protein stability and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sam Jung
- Center for Comparative Oncology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Yingjuan Qian
- Center for Comparative Oncology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Center for Comparative Oncology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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43
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Heng HHQ, Stevens JB, Bremer SW, Ye KJ, Liu G, Ye CJ. The evolutionary mechanism of cancer. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:1072-84. [PMID: 20213744 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the general molecular mechanism of cancer is the Holy Grail of cancer research. Since cancer is believed to be caused by a sequential accumulation of cancer gene mutations, the identification, characterization, and targeting of common genetic alterations and their defined pathways have dominated the field for decades. Despite the impressive data accumulated from studies of gene mutations, epigenetic dysregulation, and pathway alterations, an overwhelming amount of diverse molecular information has offered limited understanding of the general mechanisms of cancer. To solve this paradox, the newly established genome theory is introduced here describing how somatic cells evolve within individual patients. The evolutionary mechanism of cancer is characterized using only three key components of somatic cell evolution that include increased system dynamics induced by stress, elevated genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity, and genome alteration mediated natural selection. Cancer progression represents a macro-evolutionary process where karyotype change or genome replacement plays the key dominant role. Furthermore, the recently identified relationship between the evolutionary mechanism and a large number of diverse individual molecular mechanisms is discussed. The total sum of all the individual molecular mechanisms is equal to the evolutionary mechanism of cancer. Individual molecular mechanisms including all the molecular mechanisms described to date are stochastically selected and unpredictable and are therefore clinically impractical. Recognizing the fundamental importance of the underlying basis of the evolutionary mechanism of cancer mandates the development of new strategies in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Q Heng
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.
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44
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Salazar AM, Miller HL, McNeely SC, Sordo M, Ostrosky-Wegman P, States JC. Suppression of p53 and p21CIP1/WAF1 reduces arsenite-induced aneuploidy. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:357-64. [PMID: 20000476 DOI: 10.1021/tx900353v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploidy and extensive chromosomal rearrangements are common in human tumors. The role of DNA damage response proteins p53 and p21(CIP1/WAF1) in aneugenesis and clastogenesis was investigated in telomerase immortalized diploid human fibroblasts using siRNA suppression of p53 and p21(CIP1/WAF1). Cells were exposed to the environmental carcinogen sodium arsenite (15 and 20 microM), and the induction of micronuclei (MN) was evaluated in binucleated cells using the cytokinesis-block assay. To determine whether MN resulted from missegregation of chromosomes or from chromosomal fragments, we used a fluorescent in situ hybridization with a centromeric DNA probe. Micronuclei were predominantly of clastogenic origin in control cells regardless of p53 or p21(CIP1/WAF1) expression. MN with centromere signals in cells transfected with NSC siRNA or Mock increased 30% after arsenite exposure, indicating that arsenite induced aneuploidy in the tGM24 cells. Although suppression of p53 increased the fraction of arsenite-treated cells with MN, it caused a decrease in the fraction with centromeric DNA. Suppression of p21(CIP1/WAF1) like p53 suppression decreased the fraction of MN with centromeric DNA. Our results suggest that cells lacking normal p53 function cannot become aneuploid because they die by mitotic arrest-associated apoptosis, whereas cells with normal p53 function that are able to exit from mitotic arrest can become aneuploid. Furthermore, our current results support this role for p21(CIP1/WAF1) since suppression of p21(CIP1/WAF1) caused a decrease in aneuploidy induced by arsenite, suggesting that p21(CIP1/WAF1) plays a role in mitotic exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
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Yang G, Chang B, Yang F, Guo X, Cai KQ, Xiao XS, Wang H, Sen S, Hung MC, Mills GB, Chang S, Multani AS, Mercado-Uribe I, Liu J. Aurora kinase A promotes ovarian tumorigenesis through dysregulation of the cell cycle and suppression of BRCA2. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:3171-81. [PMID: 20423983 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aurora kinase A (Aurora-A) is known to regulate genomic instability and tumorigenesis in multiple human cancers. The underlying mechanism, however, is not fully understood. We examined the molecular mechanism of Aurora-A regulation in human ovarian cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Retrovirus-mediated small hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to silence the expression of Aurora-A in the ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3, OVCA432, and OVCA433. Immunofluorescence, Western blotting, flow cytometry, cytogenetic analysis, and animal assay were used to test centrosome amplification, cell cycle alteration, apoptosis, DNA damage response, tumor growth, and genomic instability. Immunostaining of BRCA2 and Aurora-A was done in ovarian, pancreatic, breast, and colon cancer samples. RESULTS Knockdown of Aurora-A reduced centrosome amplification, malformation of mitotic spindles, and chromosome aberration, leading to decreased tumor growth. Silencing Aurora-A attenuated cell cycle progression and enhanced apoptosis and DNA damage response by restoring p21, pRb, and BRCA2 expression. Aurora-A was inversely correlated with BRCA2 in high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma, breast cancer, and pancreatic cancer. In high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma, positive expression of BRCA2 predicted increased overall and disease-free survival, whereas positive expression of Aurora-A predicted poor overall and disease-free survival (P < 0.05). Moreover, an increased Aurora-A to BRCA2 expression ratio predicted poor overall survival (P = 0.047) compared with a decreased Aurora-A to BRCA2 expression ratio. CONCLUSION Aurora-A regulates genomic instability and tumorigenesis through cell cycle dysregulation and BRCA2 suppression. The negative correlation between Aurora-A and BRCA2 exists in multiple cancers, whereas the expression ratio of Aurora-A to BRCA2 predicts ovarian cancer patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Benson EK, Zhao B, Sassoon DA, Lee SW, Aaronson SA. Effects of p21 deletion in mouse models of premature aging. Cell Cycle 2009; 8:2002-4. [PMID: 19535900 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.13.8997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An approach to investigate the role of cellular senescence in organismal aging has been to abrogate signaling pathways known to induce cellular senescence and to assess the effects in mouse models of premature aging. Recently, we reported the effect of loss of function of p21, a gene implicated in p53-induced cellular senescence, in the background of the Ku80(-/-) premature aging mouse (Zhao et al., EMBO Rep 2009). Here, we provide an overview of the effects of p21 deletion in different models of premature aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica K Benson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Abstract
One of the main engines that drives cellular transformation is the loss of proper control of the mammalian cell cycle. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (also known as p21WAF1/Cip1) promotes cell cycle arrest in response to many stimuli. It is well positioned to function as both a sensor and an effector of multiple anti-proliferative signals. This Review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of p21 and its biological functions with emphasis on its p53-independent tumour suppressor activities and paradoxical tumour-promoting activities, and their implications in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Abbas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Efeyan A, Murga M, Martinez-Pastor B, Ortega-Molina A, Soria R, Collado M, Fernandez-Capetillo O, Serrano M. Limited role of murine ATM in oncogene-induced senescence and p53-dependent tumor suppression. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5475. [PMID: 19421407 PMCID: PMC2675057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in human fibroblasts have provided a new general paradigm of tumor suppression according to which oncogenic signaling produces DNA damage and this, in turn, results in ATM/p53-dependent cellular senescence. Here, we have tested this model in a variety of murine experimental systems. Overexpression of oncogenic Ras in murine fibroblasts efficiently induced senescence but this occurred in the absence of detectable DNA damage signaling, thus suggesting a fundamental difference between human and murine cells. Moreover, lung adenomas initiated by endogenous levels of oncogenic K-Ras presented abundant senescent cells, but undetectable DNA damage signaling. Accordingly, K-Ras-driven adenomas were also senescent in Atm-null mice, and the tumorigenic progression of these lesions was only modestly accelerated by Atm-deficiency. Finally, we have examined chemically-induced fibrosarcomas, which possess a persistently activated DNA damage response and are highly sensitive to the activity of p53. We found that the absence of Atm favored genomic instability in the resulting tumors, but did not affect the persistent DNA damage response and did not impair p53-dependent tumor suppression. All together, we conclude that oncogene-induced senescence in mice may occur in the absence of a detectable DNA damage response. Regarding murine Atm, our data suggest that it plays a minor role in oncogene-induced senescence or in p53-dependent tumor suppression, being its tumor suppressive activity probably limited to the maintenance of genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejo Efeyan
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Matilde Murga
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Ortega-Molina
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Soria
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Collado
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Serrano
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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The regulation of p53 by phosphorylation: a model for how distinct signals integrate into the p53 pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2009; 1:490-502. [PMID: 20157532 PMCID: PMC2806026 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The
tumour suppressor p53 is a transcription factor that has evolved the
ability to integrate distinct environmental signals including DNA damage,
virus infection, and cytokine signaling into a common biological outcome
that maintains normal cellular control. Mutations in p53 switch the
cellular transcription program resulting in deregulation of the stress
responses that normally maintain cell and tissue integrity. Transgenic
studies in mice have indicated that changes in the specific activity of p53
can have profound effects not only on cancer development, but also on
organism aging. As the specific activity of p53 is regulated at a
post-translational level by sets of enzymes that mediate phosphorylation,
acetylation, methylation, and ubiquitin-like modifications, it is likely
that physiological modifiers of the aging function of p53 would be enzymes
that catalyze such covalent modifications. We demonstrate that distinct
stress-activated kinases, including ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM),
casein kinase 1 (CK1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mediate
phosphorylation of a key phospho-acceptor site in the p53 transactivation
domain in response to diverse stresses including ionizing radiation, DNA
virus infection, and elevation in the intracellular AMP/ATP ratio. As
diseases linked to aging can involve activation of p53-dependent changes in
cellular protective pathways, the development of specific physiological
models might further shed light on the role of p53 kinases in modifying
age-related diseases.
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Abstract
As commonly encountered, pituitary adenomas are invariably benign. We therefore studied protective pituitary proliferative mechanisms. Pituitary tumor transforming gene (Pttg) deletion results in pituitary p21 induction and abrogates tumor development in Rb(+/-)Pttg(-/-) mice. p21 disruption restores attenuated Rb(+/-)Pttg(-/-) pituitary proliferation rates and enables high penetrance of pituitary, but not thyroid, tumor growth in triple mutant animals (88% of Rb(+/-) and 72% of Rb(+/-)Pttg(-/-)p21(-/-) vs. 30% of Rb(+/-)Pttg(-/-) mice developed pituitary tumors, P < 0.001). p21 deletion also accelerated S-phase entry and enhanced transformation rates in triple mutant MEFs. Intranuclear p21 accumulates in Pttg-null aneuploid GH-secreting cells, and GH(3) rat pituitary tumor cells overexpressing PTTG also exhibited increased levels of mRNA for both p21 (18-fold, P < 0.01) and ATM (9-fold, P < 0.01). PTTG is abundantly expressed in human pituitary tumors, and in 23 of 26 GH-producing pituitary adenomas with high PTTG levels, senescence was evidenced by increased p21 and SA-beta-galactosidase. Thus, either deletion or overexpression of Pttg promotes pituitary cell aneuploidy and p53/p21-dependent senescence, particularly in GH-secreting cells. Aneuploid pituitary cell p21 may constrain pituitary tumor growth, thus accounting for the very low incidence of pituitary carcinomas.
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