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Li XY, Yan N, Wu YY, Kong RJ, Qiu ZW, Liu SP, Wu DH, Cheng H. Neuropilin-1-Targeted Nanomedicine for Spatiotemporal Tumor Suppression through Photodynamic Vascular Damage and Antiangiogenesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:21709-21721. [PMID: 38651381 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Antiangiogenic therapy is an effective way to disrupt nutrient supply and starve tumors, but it is restricted by poor efficacy and negative feedback-induced tumor relapse. In this study, a neuropilin-1 (NRP-1)-targeted nanomedicine (designated as FPPT@Axi) is reported for spatiotemporal tumor suppression by combining photodynamic therapy (PDT) with antiangiogenesis. In brief, FPPT@Axi is prepared by utilizing an NRP-1-targeting chimeric peptide (Fmoc-K(PpIX)-PEG8-TKPRR) to encapsulate the antiangiogenic drug Axitinib (Axi). Importantly, the NRP-1-mediated targeting property enables FPPT@Axi to selectively concentrate at vascular endothelial and breast cancer cells, facilitating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in situ for specific vascular disruption and enhanced cell apoptosis under light stimulation. Moreover, the codelivered Axi can further inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) to impair the negative feedback of PDT-induced tumor neovascularization. Consequently, FPPT@Axi spatiotemporally restrains the tumor growth through blocking angiogenesis, destroying tumor vessels, and inducing tumor apoptosis. Such an NRP-1-mediated targeting codelivery system sheds light on constructing an appealing candidate with translational potential by using clinically approved PDT and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Ni Yan
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Ye-Yang Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Ren-Jiang Kong
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Wen Qiu
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Peng Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - De-Hua Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Hong Cheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
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Yang JK, Kwon H, Kim S. Recent advances in light-triggered cancer immunotherapy. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2650-2669. [PMID: 38353138 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02842a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Light-triggered phototherapies, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), have shown strong therapeutic efficacy with minimal invasiveness and systemic toxicity, offering opportunities for tumor-specific therapies. Phototherapies not only induce direct tumor cell killing, but also trigger anti-tumor immune responses by releasing various immune-stimulating factors. In recent years, conventional phototherapies have been combined with cancer immunotherapy as synergistic therapeutic modalities to eradicate cancer by exploiting the innate and adaptive immunity. These combined photoimmunotherapies have demonstrated excellent therapeutic efficacy in preventing tumor recurrence and metastasis compared to phototherapy alone. This review covers recent advancements in combined photoimmunotherapy, including photoimmunotherapy (PIT), PDT-combined immunotherapy, and PTT-combined immunotherapy, along with their underlying anti-tumor immune response mechanisms. In addition, the challenges and future research directions for light-triggered cancer immunotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kyoung Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hayoon Kwon
- Chemical & Biological integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehoon Kim
- Chemical & Biological integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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Lin C, Wang J, Ma Y, Han W, Cao Y, Shao M, Cui S. Effect of a 630 nm light on vasculogenic mimicry in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103831. [PMID: 37806608 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the formation of vasculogenic mimicry (VM) in the human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line in vitro. METHODS The participants were divided into a blank control group, a photosensitizer group, a light group, and a PDT group. Cells from each group were cultured in three dimensions using Matrigel, and vasculogenic mimicry generation was observed microscopically. Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was used to verify the vasculogenic mimicry structure. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression levels of cellular osteopontin (OPN) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of cellular OPN and VEGF protein. RESULTS A549 cells cultured on Matrigel for about six hours revealed VM on PAS staining, and the number of formations was significantly reduced in the PDT group compared with other groups (P < 0.05). The RT-PCR results showed that the PDT group downregulated OPN and VEGF mRNA expression compared with each control group (P < 0.05). Western blot results showed that OPN and VEGF protein expression was downregulated in the PDT group compared with each control group (P < 0.05). The results of RT-PCR showed that the expression of OPN and VEGF mRNA was downregulated in the PDT group compared with each control group (P < 0.05). The results of Western blotting showed that the expression of OPN and VEGF was downregulated in the protein PDT group compared with each control group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Photodynamic therapy significantly inhibited the formation of vasculogenic mimicry in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells in vitro and downregulated the expression of OPN, VEGF mRNA, and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunzhi Lin
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yijiang Ma
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Weizhong Han
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yiwei Cao
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mingju Shao
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shichao Cui
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Jia W, Jin B, Xu W, Liu S, Mao X, Peng H, Zhang Y. pH-Responsive and Actively Targeted Metal-Organic Framework Structures for Multimodal Antitumor Therapy and Inhibition of Tumor Invasion and Metastasis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:50069-50082. [PMID: 37871135 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal treatment is an important tool to overcome tumor drug resistance. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by photodynamic therapy (PDT) can directly play a killing role on tumor cells, which has the advantages of repeatable treatment and no drug resistance. However, its therapeutic oxygen consumption and destruction of tumor microvessels lead to hypoxia in tumor tissues, and hypoxia leads to overexpression of the receptor tyrosine kinase (c-MET) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). Overexpression of these two receptors leads to increased tumor invasiveness and metastasis. The molecularly targeted drug cabozantinib (CAB) has multiple targets, including anti-c-MET and VEGFR, to inhibit the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, our team designed a pH-sensitive nanoparticle CAB/Ce6@ZIF-8@PEG-FA (CCZP) loaded with CAB and Ce6, which exerted a multimodal therapeutic effect of PDT and molecularly targeted therapy by laser irradiation, and the PDT-induced overexpression of MET and VEGFR could also be inhibited by the target of CAB, thus reducing the invasive tumor cells metastasis. In summary, CCZP gives full play to the advantages of both drugs, exerting multimodal treatment while reducing HCC invasion and metastasis, providing a safe, potential approach to clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- WeiLu Jia
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bin Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - WenJing Xu
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - ShiWei Liu
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - XinYu Mao
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - YeWei Zhang
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Kang W, Shi Y, Yang Z, Yin X, Zhao Y, Weng L, Teng Z. Flexible human serum albumin nanocapsules to enhance drug delivery and cellular uptake for photodynamic/chemo cancer therapy. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5609-5618. [PMID: 36798745 PMCID: PMC9926336 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06859a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
As a non-invasive cancer treatment, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has great applications in superficial tumors because of its high selectivity and low cumulative toxicity. However, the poor tumor-targeting ability and short blood circulation time of conventional photosensitizers (PSs) limit the efficacy of PDT to some extent. In this study, we synthesized flexible hollow human serum albumin (HHSA) and loaded photosensitizer Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and the chemotherapeutic drug Doxorubicin (DOX) for synergistic cancer therapy. HHSA can enhance drug delivery and cellular uptake through targeting gp60 and SPARC receptors and unique flexible hollow structures. The TEM images show that HHSA possesses distinct flexible hollow structures, as well as good monodispersity and deformability. After loading Ce6 and DOX, HHSA@Ce6-DOX displays better therapeutic effects than HHSA@DOX on the growth of 4T1 breast cancers without irradiation. Remarkably, it has a significantly higher therapeutic effect (relative cell activity: 45% vs. 74%) than HHSA@Ce6 under 660 nm irradiation. Furthermore, the excellent biocompatibility of HHSA@Ce6-DOX has been proved both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that it has a promising future in synergistic tumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Kang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 210006 P. R. China
| | - Yuyuan Shi
- College of Geography and Biological Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Zhenlu Yang
- Department of Radiology, Guizhou Provincial People's HospitalGuiyangGuizhouP. R. China
| | - Xindao Yin
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 210006 P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 210006 P. R. China
| | - Lixing Weng
- College of Geography and Biological Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Zhaogang Teng
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT) Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
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Ma S, Wang F, Dong J, Wang N, Tao S, Du J, Hu S. Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 by acriflavine renders glioblastoma sensitive for photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 234:112537. [PMID: 35939916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND photodynamics therapy (PDT) induces tumor cell death through oxidative stress and is closely associated with the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1a (HIF1a), which activates multiple downstream survival signaling pathways. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the expression levels of HIF1a proteins in PDT-treated GBM cells and to determine whether inhibition of HIF1a reduces survival signals to enhance the efficacy of PDT. RESULTS PDT combined with Acriflavine (ACF, PA) decreased the expression of HIF1a and regulated the downstream expression of GLUT-1, GLUT-3, HK2 and other gluconeogenic pathway proteins. PA group significantly suppressed tumor growth to improve the efficacy of PDT. METHODS We first performed the correlation of HIF1a, GLUT-1, GLUT-3, and HK2, and quantified the expression of HIF1a on tumor grades and IDH mutation classification by TCGA and CGGA databases. Then, we used immunohistochemistry method to detect four gene expression levels in human GBM tissues. Besides, we examined the effects of different treatments on the proliferation, migration and invasion ability of GBM cell lines by CCK8, wound healing and transwell assays. ACF, a HIF1a/HIF1β dimerization inhibitor, was used to evaluate its adjuvant effect on the efficacy of PDT. CONCLUSION HIF1a is activated in GBM cell lines and contributes to the survival of tumor cells after PDT in vitro and in vivo. PA group inhibited HIF1a expression and improved PDT efficacy in the treatment of recalcitrant GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450053, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Medicine Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China; TranslationalMedicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jiawei Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China; TranslationalMedicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shengzhong Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450053, China.
| | - Jianyang Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China.
| | - Shaoshan Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Medicine Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.
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Yuan Z, Liu C, Sun Y, Li Y, Wu H, Ma S, Shang J, Zhan Y, Yin P, Gao F. Bufalin exacerbates Photodynamic therapy of colorectal cancer by targeting SRC-3/HIF-1α pathway. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:122018. [PMID: 35839982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) induces tumour cell death by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hypoxia is one of the main factors that limits its efficiency. In our previous study, bufalin (BU) enhanced photosensitizer mTHPC-mediated PDT therapy in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, but its mechanism was not elucidated. To explore a strategy for improving the efficacy of PDT, we designed iRGD-modified nanoparticles to co-capsuled mTHPC and BU for simultaneous delivery to the tumour site and explored the underlying mechanism of the synergistic anti-CRC effect. In our study, mTHPC&BU@VES-CSO/TPGS-RGD nanoparticles (T-B@NP) had a particle size of 148.3 ± 2.5 nm and a zeta potential of 22.8 ± 2.0 mV. Specifically, these nanoparticles passively accumulated in tumour cells, and under laser irradiation, mTHPC induced cell apoptosis and death. In addition, the sustained release of BU inhibited HIF-1α and reduced VEGF-mediated angiogenesis by targeting the SRC-3/HIF-1α pathway, which induced a strong PDT effect against CRC. In vivo studies demonstrated that codelivery of the nanoparticles under laser irradiation exhibited a superior antitumour effect (84.2%) and significantly prolonged survival time of mice, with the mechanisms of alleviating hypoxia and inhibiting angiogenesis. In summary, mTHPC and BU codelivery via nanoparticles efficiently enhances the therapeutic effects of PDT by inhibiting the SRC-3/HIF-1α pathway in CRC. This work provides an effective strategy to combat hypoxia-induced tumour resistance and overcome the barriers of PDT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeting Yuan
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 200237, China; Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China; Central Lab, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chaolian Liu
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 200237, China; Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China; Central Lab, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yuji Sun
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yue Li
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China; Central Lab, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Honglei Wu
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China; Central Lab, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shuli Ma
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 200237, China; Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China; Central Lab, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jing Shang
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China; Central Lab, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yueping Zhan
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China; Central Lab, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Peihao Yin
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China; Central Lab, Shanghai 200062, China; Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Guo R, Liu Y, Xu N, Ling G, Zhang P. Multifunctional nanomedicines for synergistic photodynamic immunotherapy based on tumor immune microenvironment. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 173:103-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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de Klerk DJ, de Keijzer MJ, Dias LM, Heemskerk J, de Haan LR, Kleijn TG, Franchi LP, Heger M. Strategies for Improving Photodynamic Therapy Through Pharmacological Modulation of the Immediate Early Stress Response. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2451:405-480. [PMID: 35505025 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally to noninvasive treatment modality that has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional cancer treatments. PDT induces hyperoxidative stress and disrupts cellular homeostasis in photosensitized cancer cells, resulting in cell death and ultimately removal of the tumor. However, various survival pathways can be activated in sublethally afflicted cancer cells following PDT. The acute stress response is one of the known survival pathways in PDT, which is activated by reactive oxygen species and signals via ASK-1 (directly) or via TNFR (indirectly). The acute stress response can activate various other survival pathways that may entail antioxidant, pro-inflammatory, angiogenic, and proteotoxic stress responses that culminate in the cancer cell's ability to cope with redox stress and oxidative damage. This review provides an overview of the immediate early stress response in the context of PDT, mechanisms of activation by PDT, and molecular intervention strategies aimed at inhibiting survival signaling and improving PDT outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J de Klerk
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J de Keijzer
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lionel M Dias
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde (FCS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jordi Heemskerk
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianne R de Haan
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tony G Kleijn
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo P Franchi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) 2, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering-Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Sciences, and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michal Heger
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Current Prospects for Treatment of Solid Tumors via Photodynamic, Photothermal, or Ionizing Radiation Therapies Combined with Immune Checkpoint Inhibition (A Review). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050447. [PMID: 34068491 PMCID: PMC8151935 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) causes selective damage to tumor cells and vasculature and also triggers an anti-tumor immune response. The latter fact has prompted the exploration of PDT as an immune-stimulatory adjuvant. PDT is not the only cancer treatment that relies on electromagnetic energy to destroy cancer tissue. Ionizing radiation therapy (RT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) are two other treatment modalities that employ photons (with wavelengths either shorter or longer than PDT, respectively) and also cause tissue damage and immunomodulation. Research on the three modalities has occurred in different “silos”, with minimal interaction between the three topics. This is happening at a time when immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI), another focus of intense research and clinical development, has opened exciting possibilities for combining PDT, PTT, or RT with ICI to achieve improved therapeutic benefits. In this review, we surveyed the literature for studies that describe changes in anti-tumor immunity following the administration of PDT, PTT, and RT, including efforts to combine each modality with ICI. This information, collected all in one place, may make it easier to recognize similarities and differences and help to identify new mechanistic hypotheses toward the goal of achieving optimized combinations and tumor cures.
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Yang D, Lei S, Pan K, Chen T, Lin J, Ni G, Liu J, Zeng X, Chen Q, Dan H. Application of photodynamic therapy in immune-related diseases. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102318. [PMID: 33940209 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality that utilizes photodamage caused by photosensitizers and oxygen after exposure to a specific wavelength of light. Owing to its low toxicity, high selectivity, and minimally invasive properties, PDT has been widely applied to treat various malignant tumors, premalignant lesions, and infectious diseases. Moreover, there is growing evidence of its immunomodulatory effects and potential for the treatment of immune-related diseases. This review mainly focuses on the effect of PDT on immunity and its application in immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shangxue Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Keran Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Guangcheng Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongxia Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Dias LM, Sharifi F, de Keijzer MJ, Mesquita B, Desclos E, Kochan JA, de Klerk DJ, Ernst D, de Haan LR, Franchi LP, van Wijk AC, Scutigliani EM, Cavaco JEB, Tedesco AC, Huang X, Pan W, Ding B, Krawczyk PM, Heger M. Attritional evaluation of lipophilic and hydrophilic metallated phthalocyanines for oncological photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 216:112146. [PMID: 33601256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Oncological photodynamic therapy (PDT) relies on photosensitizers (PSs) to photo-oxidatively destroy tumor cells. Currently approved PSs yield satisfactory results in superficial and easy-to-access tumors but are less suited for solid cancers in internal organs such as the biliary system and the pancreas. For these malignancies, second-generation PSs such as metallated phthalocyanines are more appropriate. Presently it is not known which of the commonly employed metallated phtahlocyanines, namely aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPC) and zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPC) as well as their tetrasulfonated derivatives AlPCS4 and ZnPCS4, is most cytotoxic to tumor cells. This study therefore employed an attritional approach to ascertain the best metallated phthalocyanine for oncological PDT in a head-to-head comparative analysis and standardized experimental design. METHODS ZnPC and AlPC were encapsulated in PEGylated liposomes. Analyses were performed in cultured A431 cells as a template for tumor cells with a dysfunctional P53 tumor suppressor gene and EGFR overexpression. First, dark toxicity was assessed as a function of PS concentration using the WST-1 and sulforhodamine B assay. Second, time-dependent uptake and intracellular distribution were determined by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, respectively, using the intrinsic fluorescence of the PSs. Third, the LC50 values were established for each PS at 671 nm and a radiant exposure of 15 J/cm2 following 1-h PS exposure. Finally, the mode of cell death as a function of post-PDT time and cell cycle arrest at 24 h after PDT were analyzed. RESULTS In the absence of illumination, AlPC and ZnPC were not toxic to cells up to a 1.5-μM PS concentration and exposure for up to 72 h. Dark toxicity was noted for AlPCS4 at 5 μM and ZnPCS4 at 2.5 μM. Uptake of all PSs was observed as early as 1 min after PS addition to cells and increased in amplitude during a 2-h incubation period. After 60 min, the entire non-nuclear space of the cell was photosensitized, with PS accumulation in multiple subcellular structures, especially in case of AlPC and AlPCS4. PDT of cells photosensitized with ZnPC, AlPC, and AlPCS4 yielded LC50 values of 0.13 μM, 0.04 μM, and 0.81 μM, respectively, 24 h post-PDT (based on sulforhodamine B assay). ZnPCS4 did not induce notable phototoxicity, which was echoed in the mode of cell death and cell cycle arrest data. At 4 h post-PDT, the mode of cell death comprised mainly apoptosis for ZnPC and AlPC, the extent of which was gradually exacerbated in AlPC-photosensitized cells during 8 h. ZnPC-treated cells seemed to recover at 8 h post-PDT compared to 4 h post-PDT, which had been observed before in another cell line. AlPCS4 induced considerable necrosis in addition to apoptosis, whereby most of the cell death had already manifested at 2 h after PDT. During the course of 8 h, necrotic cell death transitioned into mainly late apoptotic cell death. Cell death signaling coincided with a reduction in cells in the G0/G1 phase (ZnPC, AlPC, AlPCS4) and cell cycle arrest in the S-phase (ZnPC, AlPC, AlPCS4) and G2 phase (ZnPC and AlPC). Cell cycle arrest was most profound in cells that had been photosensitized with AlPC and subjected to PDT. CONCLUSIONS Liposomal AlPC is the most potent PS for oncological PDT, whereas ZnPCS4 was photodynamically inert in A431 cells. AlPC did not induce dark toxicity at PS concentrations of up to 1.5 μM, i.e., > 37 times the LC50 value, which is favorable in terms of clinical phototoxicity issues. AlPC photosensitized multiple intracellular loci, which was associated with extensive, irreversible cell death signaling that is expected to benefit treatment efficacy and possibly immunological long-term tumor control, granted that sufficient AlPC will reach the tumor in vivo. Given the differential pharmacokinetics, intracellular distribution, and cell death dynamics, liposomal AlPC may be combined with AlPCS4 in a PS cocktail to further improve PDT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Mendes Dias
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China; CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Farangis Sharifi
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J de Keijzer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Mesquita
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emilie Desclos
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jakub A Kochan
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J de Klerk
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Daniël Ernst
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Lianne R de Haan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Leonardo P Franchi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) 2, Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Albert C van Wijk
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enzo M Scutigliani
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - José E B Cavaco
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Antonio C Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Xuan Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Weiwei Pan
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, PR China
| | - Baoyue Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Przemek M Krawczyk
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Simões JCS, Sarpaki S, Papadimitroulas P, Therrien B, Loudos G. Conjugated Photosensitizers for Imaging and PDT in Cancer Research. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14119-14150. [PMID: 32990442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Early cancer detection and perfect understanding of the disease are imperative toward efficient treatments. It is straightforward that, for choosing a specific cancer treatment methodology, diagnostic agents undertake a critical role. Imaging is an extremely intriguing tool since it assumes a follow up to treatments to survey the accomplishment of the treatment and to recognize any conceivable repeating injuries. It also permits analysis of the disease, as well as to pursue treatment and monitor the possible changes that happen on the tumor. Likewise, it allows screening the adequacy of treatment and visualizing the state of the tumor. Additionally, when the treatment is finished, observing the patient is imperative to evaluate the treatment methodology and adjust the treatment if necessary. The goal of this review is to present an overview of conjugated photosensitizers for imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C S Simões
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Neuchatel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.,BioEmission Technology Solutions, Alexandras Avenue 116, 11472 Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Sarpaki
- BioEmission Technology Solutions, Alexandras Avenue 116, 11472 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Bruno Therrien
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Neuchatel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - George Loudos
- BioEmission Technology Solutions, Alexandras Avenue 116, 11472 Athens, Greece
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Majerník M, Jendželovský R, Fedoročko P. Potentiality, Limitations, and Consequences of Different Experimental Models to Improve Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer Treatment in Relation to Antiangiogenic Mechanism. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082118. [PMID: 32751731 PMCID: PMC7463805 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relevance of experimentally gained information represents a long-term debating issue in the field of molecular biology research. The loss of original conditions in the in vitro environment affects various biological mechanisms and cellular interactions. Consequently, some biochemical mechanisms are lost or critically altered. Analyses in these modified conditions could, therefore, distort the relevancy of experimentally gained information. In some cases, the similarities with original conditions are so small that utilization of simpler in vitro models seems impossible, or could occur in a very limited way. To conclude, the study of more complex phenomena places higher demands on the complexity of the experimental model. The latest information highlights the fact that the tumor angiogenesis mechanism has very complex features. This complexity can be associated with a wide range of angiogenic factors expressed by a variety of malignant and non-malignant cells. Our article summarizes the results from various experimental models that were utilized to analyze a photodynamic therapy effect on tumor angiogenic mechanisms. Additionally, based on the latest information, we present the most important attributes and limitations of utilized experimental models. We also evaluate the essential problems associated with angiogenic mechanism induction after photodynamic therapy application.
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15
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Xiao M, Fan J, Li M, Xu F, Zhao X, Xi D, Ma H, Li Y, Du J, Sun W, Peng X. A photosensitizer-inhibitor conjugate for photodynamic therapy with simultaneous inhibition of treatment escape pathways. Biomaterials 2020; 257:120262. [PMID: 32736258 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been successfully demonstrated for anticancer treatment in vivo. However, tumor metastasis during PDT are still inevitable due to the activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The current work describes the synthesis of a photosensitizer (PS)-EGFR inhibitor conjugate for PDT with simultaneous tumor metastasis inhibition. The conjugate efficiently internalized into cancer cells and generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light, indicating strong cytotoxicity even in hypoxic tumor environment. The presence of an EGFR inhibitor significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion. Accordingly, photoactivation of the conjugate resulted in efficient tumor growth inhibition in a 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse model and suppressed angiogenesis and tumor metastasis during PDT. Therefore, combined PDT and EGFR inhibition strategy provides a new platform for future anticancer treatment with high safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Hi-tech Zone, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Hi-tech Zone, Dalian, 116024, China; Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, No.26 Yucai Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315016, China.
| | - Miao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Hi-tech Zone, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Hi-tech Zone, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xueze Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Hi-tech Zone, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Dongmei Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Hi-tech Zone, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - He Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Hi-tech Zone, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yueqing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Hi-tech Zone, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jianjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Hi-tech Zone, Dalian, 116024, China; Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, No.26 Yucai Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315016, China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Hi-tech Zone, Dalian, 116024, China; Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, No.26 Yucai Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315016, China.
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Hi-tech Zone, Dalian, 116024, China
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Pucelik B, Arnaut LG, Dąbrowski JM. Lipophilicity of Bacteriochlorin-Based Photosensitizers as a Determinant for PDT Optimization through the Modulation of the Inflammatory Mediators. J Clin Med 2019; 9:E8. [PMID: 31861531 PMCID: PMC7019385 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) augments the host antitumor immune response, but the role of the PDT effect on the tumor microenvironment in dependence on the type of photosensitizer and/or therapeutic protocols has not been clearly elucidated. We employed three bacteriochlorins (F2BOH, F2BMet and Cl2BHep) of different polarity that absorb near-infrared light (NIR) and generated a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to compare the PDT efficacy after various drug-to-light intervals: 15 min. (V-PDT), 3h (E-PDT) and 72h (C-PDT). We also performed the analysis of the molecular mechanisms of PDT crucial for the generation of the long-lasting antitumor immune response. PDT-induced damage affected the integrity of the host tissue and developed acute (protocol-dependent) local inflammation, which in turn led to the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages. In order to further confirm this hypothesis, a number of proteins in the plasma of PDT-treated mice were identified. Among a wide range of cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-15, TNF-α, GM-CSF), chemokines (KC, MCP-1, MIP1α, MIP1β, MIP2) and growth factors (VEGF) released after PDT, an important role was assigned to IL-6. PDT protocols optimized for studied bacteriochlorins led to a significant increase in the survival rate of BALB/c mice bearing CT26 tumors, but each photosensitizer (PS) was more or less potent, depending on the applied DLI (15 min, 3 h or 72 h). Hydrophilic (F2BOH) and amphiphilic (F2BMet) PSs were equally effective in V-PDT (>80 cure rate). F2BMet was the most efficient in E-PDT (DLI = 3h), leading to a cure of 65 % of the animals. Finally, the most powerful PS in the C-PDT (DLI = 72 h) regimen turned out to be the most hydrophobic compound (Cl2BHep), allowing 100 % of treated animals to be cured at a light dose of only 45 J/cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pucelik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Luis G. Arnaut
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal;
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Hameed S, Mo S, Mustafa G, Bajwa SZ, Khan WS, Dai Z. Immunological Consequences of Nanoparticle‐Mediated Antitumor Photoimmunotherapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Hameed
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Shanyan Mo
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of SciencesBahria University Lahore Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Sadia Z. Bajwa
- Nanobiotech GroupNational Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) P.O. Box No. 577, Jhang Road Faisalabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Waheed S. Khan
- Nanobiotech GroupNational Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) P.O. Box No. 577, Jhang Road Faisalabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
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Wang L, Niu M, Zheng C, Zhao H, Niu X, Li L, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Shi J, Zhang Z. A Core-Shell Nanoplatform for Synergistic Enhanced Sonodynamic Therapy of Hypoxic Tumor via Cascaded Strategy. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800819. [PMID: 30303621 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) always causes tumor hypoxia aggravation which can induce malignant cell proliferation and drug resistance. To overcome these disadvantages, a cascaded drug delivery system (Lipo/HMME/ACF@MnO2 -AS1411) is constructed for synergistic enhanced sonodynamic therapy. First, hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) and acriflavine (ACF) are encapsulated in the lipid layers and the inner aqueous cores of the liposomes, respectively. Then the ultrathin manganese dioxide (MnO2 ) nanosheets are coated on the surface of the liposomes by using KMnO4 and polyethylene glycol through "one step reduction and modification" method. Furthermore, the nanoparticles are decorated with tumor-targeting AS1411 aptamer through the phosphate groups on the DNA strand which can bind to Mn sites to obtain Lipo/HMME/ACF@MnO2 -AS1411 delivery system. Herein, HMME can act as a sonosensitizer, and ACF is used to prevent the formation of HIF-1α/HIF-1β dimerization to overcome the negative effects after SDT. The Lipo/HMME/ACF@MnO2 -AS1411 delivery system has multiple functions, including codelivery of HMME and ACF, pH/glutathione/ultrasound triple responses, synergistic cascaded enhancement of SDT, precise tumor-targeting, and magnetic resonance imaging. The in vitro and in vivo results suggest that the Lipo/HMME/ACF@MnO2 -AS1411 delivery system is a promising core-shell nanoplatform for synergistic enhancement of sonodynamic therapy, which can provide a new approach in the related research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Mengya Niu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Cuixia Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Hongjuan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xiuxiu Niu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Jinjin Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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19
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Nomoto T, Nishiyama N. Design of drug delivery systems for physical energy-induced chemical surgery. Biomaterials 2018; 178:583-596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Kessel D, Oleinick NL. Cell Death Pathways Associated with Photodynamic Therapy: An Update. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:213-218. [PMID: 29143339 DOI: 10.1111/php.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has the potential to make a significant impact on cancer treatment. PDT can sensitize malignant tissues to light, leading to a highly selective effect if an appropriate light dose can be delivered. Variations in light distribution and drug delivery, along with impaired efficacy in hypoxic regions, can reduce the overall tumor response. There is also evidence that malignant cells surviving PDT may become more aggressive than the initial tumor population. Promotion of more effective direct tumor eradication is therefore an important goal. While a list of properties for the "ideal" photosensitizing agent often includes formulation, pharmacologic and photophysical elements, we propose that subcellular targeting is also an important consideration. Perspectives relating to optimizing PDT efficacy are offered here. These relate to death pathways initiated by photodamage to particular subcellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Nancy L Oleinick
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
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Kawczyk-Krupka A, Kwiatek B, Czuba ZP, Mertas A, Latos W, Verwanger T, Krammer B, Sieroń A. Secretion of the angiogenic factor VEGF after photodynamic therapy with ALA under hypoxia-like conditions in colon cancer cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 21:16-18. [PMID: 29079348 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT), eliminates not only the tumor, but also modulates signaling factors release, e.g. vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which plays a crucial role in cancer progression. Assessment of the VEGF-secreting activity of resistant colon cancer cells in different degree of malignancy: SW480 and SW620 under hypoxia-like conditions during δ- aminolevulinic acid (ALA) PDT was the objective of our study. METHODS The colon cancer cell lines SW480 and SW620 were treated in sublethal doses with ALA PDT in hypoxia- like conditions with cobalt chloride (CoCl2). To assess cell viability, MTT assays were performed and the discrimination of the cell death mode was monitored via fluorescence microscopy. The cells cytotoxicity using LDH test was assessed. Determination of VEGF was carried out using the Bio- Plex Assay Pro™ kit on the Bio- Plex Suspension Array System. RESULTS ALA PDT used in sublethal doses decreases release of VEGF in more aggressively growing SW620 colon cancer cell line in hypoxia-like conditions. In addition the level of secretion of VEGF in SW620 was much higher than in SW480 cells, which correlates with the grade of aggressive growth of colon cancer cells. CONCLUSION Our outcomes offer evidence, that in hypoxia mimic condition sublethal ALA-PDT- mediated VEGF inhibition could be clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego Street 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Beata Kwiatek
- Specialist Hospital No2, Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Batorego Street 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Zenon P Czuba
- School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 19 Jordana St., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Anna Mertas
- School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 19 Jordana St., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Latos
- Specialist Hospital No2, Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Batorego Street 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Thomas Verwanger
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Barbara Krammer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Aleksander Sieroń
- School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego Street 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
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22
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Klein OJ, Yuan H, Nowell NH, Kaittanis C, Josephson L, Evans CL. An Integrin-Targeted, Highly Diffusive Construct for Photodynamic Therapy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13375. [PMID: 29042620 PMCID: PMC5645319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted antineoplastic agents show great promise in the treatment of cancer, having the ability to impart cytotoxicity only to specific tumor types. However, these therapies do not experience uniform uptake throughout tumors, leading to sub-lethal cell killing that can impart treatment resistance, and cause problematic off-target effects. Here we demonstrate a photodynamic therapy construct that integrates both a cyclic RGD moiety for integrin-targeting, as well as a 5 kDa PEG chain that passivates the construct and enables its rapid diffusion throughout tumors. PEGylation of the photosensitizer construct was found to prevent photosensitizer aggregation, boost the generation of cytotoxic reactive radical species, and enable the rapid uptake of the construct into cells throughout large (>500 µm diameter) 3D tumor spheroids. Replacing the cyclic RGD with the generic RAD peptide led to the loss of cellular uptake in 3D culture, demonstrating the specificity of the construct. Photodynamic therapy with the construct was successful in inducing cytotoxicity, which could be competitively blocked by a tenfold concentration of free cyclic RGD. This construct is a first-of-its kind theranostic that may serve as a new approach in our growing therapeutic toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Klein
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13th St, CNY149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Hushan Yuan
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13th St, CNY149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Nicholas H Nowell
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13th St, CNY149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Charalambos Kaittanis
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13th St, CNY149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13th St, CNY149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13th St, CNY149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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23
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Hao Y, Zheng C, Wang L, Zhang J, Niu X, Song Q, Feng Q, Zhao H, Li L, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Zhang Y. Tumor acidity-activatable manganese phosphate nanoplatform for amplification of photodynamic cancer therapy and magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Biomater 2017; 62:293-305. [PMID: 28842332 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous biodegradable metal phosphate nanomaterials are considered to possess great potential in cancer theranostic application due to their promise in providing ultra-sensitive pH-responsive therapeutic benefits and diagnostic functions simultaneously. Here we report the synthesis of photosensitising and acriflavine-carrying amorphous porous manganese phosphate (PMP) nanoparticles with ultra-sensitive pH-responsive degradability and their application for a photoactivable synergistic nanosystem that imparts reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced cytotoxicity in synchrony with hypoxia-inducible factor 1α/vascular endothelial growth factor (HIF1α/VEGF) inhibitor that suppresses tumor growth and treatment escape signalling pathway. Carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) is chemically anchored on the surface of porous manganese phosphate theranostic system through the pH-responsive boronate esters. Upon the stimulus of the tumor acid microenvironment, manganese phosphate disintegrates and releases Mn2+ ions rapidly, which are responsible for the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) effect. Meanwhile, the released photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) produces ROS under irradiation while acriflavine (ACF) inhibits the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway during the burst release of VEGF in tumour induced by photodynamic therapy (PDT), resulting in increased therapeutic efficacy. Considering the strong pH responsivity, MRI signal amplification and drug release profile, the PMP nanoparticles offer new prospects for tumor acidity-activatable theranostic application by amplifying the PDT through inhibiting the HIF-1α /VEGF pathway timely while enhancing the MRI effect. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we report the synthesis of the tumor acidity-activatable amorphous porous manganese phosphate nanoparticles and their application for a photoactivable synergistic nanosystem that imparts reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced cytotoxicity in synchrony with hypoxia-inducible factor 1α/vascular endothelial growth factor (HIF-1α/VEGF) inhibitor that suppresses tumor growth and treatment escape signalling pathway. Besides, upon the stimulus of the tumor acid microenvironment, the manganese phosphate nanoparticles finally disintegrate and release Mn2+ ions rapidly, which are responsible for the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) effect. This nanoplatform is featured with distinctive advantages such as ultra pH-responsive drug release, MRI function and rational drug combination exploiting the blockage of the treatment escape signalling pathway.
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24
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Shen L, Huang Y, Chen D, Qiu F, Ma C, Jin X, Zhu X, Zhou G, Zhang Z. pH-Responsive Aerobic Nanoparticles for Effective Photodynamic Therapy. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:4537-4550. [PMID: 29158843 PMCID: PMC5695147 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Photodynamic therapy (PDT), an O2-dependent treatment for inhibition of cancer proliferation, suffers from the low therapeutic effect in clinical application due to the hypoxic microenvironment in tumor cells. Methods: To overcome this obstacle, a stimuli-responsive drug delivery system with O2 self-sufficiency for effective PDT was developed. In this study, pH-responsive aerobic nanoparticles were prepared by the electrostatic interaction between the O2-evolving protein Catalase and Chitosan. Subsequently, the photosensitizer Chlorin e6 (Ce6) was encapsulated in the nanoparticles. Results: The nanoparticles exhibited high stability in aqueous medium and efficient cellular uptake by tumor cells facilitating their accumulation in tumors by enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. In acidic environment, irradiation caused disassembly of the nanoparticles resulting in the quick release of Catalase and the photosensitizer with continuous formation of cytotoxic singlet oxygen (1O2) greatly enhancing the PDT efficacy in hypoxic tumor tissues both in vitro and in vivo biological studies. Conclusion: Due to the unique O2 self-sufficiency, the nanoparticles, upon irradiation, exhibited higher anticancer activity than free Ce6 both in vitro and in vivo. Our work has identified a new pH-triggered strategy to overcome hypoxia for effective PDT against cancer cells.
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25
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Obaid G, Broekgaarden M, Bulin AL, Huang HC, Kuriakose J, Liu J, Hasan T. Photonanomedicine: a convergence of photodynamic therapy and nanotechnology. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:12471-503. [PMID: 27328309 PMCID: PMC4956486 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08691d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As clinical nanomedicine has emerged over the past two decades, phototherapeutic advancements using nanotechnology have also evolved and impacted disease management. Because of unique features attributable to the light activation process of molecules, photonanomedicine (PNM) holds significant promise as a personalized, image-guided therapeutic approach for cancer and non-cancer pathologies. The convergence of advanced photochemical therapies such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) and imaging modalities with sophisticated nanotechnologies is enabling the ongoing evolution of fundamental PNM formulations, such as Visudyne®, into progressive forward-looking platforms that integrate theranostics (therapeutics and diagnostics), molecular selectivity, the spatiotemporally controlled release of synergistic therapeutics, along with regulated, sustained drug dosing. Considering that the envisioned goal of these integrated platforms is proving to be realistic, this review will discuss how PNM has evolved over the years as a preclinical and clinical amalgamation of nanotechnology with PDT. The encouraging investigations that emphasize the potent synergy between photochemistry and nanotherapeutics, in addition to the growing realization of the value of these multi-faceted theranostic nanoplatforms, will assist in driving PNM formulations into mainstream oncological clinical practice as a necessary tool in the medical armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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26
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Spring BQ, Sears RB, Zheng LZ, Mai Z, Watanabe R, Sherwood ME, Schoenfeld DA, Pogue BW, Pereira SP, Villa E, Hasan T. A photoactivable multi-inhibitor nanoliposome for tumour control and simultaneous inhibition of treatment escape pathways. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:378-87. [PMID: 26780659 PMCID: PMC4821671 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale drug delivery vehicles can facilitate multimodal therapies of cancer by promoting tumour-selective drug release. However, few are effective because cancer cells develop ways to resist and evade treatment. Here, we introduce a photoactivable multi-inhibitor nanoliposome (PMIL) that imparts light-induced cytotoxicity in synchrony with a photoinitiated and sustained release of inhibitors that suppress tumour regrowth and treatment escape signalling pathways. The PMIL consists of a nanoliposome doped with a photoactivable chromophore (benzoporphyrin derivative, BPD) in the lipid bilayer, and a nanoparticle containing cabozantinib (XL184)--a multikinase inhibitor--encapsulated inside. Near-infrared tumour irradiation, following intravenous PMIL administration, triggers photodynamic damage of tumour cells and microvessels, and simultaneously initiates release of XL184 inside the tumour. A single PMIL treatment achieves prolonged tumour reduction in two mouse models and suppresses metastatic escape in an orthotopic pancreatic tumour model. The PMIL offers new prospects for cancer therapy by enabling spatiotemporal control of drug release while reducing systemic drug exposure and associated toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Q. Spring
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - R. Bryan Sears
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Chemistry, Emmanuel College, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lei Zak Zheng
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Zhiming Mai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Reika Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093
| | - Margaret E. Sherwood
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - David A. Schoenfeld
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard University, Biostatistics Unit, Boston MA 02114
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Stephen P. Pereira
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Elizabeth Villa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to T.H.,
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27
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Weijer R, Broekgaarden M, Krekorian M, Alles LK, van Wijk AC, Mackaaij C, Verheij J, van der Wal AC, van Gulik TM, Storm G, Heger M. Inhibition of hypoxia inducible factor 1 and topoisomerase with acriflavine sensitizes perihilar cholangiocarcinomas to photodynamic therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3341-56. [PMID: 26657503 PMCID: PMC4823110 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) induces tumor cell death by oxidative stress and hypoxia but also survival signaling through activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). Since perihilar cholangiocarcinomas are relatively recalcitrant to PDT, the aims were to (1) determine the expression levels of HIF-1-associated proteins in human perihilar cholangiocarcinomas, (2) investigate the role of HIF-1 in PDT-treated human perihilar cholangiocarcinoma cells, and (3) determine whether HIF-1 inhibition reduces survival signaling and enhances PDT efficacy. RESULTS Increased expression of VEGF, CD105, CD31/Ki-67, and GLUT-1 was confirmed in human perihilar cholangiocarcinomas. PDT with liposome-delivered zinc phthalocyanine caused HIF-1α stabilization in SK-ChA-1 cells and increased transcription of HIF-1α downstream genes. Acriflavine was taken up by SK-ChA-1 cells and translocated to the nucleus under hypoxic conditions. Importantly, pretreatment of SK-ChA-1 cells with acriflavine enhanced PDT efficacy via inhibition of HIF-1 and topoisomerases I and II. METHODS The expression of VEGF, CD105, CD31/Ki-67, and GLUT-1 was determined by immunohistochemistry in human perihilar cholangiocarcinomas. In addition, the response of human perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (SK-ChA-1) cells to PDT with liposome-delivered zinc phthalocyanine was investigated under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Acriflavine, a HIF-1α/HIF-1β dimerization inhibitor and a potential dual topoisomerase I/II inhibitor, was evaluated for its adjuvant effect on PDT efficacy. CONCLUSIONS HIF-1, which is activated in human hilar cholangiocarcinomas, contributes to tumor cell survival following PDT in vitro. Combining PDT with acriflavine pretreatment improves PDT efficacy in cultured cells and therefore warrants further preclinical validation for therapy-recalcitrant perihilar cholangiocarcinomas.
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MESH Headings
- Acriflavine/pharmacology
- Anti-Infective Agents, Local/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/metabolism
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/pathology
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/therapy
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/chemistry
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/genetics
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Hypoxia
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/antagonists & inhibitors
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Klatskin Tumor/metabolism
- Klatskin Tumor/pathology
- Klatskin Tumor/therapy
- Photochemotherapy
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Radiation-Sensitizing Agents/pharmacology
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Weijer
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Controlled Drug Delivery, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mans Broekgaarden
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Massis Krekorian
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lindy K. Alles
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert C. van Wijk
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claire Mackaaij
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Allard C. van der Wal
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas M. van Gulik
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Controlled Drug Delivery, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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28
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Simultaneous delivery of cytotoxic and biologic therapeutics using nanophotoactivatable liposomes enhances treatment efficacy in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 12:223-34. [PMID: 26390832 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A lack of intracellular delivery systems has limited the use of biologics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that abrogate molecular signaling pathways activated to promote escape from cancer treatment. We hypothesized that intracellular co-delivery of the photocytotoxic chromophore benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid A (BPD) and the anti-VEGF mAb bevacizumab in a nanophotoactivatable liposome (nanoPAL) might enhance the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined with suppression of VEGF-mediated signaling pathways. As a proof-of-concept we found that nanoPAL-PDT induced enhanced extra- and intracellular bevacizumab delivery and enhanced acute cytotoxicity in vitro. In an in vivo subcutaneous mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, nanoPAL-PDT achieved significantly enhanced tumor reduction. We attribute this to the optimal incorporation of insoluble BPD into the lipid bilayer, enhancing photocytotoxicity, and the simultaneous spatiotemporal delivery of bevacizumab, ensuring efficient neutralization of the rapid but transient burst of VEGF following PDT. From the Clinical Editor: Most patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) by the time present the disease it is very advanced, which unavoidably translates to poor survival. For these patients, use of traditional chemotherapy often becomes ineffective due to tumor resistance to drugs. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be an effective modality against chemo-resistant cancers. In this article, the authors investigated the co-delivery of a photocytotoxic agent and anti-VEGF mAb using liposomes. This combination was shown to results in enhanced tumor killing. This method should be applicable to other combination of treatments.
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29
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Spring BQ, Rizvi I, Xu N, Hasan T. The role of photodynamic therapy in overcoming cancer drug resistance. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:1476-91. [PMID: 25856800 PMCID: PMC4520758 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00495g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many modalities of cancer therapy induce mechanisms of treatment resistance and escape pathways during chronic treatments, including photodynamic therapy (PDT). It is conceivable that resistance induced by one treatment might be overcome by another treatment. Emerging evidence suggests that the unique mechanisms of tumor cell and microenvironment damage produced by PDT could be utilized to overcome cancer drug resistance, to mitigate the compensatory induction of survival pathways and even to re-sensitize resistant cells to standard therapies. Approaches that capture the unique features of PDT, therefore, offer promising factors for increasing the efficacy of a broad range of therapeutic modalities. Here, we highlight key preclinical findings utilizing PDT to overcome classical drug resistance or escape pathways and thus enhance the efficacy of many pharmaceuticals, possibly explaining the clinical observations of the PDT response to otherwise treatment-resistant diseases. With the development of nanotechnology, it is possible that light activation may be used not only to damage and sensitize tumors but also to enable controlled drug release to inhibit escape pathways that may lead to resistance or cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Q Spring
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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30
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Anzengruber F, Avci P, de Freitas LF, Hamblin MR. T-cell mediated anti-tumor immunity after photodynamic therapy: why does it not always work and how can we improve it? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:1492-1509. [PMID: 26062987 PMCID: PMC4547550 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00455h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses the combination of non-toxic photosensitizers and harmless light to generate reactive oxygen species that destroy tumors by a combination of direct tumor cell killing, vascular shutdown, and activation of the immune system. It has been shown in some animal models that mice that have been cured of cancer by PDT, may exhibit resistance to rechallenge. The cured mice can also possess tumor specific T-cells that recognize defined tumor antigens, destroy tumor cells in vitro, and can be adoptively transferred to protect naïve mice from cancer. However, these beneficial outcomes are the exception rather than the rule. The reasons for this lack of consistency lie in the ability of many tumors to suppress the host immune system and to actively evade immune attack. The presence of an appropriate tumor rejection antigen in the particular tumor cell line is a requisite for T-cell mediated immunity. Regulatory T-cells (CD25+, Foxp3+) are potent inhibitors of anti-tumor immunity, and their removal by low dose cyclophosphamide can potentiate the PDT-induced immune response. Treatments that stimulate dendritic cells (DC) such as CpG oligonucleotide can overcome tumor-induced DC dysfunction and improve PDT outcome. Epigenetic reversal agents can increase tumor expression of MHC class I and also simultaneously increase expression of tumor antigens. A few clinical reports have shown that anti-tumor immunity can be generated by PDT in patients, and it is hoped that these combination approaches may increase tumor cures in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Anzengruber
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pinar Avci
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatooncology and Venerology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Lucas Freitas de Freitas
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Programa de Pos Graduacao Interunidades Bioengenharia – USP – Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Correspondence to: Michael R Hamblin, PhD, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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31
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Mallidi S, Spring BQ, Hasan T. Optical Imaging, Photodynamic Therapy and Optically Triggered Combination Treatments. Cancer J 2015; 21:194-205. [PMID: 26049699 PMCID: PMC4459538 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Optical imaging is becoming increasingly promising for real-time image-guided resections, and combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT), a photochemistry-based treatment modality, optical approaches can be intrinsically "theranostic." Challenges in PDT include precise light delivery, dosimetry, and photosensitizer tumor localization to establish tumor selectivity, and like all other modalities, incomplete treatment and subsequent activation of molecular escape pathways are often attributable to tumor heterogeneity. Key advances in molecular imaging, target-activatable photosensitizers, and optically active nanoparticles that provide both cytotoxicity and a drug release mechanism have opened exciting avenues to meet these challenges. The focus of the review is optical imaging in the context of PDT, but the general principles presented are applicable to many of the conventional approaches to cancer management. We highlight the role of optical imaging in providing structural, functional, and molecular information regarding photodynamic mechanisms of action, thereby advancing PDT and PDT-based combination therapies of cancer. These advances represent a PDT renaissance with increasing applications of clinical PDT as a frontline cancer therapy working in concert with fluorescence-guided surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivalleesha Mallidi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Bryan Q. Spring
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
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32
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Marchal S, Dolivet G, Lassalle HP, Guillemin F, Bezdetnaya L. Targeted photodynamic therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: heading into the future. Lasers Med Sci 2015; 30:2381-7. [PMID: 25563461 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to give an insight into the future of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Through the combination of a photosensitizing agent with light and oxygen, PDT produces highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species leading to selective tumor eradication. PDT is an attractive treatment for focal therapy of localized tumors, especially in the case of unresectable tumors. In HNSCC, over 1500 patients have been treated by PDT, and the majority of them responded quite favorably to this treatment. However, the non-negligible photosensitization of healthy tissue is a major limitation for the clinical application of PDT. Improvement in tumor selectivity is the main challenge that can be taken up by the use of a new generation of photosensitizing nanoparticles. Passive targeting, by using functionalised nanocarriers to target to overexpressed transmembrane receptors afford attractive solutions. To this day, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) remains the only validated molecular target for HNSCC, and photosensitizer immunoconjugates to EGFR have been developed for the intracellular delivery of photosensitizing agents. Depending on coordinated research between biomarkers, specific ligands, and photosensitizers, similar approaches could be rapidly developed. In addition, some photosensitizers hold high fluorescence yield and therefore could emerge as theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Marchal
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), UMR 7039, Campus Sciences, Université de Lorraine, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France. .,CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), UMR 7039, Campus Sciences, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France. .,Research Unit, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Avenue de Bourgogne, 54519, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France.
| | - Gilles Dolivet
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), UMR 7039, Campus Sciences, Université de Lorraine, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France.,CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), UMR 7039, Campus Sciences, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France.,Surgery Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Avenue de Bourgogne, 54519, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Henri-Pierre Lassalle
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), UMR 7039, Campus Sciences, Université de Lorraine, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France.,CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), UMR 7039, Campus Sciences, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France.,Research Unit, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Avenue de Bourgogne, 54519, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - François Guillemin
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), UMR 7039, Campus Sciences, Université de Lorraine, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France.,CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), UMR 7039, Campus Sciences, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France.,Surgery Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Avenue de Bourgogne, 54519, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Lina Bezdetnaya
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), UMR 7039, Campus Sciences, Université de Lorraine, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France.,CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), UMR 7039, Campus Sciences, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France.,Research Unit, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Avenue de Bourgogne, 54519, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
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Selbo PK, Bostad M, Olsen CE, Edwards VT, Høgset A, Weyergang A, Berg K. Photochemical internalisation, a minimally invasive strategy for light-controlled endosomal escape of cancer stem cell-targeting therapeutics. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:1433-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress in radio-, chemo- and photodynamic-therapy (PDT) of cancer, treatment resistance still remains a major problem for patients with aggressive tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål Kristian Selbo
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Monica Bostad
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Cathrine Elisabeth Olsen
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Victoria Tudor Edwards
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Anders Høgset
- Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Center (SFI-CAST)
- Institute for Cancer Research
- Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Oslo
| | - Anette Weyergang
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
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Tumor Microenvironment as a Determinant of Photodynamic Therapy Resistance. RESISTANCE TO TARGETED ANTI-CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12730-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Honguero Martínez AF, Arnau Obrer A, Figueroa Almazán S, Martínez Hernández N, Guijarro Jorge R. [Prognostic value of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A and hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha in patients undergoing surgery for non-small cell lung cancer]. Med Clin (Barc) 2013; 142:432-7. [PMID: 23948151 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2013.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Studies suggest that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) expression favours expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) involving cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis in different cancers including lung cancer. We investigated the correlation of HIF-1α and VEGF-A with clinicopathologic parameters and clinical outcomes in surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHOD Prospective study to analyze the expression of VEGF-A and HIF-1α with real time-polymerase chain reaction in 66 patients operated on non-small cell lung cancer. RESULTS Mean age was 62.7±9.8 and male:female ratio was 7.3:1. According to the new 2009 TNM classification, stage i, ii, and iii included 27 (40.9%), 21 (31.8%) and 18 (27.3%) patients, respectively. Histological subtypes were: 47% squamous cell carcinoma, 33.3% adenocarcinoma, and 19.7% others. Mean follow-up time was 42.3 months. Median survival was 43.2 months and 5-year overall survival was 42.4%. There was no correlation between HIF-1α and VEGF-A (P=.306). The overexpression of VEGF-A was found more frequent in advanced stage and in lymph nodes metastasis (P=.034 and P=.059, respectively). In multivariate analysis, T descriptor and VEGF-A overexpression were independent prognostic factors (odds ratio [OR]=2.37, P=.016, and OR=2.51, P=.008, respectively). HIF-1α overexpression showed an OR=0.540, but without statistical significance (P=.172). CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that VEGF-A overexpression was an adverse independent prognostic factor. On the contrary, HIF-1α overexpression showed a tendency to a protective effect on survival of surgically treated non-small cell lung cancer patients, although without statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Arnau Obrer
- Servicio de Cirugía Torácica, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | | | | | - Ricardo Guijarro Jorge
- Servicio de Cirugía Torácica, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, España
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Smith G, Carroll L, Aboagye EO. New frontiers in the design and synthesis of imaging probes for PET oncology: current challenges and future directions. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 14:653-66. [PMID: 22948535 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-012-0590-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite being developed over 30 years ago, 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose remains the most frequently used radiotracer in PET oncology. In the last decade, interest in new and more specific radiotracers for imaging biological processes of oncologic interest has increased exponentially. This review summarizes the strategies underlying the development of those probes together with their validation and status of clinical translation; a brief summary of new radiochemistry strategies applicable to PET imaging is also included. The article finishes with a consideration of the challenges imaging scientists must overcome to bring about increased adoption of PET as a diagnostic or pharmacologic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Smith
- Post-Graduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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37
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Zuluaga MF, Sekkat N, Gabriel D, van den Bergh H, Lange N. Selective Photodetection and Photodynamic Therapy for Prostate Cancer through Targeting of Proteolytic Activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 12:306-13. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Bhuvaneswari R, Yuen GY, Chee SK, Olivo M. Antiangiogenesis agents avastin and erbitux enhance the efficacy of photodynamic therapy in a murine bladder tumor model. Lasers Surg Med 2012; 43:651-62. [PMID: 22057493 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been established as an alternative therapy for the treatment of various types of malignant disorders, including oesophageal, lung, and bladder cancer. However, one of the limitations of PDT is treatment-induced hypoxia that triggers angiogenesis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of combination therapy with PDT and an antiangiogenic protocol using monoclonal antibodies against both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro angiogenesis assays and in vivo matrigel assay were performed to understand the inhibitory effects of the antiangiogenic agents. Tumor bearing mice were assigned to six different categories: Control, PDT only, Avastin + Erbitux, PDT + Avastin, PDT + Erbitux, and PDT + Avastin and Erbitux. Treated and control tumors were monitored for recurrence for up to 90 days. RESULTS In vitro results provided valuable insight into the dynamics of endothelial cells in response to angiogenic stimulants and inhibitors to assess the angiogenesis processes. Addition of VEGF increased the migration of bladder cancer cells and addition of Avastin and Erbitux decreased cell migration significantly. Both inhibitors were also able to suppress invasion and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The in vivo tumor response for PDT with single inhibitor (Avastin or Erbitux) and double inhibitor (Avastin + Erbitux) was comparable; however, targeting both VEGF and EGFR pathways along with PDT resulted in more rapid response. Downregulation of VEGF and EGFR were observed in tumors treated with PDT in combination with Avastin and Erbitux respectively. CONCLUSION Our results show that blocking the VEGF or EGFR pathway along with PDT can effectively suppress tumor growth and the combination of both VEGF and EGFR inhibitors along with PDT could be used to treat more aggressive tumors to achieve rapid response.
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Gallagher-Colombo SM, Maas AL, Yuan M, Busch TM. Photodynamic therapy-induced angiogenic signaling: consequences and solutions to improve therapeutic response. Isr J Chem 2012; 52:681-690. [PMID: 26109742 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be a highly effective treatment for diseases ranging from actinic keratosis to cancer. While use of this therapy shows great promise in preclinical and clinical studies, understanding the molecular consequences of PDT is critical to designing better treatment protocols. A number of publications have documented alteration in angiogenic factors and growth factor receptors following PDT, which could abrogate treatment effect by inducing angiogenesis and re-establishment of the tumor vasculature. In response to these findings, work over the past decade has examined the efficacy of combining PDT with molecular targeting drugs, such as anti-angiogenic compounds, in an effort to combat these PDT-induced molecular changes. These combinatorial approaches increase rates of apoptosis, impair pro-tumorigenic signaling, and enhance tumor response. This report will examine the current understanding of PDT-induced angiogenic signaling and address molecular-based approaches to abrogate this signaling or its consequences thereby enhancing PDT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Gallagher-Colombo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, B13 Anatomy Chemistry Bldg., Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Amanda L Maas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, B13 Anatomy Chemistry Bldg., Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Min Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, B13 Anatomy Chemistry Bldg., Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Theresa M Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, B13 Anatomy Chemistry Bldg., Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Nonaka Y, Nanashima A, Nonaka T, Uehara M, Isomoto H, Abo T, Nagayasu T. Synergic effect of photodynamic therapy using talaporfin sodium with conventional anticancer chemotherapy for the treatment of bile duct carcinoma. J Surg Res 2012; 181:234-41. [PMID: 22835954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective laser treatment for locally treating advanced bile duct carcinoma (BDC). The study objective was to evaluate the synergic effect of PDT using a new photosensitizer, talaporfin sodium (Laserphyrin), in combination with conventional anticancer drug treatments. METHODS The range of the necrotic area, the percentage of apoptosis-positive cells, the vascular endothelial growth factor expression quantification, and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen-labeling index, as treatment effects, were examined in the BDC cell line (NOZ) in vitro and in vivo (4-wk-old male BALB/c mice). RESULTS Tumor viability was determined by an in vitro MTS assay. PDT with a single treatment of 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum showed a significantly lower viability compared with the control or the PDT-alone group (P<0.05). Furthermore, administering PDT combined with two anticancer drugs showed a further decline in the tumor viability. A treatment of PDT combined with oxaliplatin and gemcitabine showed the least viability (P<0.05). Thus, this regimen was administered in the in vivo study. The tumor necrotic area, apoptosis positivity, and the vascular endothelial growth factor expression rate were higher in the PDT with anticancer drugs group compared with those of the other groups (P<0.05). The proliferating cell nuclear antigen-labeling index results in the PDT with the anticancer drugs group were significantly lower than those of the other groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS A treatment of PDT combined with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin showed the best synergic effect for necrosis, apoptosis, and cytostatic alterations for the treatment of BDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Nonaka
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Kim YW, Bae SM, Battogtokh G, Bang HJ, Ahn WS. Synergistic anti-tumor effects of combination of photodynamic therapy and arsenic compound in cervical cancer cells: in vivo and in vitro studies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38583. [PMID: 22715393 PMCID: PMC3371011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of As(4)O(6) as adjuvant on photodynamic therapy (PDT) were studied. As(4)O(6) is considered to have anticancer activity via several biological actions, such as free radical production and inhibition of VEGF expression. PDT or As(4)O(6) significantly inhibited TC-1 cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05) by MTT assay. The anti-proliferative effect of the combination treatment was significantly higher than in TC-1 cells treated with either photodynamic therapy or As(4)O(6) alone (62.4 and 52.5% decrease compared to vehicle-only treated TC-1 cells, respectively, P<0.05). In addition, cell proliferation in combination of photodynamic therapy and As(4)O(6) treatment significantly decreased by 77.4% (P<0.05). Cell survival pathway (Naip1, Tert and Aip1) and p53-dependent pathway (Bax, p21(Cip1), Fas, Gadd45, IGFBP-3 and Mdm-2) were markedly increased by combination treatment of photodynamic therapy and As(4)O(6). In addition, the immune response in the NEAT pathway (Ly-12, CD178 and IL-2) was also modulated after combination treatment, suggesting improved antitumor effects by controlling unwanted growth-stimulatory pathways. The combination effect apparently reflected concordance with in vitro data, in restricting tumor growth in vivo and in relation to some common signaling pathways to those observed in vitro. These findings suggest the benefit of combinatory treatment with photodynamic therapy and As(4)O(6) for inhibition of cervical cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Wan Kim
- Catholic Research Institutes of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Mi Bae
- Catholic Research Institutes of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gantumur Battogtokh
- Catholic Research Institutes of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Joo Bang
- Catholic Research Institutes of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong Shick Ahn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Weiss A, den Bergh HV, Griffioen AW, Nowak-Sliwinska P. Angiogenesis inhibition for the improvement of photodynamic therapy: the revival of a promising idea. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:53-70. [PMID: 22465396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive form of treatment, which is clinically approved for the treatment of angiogenic disorders, including certain forms of cancer and neovascular eye diseases. Although the concept of PDT has existed for a long time now, it has never made a solid entrance into the clinical management of cancer. This is likely due to secondary tissue reactions, such as inflammation and neoangiogenesis. The recent development of clinically effective angiogenesis inhibitors has lead to the initiation of research on the combination of PDT with such angiostatic targeted therapies. Preclinical studies in this research field have shown promising results, causing a revival in the field of PDT. This review reports on the current research efforts on PDT and vascular targeted combination therapies. Different combination strategies with angiogenesis inhibition and vascular targeting approaches are discussed. In addition, the concept of increasing PDT selectivity by targeted delivery of photosensitizers is presented. Furthermore, the current insights on sequencing the therapy arms of such combinations will be discussed in light of vascular normalization induced by angiogenesis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Weiss
- Medical Photonics Group, Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Winkler AM, Rice PFS, Weichsel J, Watson JM, Backer MV, Backer JM, Barton JK. In vivo, dual-modality OCT/LIF imaging using a novel VEGF receptor-targeted NIR fluorescent probe in the AOM-treated mouse model. Mol Imaging Biol 2012; 13:1173-82. [PMID: 21042865 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0450-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor expression has been found at the sites of angiogenesis, particularly in tumor growth areas, as compared with quiescent vasculature. An increase in VEGF receptor-2 is associated with colon cancer progression. The in vivo detection of VEGF receptor is of interest for the purposes of studying basic mechanisms of carcinogenesis, making clinical diagnoses, and monitoring the efficacy of chemopreventive and therapeutic agents. In this study, a novel single chain (sc)VEGF-based molecular probe is utilized in the azoxymethane (AOM)-treated mouse model of colorectal cancer to study delivery route and specificity for disease. PROCEDURES The probe was constructed by site-specific conjugation of a near-infrared fluorescent dye, Cy5.5, to scVEGF and detected in vivo with a dual-modality optical coherence tomography/laser-induced fluorescence (OCT/LIF) endoscopic system. A probe inactivated via excessive biotinylation was utilized as a control for nonreceptor-mediated binding. The LIF excitation source was a 633-nm He:Ne laser, and red/near-infrared fluorescence was detected with a spectrometer. OCT was used to obtain two-dimensional longitudinal tomograms at eight rotations in the distal colon. Fluorescence emission levels were correlated with OCT-detected disease in vivo. OCT-detected disease was verified with hematoxylin and eosin stained histology slides ex vivo. RESULTS High fluorescence emission intensity from the targeted probe was correlated with tumor presence as detected using OCT in vivo and VEGFR-2 immunostaining on histological sections ex vivo. The inactivated probe accumulated preferentially on the surface of tumor lesions and in lymphoid aggregate tissue and was less selective for VEGFR-2. CONCLUSION The scVEGF/Cy probe delivered via colonic lavage reaches tumor vasculature and selectively accumulates in VEGFR-2-positive areas, resulting in high sensitivity and specificity for tumor detection. The combination of OCT and LIF imaging modalities may allow the simultaneous study of tumor morphology and protein expression for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Winkler
- College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Laquer VT, Dao BM, Pavlis JM, Nguyen AN, Chen TS, Harris RM, Rugg EL, Kelly KM. Immunohistochemistry of angiogenesis mediators before and after pulsed dye laser treatment of angiomas. Lasers Surg Med 2012; 44:205-10. [PMID: 22302773 PMCID: PMC4106708 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Tissue effects of vascular lesion laser treatment are incompletely understood. Injury caused by pulsed dye laser (PDL) treatment may result in altered expression of mediators associated with angiogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight human subjects had one angioma treated with PDL (7 mm, 1.5 millisecond pulse duration, 9 J/cm(2), cryogen spray cooling of 30 millisecond with a 30 millisecond delay). One week later, three biopsies were taken: normal skin, untreated angioma, angioma post-PDL. Tissue was frozen and sections processed for immunohistochemistry staining of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), and angiopoietin 2 (ANG-2). Images were graded in a blinded fashion by a board certified dermatopathologist. RESULTS There were no clear trends in VEGF expression in the epidermis, dermis, or endothelial cells. As compared to normal skin, angiomas demonstrated the following: bFGF was decreased in the epidermis; MMP-9 was decreased or unchanged in the epidermis and increased in the endothelial cells; ANG-2 was increased in the endothelial cells. When comparing normal skin to angiomas + PDL, bFGF was decreased in the epidermis and increased in the dermis; MMP-9 was decreased or unchanged in the epidermis; ANG-2 was again increased in the endothelial cells. Comparison of staining in angioma to angioma + PDL samples revealed increased dermal bFGF expression. CONCLUSION Alterations in angiogenesis mediators were noted after PDL. Angiogenesis mediator changes associated with PDL treatment differed from those previously reported for incisional biopsies. This pilot study can guide future work on laser-induced alterations in vascular lesions and such information may ultimately be used to optimize treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian T Laquer
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Wang Y, Perentes JY, Schafer SC, Gonzalez M, Debefve E, Lehr HA, van den Bergh H, Krueger T. Photodynamic drug delivery enhancement in tumours does not depend on leukocyte-endothelial interaction in a human mesothelioma xenograft model. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012; 42:348-54. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezr294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in esophageal epithelium before and after photodynamic therapy for Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2011; 459:581-6. [PMID: 22081106 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is upregulated in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Photodynamic therapy using porfimer sodium can result in ablation of dysplasia and intramucosal carcinoma, eradication of Barrett's esophagus, and restitution of squamous epithelium. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of photodynamic therapy on cyclooxygenase-2 expression in esophageal epithelium. Paired pre- and post-photodynamic therapy biopsy samples from the same anatomical levels of 20 individuals who had undergone photodynamic therapy for Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia and/or intramucosal carcinoma were immunostained using a cyclooxygenase-2 monoclonal antibody. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression was graded in squamous epithelium, Barrett's esophagus, and neoplasia (if present) as follows: grade 0 (no staining), grade 1 (staining in 1-10% of cells), grade 2 (staining in 11-90% of cells), and grade 3 (staining in >90% of cells). Pre-photodynamic therapy median cyclooxygenase-2 expression was grade 2 (range 1-3) in neoplastic foci and grade 1 (range 1-3) in nondysplastic Barrett's esophagus (P=0.0009 for pairwise comparison). With the exception of a few cells staining in the basal epithelial layers, median cyclooxygenase-2 expression was graded as 0 (similar to controls) in both pre-photodynamic therapy squamous epithelium and post-photodynamic therapy neosquamous epithelium. This was significantly lower when compared to either neoplastic foci (P<0.0001) or nondysplastic Barrett's esophagus (P<0.0001) pre-photodynamic therapy. Notably, in four patients with post-photodynamic therapy recurrent neoplasia, cyclooxygenase-2 expression returned to elevated levels. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is elevated in Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal carcinoma prior to photodynamic therapy. Following successful photodynamic therapy, cyclooxygenase-2 expression in neosquamous epithelium returns to a low baseline level similar to that observed in native esophageal squamous epithelium. Post-photodynamic therapy neoplastic recurrence is associated with elevated cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Prospective studies should determine whether cyclooxygenase inhibitors have a role as adjuvant therapy to prevent recurrence of Barrett's esophagus following endoscopic therapy.
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Debefve E, Mithieux F, Perentes JY, Wang Y, Cheng C, Schaefer SC, Ruffieux C, Ballini JP, Gonzalez M, van den Bergh H, Ris HB, Lehr HA, Krueger T. Leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction is necessary for photodynamic therapy induced vascular permeabilization. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 43:696-704. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Chevalier S, Anidjar M, Scarlata E, Hamel L, Scherz A, Ficheux H, Borenstein N, Fiette L, Elhilali M. Preclinical Study of the Novel Vascular Occluding Agent, WST11, for Photodynamic Therapy of the Canine Prostate. J Urol 2011; 186:302-9. [PMID: 21600602 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Chevalier
- Urologic Oncology Research Group, Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maurice Anidjar
- Urologic Oncology Research Group, Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eleonora Scarlata
- Urologic Oncology Research Group, Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lucie Hamel
- Urologic Oncology Research Group, Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Mostafa Elhilali
- Urologic Oncology Research Group, Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Ishdorj G, Johnston JB, Gibson SB. Cucurbitacin-I (JSI-124) activates the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway independent of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in B leukemic cells. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:268. [PMID: 21702955 PMCID: PMC3146936 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cucurbitacin-I (JSI-124) is potent inhibitor of JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway and has anti-tumor activity in a variety of cancer including B cell leukemia. However, other molecular targets of JSI-124 beyond the JAK/STAT3 pathway are not fully understood. Methods BJAB, I-83, NALM-6 and primary CLL cells were treated with JSI-124 as indicated. Apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry for accumulation of sub-G1 phase cells (indicator of apoptosis) and Annexin V/PI staining. Cell cycle was analyzed by FACS for DNA content of G1 and G2 phases. Changes in phosphorylation and protein expression of p38, Erk1/2, JNK, c-Jun, and XIAP were detected by Western blot analysis. STAT3 and c-Jun genes were knocked out using siRNA transfection. VEGF expression was determined by mRNA and protein levels by RT-PCR and western blotting. Streptavidin Pull-Down Assay was used to determine c-Jun binding to the AP-1 DNA binding site. Results Herein, we show that JSI-124 activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and increases both the expression and serine phosphorylation of c-Jun protein in the B leukemic cell lines BJAB, I-83 and NALM-6. JSI-124 also activated MAPK p38 and MAPK Erk1/2 albeit at lower levels than JNK activation. Inhibition of the JNK signaling pathway failed to effect cell cycle arrest or apoptosis induced by JSI-124 but repressed JSI-124 induced c-Jun expression in these leukemia cells. The JNK pathway activation c-Jun leads to transcriptional activation of many genes. Treatment of BJAB, I-83, and NALM-6 cells with JSI-124 lead to an increase of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) at both the mRNA and protein level. Knockdown of c-Jun expression and inhibition of JNK activation significantly blocked JSI-124 induced VEGF expression. Pretreatment with recombinant VEGF reduced JSI-124 induced apoptosis. Conclusions Taken together, our data demonstrates that JSI-124 activates the JNK signaling pathway independent of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, leading to increased VEGF expression.
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Marrero A, Becker T, Sunar U, Morgan J, Bellnier D. Aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy combined with topically applied vascular disrupting agent vadimezan leads to enhanced antitumor responses. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:910-9. [PMID: 21575001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The tumor vascular-disrupting agent (VDA) vadimezan (5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid, DMXAA) has been shown to potentiate the antitumor activity of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using systemically administered photosensitizers. Here, we characterized the response of subcutaneous syngeneic Colon26 murine colon adenocarcinoma tumors to PDT using the locally applied photosensitizer precursor aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in combination with a topical formulation of vadimezan. Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS), a noninvasive method for monitoring blood flow, was utilized to determine tumor vascular response to treatment. In addition, correlative CD31-immunohistochemistry to visualize endothelial damage, ELISA to measure induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and tumor weight measurements were also examined in separate animals. In our previous work, DCS revealed a selective decrease in tumor blood flow over time following topical vadimezan. ALA-PDT treatment also induced a decrease in tumor blood flow. The onset of blood flow reduction was rapid in tumors treated with both ALA-PDT and vadimezan. CD31-immunostaining of tumor sections confirmed vascular damage following topical application of vadimezan. Tumor weight measurements revealed enhanced tumor growth inhibition with combination treatment compared with ALA-PDT or vadimezan treatment alone. In conclusion, vadimezan as a topical agent enhances treatment efficacy when combined with ALA-PDT. This combination could be useful in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Marrero
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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