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Azizan S, Cheng KJ, Mejia Mohamed EH, Ibrahim K, Faruqu FN, Vellasamy KM, Khong TL, Syafruddin SE, Ibrahim ZA. Insights into the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in colorectal cancer: A systematic review and bioinformatic analysis of gene expression. Gene 2024; 896:148057. [PMID: 38043836 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is ranked as the second leading cause of mortality worldwide, mainly due to metastasis. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex cellular process that drives CRC metastasis, regulated by changes in EMT-associated gene expression. However, while numerous genes have been identified as EMT regulators through various in vivo and in vitro studies, little is known about the genes that are differentially expressed in CRC tumour tissue and their signalling pathway in regulating EMT. Using an integration of systematic search and bioinformatic analysis, gene expression profiles of CRC tumour tissues were compared to non-tumour adjacent tissues to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by performing systematic review on common identified DEGs. Fifty-eight common DEGs were identified from the analysis of 82 tumour tissue samples obtained from four gene expression datasets (NCBI GEO). These DEGS were then systematically searched for their roles in modulating EMT in CRC based on previously published studies. Following this, 10 common DEGs (CXCL1, CXCL8, MMP1, MMP3, MMP7, TACSTD2, VIP, HPGD, ABCG2, CLCA4) were included in this study and subsequently subjected to further bioinformatic analysis. Their roles and functions in modulating EMT in CRC were discussed in this review. This study enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying EMT and uncovers potential candidate genes and pathways that could be targeted in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suha Azizan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kim Jun Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Kamariah Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Farid Nazer Faruqu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tak Loon Khong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Effendi Syafruddin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), UKM Medical Centre, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zaridatul Aini Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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2
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García de Herreros A. Dual role of Snail1 as transcriptional repressor and activator. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189037. [PMID: 38043804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Snail1 transcriptional factor plays a key role in the control of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a process that remodels tumor cells increasing their invasion and chemo-resistance as well as reprograms their metabolism and provides stemness properties. During this transition, Snail1 acts as a transcriptional repressor and, as growing evidences have demonstrated, also as a direct activator of mesenchymal genes. In this review, I describe the different proteins that interact with Snail1 and are responsible for these two different functions on gene expression; I focus on the transcriptional factors that associate to Snail1 in their target promoters, both activated and repressed. I also present working models for Snail1 action both as repressor and activator and raise some issues that still need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García de Herreros
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Tsamouri MM, Steele TM, Mudryj M, Kent MS, Ghosh PM. Comparative Cancer Cell Signaling in Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder in Dogs and Humans. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1472. [PMID: 34680588 PMCID: PMC8533305 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (MIUC) is the most common type of bladder malignancy in humans, but also in dogs that represent a naturally occurring model for this disease. Dogs are immunocompetent animals that share risk factors, pathophysiological features, clinical signs and response to chemotherapeutics with human cancer patients. This review summarizes the fundamental pathways for canine MIUC initiation, progression, and metastasis, emerging therapeutic targets and mechanisms of drug resistance, and proposes new opportunities for potential prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutics. Identifying similarities and differences between cancer signaling in dogs and humans is of utmost importance for the efficient translation of in vitro research to successful clinical trials for both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Malvina Tsamouri
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (T.M.S.); (M.M.)
- Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
- Graduate Group in Integrative Pathobiology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas M. Steele
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (T.M.S.); (M.M.)
- Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
| | - Maria Mudryj
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (T.M.S.); (M.M.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael S. Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Paramita M. Ghosh
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (T.M.S.); (M.M.)
- Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
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4
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Sun CC, Zhou ZQ, Yang D, Chen ZL, Zhou YY, Wen W, Feng C, Zheng L, Peng XY, Tang CF. Recent advances in studies of 15-PGDH as a key enzyme for the degradation of prostaglandins. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108176. [PMID: 34655851 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH; encoded by HPGD) is ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues and catalyzes the degradation of prostaglandins (PGs; mainly PGE2, PGD2, and PGF2α) in a process mediated by solute carrier organic anion transport protein family member 2A1 (SLCO2A1; also known as PGT, OATP2A1, PHOAR2, or SLC21A2). As a key enzyme, 15-PGDH catalyzes the rapid oxidation of 15-hydroxy-PGs into 15-keto-PGs with lower biological activity. Increasing evidence suggests that 15-PGDH plays a key role in many physiological and pathological processes in mammals and is considered a potential pharmacological target for preventing organ damage, promoting bone marrow graft recovery, and enhancing tissue regeneration. Additionally, results of whole-exome analyses suggest that recessive inheritance of an HPGD mutation is associated with idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Interestingly, as a tumor suppressor, 15-PGDH inhibits proliferation and induces the differentiation of cancer cells (including those associated with colorectal, lung, and breast cancers). Furthermore, a recent study identified 15-PGDH as a marker of aging tissue and a potential novel therapeutic target for resisting the complex pathology of aging-associated diseases. Here, we review and summarise recent information on the molecular functions of 15-PGDH and discuss its pathophysiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Zuo-Qiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Zhang-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Yun-Yi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Wei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Chen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Xi-Yang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China.
| | - Chang-Fa Tang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China.
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Zhang H, Chi J, Hu J, Ji T, Luo Z, Zhou C, Huang L, Dai Z, Li J, Wang G, Wang L, Wang Z. Intracellular AGR2 transduces PGE2 stimuli to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2021; 518:180-195. [PMID: 34216690 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human anterior gradient homolog 2 (AGR2) reportedly acts as an oncogene in multiple types of cancers. As a secreted protein, the oncogenic roles of extracellular AGR2 have been the focus of the increasing number of studies. In contrast, the oncological functions of intracellular AGR2 (iAGR2) remain elusive. Here, we report that intracellular AGR2 (iAGR2) is sufficient to promote CRC metastasis. iAGR2 binds to KDEL receptors (KDELRs) via its KTEL motif to activate downstream Gs-PKA signaling. Activated PKA upregulates the expression of NF-κB subunit c-Rel (REL) and acetylates histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9ac) to promote the transcription of SNAIL and SLUG. AGR2 can be upregulated by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) via EP4-PI3K-AKT pathway and is indispensable for PGE2-induced CRC metastasis. AGR2 knockdown enhances therapeutic effects of a COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, in CRC metastasis. Collectively, our study reveals a promoting role and molecular mechanisms of iAGR2 in CRC metastasis and uncovers a new tumor microenvironment signal regulating AGR2 expression, which may provide new targets for treating metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangyang Chi
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Hu
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Tiantian Ji
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Caihong Zhou
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Lifeng Huang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Dai
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
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6
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Song CH, Kim N, Nam RH, Choi SI, Kang C, Jang JY, Nho H, Shin E, Lee HN. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-related Factor 2 Knockout Suppresses the Development of Aggressive Colorectal Cancer Formation Induced by Azoxymethane/Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Treatment in Female Mice. J Cancer Prev 2021; 26:41-53. [PMID: 33842405 PMCID: PMC8020176 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2021.26.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon tumors develop more frequently in male than in female. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays differential roles in the stage of tumorigenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Nrf2 on colitis-associated tumorigenesis using Nrf2 knockout (KO) female mice. Azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated wild-type (WT) and Nrf2 KO female mice were sacrificed at week 2 and 16 after AOM injection. Severity of colitis, tumor incidence, and levels of inflammatory mediators were evaluated in AOM/DSS-treated WT and Nrf2 KO mice. Furthermore, qRT-PCR, Western blot abnalysis, and ELISA were performed in colon tissues. At week 2, AOM/DSS-induced colon tissue damages were significantly greater in Nrf2 KO than in WT mice. At week 16, tumor numbers (> 2 mm size) were significantly lower in both the proximal and distal colon in Nrf2 KO compared to WT. The overall incidences of adenoma/cancer of the proximal colon and submucosal invasive cancer of the distal colon were reduced by Nrf2 KO. The mRNA and protein expression levels of NF-κB-related mediators (i.e., iNOS and COX-2) and Nrf2-related antioxidants (i.e., heme oxygenase-1 and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit) were significantly lower in the Nrf2 KO than in WT mice. Interestingly, the protein level of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) was higher in AOM/DSS-treated Nrf2 KO than in WT mice. Our results support the oncogenic effect of Nrf2 in the later stage of carcinogenesis and upregulation of tumor suppressor 15-PGDH might contribute to the repression of colitis-associated tumorigenesis in Nrf2 KO female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hee Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ryoung Hee Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Soo In Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Changhee Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jae Young Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Heewon Nho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eun Shin
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Ha-Na Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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7
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Tumour suppressor 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase induces differentiation in colon cancer via GLI1 inhibition. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:74. [PMID: 32814764 PMCID: PMC7438320 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00256-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an established risk factor for colorectal cancer. We and others have shown that colorectal cancer patients with elevated cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (CysLT2R) and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) levels exhibit good prognoses. However, both CysLT2R and 15-PGDH, which act as tumour suppressors, are often suppressed in colorectal cancer. We previously reported that leukotriene C4 (LTC4)-induced differentiation in colon cancer via CysLT2R signalling. Here, we investigated the involvement of Hedgehog (Hh)-GLI1 signalling, which is often hyperactivated in colorectal cancer. We found that the majority of colorectal cancer patients had high-GLI1 expression, which was negatively correlated with CysLT2R, 15-PGDH, and Mucin-2 and overall survival compared with the low-GLI1 group. LTC4-induced 15-PGDH downregulated both the mRNA and protein expression of GLI1 in a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent manner. Interestingly, the LTC4-induced increase in differentiation markers and reduction in Wnt targets remained unaltered in GLI1-knockdown cells. The restoration of GLI1 in 15-PGDH-knockdown cells did not ameliorate the LTC4-induced effects, indicating the importance of both 15-PGDH and GLI1. LTC4-mediated reduction in the DCLK1 and LGR5 stemness markers in colonospheres was abolished in cells lacking 15-PGDH or GLI1. Both DCLK1 and LGR5 were highly increased in tumour tissue compared with the matched controls. Reduced Mucin-2 levels were observed both in zebrafish xenografts with GLI1-knockdown cells and in the cysltr2-/- colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) mouse model. Furthermore, GLI1 expression was positively correlated with stemness and negatively correlated with differentiation in CRC patients when comparing tumour and mucosal tissues. In conclusion, restoring 15-PGDH expression via CysLT2R activation might benefit colorectal cancer patients.
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Ledard N, Liboz A, Blondeau B, Babiak M, Moulin C, Vallin B, Guillas I, Mateo V, Jumeau C, Blirando K, Meilhac O, Limon I, Glorian M. Slug, a Cancer-Related Transcription Factor, is Involved in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Transdifferentiation Induced by Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB During Atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e014276. [PMID: 31959031 PMCID: PMC7033846 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Heart attacks and stroke often result from occlusive thrombi following the rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a pivotal role in plaque vulnerability because of their switch towards a proinflammatory/macrophage-like phenotype when in the context of atherosclerosis. The prometastatic transcription factor Slug/Snail2 is a critical regulator of cell phenotypic transition. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of Slug in the transdifferentiation process of VSMCs occurring during atherogenesis. Methods and Results In rat and human primary aortic smooth muscle cells, Slug protein expression is strongly and rapidly increased by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). PDGF-BB increases Slug protein without affecting mRNA levels indicating that this growth factor stabilizes Slug protein. Immunocytochemistry and subcellular fractionation experiments reveal that PDGF-BB triggers a rapid accumulation of Slug in VSMC nuclei. Using pharmacological tools, we show that the PDGF-BB-dependent mechanism of Slug stabilization in VSMCs involves the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway. Immunohistochemistry experiments on type V and type VI atherosclerotic lesions of human carotids show smooth muscle-specific myosin heavy chain-/Slug-positive cells surrounding the prothrombotic lipid core. In VSMCs, Slug siRNAs inhibit prostaglandin E2 secretion and prevent the inhibition of cholesterol efflux gene expression mediated by PDGF-BB, known to be involved in plaque vulnerability and/or thrombogenicity. Conclusions Our results highlight, for the first time, a role of Slug in aortic smooth muscle cell transdifferentiation and enable us to consider Slug as an actor playing a role in the atherosclerotic plaque progression towards a life-threatening phenotype. This also argues for common features between acute cardiovascular events and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahéma Ledard
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) Biological Adaptation and Ageing UMR 8256 Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Alexandrine Liboz
- INSERM Saint-Antoine Research Center Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Bertrand Blondeau
- INSERM Saint-Antoine Research Center Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Mégane Babiak
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) Biological Adaptation and Ageing UMR 8256 Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Célia Moulin
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) Biological Adaptation and Ageing UMR 8256 Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Benjamin Vallin
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) Biological Adaptation and Ageing UMR 8256 Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Isabelle Guillas
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Faculté de Médecine Pitié Salpétrière UMR-S 1166 ICAN Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Véronique Mateo
- CIMI-Paris INSERM U1135 Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne-Université Site Pitié-Salpêtrière Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | | | - Karl Blirando
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) Biological Adaptation and Ageing UMR 8256 Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Université de La Réunion Diabète, Athérothrombose, Thérapies, Réunion, Océan Indien (UMR DéTROI U1188) - -CYROI- Sainte Clotilde La Réunion
| | - Isabelle Limon
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) Biological Adaptation and Ageing UMR 8256 Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Martine Glorian
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) Biological Adaptation and Ageing UMR 8256 Sorbonne Université Paris France
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9
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Yang Z, Wang J, Zhang Z, Tang F. Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded Products Promote Circulating Tumor Cell Generation: A Novel Mechanism of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Metastasis. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:11793-11804. [PMID: 32099385 PMCID: PMC6997419 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s235948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a specific tumorigenic factor in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Viral products encoded by EBV (LMP1, LMP2A, EBNA1, and miRNAs) have been shown to promote NPC metastasis. EBV-encoded oncoproteins and miRNAs have been shown to induce epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) indirectly by inducing EMT transcription factors (EMT-TFs). These EBV-encoded products also promote the expression of EMT-TFs through post-transcriptional regulation. EMT contributes to generation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in epithelial cancers. CTCs exhibit stem cell characteristics, including increased invasiveness, enhanced cell intravasation, and improved cell survival in the peripheral system. EBV may contribute NPC metastasis through promoting generation of CTCs. Furthermore, CTC karyotypes are associated with NPC staging, therapeutic sensitivity, and resistance. We summarized studies showing that EBV-encoded virus-proteins and miRNAs promote generation of NPC CTCs, and highlighted the associated mechanism. This synthesis indicated that EBV mediates NPC metastasis through generation of CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongbei Yang
- Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital of Jinan University, Zhuhai, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenlin Zhang
- Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital of Jinan University, Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Faqing Tang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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10
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Lee CH. Reversal of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition by Natural Anti-Inflammatory and Pro-Resolving Lipids. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1841. [PMID: 31766574 PMCID: PMC6966475 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key process in the progression of malignant cancer. Therefore, blocking the EMT can be a critical fast track for the development of anticancer drugs. In this paper, we update recent research output of EMT and we explore suppression of EMT by natural anti-inflammatory compounds and pro-resolving lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Korea
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11
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Park JM, Na HK. 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J 2 Upregulates the Expression of 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase by Inducing AP-1 Activation and Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Human Colon Cancer Cells. J Cancer Prev 2019; 24:183-191. [PMID: 31624724 PMCID: PMC6786809 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2019.24.3.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal upregulation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is considered to be a key oncogenic event in the development and progression of inflammation-associated human colon cancer. It has been reported that 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), an enzyme catabolizing PGE2, is ubiquitously downregulated in human colon cancer. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligand, has been shown to have anticarcinogenic activities. In this study, we investigate the effect of 15d-PGJ2 on expression of 15-PGDH in human colon cancer HCT116 cells. Methods HCT116 cells were treated with 15d-PGJ2 analysis. The expression of 15-PGDH in the treated cells was measured by Western blot analysis and RT-PCR. In addition, the cells were subjected to a 15-PGDH activity assay. To determine which transcription factor(s) and signaling pathway(s) are involved in 15d-PGJ2-induced 15-PGDH expression, we performed a cDNA microarray analysis of 15d-PGJ2-treated cells. The DNA binding activity of AP-1 was measured by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. To determine whether the AP-1 plays an important role in the 15d-PGJ2-induced 15-PGDH expression, the cells were transfected with siRNA of c-Jun, a major subunit of AP-1. To elucidate the upstream signaling pathways involved in AP-1 activation by 15d-PGJ2, we examined its effect on phosphorylation of Akt by Western blot analysis in the presence or absence of kinase inhibitor. Results 15d-PGJ2 (10 μM) significantly upregulated 15-PGDH expression at the mRNA and protein levels in HCT-116 cells. 15-PGDH activity was also elevated by 15d-PGJ2. We observed that genes encoding C/EBP delta, FOS-like antigen 1, c-Jun, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were most highly induced in the HCT116 cells following 15d-PGJ2 treatment. 15d-PGJ2 increased the DNA binding activity of AP-1. Moreover, transfection with specific siRNA against c-Jun significantly reduced 15-PGDH expression induced by 15d-PGJ2. 15d-PGJ2 activates Akt and a pharmacological inhibitor of Akt, LY294002, abrogated 15d-PGJ2-induced 15-PGDH expression. We also observed that an inhibitor of HO-1, zinc protoporphyrin IX, also abrogated upregulation of 15-PGDH and down-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression induced by 15d-PGJ2. Conclusions These finding suggest that 15d-PGJ2 upregulates the expression of 15-PGDH through AP-1 activation in colon cancer HCT116 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowledge-Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Monteleone NJ, Moore AE, Iacona JR, Lutz CS, Dixon DA. miR-21-mediated regulation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in colon cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5405. [PMID: 30931980 PMCID: PMC6443653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41862-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels are observed in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, and this increase is associated with poor prognosis. Increased synthesis of PGE2 in CRC has been shown to occur through COX-2-dependent mechanisms; however, loss of the PGE2-catabolizing enzyme, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH, HPGD), in colonic tumors contributes to increased prostaglandin levels and poor patient survival. While loss of 15-PGDH can occur through transcriptional mechanisms, we demonstrate that 15-PGDH can be additionally regulated by a miRNA-mediated mechanism. We show that 15-PGDH and miR-21 are inversely correlated in CRC patients, with increased miR-21 levels associating with low 15-PGDH expression. 15-PGDH can be directly regulated by miR-21 through distinct sites in its 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), and miR-21 expression in CRC cells attenuates 15-PGDH and promotes increased PGE2 levels. Additionally, epithelial growth factor (EGF) signaling suppresses 15-PGDH expression while simultaneously enhancing miR-21 levels. miR-21 inhibition represses CRC cell proliferation, which is enhanced with EGF receptor (EGFR) inhibition. These findings present a novel regulatory mechanism of 15-PGDH by miR-21, and how dysregulated expression of miR-21 may contribute to loss of 15-PGDH expression and promote CRC progression via increased accumulation of PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Monteleone
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, & Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University - School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | | | - Joseph R Iacona
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, & Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University - School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Carol S Lutz
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, & Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University - School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Dan A Dixon
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA. .,Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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13
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Lee CH. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: Initiation by cues from chronic inflammatory tumor microenvironment and termination by anti-inflammatory compounds and specialized pro-resolving lipids. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:261-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Mehdawi LM, Satapathy SR, Gustafsson A, Lundholm K, Alvarado-Kristensson M, Sjölander A. A potential anti-tumor effect of leukotriene C4 through the induction of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase expression in colon cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35033-35047. [PMID: 28402256 PMCID: PMC5471032 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Cyclooxygenase-2, which plays a key role in the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), is often up-regulated in CRC and in other types of cancer. PGE2 induces angiogenesis and tumor cell survival, proliferation and migration. The tumor suppressor 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) is a key enzyme in PGE2 catabolism, converting it into its inactive metabolite 15-keto-PGE2, and is often down-regulated in cancer. Interestingly, CRC patients expressing high levels of the cysteinyl leukotriene 2 (CysLT2) receptor have a good prognosis; therefore, we investigated a potential link between CysLT2 signaling and the tumor suppressor 15-PGDH in colon cancer cells.We observed a significant up-regulation of 15-PGDH after treatment with LTC4, a CysLT2 ligand, in colon cancer cells at both the mRNA and protein levels, which could be reduced by a CysLT2 antagonist or a JNK inhibitor. LTC4 induced 15-PGDH promoter activity via JNK/AP-1 phosphorylation. Furthermore, we also observed that LTC4, via the CysLT2/JNK signaling pathway, increased the expression of the differentiation markers sucrase-isomaltase and mucin-2 in colon cancer cells and that down-regulation of 15-PGDH totally abolished the observed increase in these markers.In conclusion, the restoration of 15-PGDH expression through CysLT2 signaling promotes the differentiation of colon cancer cells, indicating an anti-tumor effect of CysLT2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna M Mehdawi
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Shakti Ranjan Satapathy
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Annika Gustafsson
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kent Lundholm
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Anita Sjölander
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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15
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Loubat-Casanovas J, Peña R, Gonzàlez N, Alba-Castellón L, Rosell S, Francí C, Navarro P, García de Herreros A. Snail1 is required for the maintenance of the pancreatic acinar phenotype. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4468-82. [PMID: 26735179 PMCID: PMC4826219 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Snail1 transcriptional factor is required for correct embryonic development, yet its expression in adult animals is very limited and its functional roles are not evident. We have now conditionally inactivated Snail1 in adult mice and analyzed the phenotype of these animals. Snail1 ablation rapidly altered pancreas structure: one month after Snail1 depletion, acinar cells were markedly depleted, and pancreas accumulated adipose tissue. Snail1 expression was not detected in the epithelium but was in pancreatic mesenchymal cells (PMCs). Snail1 ablation in cultured PMCs downregulated the expression of several β-catenin/Tcf-4 target genes, modified the secretome of these cells and decreased their ability to maintain acinar markers in cultured pancreas cells. Finally, Snail1 deficiency modified the phenotype of pancreatic tumors generated in transgenic mice expressing c-myc under the control of the elastase promoter. Specifically, Snail1 depletion did not significantly alter the size of the tumors but accelerated acinar-ductal metaplasia. These results demonstrate that Snail1 is expressed in PMCs and plays a pivotal role in maintaining acinar cells within the pancreas in normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordina Loubat-Casanovas
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Peña
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Gonzàlez
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Servei d'Oncologia Mèdica, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Alba-Castellón
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santi Rosell
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Escola Superior Infermeria del Mar, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Francí
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Navarro
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio García de Herreros
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Huang X, Taeb S, Jahangiri S, Korpela E, Cadonic I, Yu N, Krylov SN, Fokas E, Boutros PC, Liu SK. miR-620 promotes tumor radioresistance by targeting 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD). Oncotarget 2016; 6:22439-51. [PMID: 26068950 PMCID: PMC4673174 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA contribute to tumor radiation resistance, which is an important clinical problem, and thus we are interested in identifying and characterizing their function. We demonstrate that miR-620 contributes to radiation resistance in cancer cells by increasing proliferation, and decreasing the G2/M block. We identify the hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) (HPGD/15-PGDH) tumor suppressor gene as a direct miR-620 target, which results in increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels. Furthermore, we show that siRNA targeting of HPGD or administration of exogenous PGE2 recapitulates radioresistance. Targeting of the EP2 receptor that responds to PGE2 using pharmacological or genetic approaches, abrogates radioresistance. Tumor xenograft experiments confirm that miR-620 increases proliferation and tumor radioresistance in vivo. Regulation of PGE2 levels via targeting of HPGD by miR-620 is an innovative manner by which a microRNA can induce radiation resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Huang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Samira Taeb
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sahar Jahangiri
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elina Korpela
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ivan Cadonic
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nancy Yu
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Emmanouil Fokas
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratories, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stanley K Liu
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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17
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Alba-Castellón L, Olivera-Salguero R, Mestre-Farrera A, Peña R, Herrera M, Bonilla F, Casal JI, Baulida J, Peña C, García de Herreros A. Snail1-Dependent Activation of Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Controls Epithelial Tumor Cell Invasion and Metastasis. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6205-6217. [PMID: 27503928 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Snail1 transcriptional factor is essential for triggering epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inducing tumor cell invasion. We report here an EMT-independent action of Snail1 on tumor invasion, as it is required for the activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). Snail1 expression in fibroblasts requires signals derived from tumor cells, such as TGFβ; reciprocally, in fibroblasts, Snail1 organizes a complex program that stimulates invasion of epithelial cells independent of the expression of Snail1 in these cells. Epithelial cell invasion is stimulated by the secretion by fibroblast of diffusible signaling molecules, such as prostaglandin E2 The capability of human or murine CAFs to promote tumor invasion is dependent on Snail1 expression. Inducible Snail1 depletion in mice decreases the invasion of breast tumors; moreover, epithelial tumor cells coxenografted with Snail1-depleted fibroblasts originated tumors with lower invasion than those transplanted with control fibroblasts. Therefore, these results demonstrate that the role of Snail1 in tumor invasion is not limited to EMT, but it is also dependent on its activity in stromal fibroblasts, where it orchestrates the cross-talk with epithelial tumor cells. Cancer Res; 76(21); 6205-17. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Alba-Castellón
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Olivera-Salguero
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Mestre-Farrera
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Peña
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Herrera
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain
| | | | | | - Josep Baulida
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Peña
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Antonio García de Herreros
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain. .,Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Seminal Fluid-Mediated Inflammation in Physiology and Pathology of the Female Reproductive Tract. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:9707252. [PMID: 27446968 PMCID: PMC4947502 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9707252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a multifaceted process involving a host of resident and recruited immune cells that eliminate the insult or injury and initiate tissue repair. In the female reproductive tract (FMRT), inflammation-mediated alterations in epithelial, vascular, and immune functions are important components of complex physiological processes and many local and systemic pathologies. It is well established that intracoital and postcoital function of seminal fluid (SF) goes beyond nutritive support for the spermatozoa cells. SF, in particular, the inflammatory bioactive lipids, and prostaglandins present in vast quantities in SF, have a role in localized immune modulation and regulation of pathways that can exacerbate inflammation in the FMRT. In sexually active women SF-mediated inflammation has been implicated in physiologic processes such as ovulation, implantation, and parturition while also enhancing tumorigenesis and susceptibility to infection. This review highlights the molecular mechanism by which SF regulates inflammatory pathways in the FMRT and how alterations in these pathways contribute to physiology and pathology of the female reproductive function. In addition, based on findings from TaqMan® 96-Well Plate Arrays, on neoplastic cervical cells treated with SF, we discuss new findings on the role of SF as a potent driver of inflammatory and tumorigenic pathways in the cervix.
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19
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von Maltzan K, Li Y, Rundhaug JE, Hudson LG, Fischer SM, Kusewitt DF. Role of the Slug Transcription Factor in Chemically-Induced Skin Cancer. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5020021. [PMID: 26848699 PMCID: PMC4773777 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Slug transcription factor plays an important role in ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced skin carcinogenesis, particularly in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurring during tumor progression. In the present studies, we investigated the role of Slug in two-stage chemical skin carcinogenesis. Slug and the related transcription factor Snail were expressed at high levels in skin tumors induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene application followed by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) treatment. TPA-induced transient elevation of Slug and Snail proteins in normal mouse epidermis and studies in Slug transgenic mice indicated that Slug modulates TPA-induced epidermal hyperplasia and cutaneous inflammation. Although Snail family factors have been linked to inflammation via interactions with the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathway, a pathway that also plays an important role in skin carcinogenesis, transient TPA induction of Slug and Snail appeared unrelated to COX-2 expression. In cultured human keratinocytes, TPA induced Snail mRNA expression while suppressing Slug expression, and this differential regulation was due specifically to activation of the TPA receptor. These studies show that Slug and Snail exhibit similar patterns of expression during both UVR and chemical skin carcinogenesis, that Slug and Snail can be differentially regulated under some conditions and that in vitro findings may not recapitulate in vivo results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine von Maltzan
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
| | - Yafan Li
- Program in Toxicology and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC 09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Joyce E Rundhaug
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Program in Toxicology and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC 09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Susan M Fischer
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
| | - Donna F Kusewitt
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Metastatic disease is responsible for 90% of death from solid tumors. However, only a minority of metastasis-specific targets has been exploited therapeutically, and effective prevention and suppression of metastatic disease is still an elusive goal. In this review, we will first summarize the current state of knowledge about the molecular features of the disease, with particular focus on steps and targets potentially amenable to therapeutic intervention. We will then discuss the reasons underlying the paucity of metastatic drugs in the current oncological arsenal and potential ways to overcome this therapeutic gap. We reason that the discovery of novel promising targets, an increased understanding of the molecular features of the disease, the effect of disruptive technologies, and a shift in the current preclinical and clinical settings have the potential to create more successful drug development endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yari Fontebasso
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Steven M Dubinett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
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21
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Yang JE, Park E, Lee HJ, Kang HJ, Kim KM, Yu E, Lee D, Shim JH, Lim YS, Lee HC, Chung YH, Lee YS. Role of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase down-regulation on the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Mol Hepatol 2014; 20:28-37. [PMID: 24757656 PMCID: PMC3992327 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2014.20.1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims The role of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the modulation of cell growth is well established in colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to elucidate the significance of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) down-regulation on the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Methods The expression of 15-PGDH in HCC cell lines and resected HCC tissues was investigated, and the correlation between 15-PGDH expression and HCC cell-line proliferation and patient survival was explored. Results The interleukin-1-β-induced suppression of 15-PGDH did not change the proliferation of PLC and Huh-7 cells in the MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. The induction of 15-PGDH by transfection in HepG2 cells without baseline 15-PGDH expression was suppressed at day 2 of proliferation compared with empty-vector transfection, but there was no difference at day 3. Among the 153 patients who received curative HCC resection between 2003 and 2004 at our institution, 15-PGDH expression was observed in resected HCC tissues in 56 (36.6%), but the 5-year survival rate did not differ from that of the remaining 97 non-15-PGDH-expressing patients (57.1% vs 59.8%; P=0.93). Among 50 patients who exhibited baseline 15-PGDH expression in adjacent nontumor liver tissues, 28 (56%) exhibited a reduction in 15-PGDH expression score in HCC tissues, and there was a trend toward fewer long-term survivors compared with the remaining 22 with the same or increment in their 15-PGDH expression score in HCC tissues. Conclusions The prognostic significance of 15-PGDH down-regulation in HCC was not established in this study. However, maintenance of 15-PGDH expression could be a potential therapeutic target for a subgroup of HCC patients with baseline 15-PGDH expression in adjacent nontumor liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Eun Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunji Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Kang
- Department of Pathology, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kang Mo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunsil Yu
- Department of Pathology, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Danbi Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Suk Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Chu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yung Sang Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Zhang XH, Liang X, Wang TS, Liang XH, Zuo RJ, Deng WB, Zhang ZR, Qin FN, Zhao ZA, Yang ZM. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) induction on Snail expression during mouse decidualization. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 381:272-9. [PMID: 23994020 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Embryo implantation requires a precise synchronism between the receptive uterus and activated blastocyst and is regulated by complicated molecular networks. Although many implantation-related genes have been identified, the crosstalk among them is still unknown. Snail, a transcription repressor, plays a central role during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Our previous study showed that Snail is highly expressed at implantation site in mouse uterus. This study was to examine how Snail is related with other implantation-related genes in mice. Uterine stromal cells were isolated from mouse uteri on day 4 of pregnancy and treated with HB-EGF. Snail was induced significantly by HB-EGF. By using specific inhibitors and siRNA, we demonstrated that HB-EGF induction on Snail expression is dependent on the EGFR-ERK-Stat3 pathway. Cox-2 was regulated by Snail. The current findings demonstrate that Snail can relate with HB-EGF, Stat3 and Cox-2 and may play a role during mouse embryo implantation and decidualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Hong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; College of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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23
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Castro-Sánchez L, Agra N, Llorente Izquierdo C, Motiño O, Casado M, Boscá L, Martín-Sanz P. Regulation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2501-11. [PMID: 23954207 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a rate limiting step in arachidonic acid cascade, plays a key role in the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) upon inflammatory stimuli, growth factors, hormones and other cellular stresses. Overproduction of PGE2 stimulates proliferation of various cancer cells, confers resistance to apoptosis and favors metastasis and angiogenesis. The steady-state level of PGE2 is maintained by interplay between the biosynthetic pathway including COX and PGE2 synthases and the catabolic pathways involving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH). 15-PGDH is a crucial enzyme responsible for the biological inactivation of PGE2. Adult hepatocytes fail to induce COX-2 expression regardless of the pro-inflammatory factors used. COX-2 is induced in hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy (PH), in animal models of cirrhosis, in human hepatoma cell lines, in human HCC and after HBV and HCV infection. However, no data are available regarding 15-PGDH expression in HCC. Our results show that 15-PGDH is downregulated in human hepatoma cells with a high COX-2 expression, in chemical and genetic murine models of HCC and in human HCC biopsies. Moreover, 15-PGDH expression is suppressed by EGF (epidermal growth factor) and HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) mainly involving PI3K (phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and p38MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) activation. Conversely, ectopic expression of 15-PGDH induces apoptosis in hepatoma cells and decreases the growth of hepatoma cells in nude mice whereas the silencing of 15-PGDH increases the tumor formation. These data suggest a potential therapeutic application of 15-PGDH in HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Biopsy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Hepatocyte Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases/metabolism
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/enzymology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Prostaglandin-E Synthases
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Castro-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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24
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Young AL, Chalmers CR, Hawcroft G, Perry SL, Treanor D, Toogood GJ, Jones PF, Hull MA. Regional differences in prostaglandin E₂ metabolism in human colorectal cancer liver metastases. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:92. [PMID: 23442768 PMCID: PMC3598740 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostaglandin (PG) E2 plays a critical role in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Activity of the rate-limiting enzyme for PGE2 catabolism (15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [15-PGDH]) is dependent on availability of NAD+. We tested the hypothesis that there is intra-tumoral variability in PGE2 content, as well as in levels and activity of 15-PGDH, in human CRC liver metastases (CRCLM). To understand possible underlying mechanisms, we investigated the relationship between hypoxia, 15-PGDH and PGE2 in human CRC cells in vitro. Methods Tissue from the periphery and centre of 20 human CRCLM was analysed for PGE2 levels, 15-PGDH and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression, 15-PGDH activity, and NAD+/NADH levels. EMT of LIM1863 human CRC cells was induced by transforming growth factor (TGF) β. Results PGE2 levels were significantly higher in the centre of CRCLM compared with peripheral tissue (P = 0.04). There were increased levels of 15-PGDH protein in the centre of CRCLM associated with reduced 15-PGDH activity and low NAD+/NADH levels. There was no significant heterogeneity in COX-2 protein expression. NAD+ availability controlled 15-PGDH activity in human CRC cells in vitro. Hypoxia induced 15-PGDH expression in human CRC cells and promoted EMT, in a similar manner to PGE2. Combined 15-PGDH expression and loss of membranous E-cadherin (EMT biomarker) were present in the centre of human CRCLM in vivo. Conclusions There is significant intra-tumoral heterogeneity in PGE2 content, 15-PGDH activity and NAD+ availability in human CRCLM. Tumour micro-environment (including hypoxia)-driven differences in PGE2 metabolism should be targeted for novel treatment of advanced CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair L Young
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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25
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Ryu YM, Myung SJ, Park YS, Yang DH, Song HJ, Jeong JY, Lee SM, Song M, Kim DH, Lee HJ, Park SK, Fink SP, Markowitz SD, Jung KW, Kim KJ, Ye BD, Byeon JS, Jung HY, Yang SK, Kim JH. Inhibition of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase by Helicobacter pylori in human gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:349-59. [PMID: 23430757 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection induces a chronic inflammatory response, which promotes gastric carcinogenesis. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) plays a key role as a tumor suppressor in gastrointestinal cancers. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of 15-PGDH in gastric carcinogenesis associated with H. pylori. 15-PGDH expression in gastric biopsies from H. pylori-infected (n = 25) and noninfected (n = 15) subjects was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. 15-PGDH DNA methylation was evaluated by methylation-specific PCR and pyrosequencing. The expression of 15-PGDH, Snail, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, TLR4, and MyD88 in response to H. pylori infection was assessed by immunoblot analysis. Compared with negative specimens, H. pylori-positive specimens had 2-fold lower 15-PGDH mRNA levels and significantly less 15-PGDH protein. In four H. pylori-infected subjects with longitudinal follow-up, the suppression of 15-PGDH expression was reversed by H. pylori eradication therapy. In parallel with suppressing 15-PGDH expression, H. pylori infection activated expression of TLR4 and MyD88 expression, increased levels of phospho-ERK1/2, and increased expression of EGF receptor (EGFR)-Snail. Inhibition of Snail and MyD88 reversed suppression of 15-PGDH expression, and siMyD88 reduced phosphorylated ERK1/2. Similarly, treatment with an ERK1/2 and EGFR inhibitor also restored 15-PGDH expression. H. pylori appeared to promote gastric carcinogenesis by suppressing 15-PGDH. This process is mediated by the TLR4/MyD88 pathway via ERK1/2 or EGFR-Snail transcriptional regulation. 15-PGDH may be a useful marker and a potential therapeutic target in H. pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Mi Ryu
- Asan Digestive Disease Research Institute and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Oshima H, Oshima M. The role of PGE2-associated inflammatory responses in gastric cancer development. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 35:139-50. [PMID: 23053397 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that inflammation plays a critical role in cancer development. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a rate-limiting enzyme for prostanoid biosynthesis, including prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), and plays a key role in both inflammation and cancer. It has been demonstrated that inhibition of COX-2 and PGE(2) receptor signaling results in the suppression of tumor development in a variety of animal models. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying COX-2/PGE(2)-associated inflammation in carcinogenesis have not yet been fully elucidated. In order to study the role of PGE(2)-associated inflammatory responses in tumorigenesis, it is important to use in vivo mouse models that recapitulate human cancer development from molecular mechanisms with construction of tumor microenvironment. We have developed a gastritis model (K19-C2mE mice) in which an inflammatory microenvironment is constructed in the stomach via induction of the COX-2/PGE(2) pathway. We also developed a gastric cancer mouse model (Gan mice) in which the mice develop inflammation-associated gastric tumors via activation of both the COX-2/PGE(2) pathway and Wnt signaling. Expression analyses using these in vivo models have revealed novel mechanisms of the inflammatory responses underlying gastric cancer development. PGE(2)-associated inflammatory responses activate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling through the induction of EGFR ligands and ADAMs that release EGFR ligands from the cell membrane. In Gan mice, a combination treatment with EGFR and COX-2 inhibitors significantly suppresses gastric tumorigenesis. Moreover, PGE(2)-associated inflammation downregulates tumor suppressor microRNA, miR-7, in gastric cancer cells, which suppresses epithelial differentiation. These results indicate that PGE(2)-associated inflammatory responses promote in vivo gastric tumorigenesis via several different molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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27
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Oshima H, Oshima M. The role of PGE2-associated inflammatory responses in gastric cancer development. Semin Immunopathol 2012. [PMID: 23053397 DOI: 10.1007/s00281- 012-0353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that inflammation plays a critical role in cancer development. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a rate-limiting enzyme for prostanoid biosynthesis, including prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), and plays a key role in both inflammation and cancer. It has been demonstrated that inhibition of COX-2 and PGE(2) receptor signaling results in the suppression of tumor development in a variety of animal models. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying COX-2/PGE(2)-associated inflammation in carcinogenesis have not yet been fully elucidated. In order to study the role of PGE(2)-associated inflammatory responses in tumorigenesis, it is important to use in vivo mouse models that recapitulate human cancer development from molecular mechanisms with construction of tumor microenvironment. We have developed a gastritis model (K19-C2mE mice) in which an inflammatory microenvironment is constructed in the stomach via induction of the COX-2/PGE(2) pathway. We also developed a gastric cancer mouse model (Gan mice) in which the mice develop inflammation-associated gastric tumors via activation of both the COX-2/PGE(2) pathway and Wnt signaling. Expression analyses using these in vivo models have revealed novel mechanisms of the inflammatory responses underlying gastric cancer development. PGE(2)-associated inflammatory responses activate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling through the induction of EGFR ligands and ADAMs that release EGFR ligands from the cell membrane. In Gan mice, a combination treatment with EGFR and COX-2 inhibitors significantly suppresses gastric tumorigenesis. Moreover, PGE(2)-associated inflammation downregulates tumor suppressor microRNA, miR-7, in gastric cancer cells, which suppresses epithelial differentiation. These results indicate that PGE(2)-associated inflammatory responses promote in vivo gastric tumorigenesis via several different molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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28
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Oshima H, Oshima M. The role of PGE2-associated inflammatory responses in gastric cancer development. Semin Immunopathol 2012. [PMID: 23053397 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that inflammation plays a critical role in cancer development. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a rate-limiting enzyme for prostanoid biosynthesis, including prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), and plays a key role in both inflammation and cancer. It has been demonstrated that inhibition of COX-2 and PGE(2) receptor signaling results in the suppression of tumor development in a variety of animal models. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying COX-2/PGE(2)-associated inflammation in carcinogenesis have not yet been fully elucidated. In order to study the role of PGE(2)-associated inflammatory responses in tumorigenesis, it is important to use in vivo mouse models that recapitulate human cancer development from molecular mechanisms with construction of tumor microenvironment. We have developed a gastritis model (K19-C2mE mice) in which an inflammatory microenvironment is constructed in the stomach via induction of the COX-2/PGE(2) pathway. We also developed a gastric cancer mouse model (Gan mice) in which the mice develop inflammation-associated gastric tumors via activation of both the COX-2/PGE(2) pathway and Wnt signaling. Expression analyses using these in vivo models have revealed novel mechanisms of the inflammatory responses underlying gastric cancer development. PGE(2)-associated inflammatory responses activate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling through the induction of EGFR ligands and ADAMs that release EGFR ligands from the cell membrane. In Gan mice, a combination treatment with EGFR and COX-2 inhibitors significantly suppresses gastric tumorigenesis. Moreover, PGE(2)-associated inflammation downregulates tumor suppressor microRNA, miR-7, in gastric cancer cells, which suppresses epithelial differentiation. These results indicate that PGE(2)-associated inflammatory responses promote in vivo gastric tumorigenesis via several different molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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29
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Subbaramaiah K, Howe LR, Zhou XK, Yang P, Hudis CA, Kopelovich L, Dannenberg AJ. Pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, suppresses CYP19 transcription: evidence for involvement of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and BRCA1. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012; 5:1183-94. [PMID: 22787115 PMCID: PMC3694442 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen synthesis is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 aromatase, which is encoded by the CYP19 gene. In obese postmenopausal women, increased aromatase activity in white adipose tissue is believed to contribute to hormone-dependent breast cancer. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) stimulates the cAMP→protein kinase A (PKA) pathway leading to increased CYP19 transcription and elevated aromatase activity in inflamed white adipose tissue. 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) plays a major role in the catabolism of PGE(2). Here, we investigated the mechanism by which pioglitazone, a ligand of the nuclear receptor PPARγ suppressed aromatase expression. Treatment of human preadipocytes with pioglitazone suppressed Snail, a repressive transcription factor, resulting in elevated levels of 15-PGDH and reduced levels of PGE(2) in the culture medium. Pioglitazone also inhibited cAMP→PKA signaling leading to reduced interaction between phosphorylated cAMP responsive element-binding protein, p300, and CYP19 I.3/II promoter. BRCA1, a repressor of CYP19 transcription, was induced by pioglitazone. Consistent with these in vitro findings, treatment of mice with pioglitazone activated PPARγ, induced 15-PGDH and BRCA1 while suppressing aromatase levels in the mammary gland. Collectively, these results indicate that the activation of PPARγ induces BRCA1 and suppresses the PGE(2)→cAMP→PKA axis leading to reduced levels of aromatase. PPARγ agonists may have a role in reducing the risk of hormone-dependent breast cancer in obese postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotha Subbaramaiah
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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30
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Jee YS, Jang TJ, Jung KH. Prostaglandin E(2) and interleukin-1β reduce E-cadherin expression by enhancing snail expression in gastric cancer cells. J Korean Med Sci 2012; 27:987-92. [PMID: 22969242 PMCID: PMC3429839 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.9.987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is closely related to the progression of cancer as well as tumorigenesis. Here, we investigated the effect of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) on E-cadherin expression in SNU719 gastric cancer cells. E-cadherin expression decreased as the dose or exposure time of PGE(2) and IL-1β increased, whereas Snail expression increased with dose or time of PGE(2) and IL-1β. E-cadherin expression reduced by PGE(2) treatment increased after the transfection of Snail siRNA. Neutralization of IL-1β using anti-IL-1β antibody blocked the expression pattern of E-cadherin and Snail occurred by IL-1β treatment. However, there was no synergic effect of IL-1β and PGE(2) on the expression pattern of E-cadherin and Snail. In conclusion, inflammatory mediators reduced E-cadherin expression by enhancing Snail expression in gastric cancer cells. Inflammation-induced transcriptional regulation of E-cadherin in gastric cancer has implications for targeted chemoprevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Seob Jee
- Department of Surgery, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Tae Jung Jang
- Department of Pathology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Ki Hoon Jung
- Department of Surgery, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
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31
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Harvey AE, Lashinger LM, Otto G, Nunez NP, Hursting SD. Decreased systemic IGF-1 in response to calorie restriction modulates murine tumor cell growth, nuclear factor-κB activation, and inflammation-related gene expression. Mol Carcinog 2012; 52:997-1006. [PMID: 22778026 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) prevents obesity and has potent anticancer effects associated with altered hormones and cytokines. We tested the hypothesis that CR inhibits MC38 mouse colon tumor cell growth through modulation of hormone-stimulated nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and protumorigenic gene expression. Female C57BL/6 mice were randomized (n = 30/group) to receive control diet or 30% CR diet. At 20 wk, 15 mice/group were killed for body composition analysis. At 21 wk, serum was obtained for hormone analysis. At 22 wk, mice were injected with MC38 cells; tumor growth was monitored for 24 d. Gene expression in excised tumors and MC38 cells was analyzed using real-time RT-PCR. In vitro MC38 NF-κB activation (by p65 ELISA and immunofluorescence) were measured in response to varying IGF-1 concentrations (1-400 ng/mL). Relative to controls, CR mice had decreased tumor volume, body weight, body fat, serum IGF-1, serum leptin, and serum insulin, and increased serum adiponectin (P < 0.05, each). Tumors from CR mice, versus controls, had downregulated inflammation- and/or cancer-related gene expression, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-2, S100A9, and F4/80, and upregulated 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase expression. In MC38 cells in vitro, IGF-1 increased NF-κB activation and NF-κB downstream gene expression (P < 0.05, each). We conclude that CR, in association with reduced systemic IGF-1, modulates MC38 tumor growth, NF-κB activation, and inflammation-related gene expression. Thus, IGF-1 and/or NF-κB inhibition may pharmacologically mimic the anticancer effects of CR to break the obesity-colon cancer link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Harvey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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32
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Eicosanoid signalling pathways in the development and progression of colorectal cancer: novel approaches for prevention/intervention. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2012; 30:363-85. [PMID: 22134655 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid metabolism through cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX) and cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase (EPOX) pathways leads to the generation of biologically active eicosanoids, including prostanoids, leukotrienes, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, epoxyeicosatrienoic acid and hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids. Eicosanoid expression levels vary during tumor development and progression of a range of malignancies, including colorectal cancer. The actions of these autocoids are also directly influenced by diet, as demonstrated by recent evidence for omega-3 fatty acids in colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention and/or treatment. Eicosanoids regulate CRC development and progression, while inhibition of these pathways has generally been shown to inhibit tumor growth/progression. A progressive sequence of colorectal cancer development has been identified, ranging from normal colon, to colitis, dysplasia, and carcinoma. While both COX and LOX inhibition are both promising candidates for colorectal cancer prevention and/or treatment, there is an urgent need to understand the mechanisms through which these signalling pathways mediate their effects on tumorigenesis. This will allow identification of safer, more effective strategies for colorectal cancer prevention and/or treatment. In particular, binding to/signalling through prostanoid receptors have recently been the subject of considerable interest in this area. In this review, we discuss the role of the eicosanoid signalling pathways in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. We discuss the effects of the eicosanoids on tumor cell proliferation, their roles in cell death induction, effects on angiogenesis, migration, invasion and their regulation of the immune response. Signal transduction pathways involved in these processes are also discussed. Finally, novel approaches targeting these arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids (using pharmacological or natural agents) for chemoprevention and/or treatment of colorectal cancer are outlined.
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Abstract
15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) is a key prostaglandin catabolic enzyme catalyzing the oxidation and inactivation of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) synthesized from the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. Accumulating evidence indicates that 15-PGDH may function as a tumor suppressor antagonizing the action of COX-2 oncogene. 15-PGDH has been found to be down-regulated contributing to elevated levels of PGE(2) in most tumors. The expression of 15-PGDH and COX-2 appears to be regulated reciprocally in cancer cells. Down-regulation of 15-PGDH in tumors is due, in part, to transcriptional repression and epigenetic silencing. Numerous agents have been found to up-regulate 15-PGDH by down-regulation of transcriptional repressors and by attenuation of the turnover of the enzyme. Up-regulation of 15-PGDH may provide a viable approach to cancer chemoprevention. Further catabolism of 15-keto-prostaglandin E(2) is catalyzed by 15-keto-prostaglandin-∆(13)-reductase (13-PGR), which also exhibits LTB(4)-12-hydroxydehydrogenase (LTB(4)-12-DH) activity. 13-PGR/LTB(4)-12-DH behaves as a tumor suppressor as well. This review summarizes current knowledge of the expression and function of 15-PGDH and 13-PGR/LTB(4)-12-DH in lung and other tissues during tumor progression. Future directions of research on these prostaglandin catabolic enzymes as tumor suppressors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hsiung Tai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Jang TJ. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is correlated with COX-2 expression but not with the presence of stromal macrophages or CD10-expressing cells. Virchows Arch 2012; 460:481-7. [PMID: 22460857 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an intricate process by which epithelial cells loose epithelial characteristics and acquire a mesenchymal-like phenotype. EMT and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression are related to tumor invasion and metastasis. The tumor microenvironment plays a major role in tumor progression and the induction of EMT. Here, we investigated the relationship between EMT and COX-2 expression as well as tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and CD10-positive stromal cells during the development of cutaneous squamous neoplastic lesion. We performed immunohistochemical staining for vimentin, E-cadherin, β-catenin, COX-2, CD68, and CD10 in 41 cases of squamous cell cancers (SCC), 20 of Bowen's disease, 30 of actinic keratosis, and 30 samples of normal skin. SCC cells showed significantly increased vimentin expression and reduced expression of membranous E-cadherin and β-catenin compared with cells in precursor lesions and in normal skin. COX-2 expression was also markedly increased in SCC cells. E-cadherin expression was positively correlated with β-catenin expression and inversely correlated with COX-2 expression in SCC cells. The number of TAM and CD10-positive stromal cells increased from the normal skin to precursor lesions and SCC cells. The number of TAM and of CD10-positive stromal cells did not correlate with the expression of E-cadherin, β-catenin, COX-2, and vimentin in SCC cells. We suggest that cutaneous SCC cells show EMT, which appears to be correlated with COX-2 expression but not with stromal CD10 expression and TAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jung Jang
- Department of Pathology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Sukjang-dong 707, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk 780-714, South Korea.
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35
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Lou LH, Jing DD, Lai YX, Lu YY, Li JK, Wu K. 15-PGDH is reduced and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in gastric carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:1028-37. [PMID: 22416177 PMCID: PMC3296976 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i10.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) in human gastric cancer and it’s mechanism in apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.
METHODS: Expression of 15-PGDH mRNA and protein was examined by immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting in tissue from human gastric cancer, gastric precancerous state (gastric polyps and atrophic gastritis), normal stomach, and gastric cancer cell lines. The relationship between gastric cancer, gastric precancerous state and 15-PGDH expression was determined. The association between expression of 15-PGDH and various clinicopathological parameters in gastric cancer was evaluated. Human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 was transfected with 15-PGDH expression plasmids. The effect of 15-PGDH on the cell cycle was examined by flow cytometry. The effect of 15-PGDH on apoptosis was examined by transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry and transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Expression of cell cycle (p21, p27, p16 and p53) and apoptosis (Survivin, BCL-2, BCL-XL, BAK and BAX) genes was analyzed by RT-PCR.
RESULTS: Expression of 15-PGDH mRNA and protein in human gastric cancer tissues was significantly lower than in normal gastric tissues (P < 0.01). Expression in human gastric cancer cell lines MKN-28 and MKN-45 was reduced, and absent in SGC-7901 cells (P < 0.05). Reduction of 15-PGDH expression was also found in precancerous tissues, such as gastric polyps and atrophic gastritis (P < 0.01). There was a significant difference in expression of 15-PGDH among various gastric cancer pathological types (P < 0.05), with or without distant metastasis (P < 0.05) and different TNM stage (P < 0.01). Flow cytometry demonstrated a significant increase in apoptotic cells in SGC-7901 cells transfected with pcDNA3/15-PGDH plasmid for 24 h and 48 h (P < 0.01), and an increased fraction of sub-G1 phase after transfection (P < 0.05). TUNEL assay showed an increased apoptotic index in cells overexpressing 15-PGDH (P < 0.01). After transfection, expression of proapoptotic genes, such as BAK (P < 0.05), BAX and p53 (P < 0.01), was increased. Expression of antiapoptotic genes was decreased, such as Survivin, BCL-2 and BCL-XL (P < 0.01). Expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p16 (P < 0.01) was significantly upregulated in cells overexpressing 15-PGDH.
CONCLUSION: Reduction of 15-PGDH is associated with carcinogenesis and development of gastric carcinoma. 15-PGDH induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in SGC-7901 cells.
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Magnusson C, Bengtsson AM, Liu M, Liu J, Ceder Y, Ehrnström R, Sjölander A. Regulation of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 expression--a potential anti-tumor mechanism. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29060. [PMID: 22194989 PMCID: PMC3240642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cysteinyl leukotrienes receptors (CysLTRs) are implicated in many different pathological conditions, such as inflammation and cancer. We have previously shown that colon cancer patients with high CysLT1R and low CysLT2R expression demonstrate poor prognosis. Therefore, we wanted to investigate ways for the transcriptional regulation of CysLT2R, which still remains to be poorly understood. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated the potential role of the anti-tumorigenic interferon α (IFN-α) and the mitogenic epidermal growth factor (EGF) on CysLT2R regulation using non-transformed intestinal epithelial cell lines and colon cancer cells to elucidate the effects on the CysLT2R expression and regulation. This was done using Western blot, qPCR, luciferase reporter assay and a colon cancer patient array. We found a binding site for the transcription factor IRF-7 in the putative promoter region of CysLT2R. This site was involved in the IFN-α induced activity of the CysLT2R luciferase reporter assay. In addition, IFN-α induced the activity of the differentiation marker alkaline phosphatase along with the expression of mucin-2, which protects the epithelial layer from damage. Interestingly, EGF suppressed both the expression and promoter activity of the CysLT2R. E-boxes present in the CysLT2R putative promoter region were involved in the suppressing effect. CysLT2R signaling was able to suppress cell migration that was induced by EGF signaling. Conclusions/Significance The patient array showed that aggressive tumors generally expressed less IFN-α receptor and more EGFR. Interestingly, there was a negative correlation between CysLT2R and EGFR expression. Our data strengthens the idea that there is a protective role against tumor progression for CysLT2R and that it highlights new possibilities to regulate the CysLT2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Magnusson
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skånes University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Astrid M. Bengtsson
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skånes University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Minghui Liu
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skånes University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jian Liu
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skånes University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Ceder
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skånes University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Roy Ehrnström
- Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skånes University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anita Sjölander
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skånes University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Cross HS, Nittke T, Kallay E. Colonic vitamin D metabolism: implications for the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 347:70-9. [PMID: 21801808 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In epidemiological studies serum levels below 30 nM of 25-OHD(3), the precursor of the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3), were consistently associated with incidence of colorectal cancer. The active vitamin D metabolite possesses antimitotic, prodifferentiating and proapoptotic capacity in vivo and in vitro. The intestinal autocrine/paracrine vitamin D system, which is the main source of local 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) plays a critical role in maintaining both mucosal immunity and normal growth of epithelial cells. It has been hypothesized that the VDR-mediated signaling antagonizing TNF-α and IL-6 receptor-activated pro-inflammatory and proliferative intracellular pathways, may prevent development of IBD and colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Conversely, any situation that impairs the efficiency of the 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)/VDR signaling system at the level of the gut mucosa, e.g. vitamin D insufficiency, may increase risk for the development of IBD and colorectal cancer. Therefore, not only adequate serum levels of the precursor 25-OHD(3) are essential, but also optimal expression of the 1α-hydroxylating enzyme CYP27B1. The 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) catabolizing hydroxylase CYP24A1 is increasingly expressed during colon cancer progression, indicating that colonocytes are released from normal growth control by the steroid hormone. Securing adequate levels of calcitriol by inhibition of catabolism and support of 1α-hydroxylation by calcium, phytoestrogens and folate could be a valid approach to control, at least in part, IBD and CRC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heide S Cross
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Donnini S, Finetti F, Terzuoli E, Giachetti A, Iñiguez MA, Hanaka H, Fresno M, Rådmark O, Ziche M. EGFR signaling upregulates expression of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in cancer cells leading to enhanced tumorigenicity. Oncogene 2011; 31:3457-66. [PMID: 22081067 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this report we describe the contribution of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) derived from the inducible microsomal PGE-synthase type-1 (mPGES-1) to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) oncogenic drive in tumor epithelial cells and in tumor-bearing mice. EGFR stimulation upregulated expression of mPGES-1 in HT-29, A431 and A549 cancer cells. Egr-1, a transcription factor induced by EGF, mediated this response. The Egr-1 rise provoked the overexpression of mPGES-1 messenger and protein, and enhanced PGE(2) formation. These changes were suppressed either by silencing Egr-1, or by upstream blockade of EGFR or ERK1/2 signals. Further, in a clonogenic assay on tumor cells, EGF induced a florid tumorigenic phenotype, which regressed when mPGES-1 was silenced or knocked down. EGF-induced mPGES-1 overexpression in epithelial cell reduced E-cadherin expression, whereas enhancing that of vimentin, suggesting an incipient mesenchymal phenotype. Additionally, inhibiting the EGFR in mice bearing the A431 tumor, the mPGES-1 expression and the tumor growth, exhibited a parallel decline. In conclusion, these findings provide novel evidence that a tight cooperation between the EGF/EGFR and mPGES-1 leads to a significant tumorigenic gain in epithelial cells, and provide clues for controlling the vicious association.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Donnini
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Siena, and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
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Tai HH, Chi X, Tong M. Regulation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2011; 96:37-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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40
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Cyclooxygenase-dependent signaling is causally linked to non-melanoma skin carcinogenesis: pharmacological, genetic, and clinical evidence. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 30:343-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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41
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Roberts HR, Smartt HJM, Greenhough A, Moore AE, Williams AC, Paraskeva C. Colon tumour cells increase PGE(2) by regulating COX-2 and 15-PGDH to promote survival during the microenvironmental stress of glucose deprivation. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1741-7. [PMID: 21926111 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to poor tumour-associated vasculature, tumour cells are subjected to a fluctuating microenvironment with periods of limited oxygen and glucose availability. Adaptive mechanisms to adverse microenvironments are important for tumour cell survival. The cyclooxygenase (COX)-2/prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) pathway has key roles in colorectal tumorigenesis. Although glucose is important as an energy source and in maintaining endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis, relatively little is known regarding how tumour cells adapt to the microenvironmental stress of reduced glucose availability. Here, we report the novel findings that glucose deprivation of colorectal tumour cells not only increases COX-2 expression but also decreases 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) expression, resulting in increased extracellular PGE(2). Furthermore, we have shown that PGE(2) promotes tumour cell survival during glucose deprivation. Glucose deprivation enhances phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt activity, which has a role in both the up-regulation of COX-2 and down-regulation of 15-PGDH. Glucose deprivation also activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) resulting in elevated C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) expression. Interestingly, inhibiting CHOP expression by small interfering RNA during glucose deprivation attenuates the reduction in 15-PGDH expression. This is the first report linking activation of the UPR with a reduction in expression of tumour-suppressive 15-PGDH and may have implications for tumour cells' ability to survive exposure to therapeutic agents that activate the UPR. Our data suggest that diverse microenvironmental stresses converge to regulate PGE(2) as a common and crucial mediator of cell survival during adaptation to the tumour microenvironment and may lead to novel chemopreventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Roberts
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK Colorectal Tumour Biology Research Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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Bocca C, Bozzo F, Cannito S, Parola M, Miglietta A. Celecoxib inactivates epithelial-mesenchymal transition stimulated by hypoxia and/or epidermal growth factor in colon cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2011; 51:783-95. [PMID: 21882253 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, has been reported to exert chemopreventive and antitumor effects on colon cancer, one of the most common solid epithelial malignancy worldwide. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether celecoxib may be able to affect epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a critical process involved in cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis and then proposed to be relevant for cancer progression. Human HT-29 colon cancer cells were exposed to carefully controlled hypoxic conditions and/or epidermal growth factor (EGF) and then investigated for EMT changes and signal transduction pathways involved by using morphological, molecular, and cell biology techniques. Celecoxib inhibited basal and EGF-stimulated proliferation, hypoxia-related HIF-1α recruitment/stabilization as well as hypoxia- and EGF-dependent activation of ERK and PI3K. Interestingly, celecoxib prevented EMT-related changes, as shown by modifications of β-catenin intracellular localization or vimentin and E-cadherin levels, as well as HT-29 invasiveness induced by hypoxia, EGF, or hypoxia plus EGF. Finally, experiments performed on SW-480 colon cancer cells (i.e., cells lacking COX-2) exposed to hypoxia, used here as a stimulus able to induce EMT and invasiveness, revealed that in these cells celecoxib was ineffective. Results of the present study indicate that celecoxib has the potential to negatively affect induction of EMT and increased invasiveness of colon cancer cells as elicited by different signals originating from tumor microenvironment (i.e., hypoxia and EGF). Moreover, these effects are likely be related to the pharmacological inhibitory effect exerted on COX-2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bocca
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Na HK, Park JM, Lee HG, Lee HN, Myung SJ, Surh YJ. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase as a novel molecular target for cancer chemoprevention and therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1352-60. [PMID: 21856294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a rate-limiting enzyme in arachidonic acid cascade, plays a key role in the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) upon inflammatory insults. Overproduction of PGE(2) stimulates proliferation of various cancer cells, confers resistance to apoptosis of cancerous or transformed cells, and accelerates metastasis and angiogenesis. Excess PGE(2) undergoes metabolic inactivation which is catalyzed by NAD(+)-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH). In this context, 15-PGDH has been speculated as a physiological antagonist of COX-2 and a tumor suppressor. Thus, overexpression of 15-PGDH has been known to protect against experimentally induced carcinogenesis and renders the cancerous or transformed cells susceptible to apoptosis by counteracting oncogenic action of PGE(2). In contrast, silence of 15-PGDH is observed in some cancer cells, which is associated with epigenetic modification, such as DNA methylation and histone deacetylation, in the promoter region of 15-PGDH. A variety of compounds capable of inducing the expression of 15-PGDH have been reported, which include the histone deacetylase inhibitors, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists. Therefore, 15-PGDH may be considered as a novel molecular target for cancer chemoprevention and therapy. This review highlights the role of 15-PGDH in carcinogenesis and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Sungshin Women's University, 147 Mia-dong, Kangbuk-gu, Seoul 142-100, South Korea
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Song HJ, Myung SJ, Kim IW, Jeong JY, Park YS, Lee SM, Nam WH, Ryu YM, Fink SP, Yang DH, Jung HY, Kim JH. 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase is downregulated and exhibits tumor suppressor activity in gastric cancer. Cancer Invest 2011; 29:257-65. [PMID: 21469975 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2011.568562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the tumor suppressor activity and regulatory mechanism of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) in gastric cancer; 15-PGDH expression was lost in 70.1% of malignant human gastric tissues, but was preserved in normal and metaplastic gastritis. KATO III and SNU-719 cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1-empty vector or an expression vector encoding wild-type 15-PGDH. In TUNEL assays apoptotic cell numbers were increased in KATO-PGDH-WT cells compared with control. We found that EGFR and ERK1/2 inhibitors clearly increased the expression of 15-PGDH in KATO III cells. Our findings demonstrate both downregulation and a tumor suppressor activity of 15-PGDH in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho June Song
- Asan Digestive Disease Research Institute and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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Oshima H, Popivanova BK, Oguma K, Kong D, Ishikawa TO, Oshima M. Activation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling by the prostaglandin E(2) receptor EP4 pathway during gastric tumorigenesis. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:713-9. [PMID: 21205091 PMCID: PMC11158703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays an important role in tumorigenesis through prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) biosynthesis. It has been shown by in vitro studies that PGE(2) signaling transactivates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) through an intracellular mechanism. However, the mechanisms underlying PGE(2)-induced EGFR activation in in vivo tumors are still not fully understood. We previously constructed transgenic mice that develop gastric tumors caused by oncogenic activation and PGE(2) pathway induction. Importantly, expression of EGFR ligands, epiregulin, amphiregulin, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor, and betacellulin, as well as a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs), ADAM8, ADAM9, ADAM10, and ADAM17 were significantly increased in the mouse gastric tumors in a PGE(2) pathway-dependent manner. These ADAMs can activate EGFR by ectodomain shedding of EGFR ligands. Notably, the extensive induction of EGFR ligands and ADAMs was suppressed by inhibition of the PGE(2) receptor EP4. Moreover, EP4 signaling induced expression of amphiregulin and epiregulin in activated macrophages, whereas EP4 pathway was required for basal expression of epiregulin in gastric epithelial cells. In contrast, ADAMs were not induced directly by PGE(2) in these cells, suggesting indirect mechanism possibly through PGE(2)-associated inflammatory responses. These results suggest that PGE(2) signaling through EP4 activates EGFR in gastric tumors through global induction of EGFR ligands and ADAMs in several cell types either by direct or indirect mechanism. Importantly, gastric tumorigenesis of the transgenic mice was significantly suppressed by combination treatment with EGFR and COX-2 inhibitors. Therefore, it is possible that inhibition of both COX-2/PGE(2) and EGFR pathways represents an effective strategy for preventing gastric cancer.
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MESH Headings
- ADAM Proteins/genetics
- ADAM Proteins/metabolism
- Amphiregulin
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Betacellulin
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclooxygenase 2/chemistry
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Cytoskeletal Proteins
- Dinoprostone/genetics
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disintegrins/genetics
- Disintegrins/metabolism
- EGF Family of Proteins
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epidermal Growth Factor/genetics
- Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism
- Epiregulin
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Immunoprecipitation
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Jahns F, Wilhelm A, Jablonowski N, Mothes H, Radeva M, Wölfert A, Greulich KO, Glei M. Butyrate suppresses mRNA increase of osteopontin and cyclooxygenase-2 in human colon tumor tissue. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:913-20. [PMID: 21459756 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The short chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate, a product of fermentation of dietary fiber in the human colon, is found to exert multiple regulatory processes in colon carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to find out whether butyrate affects the tumor-promoting genes osteopontin (OPN) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, their respective proteins and/or their functional activity in matched normal, adenoma and tumor colon tissues obtained from 20 individuals at colon cancer surgery. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction experiments showed increased levels of OPN and COX-2 messenger RNA in tumor tissues when compared with the adjacent normal samples (P < 0.001). The addition of butyrate reduced OPN and COX-2 mRNA expression in all tissue types compared with the related medium controls (tumor: P < 0.05). In tumor samples, a downregulation of up to median 35% (COX-2) and 50% (OPN) was observed, respectively. Thereby, tumors with lower levels of OPN basal expression were more sensitive to inhibition and vice versa for COX-2 in normal tissue. At the protein and enzyme level, which were determined by using western blot and enzyme immunometric assays, the impact of the SCFA was not clearly visible anymore. The active proteins of OPN and COX-2 (determined by prostaglandin E(2)) were found to correlate with their respective mRNA expression only in 50-63% of analyzed donors. For the first time, our data reveal new insights into the chemoprotective potential of butyrate by showing the suppression of OPN and COX-2 mRNA in primary human colon tissue with the strongest effects observed in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jahns
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Straße 24, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Involvement of the constitutive prostaglandin E synthase cPGES/p23 in expression of an initial prostaglandin E2 inactivating enzyme, 15-PGDH. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2011; 94:112-7. [PMID: 21334450 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that cytosolic prostaglandin (PG) E synthase (cPGES/p23) which isomerizes PGH(2) to PGE(2), is essential for fetal mouse development. Embryonic fibroblasts derived from cPGES/p23 knockout mice generated higher amounts of PGE(2) in culture supernatants than wild-type-derived cells. In order to elucidate this apparent conflict that absence of PGE(2) synthetic enzyme caused facilitation of PGE(2) biosynthesis, we examined expression of the PGE(2) degrading enzyme in embryonic fibroblasts. We report here that embryonic fibroblasts deficient in cPGES/p23 decreased the expression of the PGE(2) degrading enzyme, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), which catalyzes the inactivating conversion of the PGE(2) 15-OH to a 15-keto group, compared with that of wild-type. In addition, rat fibroblastic 3Y1 cells harboring cPGES/p23 siRNA exhibited lower 15-PGDH expression than mock-transfected cells. Furthermore, forcible expression of cPGES/p23 in 3Y1 cells resulted in facilitation of 15-PGDH promoter activity. These results suggest that the PGE(2)-inactivating pathway is controlled by the PGE(2) biosynthetic enzyme, cPGES/p23.
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Frank B, Hoeft B, Hoffmeister M, Linseisen J, Breitling LP, Chang-Claude J, Brenner H, Nieters A. Association of hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(NAD) (HPGD) variants and colorectal cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 2010; 32:190-6. [PMID: 21047993 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent study examined associations of tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs) in 43 fatty acid metabolism-related genes and risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), showing rs8752, rs2612656 and a haplotype [comprising both of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)] in the hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(NAD) (HPGD) gene to be positively associated with CRC risk. In the present study, we attempted to replicate these single marker and haplotype associations, using 1795 CRC cases and 1805 controls from the German Darmkrebs: Chancen der Verhütung durch Screening study (DACHS). In addition to rs8752 and rs2612656, HPGD tagSNPs rs9312555, rs17360144 and rs7349744 were genotyped for haplotype analyses. Except for a marginally significant inverse association of HPGD rs8752 with CRC risk [odds ratio (OR) = 0.85; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.74, 0.98; P = 0.03], none of the analyzed tagSNPs showed any association with CRC. Subset analyses for colon and rectal cancers yielded similar, yet non-significant risk estimates at all five loci. Also, none of the haplotypes was found to be associated with CRC, colon or rectal cancers. However, rs8752 was significantly associated with a decreased risk of CRC among individuals with a body mass index < 30 (OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.70, 0.95, P = 0.01) as well as among smokers (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.61, 0.90, P = 0.003). Yet, our data do not support the previously reported associations of HPGD tagSNPs and risk of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Frank
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
The zinc finger transcription factor Slug (Snai2) serves a wide variety of functions in the epidermis, with roles in skin development, hair growth, wound healing, skin cancer, and sunburn. Slug is expressed in basal keratinocytes and hair follicles where it is important in maintaining epidermal homeostasis. Slug also helps coordinate the skin response to exogenous stimuli. Slug is rapidly induced by a variety of growth factors and injurious agents and Slug controls, directly or indirectly, a variety of keratinocyte responses, including changes in differentiation, adhesion, motility, and production of inflammatory mediators. Slug thus modulates the interactions of the keratinocyte with its environment and with surrounding cells. The function of Slug in the epidermis appears to be distinct from that of the closely related Snail transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H Shirley
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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Jang TJ, Cha WH, Lee KS. Reciprocal correlation between the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and E-cadherin in human bladder transitional cell carcinomas. Virchows Arch 2010; 457:319-28. [PMID: 20582552 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-010-0943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoma cells become more motile and invasive via downmodulation of E-cadherin. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the expression of COX-2 and E-cadherin in a bladder cancer cell line and human bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCCs). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment for 5637 bladder cancer cells increased COX-2 expression, slightly induced Slug expression, and decreased E-cadherin expression. Ectopic expression of COX-2 or prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) treatment for 5637 cells reduced E-cadherin expression. This finding was confirmed by the result that knockdown of COX-2 expression or indomethacin administration increased the expression of E-cadherin. When compared with cells' motility in serum-free medium, the treatment of PMA and PGE(2) increased cell motility, and indomethacin treatment slightly decreased cell motility. In the tissues of bladder TCCs, COX-2 expression was inversely correlated with membranous E-cadherin expression and positively correlated with nuclear beta-catenin expression. The expression of COX-2 and nuclear beta-catenin expression was significantly higher in TCCs of high grade and invasive growth than in TCCs of low grade and noninvasive growth. In contrast, membranous E-cadherin expression was more decreased in tumors of high grade and invasive growth. In addition, nuclear beta-catenin expression was significantly related to tumor recurrence. We suggest that COX-2 pathway reduces membranous E-cadherin expression in bladder TCCs and their expression pattern may provide important information in predicting the clinical behavior of bladder TCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jung Jang
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk 780-714, South Korea.
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