1
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Cho CH, Cho M, Park JK. Biomarker barcodes: multiplexed microfluidic immunohistochemistry enables high-throughput analysis of tissue microarray. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3471-3482. [PMID: 34263282 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00375e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a multiplexed microfluidic immunohistochemistry (IHC) technology that enables high-throughput analysis of tissue microarrays (TMAs) using the patterns of biomarker barcodes, which consist of a series of expressed linear patterns of specific biomarkers. A multichannel poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic device was reversibly assembled by the pressure of simple equipment for multiplexed IHC on each core of TMA or cell microarray (CMA) section slides. By injecting primary antibodies from different biomarkers independently into each channel, multiplexed immunostaining can be performed on each core of TMA. We confirmed the equal immunostaining quality regardless of the channel orders and core positions in the slide. Four different biomarkers (ER, PR, HER2, and Ki67) were used for the demonstration of distinctive expression patterns on CMAs which consist of six different breast cancer cell lines, and it was confirmed that these bar-like signals could be a biomarker barcode for the TMA core. A biomarker barcode of breast cancer patient-derived TMA was quickly scanned by a slide scanner and compared to the conventional method for breast cancer diagnosis. This "barcode-IHC" concept, which has been verified by performing multiplexed microfluidic IHC on CMA and TMA samples, provides high reproducibility and the potential of high-throughput screening with molecular diagnostic capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Cho
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minkyung Cho
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Je-Kyun Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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2
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White JR, Thompson DT, Koch KE, Kiriazov BS, Beck AC, van der Heide DM, Grimm BG, Kulak MV, Weigel RJ. AP-2α-Mediated Activation of E2F and EZH2 Drives Melanoma Metastasis. Cancer Res 2021; 81:4455-4470. [PMID: 34210752 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In melanoma metastasis, the role of the AP-2α transcription factor, which is encoded by TFAP2A, is controversial as some findings have suggested tumor suppressor activity while other studies have shown high TFAP2A expression in node-positive melanoma associated with poor prognosis. Here we demonstrate that AP-2α facilitates melanoma metastasis through transcriptional activation of genes within the E2F pathway including EZH2. A BioID screen found that AP-2α interacts with members of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex. Loss of AP-2α removed activating chromatin marks in the promoters of EZH2 and other E2F target genes through activation of the NuRD repression complex. In melanoma cells, treatment with tazemetostat, an FDA-approved and highly specific EZH2 inhibitor, substantially reduced anchorage-independent colony formation and demonstrated heritable antimetastatic effects, which were dependent on AP-2α. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of a metastatic melanoma mouse model revealed hyperexpansion of Tfap2a High/E2F-activated cell populations in transformed melanoma relative to progenitor melanocyte stem cells. These findings demonstrate that melanoma metastasis is driven by the AP-2α/EZH2 pathway and suggest that AP-2α expression can be used as a biomarker to predict responsiveness to EZH2 inhibitors for the treatment of advanced melanomas. SIGNIFICANCE: AP-2α drives melanoma metastasis by upregulating E2F pathway genes including EZH2 through inhibition of the NuRD repression complex, serving as a biomarker to predict responsiveness to EZH2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kelsey E Koch
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Anna C Beck
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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3
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Zhang L, Wang Q, Wang L, Xie L, An Y, Zhang G, Zhu W, Li Y, Liu Z, Zhang X, Tang P, Huo X, Guo X. OSskcm: an online survival analysis webserver for skin cutaneous melanoma based on 1085 transcriptomic profiles. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:176. [PMID: 32467670 PMCID: PMC7236197 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most aggressive and lethal skin cancers. It is greatly important to identify prognostic biomarkers to guide the clinical management. However, it is technically challenging for untrained researchers to process high dimensional profiling data and identify potential prognostic genes in profiling datasets. Methods In this study, we developed a webserver to analyze the prognostic values of genes in cutaneous melanoma using data from TCGA and GEO databases. The webserver is named Online consensus Survival webserver for Skin Cutaneous Melanoma (OSskcm) which includes 1085 clinical melanoma samples. The OSskcm is hosted in a windows tomcat server. Server-side scripts were developed in Java script. The database system is managed by a SQL Server, which integrates gene expression data and clinical data. The Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival curves, Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated in a univariate Cox regression analysis. Results In OSskcm, by inputting official gene symbol and selecting proper options, users could obtain KM survival plot with log-rank P value and HR on the output web page. In addition, clinical characters including race, stage, gender, age and type of therapy could also be included in the prognosis analysis as confounding factors to constrain the analysis in a subgroup of melanoma patients. Conclusion The OSskcm is highly valuable for biologists and clinicians to perform the assessment and validation of new or interested prognostic biomarkers for melanoma. OSskcm can be accessed online at: http://bioinfo.henu.edu.cn/Melanoma/MelanomaList.jsp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Qiang Wang
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Lijie Wang
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Longxiang Xie
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Yang An
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Guosen Zhang
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Wan Zhu
- 3Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Yongqiang Li
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Panpan Tang
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Xiaozheng Huo
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Xiangqian Guo
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China.,2Henan Provincial Engineering Centre for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
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4
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Seberg HE, Van Otterloo E, Loftus SK, Liu H, Bonde G, Sompallae R, Gildea DE, Santana JF, Manak JR, Pavan WJ, Williams T, Cornell RA. TFAP2 paralogs regulate melanocyte differentiation in parallel with MITF. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006636. [PMID: 28249010 PMCID: PMC5352137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding transcription factor TFAP2A result in pigmentation anomalies in model organisms and premature hair graying in humans. However, the pleiotropic functions of TFAP2A and its redundantly-acting paralogs have made the precise contribution of TFAP2-type activity to melanocyte differentiation unclear. Defining this contribution may help to explain why TFAP2A expression is reduced in advanced-stage melanoma compared to benign nevi. To identify genes with TFAP2A-dependent expression in melanocytes, we profile zebrafish tissue and mouse melanocytes deficient in Tfap2a, and find that expression of a small subset of genes underlying pigmentation phenotypes is TFAP2A-dependent, including Dct, Mc1r, Mlph, and Pmel. We then conduct TFAP2A ChIP-seq in mouse and human melanocytes and find that a much larger subset of pigmentation genes is associated with active regulatory elements bound by TFAP2A. These elements are also frequently bound by MITF, which is considered the "master regulator" of melanocyte development. For example, the promoter of TRPM1 is bound by both TFAP2A and MITF, and we show that the activity of a minimal TRPM1 promoter is lost upon deletion of the TFAP2A binding sites. However, the expression of Trpm1 is not TFAP2A-dependent, implying that additional TFAP2 paralogs function redundantly to drive melanocyte differentiation, which is consistent with previous results from zebrafish. Paralogs Tfap2a and Tfap2b are both expressed in mouse melanocytes, and we show that mouse embryos with Wnt1-Cre-mediated deletion of Tfap2a and Tfap2b in the neural crest almost completely lack melanocytes but retain neural crest-derived sensory ganglia. These results suggest that TFAP2 paralogs, like MITF, are also necessary for induction of the melanocyte lineage. Finally, we observe a genetic interaction between tfap2a and mitfa in zebrafish, but find that artificially elevating expression of tfap2a does not increase levels of melanin in mitfa hypomorphic or loss-of-function mutants. Collectively, these results show that TFAP2 paralogs, operating alongside lineage-specific transcription factors such as MITF, directly regulate effectors of terminal differentiation in melanocytes. In addition, they suggest that TFAP2A activity, like MITF activity, has the potential to modulate the phenotype of melanoma cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Embryo, Mammalian/embryology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/embryology
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Humans
- Melanocytes/metabolism
- Mice, Knockout
- Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor/genetics
- Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Mutation
- Pigmentation/genetics
- RNA Interference
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Transcription Factor AP-2/genetics
- Transcription Factor AP-2/metabolism
- Zebrafish
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Seberg
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Eric Van Otterloo
- SDM-Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado – Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stacie K. Loftus
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Greg Bonde
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ramakrishna Sompallae
- Bioinformatics Division, Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Derek E. Gildea
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Juan F. Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - J. Robert Manak
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - William J. Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Trevor Williams
- SDM-Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado – Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Cornell
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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5
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Hao H, Xiao D, Pan J, Qu J, Egger M, Waigel S, Sanders MAG, Zacharias W, Rai SN, McMasters KM. Sentinel Lymph Node Genes to Predict Prognosis in Node-Positive Melanoma Patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2016; 24:108-116. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-016-5575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Carson CC, Moschos SJ, Edmiston SN, Darr DB, Nikolaishvili-Feinberg N, Groben PA, Zhou X, Kuan PF, Pandey S, Chan KT, Jordan JL, Hao H, Frank JS, Hopkinson DA, Gibbs DC, Alldredge VD, Parrish E, Hanna SC, Berkowitz P, Rubenstein DS, Miller CR, Bear JE, Ollila DW, Sharpless NE, Conway K, Thomas NE. IL2 Inducible T-cell Kinase, a Novel Therapeutic Target in Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 21:2167-76. [PMID: 25934889 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE IL2 inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) promoter CpG sites are hypomethylated in melanomas compared with nevi. The expression of ITK in melanomas, however, has not been established and requires elucidation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN An ITK-specific monoclonal antibody was used to probe sections from deidentified, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor blocks or cell line arrays and ITK was visualized by IHC. Levels of ITK protein differed among melanoma cell lines and representative lines were transduced with four different lentiviral constructs that each contained an shRNA designed to knockdown ITK mRNA levels. The effects of the selective ITK inhibitor BI 10N on cell lines and mouse models were also determined. RESULTS ITK protein expression increased with nevus to metastatic melanoma progression. In melanoma cell lines, genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of ITK decreased proliferation and migration and increased the percentage of cells in the G0-G1 phase. Treatment of melanoma-bearing mice with BI 10N reduced growth of ITK-expressing xenografts or established autochthonous (Tyr-Cre/Pten(null)/Braf(V600E)) melanomas. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that ITK, formerly considered an immune cell-specific protein, is aberrantly expressed in melanoma and promotes tumor development and progression. Our finding that ITK is aberrantly expressed in most metastatic melanomas suggests that inhibitors of ITK may be efficacious for melanoma treatment. The efficacy of a small-molecule ITK inhibitor in the Tyr-Cre/Pten(null)/Braf(V600E) mouse melanoma model supports this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig C Carson
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stergios J Moschos
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sharon N Edmiston
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David B Darr
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Pamela A Groben
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Pei Fen Kuan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shaily Pandey
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Keefe T Chan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jamie L Jordan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Honglin Hao
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jill S Frank
- Department of Surgery, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dennis A Hopkinson
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David C Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Virginia D Alldredge
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Eloise Parrish
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sara C Hanna
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Paula Berkowitz
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David S Rubenstein
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Neurology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James E Bear
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David W Ollila
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Surgery, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Norman E Sharpless
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen Conway
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nancy E Thomas
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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7
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Bhattacharya A, Schmitz U, Raatz Y, Schönherr M, Kottek T, Schauer M, Franz S, Saalbach A, Anderegg U, Wolkenhauer O, Schadendorf D, Simon JC, Magin T, Vera J, Kunz M. miR-638 promotes melanoma metastasis and protects melanoma cells from apoptosis and autophagy. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2966-80. [PMID: 25650662 PMCID: PMC4413631 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study identified miR-638 as one of the most significantly overexpressed miRNAs in metastatic lesions of melanomas compared with primary melanomas. miR-638 enhanced the tumorigenic properties of melanoma cells in vitro and lung colonization in vivo. mRNA expression profiling identified new candidate genes including TP53INP2 as miR-638 targets, the majority of which are involved in p53 signalling. Overexpression of TP53INP2 severely attenuated proliferative and invasive capacity of melanoma cells which was reversed by miR-638. Depletion of miR-638 stimulated expression of p53 and p53 downstream target genes and induced apoptosis and autophagy. miR-638 promoter analysis identified the miR-638 target transcription factor associated protein 2α (TFAP2A/AP-2α) as a direct negative regulator of miR-638, suggestive for a double-negative regulatory feedback loop. Taken together, miR-638 supports melanoma progression and suppresses p53-mediated apoptosis pathways, autophagy and expression of the transcriptional repressor TFAP2A/AP-2α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Bhattacharya
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf Schmitz
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Yvonne Raatz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Madeleine Schönherr
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tina Kottek
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marianne Schauer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Franz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Saalbach
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf Anderegg
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olaf Wolkenhauer
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan C Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Magin
- Institute of Biology and Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julio Vera
- Laboratory of Systems Tumor Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Kunz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Hallberg AR, Vorrink SU, Hudachek DR, Cramer-Morales K, Milhem MM, Cornell RA, Domann FE. Aberrant CpG methylation of the TFAP2A gene constitutes a mechanism for loss of TFAP2A expression in human metastatic melanoma. Epigenetics 2015; 9:1641-7. [PMID: 25625848 DOI: 10.4161/15592294.2014.988062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is a deadly treatment-resistant form of skin cancer whose global incidence is on the rise. During melanocyte transformation and melanoma progression the expression profile of many genes changes. Among these, a gene implicated in several steps of melanocyte development, TFAP2A, is frequently silenced; however, the molecular mechanism of TFAP2A silencing in human melanoma remains unknown. In this study, we measured TFAP2A mRNA expression in primary human melanocytes compared to 11 human melanoma samples by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. In addition, we assessed CpG DNA methylation of the TFAP2A promoter in these samples using bisulfite sequencing. Compared to primary melanocytes, which showed high TFAP2A mRNA expression and no promoter methylation, human melanoma samples showed decreased TFAP2A mRNA expression and increased promoter methylation. We further show that increased CpG methylation correlates with decreased TFAP2A mRNA expression. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas, we further identified TFAP2A as a gene displaying among the most decreased expression in stage 4 melanomas vs. non-stage 4 melanomas, and whose CpG methylation was frequently associated with lack of mRNA expression. Based on our data, we conclude that TFAP2A expression in human melanomas can be silenced by aberrant CpG methylation of the TFAP2A promoter. We have identified aberrant CpG DNA methylation as an epigenetic mark associated with TFAP2A silencing in human melanoma that could have significant implications for the therapy of human melanoma using epigenetic modifying drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Hallberg
- a Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology; Graduate College ; The University of Iowa ; Iowa City , IA USA
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9
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Aftab MN, Dinger ME, Perera RJ. The role of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in the pathology, diagnosis, and management of melanoma. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 563:60-70. [PMID: 25065585 PMCID: PMC4221535 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is frequently lethal and its global incidence is steadily increasing. Despite the rapid development of different modes of targeted treatment, durable clinical responses remain elusive. A complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive melanomagenesis is required, both genetic and epigenetic, in order to improve prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. There is increased appreciation of the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in melanoma biology, including in proliferation, cell cycle, migration, invasion, and immune evasion. Data are also emerging on the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), such as SPRY4-IT1, BANCR, and HOTAIR, in melanomagenesis. Here we review the data on the miRNAs and lncRNAs implicated in melanoma biology. An overview of these studies will be useful for providing insights into mechanisms of melanoma development and the miRNAs and lncRNAs that might be useful biomarkers or future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nauman Aftab
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Katchery Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Marcel E Dinger
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ranjan J Perera
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
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10
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Abbas O, Miller DD, Bhawan J. Cutaneous malignant melanoma: update on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Am J Dermatopathol 2014; 36:363-79. [PMID: 24803061 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e31828a2ec5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma has rapidly increased in recent years in all parts of the world, and melanoma is a leading cause of cancer death. As even relatively small melanomas may have metastatic potential, accurate assessment of progression is critical. Although diagnosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma is usually based on histopathologic criteria, these criteria may at times be inadequate in differentiating melanoma from certain types of benign nevi. As for prognosis, tumor (Breslow) thickness, mitotic rate, and ulceration have been considered the most important prognostic indicators among histopathologic criteria. However, there are cases of thin primary melanomas that have ultimately developed metastases despite complete excision. Given this, an accurate assessment of melanoma progression is critical, and development of molecular biomarkers that identify high-risk melanoma in its early phase is urgently needed. Large-scale genomic profiling has identified considerable heterogeneity in melanoma and suggests subgrouping of tumors by patterns of gene expression and mutation will ultimately be essential to accurate staging. This subgrouping in turn may allow for more targeted therapy. In this review, we aim to provide an update on the most promising new biomarkers that may help in the identification and prognostication of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ossama Abbas
- *Associate Professor of Clinical Dermatology, Dermatology Department, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; and †Assistant Professor of Dermatology (D.D.M.), Professor of Dermatology and Pathology (J.B.), Dermatopathology Section, Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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11
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Fu L, Shi K, Wang J, Chen W, Shi D, Tian Y, Guo W, Yu W, Xiao X, Kang T, Wang S, Huang W, Deng W. TFAP2B overexpression contributes to tumor growth and a poor prognosis of human lung adenocarcinoma through modulation of ERK and VEGF/PEDF signaling. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:89. [PMID: 24766673 PMCID: PMC4021500 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TFAP2B is a member of the AP2 transcription factor family, which orchestrates a variety of cell processes. However, the roles of TFAP2B in regulating carcinogenesis remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the regulatory effects of TFAP2B on lung adenocarcinomas growth and identified the underlying mechanisms of actions in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. METHODS We first examined the expression of TFAP2B in lung cancer cell lines and tumor tissues. We also analyzed the prognostic predicting value of TFAP2B in lung adenocarcinomas. Then we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which TFAP2B knockdown or overexpression regulated lung cancer cell growth, angiogenesis and apoptosis, and further confirmed the role of TFAP2B in tumor growth in a lung cancer xenograft mouse model. RESULTS TFAP2B was highly expressed in NSCLC cell lines and tumor tissues. Strong TFAP2B expression showed a positive correlation with the poor prognoses of patients with lung adenocarcinomas (P < 0.001). TFAP2B knockdown by siRNA significantly inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in NSCLC cells in vitro and in a lung cancer subcutaneous xenograft model, whereas TFAP2B overexpression promoted cell growth. The observed regulation of cell growth was accompanied by the TFAP2B-mediated modulation of the ERK/p38, caspase/cytochrome-c and VEGF/PEDF-dependent signaling pathways in NSCLC cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that TFAP2B plays a critical role in regulating lung adenocarcinomas growth and could serve as a promising therapeutic target for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shusen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Colaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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12
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Mandalà M, Massi D. Tissue prognostic biomarkers in primary cutaneous melanoma. Virchows Arch 2014; 464:265-81. [PMID: 24487785 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-013-1526-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) causes the greatest number of skin cancer-related deaths worldwide. Predicting CM prognosis is important to determine the need for further investigation, counseling of patients, to guide appropriate management (particularly the need for postoperative adjuvant therapy), and for assignment of risk status in groups of patients entering clinical trials. Since recurrence rate is largely independent from stages defined by morphological and morphometric criteria, there is a strong need for identification of additional robust prognostic factors to support decision-making processes. Most data on prognostic biomarkers in melanoma have been evaluated in tumor tissue samples by conventional morphology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) as well as DNA and RNA analyses. In the present review, we critically summarize main high-quality studies investigating IHC-based protein biomarkers of melanoma outcome according to Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies (REMARK)-derived criteria. Pathways have been classified and conveyed in the "biologic road" previously described by Hanahan and Weinberg. Data derived from genomic and transcriptomic technologies have been critically reviewed to better understand if any of investigated proteins or gene signatures should be incorporated into clinical practice or still remain a field of melanoma research. Despite a wide body of research, no molecular prognostic biomarker has yet been translated into clinical practice. Conventional tissue biomarkers, such as Breslow thickness, ulceration, mitotic rate and lymph node positivity, remain the backbone prognostic indicators in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mandalà
- Unit of Clinical and Translational Research, Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
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13
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Nikolaishvilli-Feinberg N, Cohen SM, Midkiff B, Zhou Y, Olorvida M, Ibrahim JG, Omolo B, Shields JM, Thomas NE, Groben PA, Kaufmann WK, Miller CR. Development of DNA damage response signaling biomarkers using automated, quantitative image analysis. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 62:185-96. [PMID: 24309508 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413516469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) coordinates DNA repair with cell cycle checkpoints to ameliorate or mitigate the pathological effects of DNA damage. Automated quantitative analysis (AQUA) and Tissue Studio are commercial technologies that use digitized immunofluorescence microscopy images to quantify antigen expression in defined tissue compartments. Because DDR is commonly activated in cancer and may reflect genetic instability within the lesion, a method to quantify DDR in cancer offers potential diagnostic and/or prognostic value. In this study, both AQUA and Tissue Studio algorithms were used to quantify the DDR in radiation-damaged skin fibroblasts, melanoma cell lines, moles, and primary and metastatic melanomas. Digital image analysis results for three markers of DDR (γH2AX, P-ATM, P-Chk2) correlated with immunoblot data for irradiated fibroblasts, whereas only γH2AX and P-Chk2 correlated with immunoblot data in melanoma cell lines. Melanoma cell lines displayed substantial variation in γH2AX and P-Chk2 expression, and P-Chk2 expression was significantly correlated with radioresistance. Moles, primary melanomas, and melanoma metastases in brain, lung and liver displayed substantial variation in γH2AX expression, similar to that observed in melanoma cell lines. Automated digital analysis of immunofluorescent images stained for DDR biomarkers may be useful for predicting tumor response to radiation and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Nikolaishvilli-Feinberg
- Translational Pathology Laboratory (NNF, SMC, BM, MO, CRM), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, NC, USA
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14
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Gene therapy for advanced melanoma: selective targeting and therapeutic nucleic acids. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2013; 2013:897348. [PMID: 23634303 PMCID: PMC3619548 DOI: 10.1155/2013/897348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances, the treatment of malignant melanoma still results in the relapse of the disease, and second line treatment mostly fails due to the occurrence of resistance. A wide range of mutations are known to prevent effective treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs. Hence, approaches with biopharmaceuticals including proteins, like antibodies or cytokines, are applied. As an alternative, regimens with therapeutically active nucleic acids offer the possibility for highly selective cancer treatment whilst avoiding unwanted and toxic side effects. This paper gives a brief introduction into the mechanism of this devastating disease, discusses the shortcoming of current therapy approaches, and pinpoints anchor points which could be harnessed for therapeutic intervention with nucleic acids. We bring the delivery of nucleic acid nanopharmaceutics into perspective as a novel antimelanoma therapeutic approach and discuss the possibilities for melanoma specific targeting. The latest reports on preclinical and already clinical application of nucleic acids in melanoma are discussed.
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15
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Joyce CW, Murphy IG, Rafferty M, Ryan D, McDermott EW, Gallagher WM. Tumor profiling using protein biomarker panels in malignant melanoma: application of tissue microarrays and beyond. Expert Rev Proteomics 2013; 9:415-23. [PMID: 22967078 DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in our knowledge of the disease, malignant melanoma remains an unpredictable entity. The revolution in molecular biological techniques, such as DNA sequencing and gene-expression profiling, has uncovered many potential protein targets and biomarkers relevant to melanoma progression. Successful clinical application would be aided significantly by downstream proteomic validation of those candidate markers using a combination of immunohistochemistry and tissue microarrays. Yet, research in this context seems to lag behind the output of genomic data relating to melanoma. In this article, we look at the strengths and pitfalls of tissue microarrays in malignant melanoma. We will show how tissue microarrays have become a vital step in the transition from molecular techniques to useful clinical assays and interventions and look at likely future developments for advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac W Joyce
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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16
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Steunou AL, Ducoux-Petit M, Lazar I, Monsarrat B, Erard M, Muller C, Clottes E, Burlet-Schiltz O, Nieto L. Identification of the hypoxia-inducible factor 2α nuclear interactome in melanoma cells reveals master proteins involved in melanoma development. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 12:736-48. [PMID: 23275444 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.020727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are heterodimeric transcription factors that play a key role in cellular adaptation to hypoxia. HIF proteins are composed of an α subunit regulated by oxygen pressure (essentially HIF1α or HIF2α) and a constitutively expressed β subunit. These proteins are often overexpressed in cancer cells, and HIF overexpression frequently correlates with poor prognosis, making HIF proteins promising therapeutic targets. HIF proteins are involved in melanoma initiation and progression; however, the specific function of HIF2 in melanoma has not yet been studied comprehensively. Identifying protein complexes is a valuable way to uncover protein function, and affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry and label-free quantification is a reliable method for this approach. We therefore applied quantitative interaction proteomics to identify exhaustively the nuclear complexes containing HIF2α in a human melanoma cell line, 501mel. We report, for the first time, a high-throughput analysis of the interactome of an HIF subunit. Seventy proteins were identified that interact with HIF2α, including some well-known HIF partners and some new interactors. The new HIF2α partners microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, SOX10, and AP2α, which are master actors of melanoma development, were confirmed via co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Their ability to bind to HIF1α was also tested: microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and SOX10 were confirmed as HIF1α partners, but the transcription factor AP2α was not. AP2α expression correlates with low invasive capacities. Interestingly, we demonstrated that when HIF2α was overexpressed, only cells expressing large amounts of AP2α exhibited decreased invasive capacities in hypoxia relative to normoxia. The simultaneous presence of both transcription factors therefore reduces cells' invasive properties. Knowledge of the HIF2α interactome is thus a useful resource for investigating the general mechanisms of HIF function and regulation, and here we reveal unexpected, distinct roles for the HIF1 and HIF2 isoforms in melanoma progression.
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Yan D, Wang P, Knudsen BS, Linden M, Randolph TW. Statistical Methods for Tissue Array Images - Algorithmic Scoring and Co-training. Ann Appl Stat 2012; 6:1280-1305. [PMID: 22984376 DOI: 10.1214/12-aoas543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in tissue microarray technology have allowed immunohistochemistry to become a powerful medium-to-high throughput analysis tool, particularly for the validation of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. However, as study size grows, the manual evaluation of these assays becomes a prohibitive limitation; it vastly reduces throughput and greatly increases variability and expense. We propose an algorithm-Tissue Array Co-Occurrence Matrix Analysis (TACOMA)-for quantifying cellular phenotypes based on textural regularity summarized by local inter-pixel relationships. The algorithm can be easily trained for any staining pattern, is absent of sensitive tuning parameters and has the ability to report salient pixels in an image that contribute to its score. Pathologists' input via informative training patches is an important aspect of the algorithm that allows the training for any specific marker or cell type. With co-training, the error rate of TACOMA can be reduced substantially for a very small training sample (e.g., with size 30). We give theoretical insights into the success of co-training via thinning of the feature set in a high dimensional setting when there is "sufficient" redundancy among the features. TACOMA is flexible, transparent and provides a scoring process that can be evaluated with clarity and confidence. In a study based on an estrogen receptor (ER) marker, we show that TACOMA is comparable to, or outperforms, pathologists' performance in terms of accuracy and repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Yan
- Biostatistics and Biomathematics Program Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109
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Garrido C, Paco L, Romero I, Berruguilla E, Stefansky J, Collado A, Algarra I, Garrido F, Garcia-Lora AM. MHC class I molecules act as tumor suppressor genes regulating the cell cycle gene expression, invasion and intrinsic tumorigenicity of melanoma cells. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:687-93. [PMID: 22219178 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The alteration of MHC class I (MHC-I) expression is a frequent event during cancer progression, allowing tumor cells to evade the immune system. We report that the loss of one major histocompatibility complex haplotype in human melanoma cells not only allowed them to evade immunosurveillance but also increased their intrinsic oncogenic potential. A second successive defect in MHC-I expression, MHC-I total downregulation, gave rise to melanoma cells that were more oncogenic per se in vivo and showed a higher proliferation rate and greater migratory and invasive potential in vitro. All these processes were reversed by restoring MHC-I expression via human leukocite antigen-A2 gene transfection. MHC-I cell surface expression was inversely correlated with intrinsic oncogenic potential. Modifications in the expression of various cell cycle genes were correlated with changes in MHC-I expression; the most important differences among the melanoma cell lines were in the transcriptional level of AP2-alpha, cyclin A1 and p21WAF1/CIP1. According to these results, altered MHC-I expression in malignant cells can directly increase their intrinsic oncogenic and invasive potential and modulate the expression of cell cycle genes. These findings suggest that human leukocite antigen class I molecules may act directly as tumor suppressor genes in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Garrido
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
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Welsh AW, Lannin DR, Young GS, Sherman ME, Figueroa JD, Henry NL, Ryden L, Kim C, Love RR, Schiff R, Rimm DL. Cytoplasmic estrogen receptor in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:118-26. [PMID: 21980134 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In addition to genomic signaling, it is accepted that estrogen receptor-α (ERα) has nonnuclear signaling functions, which correlate with tamoxifen resistance in preclinical models. However, evidence for cytoplasmic ER localization in human breast tumors is less established. We sought to determine the presence and implications of nonnuclear ER in clinical specimens. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A panel of ERα-specific antibodies (SP1, MC20, F10, 60c, and 1D5) was validated by Western blot and quantitative immunofluorescent (QIF) analysis of cell lines and patient controls. Then eight retrospective cohorts collected on tissue microarrays were assessed for cytoplasmic ER. Four cohorts were from Yale (YTMA 49, 107, 130, and 128) and four others (NCI YTMA 99, South Swedish Breast Cancer Group SBII, NSABP B14, and a Vietnamese Cohort) from other sites around the world. RESULTS Four of the antibodies specifically recognized ER by Western and QIF analysis, showed linear increases in amounts of ER in cell line series with progressively increasing ER, and the antibodies were reproducible on YTMA 49 with Pearson correlations (r(2) values) ranging from 0.87 to 0.94. One antibody with striking cytoplasmic staining (MC20) failed validation. We found evidence for specific cytoplasmic staining with the other four antibodies across eight cohorts. The average incidence was 1.5%, ranging from 0 to 3.2%. CONCLUSIONS Our data show ERα is present in the cytoplasm in a number of cases using multiple antibodies while reinforcing the importance of antibody validation. In nearly 3,200 cases, cytoplasmic ER is present at very low incidence, suggesting its measurement is unlikely to be of routine clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison W Welsh
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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21
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Scott KL, Nogueira C, Heffernan TP, van Doorn R, Dhakal S, Hanna JA, Min C, Jaskelioff M, Xiao Y, Wu CJ, Cameron LA, Perry SR, Zeid R, Feinberg T, Kim M, Woude GV, Granter SR, Bosenberg M, Chu GC, DePinho RA, Rimm DL, Chin L. Proinvasion metastasis drivers in early-stage melanoma are oncogenes. Cancer Cell 2011; 20:92-103. [PMID: 21741599 PMCID: PMC3176328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and genomic evidence suggests that the metastatic potential of a primary tumor may be dictated by prometastatic events that have additional oncogenic capability. To test this "deterministic" hypothesis, we adopted a comparative oncogenomics-guided function-based strategy involving: (1) comparison of global transcriptomes of two genetically engineered mouse models with contrasting metastatic potential, (2) genomic and transcriptomic profiles of human melanoma, (3) functional genetic screen for enhancers of cell invasion, and (4) evidence of expression selection in human melanoma tissues. This integrated effort identified six genes that are potently proinvasive and oncogenic. Furthermore, we show that one such gene, ACP5, confers spontaneous metastasis in vivo, engages a key pathway governing metastasis, and is prognostic in human primary melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L. Scott
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cristina Nogueira
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, (IPATIMUP)/Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Timothy P. Heffernan
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Remco van Doorn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sabin Dhakal
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason A. Hanna
- Department of Pathology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chengyin Min
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mariela Jaskelioff
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yonghong Xiao
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chang-Jiun Wu
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa A. Cameron
- Confocal and Light Microscopy Core, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel R. Perry
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rhamy Zeid
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tamar Feinberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Scott R. Granter
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gerald C. Chu
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronald A. DePinho
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David L. Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lynda Chin
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to LC:
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Welsh AW, Moeder CB, Kumar S, Gershkovich P, Alarid ET, Harigopal M, Haffty BG, Rimm DL. Standardization of estrogen receptor measurement in breast cancer suggests false-negative results are a function of threshold intensity rather than percentage of positive cells. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:2978-84. [PMID: 21709197 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.32.9706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent misclassification (false negative) incidents have raised awareness concerning limitations of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in assessment of estrogen receptor (ER) in breast cancer. Here we define a new method for standardization of ER measurement and then examine both change in percentage and threshold of intensity (immunoreactivity) to assess sources for test discordance. METHODS An assay was developed to quantify ER by using a control tissue microarray (TMA) and a series of cell lines in which ER immunoreactivity was analyzed by quantitative immunoblotting in parallel with the automated quantitative analysis (AQUA) method of quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF). The assay was used to assess the ER protein expression threshold in two independent retrospective cohorts from Yale and was compared with traditional methods. RESULTS Two methods of analysis showed that change in percentage of positive cells from 10% to 1% did not significantly affect the overall number of ER-positive patients. The standardized assay for ER on two Yale TMA cohorts showed that 67.9% and 82.5% of the patients were above the 2-pg/μg immunoreactivity threshold. We found 9.1% and 19.7% of the patients to be QIF-positive/IHC-negative, and 4.0% and 0.4% to be QIF-negative/IHC-positive for a total of 13.1% and 20.1% discrepant cases when compared with pathologists' judgment of threshold. Assessment of survival for both cohorts showed that patients who were QIF-positive/pathologist-negative had outcomes similar to those of patients who had positive results for both assays. CONCLUSION Assessment of intensity threshold by using a quantitative, standardized assay on two independent cohorts suggests discordance in the 10% to 20% range with current IHC methods, in which patients with discrepant results have prognostic outcomes similar to ER-positive patients with concordant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison W Welsh
- Department of Pathology, BML 116, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar St, PO Box 208023, New Haven, CT, USA
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Schramm SJ, Mann GJ. Melanoma Prognosis: A REMARK-Based Systematic Review and Bioinformatic Analysis of Immunohistochemical and Gene Microarray Studies: Figure 1. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:1520-8. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nordentoft I, Dyrskjøt L, Bødker JS, Wild PJ, Hartmann A, Bertz S, Lehmann J, Orntoft TF, Birkenkamp-Demtroder K. Increased expression of transcription factor TFAP2α correlates with chemosensitivity in advanced bladder cancer. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:135. [PMID: 21489314 PMCID: PMC3103475 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The standard treatment for patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is platin based chemotherapy. Only approximately 50% of the patients respond to chemotherapy. Therefore, molecular predictive markers for identification of chemotherapy sensitive subgroups of patients are highly needed. We selected the transcription factor TFAP2α from a previously identified gene expression signature for chemotherapy response. METHODS TFAP2α expression and localization was assessed by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray (TMA) containing 282 bladder cancer tumors from patients with locally advanced (pT2-T4(b) and N(1-3)) or metastatic (M(1)) disease. All patients had received cisplatin containing chemotherapy. Furthermore, QPCR analysis of three TFAP2α isoforms was performed on tumor specimens of advanced muscle invasive bladder cancers (T2-4). Using the bladder cell lines T24 and SW780 the relation of TFAP2α and cisplatin and gemcitabine sensitivity as well as cell proliferation was examined using siRNA directed TFAP2α knockdown. RESULTS TFAP2α protein expression was analyzed on a TMA with cores from 282 advanced bladder cancer tumors from patients treated with cisplatin based combinational chemotherapy. TFAP2α was identified as a strong independent predictive marker for a good response and survival after cisplatin-containing chemotherapy in patients with advanced bladder cancer. Strong TFAP2α nuclear and cytoplasmic staining predicted good response to chemotherapy in patients with lymph node metastasis, whereas weak TFAP2α nuclear staining predicted good response in patients without lymph node metastasis. In vitro studies showed that siRNA mediated knockdown of TFAP2α increased the proliferation of SW780 cells and rendered the cells less sensitive to cisplatin and gemcitabine. In contrast to that T24 bladder cells with mutated p53 showed to be more drug sensitive upon TFAP2α depletion. CONCLUSIONS High levels of nuclear and cytoplasmic TFAP2α protein were a predictor of increased overall survival and progression free survival in patients with advanced bladder cancer treated with cisplatin based chemotherapy. TFAP2α knockdown increased the proliferation of the SW780 bladder cells and reduced cisplatin and gemcitabine induced cell death. The inverse effect was observed in the TP53 mutated T24 cell line where TFAP2α silencing augmented cisplatin and gemcitabine sensitivity and did not stimulate proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iver Nordentoft
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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microRNA-214 contributes to melanoma tumour progression through suppression of TFAP2C. EMBO J 2011; 30:1990-2007. [PMID: 21468029 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is fatal in its metastatic stage. It is therefore essential to unravel the molecular mechanisms that govern disease progression to metastasis. MicroRNAs (miRs) are endogenous non-coding RNAs involved in tumourigenesis. Using a melanoma progression model, we identified a novel pathway controlled by miR-214 that coordinates metastatic capability. Pathway components include TFAP2C, homologue of a well-established melanoma tumour suppressor, the adhesion receptor ITGA3 and multiple surface molecules. Modulation of miR-214 influences in vitro tumour cell movement and survival to anoikis as well as extravasation from blood vessels and lung metastasis formation in vivo. Considering that miR-214 is known to be highly expressed in human melanomas, our data suggest a critical role for this miRNA in disease progression and the establishment of distant metastases.
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Shah M, Bhoumik A, Goel V, Dewing A, Breitwieser W, Kluger H, Krajewski S, Krajewska M, DeHart J, Lau E, Kallenberg DM, Jeong H, Eroshkin A, Bennett DC, Chin L, Bosenberg M, Jones N, Ronai ZA. A role for ATF2 in regulating MITF and melanoma development. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1001258. [PMID: 21203491 PMCID: PMC3009656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor ATF2 has been shown to attenuate melanoma susceptibility to apoptosis and to promote its ability to form tumors in xenograft models. To directly assess ATF2's role in melanoma development, we crossed a mouse melanoma model (Nras(Q61K)::Ink4a⁻/⁻) with mice expressing a transcriptionally inactive form of ATF2 in melanocytes. In contrast to 7/21 of the Nras(Q61K)::Ink4a⁻/⁻ mice, only 1/21 mice expressing mutant ATF2 in melanocytes developed melanoma. Gene expression profiling identified higher MITF expression in primary melanocytes expressing transcriptionally inactive ATF2. MITF downregulation by ATF2 was confirmed in the skin of Atf2⁻/⁻ mice, in primary human melanocytes, and in 50% of human melanoma cell lines. Inhibition of MITF transcription by MITF was shown to be mediated by ATF2-JunB-dependent suppression of SOX10 transcription. Remarkably, oncogenic BRAF (V600E)-dependent focus formation of melanocytes on soft agar was inhibited by ATF2 knockdown and partially rescued upon shMITF co-expression. On melanoma tissue microarrays, a high nuclear ATF2 to MITF ratio in primary specimens was associated with metastatic disease and poor prognosis. Our findings establish the importance of transcriptionally active ATF2 in melanoma development through fine-tuning of MITF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Shah
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Anindita Bhoumik
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Vikas Goel
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Antimone Dewing
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Breitwieser
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Kluger
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Stan Krajewski
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Maryla Krajewska
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jason DeHart
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Lau
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Kallenberg
- Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hyeongnam Jeong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alexey Eroshkin
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dorothy C. Bennett
- Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lynda Chin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Department of Pathology Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nic Jones
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ze'ev A. Ronai
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Rimm DL. Melanoma Tissue Microarray (TMA) Cohort and Data Repository. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Melnikova VO, Dobroff AS, Zigler M, Villares GJ, Braeuer RR, Wang H, Huang L, Bar-Eli M. CREB inhibits AP-2alpha expression to regulate the malignant phenotype of melanoma. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12452. [PMID: 20805990 PMCID: PMC2929203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The loss of AP-2alpha and increased activity of cAMP-responsive element binding (CREB) protein are two hallmarks of malignant progression of cutaneous melanoma. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for the loss of AP-2alpha during melanoma progression remains unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Herein, we demonstrate that both inhibition of PKA-dependent CREB phosphorylation, as well as silencing of CREB expression by shRNA, restored AP-2alpha protein expression in two metastatic melanoma cell lines. Moreover, rescue of CREB expression in CREB-silenced cell lines downregulates expression of AP-2alpha. Loss of AP-2alpha expression in metastatic melanoma occurs via a dual mechanism involving binding of CREB to the AP-2alpha promoter and CREB-induced overexpression of another oncogenic transcription factor, E2F-1. Upregulation of AP-2alpha expression following CREB silencing increases endogenous p21(Waf1) and decreases MCAM/MUC18, both known to be downstream target genes of AP-2alpha involved in melanoma progression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Since AP-2alpha regulates several genes associated with the metastatic potential of melanoma including c-KIT, VEGF, PAR-1, MCAM/MUC18, and p21(Waf1), our data identified CREB as a major regulator of the malignant melanoma phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava O. Melnikova
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrey S. Dobroff
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maya Zigler
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gabriel J. Villares
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Russell R. Braeuer
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Menashe Bar-Eli
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dolled-Filhart M, Gustavson M, Camp RL, Rimm DL, Tonkinson JL, Christiansen J. Automated analysis of tissue microarrays. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 664:151-62. [PMID: 20690061 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-806-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of protein expression in tissue by immunohistochemistry (IHC) presents three significant challenges. They are (1) the time-consuming nature of pathologist-based scoring of slides; (2) the need for objective quantification and localization of protein expression; and (3) the need for a highly reproducible measurement to limit intra- and inter-observer variability. While there are a variety of commercially available platforms for automated chromagen-based and fluorescence-based image acquisition of tissue microarrays, this chapter is focused on the analysis of fluorescent images by AQUA(R) analysis (Automated QUantitative Analysis) and the solutions offered by such a method for research and diagnostics. AQUA analysis is a method for molecularly defining regions of interest or "compartments" within a tissue section. The methodology can be utilized with tissue microarrays to provide rapid, quantitative, localized, and reproducible protein expression data that can then be used to identify statistically relevant correlations in populations. Ultimately this allows for a multiplexed, objective and standardized quantitative approach for biomarker research and diagnostic assay development for protein expression in tissue.
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Gustavson MD, Bourke-Martin B, Reilly D, Cregger M, Williams C, Mayotte J, Zerkowski M, Tedeschi G, Pinard R, Christiansen J. Standardization of HER2 immunohistochemistry in breast cancer by automated quantitative analysis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009; 133:1413-9. [PMID: 19722747 DOI: 10.5858/133.9.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is critical need for standardization of HER2 immunohistochemistry testing in the clinical laboratory setting. Recently, the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the College of American Pathologists have submitted guidelines recommending that laboratories achieve 95% concordance between assays and observers for HER2 testing. OBJECTIVE As a potential aid to pathologists for achieving these new guidelines, we have conducted an examination using automated quantitative analysis (AQUA analysis) to provide a standardized HER2 immunohistochemistry expression score across instruments (sites), operators, and staining runs. DESIGN We analyzed HER2 expression by immunohistochemistry in a cohort (n = 669) of invasive breast cancers in tissue microarray format across different instruments (n = 3), operators (n = 3), and staining runs (n = 3). Using light source, instrument calibration techniques, and a new generation of image analysis software, we produced normalized AQUA scores for each parameter and examined their reproducibility. RESULTS The average percent coefficients of variation across instruments, operators, and staining runs were 1.8%, 2.0%, and 5.1%, respectively. For positive/negative classification between parameters, concordance rates ranged from 94.5% to 99.3% for all cases. Differentially classified cases only occurred around the determined cut point, not over the entire distribution. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that AQUA analysis can provide a standardized HER2 immunohistochemistry test that can meet current guidelines by the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists. The use of AQUA analysis could allow for standardized and objective HER2 testing in clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Gustavson
- Department of Development, HistoRx Inc, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Abstract
Background Morphologic and histopathologic markers have been the backbone for the classification and prognostic assessment of melanoma. Availability of an increasing number of molecular markers, however, provides the potential for refining diagnostic and prognostic categories in this disease. Methods We reviewed the recent data that are accumulating concerning gene expression and genetic profiling and related these to clinical aspects of the disease. Results Multiple biomarkers have now been described, and their biologic significance is being established. In addition, several candidate molecules involved in mela-noma pathogenesis have been identified. Conclusions The process of biomarker identification and validation is providing a rapidly changing molecular view of melanoma, a strategy that is necessary for developing truly stratified or even personalized prevention or management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Ugurel
- Department of Dermatology, Julius-Maximilians University, Wüirzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Department of Dermatology, Julius-Maximilians University, Wüirzburg, Germany
| | - Jüurgen C Becker
- Department of Dermatology, Julius-Maximilians University, Wüirzburg, Germany
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Gould Rothberg BE, Bracken MB, Rimm DL. Tissue biomarkers for prognosis in cutaneous melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101:452-74. [PMID: 19318635 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djp038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the clinical management of early-stage cutaneous melanoma, it is critical to determine which patients are cured by surgery alone and which should be treated with adjuvant therapy. To assist in this decision, many groups have made an effort to use molecular information. However, although there are hundreds of studies that have sought to assess the potential prognostic value of molecular markers in predicting the course of cutaneous melanoma, at this time, no molecular method to improve risk stratification is part of recommended clinical practice. To help understand this disconnect, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature that reported immunohistochemistry-based protein biomarkers of melanoma outcome. Three parallel search strategies were applied to the PubMed database through January 15, 2008, to identify cohort studies that reported associations between immunohistochemical expression and survival outcomes in melanoma that conformed to the REMARK criteria. Of the 102 cohort studies, we identified only 37 manuscripts, collectively describing 87 assays on 62 distinct proteins, which met all inclusion criteria. Promising markers that emerged included melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM)/MUC18 (all-cause mortality [ACM] hazard ratio [HR] = 16.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.80 to 70.28), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (melanoma-specific mortality [MSM] HR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.32 to 5.07), Ki-67 (combined ACM HR = 2.66; 95% CI = 1.41 to 5.01), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (ACM HR = 2.27; 95% CI = 1.56 to 3.31), and p16/INK4A (ACM HR = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.83, MSM HR = 0.4; 95% CI = 0.24 to 0.67). We further noted incomplete adherence to the REMARK guidelines: 14 of 27 cohort studies that failed to adequately report their methods and nine studies that failed to either perform multivariable analyses or report their risk estimates were published since 2005.
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Saito A, Saito N, Mol W, Furukawa H, Tsutsumida A, Oyama A, Sekido M, Sasaki S, Yamamoto Y. Simvastatin inhibits growth via apoptosis and the induction of cell cycle arrest in human melanoma cells. Melanoma Res 2008; 18:85-94. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e3282f60097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kuphal S, Wallner S, Bosserhoff AK. Loss of nephronectin promotes tumor progression in malignant melanoma. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:229-33. [PMID: 18271919 PMCID: PMC11159340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephronectin (POEM) was originally identified as a factor involved in tissue morphogenesis. POEM has several characteristics of a matrix protein including an arg-gly-asp binding domain site that is recognized by integrins. Recently, deregulation of POEM was found in breast cancer. We therefore speculate that deregulation of POEM expression plays a role in the development or progression of malignant melanoma. Thus, we evaluated melanoma cell lines and tissue samples of malignant melanoma for POEM transcription. We found that POEM expression was reduced or lost in most cell lines and in all tumor samples analyzed. Reduced POEM expression occurred as early as in primary tumors detected by both immunohistochemical and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses. Functional assays with stable POEM transfected cell lines revealed that POEM expression increased cell adhesion and decreased cell migration and invasion supporting a role of POEM in tumor progression. Interestingly, integrin alpha-8 expression, which was described as a receptor for POEM, is enhanced in malignant melanoma. Our studies thus indicate that loss of POEM expression may contribute to melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Kuphal
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Abbas S, Bhoumik A, Dahl R, Vasile S, Krajewski S, Cosford NDP, Ronai ZA. Preclinical studies of celastrol and acetyl isogambogic acid in melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 13:6769-78. [PMID: 18006779 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sensitize melanomas to apoptosis and inhibit their growth and metastatic potential by compounds that mimic the activities of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2)-driven peptides. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Small-molecule chemical library consisting of 3,280 compounds was screened to identify compounds that elicit properties identified for ATF2 peptide, including (a) sensitization of melanoma cells to apoptosis, (b) inhibition of ATF2 transcriptional activity, (c) activation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and c-Jun transcriptional activity, and (d) inhibition of melanoma growth and metastasis in mouse models. RESULTS Two compounds, celastrol (CSL) and acetyl isogambogic acid, could, within a low micromolar range, efficiently elicit cell death in melanoma cells. Both compounds efficiently inhibit ATF2 transcriptional activities, activate JNK, and increase c-Jun transcriptional activities. Similar to the ATF2 peptide, both compounds require JNK activity for their ability to inhibit melanoma cell viability. Derivatives of CSL were identified as potent inducers of cell death in mouse and human melanomas. CSL and a derivative (CA19) could also efficiently inhibit growth of human and mouse melanoma tumors and reduce the number of lung metastases in syngeneic and xenograft mouse models. CONCLUSIONS These studies show for the first time the effect of CSL and acetyl isogambogic acid on melanoma. These compounds elicit activities that resemble the well-characterized ATF2 peptide and may therefore offer new approaches for the treatment of this tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Abbas
- Signal Transduction Program, Cancer Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Utikal J, Schadendorf D, Ugurel S. Serologic and immunohistochemical prognostic biomarkers of cutaneous malignancies. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 298:469-77. [PMID: 17221215 PMCID: PMC1800369 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-006-0726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers are important tools in clinical diagnosis and prognostic classification of various cutaneous malignancies. Besides clinical and histopathological aspects (e.g. anatomic site and type of the primary tumour, tumour size and invasion depth, ulceration, vascular invasion), an increasing variety of molecular markers have been identified, providing the possibility of a more detailed diagnostic and prognostic subgrouping of tumour entities, up to even changing existing classification systems. Recently published gene expression or proteomic profiling data relate to new marker molecules involved in skin cancer pathogenesis, which may, after validation by suitable studies, represent future prognostic or predictive biomarkers in cutaneous malignancies. We, here, give an overview on currently known serologic and newer immunohistochemical biomarker molecules in the most common cutaneous malignancies, malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and cutaneous lymphoma, particularly emphasizing their prognostic and predictive significance.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Humans
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/blood
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/pathology
- Melanoma/blood
- Melanoma/diagnosis
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Skin Neoplasms/blood
- Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Utikal
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl-University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl-University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Selma Ugurel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl-University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Bembenek A, Gretschel S, Schlag PM. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for gastrointestinal cancers. J Surg Oncol 2007; 96:342-52. [PMID: 17726666 DOI: 10.1002/jso.20863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in gastrointestinal-(GI)-tract cancer is not yet of clinical relevance. Nevertheless, the results in the upper GI-tract promise to be helpful to individualize the indication for surgical therapy. SLNB in colon cancer still fails to show high validity to predict the nodal status, but may be helpful to clarify the prognostic role of micrometastases/isolated tumor cells. In anal cancer SLNB is able to guide the indication for groin irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bembenek
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Robert-Rössle-Klinik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Buch, Lindenberger, Berlin, Germany
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Bembenek AE, Rosenberg R, Wagler E, Gretschel S, Sendler A, Siewert JR, Nährig J, Witzigmann H, Hauss J, Knorr C, Dimmler A, Gröne J, Buhr HJ, Haier J, Herbst H, Tepel J, Siphos B, Kleespies A, Koenigsrainer A, Stoecklein NH, Horstmann O, Grützmann R, Imdahl A, Svoboda D, Wittekind C, Schneider W, Wernecke KD, Schlag PM. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in colon cancer: a prospective multicenter trial. Ann Surg 2007; 245:858-63. [PMID: 17522509 PMCID: PMC1876954 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000250428.46656.7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The clinical impact of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in colon cancer is still controversial. The purpose of this prospective multicenter trial was to evaluate its clinical value to predict the nodal status and identify factors that influence these results. METHODS Colon cancer patients without prior colorectal surgery or irradiation were eligible. The sentinel lymph node (SLN) was identified intraoperatively by subserosal blue dye injection around the tumor. The SLN underwent step sections and immunohistochemistry (IHC), if classified free of metastases after routine hematoxylin and eosin examination. RESULTS At least one SLN (median, n = 2) was identified in 268 of 315 enrolled patients (detection rate, 85%). Center experience, lymphovascular invasion, body mass index (BMI), and learning curve were positively associated with the detection rate. The false-negative rate to identify pN+ patients by SLNB was 46% (38 of 82). BMI showed a significant association to the false-negative rate (P < 0.0001), the number of tumor-involved lymph nodes was inversely associated. If only slim patients (BMI < or =24) were investigated in experienced centers (>22 patients enrolled), the sensitivity increased to 88% (14 of 16). Moreover, 21% (30 of 141) of the patients, classified as pN0 by routine histopathology, revealed micrometastases or isolated tumor cells (MM/ITC) in the SLN. CONCLUSIONS The contribution of SLNB to conventional nodal staging of colon cancer patients is still unspecified. Technical problems have to be resolved before a definite conclusion can be drawn in this regard. However, SLNB identifies about one fourth of stage II patients to reveal MM/ITC in lymph nodes. Further studies must clarify the clinical impact of these findings in terms of prognosis and the indication of adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas E Bembenek
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Robert-Rössle-Klinik, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Buch at HELIOS-Klinikum Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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Zhuang L, Lee CS, Scolyer RA, McCarthy SW, Zhang XD, Thompson JF, Hersey P. Mcl-1, Bcl-XL and Stat3 expression are associated with progression of melanoma whereas Bcl-2, AP-2 and MITF levels decrease during progression of melanoma. Mod Pathol 2007; 20:416-26. [PMID: 17384650 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Bcl-2 family of antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and Mcl-1) are key regulators of apoptosis. The purpose of the present study was to examine and better define the role of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and Mcl-1 in the progression of melanoma. Immunohistochemical staining for Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and Mcl-1 was performed on paraffin sections of 100 cases of benign nevi, primary melanoma and metastatic melanoma. Expression was correlated with histopathologic features, clinical progress and expression of transcription factors (AP-2, MITF and p-Stat3). Bcl-2 was expressed in 100% of benign nevi and thin melanoma (<or=1.0 mm) but was less in thick melanoma (>1.0 mm) (88%), subcutaneous (62%) and lymph node metastases (35%). In contrast, Bcl-XL and Mcl-1 were expressed at lower levels in nevi and thin melanoma compared to Bcl-2 but their expression was much higher in thick melanoma and in subcutaneous and lymph node metastases (P<0.0001). Bcl-2 expression was negatively associated with tumor thickness (P<0.05) but Bcl-XL expression increased with increasing tumor thickness (P<0.05) and dermal tumor mitotic rate (P<0.05). Similarly Mcl-1 expression increased with increasing tumor thickness (P<0.09) and dermal tumor mitotic rate (P<0.17). Bcl-2 expression was positively correlated with expression of the transcription factors microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) and nuclear AP-2 whereas Bcl-XL (and Mcl-1) expression were positively correlated with p-Stat3. This study is the first to show a clear dissociation between changes in Bcl-2 expression (downregulation) and Bcl-XL, Mcl-1 expression (upregulation) during progression of melanoma. The results were also consistent with a role for AP-2 and MITF in regulation of Bcl-2 and pStat3 in regulation of Bcl-XL. These findings have important implications for the development of treatments targeting antiapoptotic proteins in patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Zhuang
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Pellikainen JM, Kosma VM. Activator protein-2 in carcinogenesis with a special reference to breast cancer-A mini review. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:2061-7. [PMID: 17330235 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Activator protein-2 (AP-2) transcription factors are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and carcinogenesis. AP-2alpha has been suggested to function as a tumor suppressor in many cancers and AP-2gamma to be a marker of testicular and germ cell malignancies. At least 3 of the 5 AP-2 family members identified to date, AP-2alpha, AP-2beta and AP-2gamma, are known to be expressed in breast tissue and thought to coordinate the growth and development of the breast via regulation of several breast-related genes such as human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) and estrogen receptor (ER). The function of AP-2alpha seems to be tumor suppressive in breast tissue, whereas the role of the other AP-2 family members is less well known. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of AP-2 in carcinogenesis, especially in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Pellikainen
- Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Tellez CS, Davis DW, Prieto VG, Gershenwald JE, Johnson MM, McCarty MF, Bar-Eli M. Quantitative Analysis of Melanocytic Tissue Array Reveals Inverse Correlation between Activator Protein-2α and Protease-Activated Receptor-1 Expression during Melanoma Progression. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:387-93. [PMID: 16946713 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The identification of molecular markers of melanoma progression is needed to more accurately stage and identify treatments for patients with malignant melanoma. Previously, we demonstrated that loss of the activator protein-2alpha (AP-2alpha) expression results in overexpression of the protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) in human melanoma cell lines. Here, we used a tissue microarray platform that consisted of 64 melanocytic lesions, including dysplastic nevi (N=21), primary melanoma (N=20), and metastatic melanoma (N=23). We analyzed the expression of AP-2 and PAR-1 simultaneously by immunofluorescent microscopy with an automated quantification laser scanning cytometer. AP-2 was highly expressed in normal cutaneous melanocytes and dysplastic nevi but not in melanoma metastases. We observed a significantly higher number of AP-2-positive cells in the dysplastic nevi (P=0.0013) and primary melanoma (P=0.0023) compared to the metastatic melanoma. In contrast, we observed a significantly higher percentage of PAR-1-positive cells in the metastatic melanoma compared to dysplastic nevi (P=0.0072) and primary melanoma (P=0.0138). Increased expression of PAR-1 in metastatic melanomas contributes to tumor progression by modulating expression of genes, such as IL-8, matrix metalloproteinase-2, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and integrins. These findings support our hypothesis that loss of AP-2 is a crucial event in the progression of human melanoma and contributes to the acquisition of the metastatic phenotype via upregulation of PAR-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen S Tellez
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Kluger HM, McCarthy MM, Alvero AB, Sznol M, Ariyan S, Camp RL, Rimm DL, Mor G. The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is up-regulated in metastatic melanoma, and XIAP cleavage by Phenoxodiol is associated with Carboplatin sensitization. J Transl Med 2007; 5:6. [PMID: 17257402 PMCID: PMC1796544 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-5-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
XIAP up-regulation is associated with chemotherapy resistance. Phenoxodiol causes XIAP degradation and chemotherapy sensitization in ovarian cancer. Here we assessed XIAP expression in melanomas, using tissue microarrays containing 436 melanomas and 336 nevi by a novel method of automated, quantitative analysis (AQUA). We used S100 to define pixels as melanoma (tumor mask) within the array spot, and measured XIAP expression using Cy5-conjugated antibodies within the mask. XIAP expression was significantly higher in melanomas than nevi (P < 0.0001), and higher in metastatic than primary lesions (P < 0.0001). We then assessed a panel of melanoma cell lines for XIAP expression, and found high expression in all cell lines. Three of the cell lines were assessed for Phenoxodiol and Carboplatin sensitivity; all were resistant to Carboplatin and showed variable sensitivity to Phenoxodiol. Pre-treating Phenoxodiol sensitive cells with Phenoxodiol prior to Carboplatin resulted in XIAP degradation, associated with Carboplatin sensitization and apoptosis, whereas exposing Phenoxodiol resistant cells to Phenoxodiol resulted in less XIAP degradation and minimal Carboplatin sensitization. We conclude that XIAP levels in clinical specimens are significantly higher in melanomas than their benign counterparts, and higher in metastatic than in primary specimens, suggesting an association with malignant progression and disease aggression. Melanoma resistance to Carboplatin is possibly due to XIAP over-expression. Phenoxodiol can sensitize melanoma cells to Carboplatin in vitro with corresponding XIAP degradation, although the precise target and mechanism of action of Phenoxodiol are subject to further assessment. Targeting XIAP warrants additional investigation as a therapeutic approach for metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet M Kluger
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mary M McCarthy
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ayesha B Alvero
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mario Sznol
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Stephan Ariyan
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Robert L Camp
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gil Mor
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Wijsman JA, Obert LA, Paulissen J, Garrido R, Toy KA, Dunstan RW. A practical method to determine the amount of tissue to analyze using laser scanning cytometry. Cytometry A 2007; 71:501-8. [PMID: 17366639 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laser scanning cytometry (LSC) is a new technology similar to flow cytometry but generates data from analysis of successive microscopic fields. Unlike its use in other applications, LSC-generated data are not random when used for tissue sections, but are dependent on the microanatomy of the tissue and the distribution and expression of the protein under investigation. For valid LSC analysis, the data generated requires the evaluation of a sufficient tissue area to ensure an accurate representation of expression within the tissue of interest. METHODS In this report, we describe a simple and common sense method for determining the area of tissue required for sound LSC analysis by tracking the variation in the measure of target expression with increasing number of fields until it approaches zero. RESULTS This approach was used to evaluate the expression of immunohistochemical markers with differing tissue distributions in liver (PMP70, CYP1A2, and Ki67 positive macrophages) and a colorectal adenocarcinoma (activated caspase-3 positive cells), which exhibited diffuse, regional (centrilobular), random, and irregular distribution patterns respectively. CONCLUSIONS Analyses of these markers demonstrated that the amount of tissue area required to reach a steady measure of a parameter increased with increasing variability of the tissue distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Wijsman
- Investigative Pathology Laboratory, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
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Aguilar-Mahecha A, Hassan S, Ferrario C, Basik M. Microarrays as validation strategies in clinical samples: tissue and protein microarrays. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2006; 10:311-26. [PMID: 17069510 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2006.10.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of DNA microarrays has led to the discovery of many genes whose expression profile may have significant clinical relevance. The translation of this data to the bedside requires that gene expression be validated as protein expression, and that annotated clinical samples be available for correlative and quantitative studies to assess clinical context and usefulness of putative biomarkers. We review two microarray platforms developed to facilitate the clinical validation of candidate biomarkers: tissue microarrays and reverse-phase protein microarrays. Tissue microarrays are arrays of core biopsies obtained from paraffin-embedded tissues, which can be assayed for histologically-specific protein expression by immunohistochemistry. Reverse-phase protein microarrays consist of arrays of cell lysates or, more recently, plasma or serum samples, which can be assayed for protein quantity and for the presence of post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation. Although these platforms are limited by the availability of validated antibodies, both enable the preservation of precious clinical samples as well as experimental standardization in a high-throughput manner proper to microarray technologies. While tissue microarrays are rapidly becoming a mainstay of translational research, reverse-phase protein microarrays require further technical refinements and validation prior to their widespread adoption by research laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Aguilar-Mahecha
- Montreal Center for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, The Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, and Department of Oncology, McGill University and Surgery, Montreal, Canada
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Bembenek A, Fischer J, Albrecht H, Kemnitz E, Gretschel S, Schneider U, Dresel S, Schlag PM. Impact of Patient- and Disease-Specific Factors on SLNB in Breast Cancer Patients. Are Current Guidelines Justified? World J Surg 2006; 31:267-75. [PMID: 17180478 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-005-0720-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evidence on which to base guidelines for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in breast cancer is still limited. In order to facilitate the further implementation of renewed guidelines, we evaluated patient- and disease-specific factors for their impact on the results of SLNB. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective data acquisition from patients undergoing surgery for primary invasive breast cancer was performed. All patients underwent SLNB using the radiocolloid or the combined technique. The association of patient- and disease-specific factors to detection rate and false-negative rate was calculated using univariate and multivariate analyses (P < 0.05 considered as significant). Calculation of the false-negative rate was based on patients who underwent a backup axillary dissection. RESULTS Among 455 consecutively enrolled patients, a significant inverse association to the detection rate was found for extracapsular extension of non-SLN metastases, body mass index (BMI), number of involved lymph nodes, pT category, tumor size, and age. A significant association to the false-negative rate to identify macrometastases was found for pT category, tumor size, and grading. Other factors, such as prior surgery, multicentric tumor growth, or vascular invasion, showed no influence. A cut-point analysis revealed that a tumor size of 2 cm separated the collective of patients with the highest significance in regard to the false-negative rate (9% vs. 25%). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that SLNB can be safely used in elderly and obese patients with multicentric tumors and those having undergone prior surgery for benign breast disease. However, the method should be applied with caution in patients with tumors larger than 2 cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bembenek
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Robert-Rössle-Klinik at the "HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch", University Medicine Berlin, Charité Campus Buch, Lindenbergerweg 80, Berlin, 13125, Germany.
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Melnikova VO, Bar-Eli M. Bioimmunotherapy for melanoma using fully human antibodies targeting MCAM/MUC18 and IL-8. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 19:395-405. [PMID: 16965268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2006.00331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is associated with high rate of patients' mortality and represents a great challenge for cancer therapies because of its notorious resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Considerable efforts have been made over the last 2 decades in pursuit of new treatment modalities and identification of molecular events associated with melanoma progression and development of metastases. The acquisition of the metastatic phenotype is associated with overexpression of the adhesion molecule MCAM/MUC18 and the angiogenic factor IL-8. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on MCAM/MUC18 and IL-8, their transcriptional regulation, and their role in melanoma growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Further, we report on the development of new fully human antibodies, anti-MCAM/MUC18 (ABX-MA1) and anti-IL-8 (ABX-IL8), and their effects on tumor growth and metastasis in animal models. Collectively, our studies suggest that ABX-MA1 and ABX-IL8 could serve as new modalities for the treatment of melanoma either alone, or in combination with conventional chemotherapy or other antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava O Melnikova
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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McCarthy MM, DiVito KA, Sznol M, Kovacs D, Halaban R, Berger AJ, Flaherty KT, Camp RL, Lazova R, Rimm DL, Kluger HM. Expression of tumor necrosis factor--related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptors 1 and 2 in melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:3856-63. [PMID: 16778114 PMCID: PMC1839847 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The proapoptotic receptors tumor necrosis factor--related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1) and TRAIL-R2 are targets of drugs in clinical development, and receptor expression levels may be important determinants of sensitivity to receptor agonists. We assessed TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 expression patterns in a large cohort of melanomas and benign nevi. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed tissue microarrays containing 546 melanomas and 540 nevi using our automated quantitative method to measure protein levels in situ (AQUA). The system uses S100 to define pixels as melanoma (tumor mask) within the array spot and measures intensity of TRAIL-receptor expression using Cy5-conjugated antibodies within the mask. AQUA scores were correlated with clinical and pathologic variables. RESULTS TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 expression was higher in melanomas than in nevi (P < 0.0001), and higher in primary than in metastatic specimens (P = 0.0031 and P < 0.0001, respectively). TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 expression exceeding the 95th percentile for nevi was found in 19% and 74% of melanoma specimens, respectively. Although on univariate analysis, high TRAIL-R2 expression correlated with increased survival (P = 0.0439), it was not associated with survival within the primary or metastatic subcohorts. TRAIL-R1 expression was not associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 expression is higher in malignant melanocytes than in their benign counterparts, suggesting that these receptors might be effective therapeutic targets in melanoma. Expression is higher in early-stage disease than in metastatic specimens, and expression exceeding that found in nevi is found in a substantially larger fraction of melanomas for TRAIL-R2 compared with TRAIL-R1. Assessment of baseline tumor TRAIL receptor expression may be important in analysis of clinical trials involving TRAIL receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. McCarthy
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kyle A. DiVito
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mario Sznol
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Daniela Kovacs
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Istituto Dermatologico San Gallicano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Ruth Halaban
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Aaron J. Berger
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Keith T. Flaherty
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert L. Camp
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rossitza Lazova
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David L. Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Harriet M. Kluger
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Cregger M, Berger AJ, Rimm DL. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative analysis of protein expression. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006; 130:1026-30. [PMID: 16831029 DOI: 10.5858/2006-130-1026-iaqaop] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Immunohistochemistry has taken a central role in the field of pathology, and its role is destined to increase as companion diagnostics analogous to the HercepTest are required for new targeted therapeutics. However, the inherent subjectivity of the assessment of an objective value (the in situ protein concentration) suggests that new technologies to measure the protein concentration may be required to achieve the accuracy required for companion diagnostics. OBJECTIVE This article discusses the state of immunohistochemistry and reviews the currently available devices for quantitative in situ assessment of protein expression. DATA SOURCES Data for this work were collected from the published literature, the Internet, and from information provided by device vendors. CONCLUSIONS Although there is a long history of efforts to quantify immunohistochemistry, there has been a lack of broad acceptance because the resultant objective accuracy has not significantly improved outcome measures compared with the traditional, conventional analysis by eye. As the demand grows for companion diagnostics with complex assessment requirements, we are likely to see increased usage of quantitative platforms, especially those with the capacity to do multiplexed analysis. This most likely will be driven by a requirement for outcomes that cannot be achieved by traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Cregger
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8023, USA
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