1
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Hahn AW, Manyam GC, Chapin BF, Zhang M, Yu Y, Pettaway CA, Chery L, Pisters LL, Ward JF, Gregg JR, Papadopoulos J, Kamat AM, Lozano M, Hoang A, Broom B, Wang X, Huff CD, Logothetis CJ, Troncoso P, Pilié PG, Davis JW. A phase II trial of apalutamide for intermediate-risk prostate cancer and molecular correlates. BJU Int 2024; 134:449-458. [PMID: 38837608 DOI: 10.1111/bju.16414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether 6 months of preoperative apalutamide for intermediate-risk prostate cancer (IRPCa) reduces the aggregate postoperative radiotherapy risk and to evaluate associations of molecular perturbations with clinical outcomes in this study cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between May 2018 and February 2020, eligible patients with IRPCa (Gleason 3 + 4 or 4 + 3 and clinical T2b-c or prostate-specific antigen level of 10-20 ng/mL) were treated with apalutamide 240 mg/day for 6 months followed by radical prostatectomy (RP) in this single-arm, phase II trial. The primary endpoint was presence of any adverse pathological feature at risk of pelvic radiation (pathological T stage after neoadjuvant therapy [yp]T3 or ypN1 or positive surgical margins). Translational studies, including germline and somatic DNA alterations and RNA and protein expression, were performed on post-apalutamide RP specimens, and assessed for associations with clinical outcomes. RESULTS A total of 40 patients underwent a RP, and only one patient discontinued apalutamide prior to 6 months. In all, 40% had adverse pathological features at time of RP, and the 3-year biochemical recurrence (BCR) rate was 15%, with 27.5% being not evaluable. Genomic alterations frequently seen in metastatic PCas, such as androgen receptor (AR), tumour protein p53 (TP53), phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), or BReast CAncer associated gene (BRCA1/2) were underrepresented in this localised cohort. Adverse pathological features and BCR at 3-years were associated with increased expression of select cell cycle (e.g., E2F targets: adjusted P value [Padj] < 0.001, normalised enrichment score [NES] 2.47) and oxidative phosphorylation (Padj < 0.001, NES 1.62) pathways. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative apalutamide did not reduce the aggregate postoperative radiation risk to the pre-specified threshold in unselected men with IRPCa. However, transcriptomic analysis identified key dysregulated pathways in tumours associated with adverse pathological outcomes and BCR, which warrant future study. Further investigation of preoperative therapy is underway for men with high-risk PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Hahn
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ganiraju C Manyam
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian F Chapin
- Division of Surgery, Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Miao Zhang
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yao Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Curtis A Pettaway
- Division of Surgery, Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lisly Chery
- Division of Surgery, Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Louis L Pisters
- Division of Surgery, Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John F Ward
- Division of Surgery, Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Justin R Gregg
- Division of Surgery, Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Papadopoulos
- Division of Surgery, Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Division of Surgery, Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marisa Lozano
- Division of Surgery, Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anh Hoang
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bradley Broom
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chad D Huff
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patricia Troncoso
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patrick G Pilié
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John W Davis
- Division of Surgery, Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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2
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Huber K, Giralt A, Dreos R, Michenthaler H, Geller S, Barquissau V, Ziegler DV, Tavernari D, Gallart-Ayala H, Krajina K, Jonas K, Ciriello G, Ivanisevic J, Prokesch A, Pichler M, Fajas L. E2F transcription factor-1 modulates expression of glutamine metabolic genes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and uterine sarcoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119721. [PMID: 38580088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is considered as a hallmark of cancer and is clinically exploited as a novel target for therapy. The E2F transcription factor-1 (E2F1) regulates various cellular processes, including proliferative and metabolic pathways, and acts, depending on the cellular and molecular context, as an oncogene or tumor suppressor. The latter is evident by the observation that E2f1-knockout mice develop spontaneous tumors, including uterine sarcomas. This dual role warrants a detailed investigation of how E2F1 loss impacts metabolic pathways related to cancer progression. Our data indicate that E2F1 binds to the promoter of several glutamine metabolism-related genes. Interestingly, the expression of genes in the glutamine metabolic pathway were increased in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking E2F1. In addition, we confirm that E2f1-/- MEFs are more efficient in metabolizing glutamine and producing glutamine-derived precursors for proliferation. Mechanistically, we observe a co-occupancy of E2F1 and MYC on glutamine metabolic promoters, increased MYC binding after E2F1 depletion and that silencing of MYC decreased the expression of glutamine-related genes in E2f1-/- MEFs. Analyses of transcriptomic profiles in 29 different human cancers identified uterine sarcoma that showed a negative correlation between E2F1 and glutamine metabolic genes. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of E2F1 in the uterine sarcoma cell line SK-UT-1 confirmed elevated glutamine metabolic gene expression, increased proliferation and increased MYC binding to glutamine-related promoters upon E2F1 loss. Together, our data suggest a crucial role of E2F1 in energy metabolism and metabolic adaptation in uterine sarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Huber
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Albert Giralt
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - René Dreos
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Helene Michenthaler
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sarah Geller
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Barquissau
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dorian V Ziegler
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Tavernari
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Léman, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hector Gallart-Ayala
- Metabolomics Unit, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katarina Krajina
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Jonas
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Giovanni Ciriello
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Léman, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julijana Ivanisevic
- Metabolomics Unit, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Prokesch
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Translational Oncology, II. Med. Clinics, University Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Lluis Fajas
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Tahsin S, Sane NS, Cernyar B, Jiang L, Zohar Y, Lee BR, Miranti CK. AR loss in prostate cancer stroma mediated by NF-κB and p38-MAPK signaling disrupts stromal morphogen production. Oncogene 2024; 43:2092-2103. [PMID: 38769192 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Androgen Receptor (AR) activity in prostate stroma is required to maintain prostate homeostasis. This is mediated through androgen-dependent induction and secretion of morphogenic factors that drive epithelial cell differentiation. However, stromal AR expression is lost in aggressive prostate cancer. The mechanisms leading to stromal AR loss and morphogen production are unknown. We identified TGFβ1 and TNFα as tumor-secreted factors capable of suppressing AR mRNA and protein expression in prostate stromal fibroblasts. Pharmacological and RNAi approaches identified NF-κB as the major signaling pathway involved in suppressing AR expression by TNFα. In addition, p38α- and p38δ-MAPK were identified as suppressors of AR expression independent of TNFα. Two regions of the AR promoter were responsible for AR suppression through TNFα. FGF10 and Wnt16 were identified as androgen-induced morphogens, whose expression was lost upon TNFα treatment and enhanced upon p38-MAPK inhibition. Wnt16, through non-canonical Jnk signaling, was required for prostate basal epithelial cell survival. These findings indicate that stromal AR loss is mediated by secreted factors within the TME. We identified TNFα/TGFβ as two possible factors, with TNFα mediating its effects through NF-κB or p38-MAPK to suppress AR mRNA transcription. This leads to loss of androgen-regulated stromal morphogens necessary to maintain normal epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekha Tahsin
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Neha S Sane
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Brent Cernyar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Linan Jiang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yitshak Zohar
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Benjamin R Lee
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Cindy K Miranti
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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4
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Mishra R, Blinka S, Hsieh AC. Citron Kinase Is a Druggable Target in Treatment-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2023; 83:4008-4009. [PMID: 38098450 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-2858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged treatment with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) inevitably leads to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Development of novel androgen-targeting agents and chemo/radiotherapies has resulted in improved survival. However, metastatic CRPC remains incurable. New therapeutics are greatly needed, and exploration of novel pathways such as the mechanisms underlying prostate cancer cell proliferation could potentially augment the natural course of CRPC. In the latest issue of Cancer Research, Rawat and colleagues delved deeply into the mechanistic role of citron kinase (CIT) in orchestrating prostate cancer proliferation and revealed its catalytic activity as a druggable target for treatment-resistant prostate cancer. The researchers utilized in vitro and in vivo methodologies to elucidate the function of CIT in mediating uncontrolled interphase progression and prostate cancer growth. Furthermore, the authors employed both androgen receptor-dependent and independent models to validate the significance of CIT kinase activity as a crucial factor in driving treatment-resistant prostate cancer growth. At a mechanistic level they determined that the E2F2-Skp2-p27 axis regulates CIT expression. Finally, they defined the landscape of CIT substrates in prostate cancer that encompasses a spectrum of cellular functions that spans key proliferation regulators to alternative splicing events. This comprehensive work provides insights into CIT as a potential biomarker for prostate cancer treatment resistance and disease progression and establishes the CIT kinase domain as a druggable target in CRPC. See related article by Rawat et al., p. 4142.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Mishra
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Steven Blinka
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrew C Hsieh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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5
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Rawat C, Ben-Salem S, Singh N, Chauhan G, Rabljenovic A, Vaghela V, Venkadakrishnan VB, Macdonald JD, Dahiya UR, Ghanem Y, Bachour S, Su Y, DePriest AD, Lee S, Muldong M, Kim HT, Kumari S, Valenzuela MM, Zhang D, Hu Q, Cortes Gomez E, Dehm SM, Zoubeidi A, Jamieson CAM, Nicolas M, McKenney J, Willard B, Klein EA, Magi-Galluzzi C, Stauffer SR, Liu S, Heemers HV. Prostate Cancer Progression Relies on the Mitotic Kinase Citron Kinase. Cancer Res 2023; 83:4142-4160. [PMID: 37801613 PMCID: PMC10841833 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-0883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death in men in Western cultures. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which prostate cancer cells divide to support tumor growth could help devise strategies to overcome treatment resistance and improve survival. Here, we identified that the mitotic AGC family protein kinase citron kinase (CIT) is a pivotal regulator of prostate cancer growth that mediates prostate cancer cell interphase progression. Increased CIT expression correlated with prostate cancer growth induction and aggressive prostate cancer progression, and CIT was overexpressed in prostate cancer compared with benign prostate tissue. CIT overexpression was controlled by an E2F2-Skp2-p27 signaling axis and conferred resistance to androgen-targeted treatment strategies. The effects of CIT relied entirely on its kinase activity. Conversely, CIT silencing inhibited the growth of cell lines and xenografts representing different stages of prostate cancer progression and treatment resistance but did not affect benign epithelial prostate cells or nonprostatic normal cells, indicating a potential therapeutic window for CIT inhibition. CIT kinase activity was identified as druggable and was potently inhibited by the multikinase inhibitor OTS-167, which decreased the proliferation of treatment-resistant prostate cancer cells and patient-derived organoids. Isolation of the in vivo CIT substrates identified proteins involved in diverse cellular functions ranging from proliferation to alternative splicing events that are enriched in treatment-resistant prostate cancer. These findings provide insights into the regulation of aggressive prostate cancer cell behavior by CIT and identify CIT as a functionally diverse and druggable driver of prostate cancer progression. SIGNIFICANCE The poorly characterized protein kinase citron kinase is a therapeutic target in prostate cancer that drives tumor growth by regulating diverse substrates, which control several hallmarks of aggressive prostate cancer progression. See related commentary by Mishra et al., p. 4008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Rawat
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Salma Ben-Salem
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nidhi Singh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Gaurav Chauhan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Vishwa Vaghela
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Varadha Balaji Venkadakrishnan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Ujjwal R Dahiya
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yara Ghanem
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Salam Bachour
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yixue Su
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Adam D DePriest
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Sanghee Lee
- Department of Urology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Hyun-Tae Kim
- Department of Urology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangeeta Kumari
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Dingxiao Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsa, China
| | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Eduardo Cortes Gomez
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Marlo Nicolas
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jesse McKenney
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Eric A Klein
- Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
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6
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Sun R, Tan L, Ding X, A J, Xue Z, Cai X, Li S, Guo T. A pathway activity-based proteomic classifier stratifies prostate tumors into two subtypes. Clin Proteomics 2023; 20:50. [PMID: 37950160 PMCID: PMC10638831 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-023-09441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in males worldwide. The risk stratification of PCa is mainly based on morphological examination. Here we analyzed the proteome of 667 tumor samples from 487 Chinese PCa patients and characterized 9576 protein groups by PulseDIA mass spectrometry. Then we developed a pathway activity-based classifier concerning 13 proteins from seven pathways, and dichotomized the PCa patients into two subtypes, namely PPS1 and PPS2. PPS1 is featured with enhanced innate immunity, while PPS2 with suppressed innate immunity. This classifier exhibited a correlation with PCa progression in our cohort and was further validated by two published transcriptome datasets. Notably, PPS2 was significantly correlated with poor biochemical recurrence (BCR)/metastasis-free survival (log-rank P-value < 0.05). The PPS2 was also featured with cell proliferation activation. Together, our study presents a novel pathway activity-based stratification scheme for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Lingling Tan
- Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Xuan Ding
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Jun A
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Zhangzhi Xue
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Xue Cai
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Sainan Li
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Tiannan Guo
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
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7
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Azher ZL, Suvarna A, Chen JQ, Zhang Z, Christensen BC, Salas LA, Vaickus LJ, Levy JJ. Assessment of emerging pretraining strategies in interpretable multimodal deep learning for cancer prognostication. BioData Min 2023; 16:23. [PMID: 37481666 PMCID: PMC10363299 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-023-00338-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep learning models can infer cancer patient prognosis from molecular and anatomic pathology information. Recent studies that leveraged information from complementary multimodal data improved prognostication, further illustrating the potential utility of such methods. However, current approaches: 1) do not comprehensively leverage biological and histomorphological relationships and 2) make use of emerging strategies to "pretrain" models (i.e., train models on a slightly orthogonal dataset/modeling objective) which may aid prognostication by reducing the amount of information required for achieving optimal performance. In addition, model interpretation is crucial for facilitating the clinical adoption of deep learning methods by fostering practitioner understanding and trust in the technology. METHODS Here, we develop an interpretable multimodal modeling framework that combines DNA methylation, gene expression, and histopathology (i.e., tissue slides) data, and we compare performance of crossmodal pretraining, contrastive learning, and transfer learning versus the standard procedure. RESULTS Our models outperform the existing state-of-the-art method (average 11.54% C-index increase), and baseline clinically driven models (average 11.7% C-index increase). Model interpretations elucidate consideration of biologically meaningful factors in making prognosis predictions. DISCUSSION Our results demonstrate that the selection of pretraining strategies is crucial for obtaining highly accurate prognostication models, even more so than devising an innovative model architecture, and further emphasize the all-important role of the tumor microenvironment on disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarif L Azher
- Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - Anish Suvarna
- Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - Ji-Qing Chen
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
- Program in Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Ze Zhang
- Program in Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Brock C Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Lucas A Salas
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
- Integrative Neuroscience at Dartmouth (IND) Graduate Program, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Louis J Vaickus
- Emerging Diagnostic and Investigative Technologies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Joshua J Levy
- Program in Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Emerging Diagnostic and Investigative Technologies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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8
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Rudzinskas SA, Goff AC, Mazzu MA, Schiller CE, Meltzer-Brody S, Rubinow DR, Schmidt PJ, Goldman D. Intrinsically dysregulated cellular stress signaling genes and gene networks in postpartum depression. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3023-3032. [PMID: 36782063 PMCID: PMC10507674 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01985-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among women. Clinically, the administration and withdrawal of supraphysiologic estradiol and progesterone (E2 + P) can cause affective symptom reoccurrence in women with a history of PPD, but not matched controls. To investigate the cellular basis underlying this differential affective response, lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) were derived from women with and without past PPD and compared transcriptomically in hormone conditions mimicking pregnancy and parturition: supraphysiologic E2 + P-addback; supraphysiologic E2 + P-withdrawal; and no added E2 + P (Baseline). RNA-sequencing identified unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in all hormone conditions, but the majority tended to be downregulated in PPD and observed in E2 + P-addback. Two of these DEGs were evolutionarily conserved cellular stress regulators: IMPACT, an integrative response protein maintaining translational homeostasis, and WWTR1, a transcriptional coactivator in the 'Hippo' pathway mediating cell proliferation and survival. Correspondingly, significant gene network modules were linked to cell cycle progression, estrogen response, and immune dysregulation, suggesting innate differences in intracellular signaling in PPD. In certain hormone conditions, PPD LCLs displayed increased GATA3 expression (an upstream regulator of IMPACT and WWTR1) and differentially phosphorylated eiF2α (the ultimate downstream target of IMPACT). Taken together, these transcriptomic data primarily implicate innately dysregulated cellular responses as potentially influencing mood and/or escalating PPD risk. Furthermore, the intrinsic downregulation of IMPACT's translation and WWTR1's transcription networks may suggest a novel link between PPD and a compromised ability to maintain homeostasis in the context of cellular stress occurring during pregnancy and parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Rudzinskas
- Behavioral Endocrinology Branch, NIMH, Bldg. 10CRC, Room 25330, 10 Center Drive MSC 1277, Bethesda, 20892-1277, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allison C Goff
- Behavioral Endocrinology Branch, NIMH, Bldg. 10CRC, Room 25330, 10 Center Drive MSC 1277, Bethesda, 20892-1277, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria A Mazzu
- Behavioral Endocrinology Branch, NIMH, Bldg. 10CRC, Room 25330, 10 Center Drive MSC 1277, Bethesda, 20892-1277, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - David R Rubinow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peter J Schmidt
- Behavioral Endocrinology Branch, NIMH, Bldg. 10CRC, Room 25330, 10 Center Drive MSC 1277, Bethesda, 20892-1277, MD, USA.
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
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9
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Venkadakrishnan VB, Yamada Y, Weng K, Idahor O, Beltran H. Significance of RB Loss in Unlocking Phenotypic Plasticity in Advanced Cancers. Mol Cancer Res 2023; 21:497-510. [PMID: 37052520 PMCID: PMC10239360 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-23-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells can undergo plasticity in response to environmental stimuli or under selective therapeutic pressures that result in changes in phenotype. This complex phenomenon of phenotypic plasticity is now recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Lineage plasticity is often associated with loss of dependence on the original oncogenic driver and is facilitated, in part, by underlying genomic and epigenetic alterations. Understanding the molecular drivers of cancer plasticity is critical for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. The retinoblastoma gene RB1 (encoding RB) is the first tumor suppressor gene to be discovered and has a well-described role in cell-cycle regulation. RB is also involved in diverse cellular functions beyond cell cycle including differentiation. Here, we describe the emerging role of RB loss in unlocking cancer phenotypic plasticity and driving therapy resistance across cancer types. We highlight parallels in cancer with the noncanonical role of RB that is critical for normal development and lineage specification, and the downstream consequences of RB loss including epigenetic reprogramming and chromatin reorganization that can lead to changes in lineage program. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic approaches geared toward RB loss cancers undergoing lineage reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasutaka Yamada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenny Weng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Osasenaga Idahor
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Williams A, Gutgesell L, de Wet L, Selman P, Dey A, Avineni M, Kapoor I, Mendez M, Brown R, Lamperis S, Blajszczak C, Bueter E, Kregel S, Vander Griend DJ, Szmulewitz R. SOX 2 expression in prostate cancer drives resistance to nuclear hormone receptor signaling inhibition through the WEE1/CDK1 signaling axis. Cancer Lett 2023; 565:216209. [PMID: 37169162 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of androgen receptor signaling inhibitor (ARSI) drug resistance in prostate cancer (PC) remains therapeutically challenging. Our group has described the role of sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) overexpression in ARSI-resistant PC. Continuing this work, we report that NR3C1, the gene encoding glucocorticoid receptor (GR), is a novel SOX2 target in PC, positively regulating its expression. Similar to ARSI treatment, SOX2-positive PC cells are insensitive to GR signaling inhibition using a GR modulating therapy. To understand SOX2-mediated nuclear hormone receptor signaling inhibitor (NHRSI) insensitivity, we performed RNA-seq in SOX2-positive and -negative PC cells following NHRSI treatment. RNA-seq prioritized differentially regulated genes mediating the cell cycle, including G2 checkpoint WEE1 Kinase (WEE1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). Additionally, WEE1 and CDK1 were differentially expressed in PC patient tumors dichotomized by high vs low SOX2 gene expression. Importantly, pharmacological targeting of WEE1 (WEE1i) in combination with an ARSI or GR modulator re-sensitizes SOX2-positive PC cells to nuclear hormone receptor signaling inhibition in vitro, and WEE1i combined with ARSI significantly slowed tumor growth in vivo. Collectively, our data suggest SOX2 predicts NHRSI resistance, and simultaneously indicates the addition of WEE1i to improve therapeutic efficacy of NHRSIs in SOX2-positive PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Williams
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Lisa Gutgesell
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Larischa de Wet
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Phillip Selman
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Arunangsu Dey
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Mahati Avineni
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Isha Kapoor
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Megan Mendez
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Ryan Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sophia Lamperis
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University - Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 E Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Chuck Blajszczak
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Eric Bueter
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA; Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Steve Kregel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University - Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, 2160 S 1st Ave, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Donald J Vander Griend
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Russell Szmulewitz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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11
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Ou ZY, Wang K, Shen WW, Deng G, Xu YY, Wang LF, Zai ZY, Ling YA, Zhang T, Peng XQ, Chen FH. Oncogenic FLT3 internal tandem duplication activates E2F1 to regulate purine metabolism in acute myeloid leukaemia. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 210:115458. [PMID: 36803956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Oncogene FLT3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) mutation accounts for 30 % of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cases and induces transformation. Previously, we found that E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) was involved in AML cell differentiation. Here, we reported that E2F1 expression was aberrantly upregulated in AML patients, especially in AML patients carrying FLT3-ITD. E2F1 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and increased cell sensitivity to chemotherapy in cultured FLT3-ITD-positive AML cells. E2F1-depleted FLT3-ITD+ AML cells lost their malignancy as shown by the reduced leukaemia burden and prolonged survival in NOD-PrkdcscidIl2rgem1/Smoc mice receiving xenografts. Additionally, FLT3-ITD-driven transformation of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells was counteracted by E2F1 knockdown. Mechanistically, FLT3-ITD enhanced the expression and nuclear accumulation of E2F1 in AML cells. Further study using chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing and metabolomics analyses revealed that ectopic FLT3-ITD promoted the recruitment of E2F1 on genes encoding key enzymatic regulators of purine metabolism and thus supported AML cell proliferation. Together, this study demonstrates that E2F1-activated purine metabolism is a critical downstream process of FLT3-ITD in AML and a potential target for FLT3-ITD+ AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yao Ou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wen-Wen Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ge Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ya-Yun Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Long-Fei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhuo-Yan Zai
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yi-An Ling
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Fei-Hu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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12
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Shah ZA, Nouroz F, Ejaz S, Tayyeb A. An Insight into the Role of E2F1 in Breast Cancer Progression, Drug Resistance, and Metastasis. Curr Mol Med 2023; 23:365-376. [PMID: 35260053 DOI: 10.2174/1566524022666220308095834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the role of E2F1 in breast cancer biology. BACKGROUND Expression of E2F1, a transcription factor of many oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, is lowered in several malignancies, including breast carcinoma. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we analyzed the status of E2F1 expression in association with diverse attributes of breast malignancy and its impact on cancer progression. METHODS For this purpose, we used various freely available online applications for gene enrichment, expression, and methylation analysis to extract mutation-based E2F1 map, to measure E2F1 drug sensitivity, and to determine E2F1 association with DNA damage response proteins. RESULTS Results revealed tissue-specific regulatory behavior of E2F1. Moreover, the key role of E2F1 in the promotion of metastasis, stem cell-mediated carcinogenesis, estrogen-mediated cell proliferation, and cellular defense system, has therefore highlighted it as a metaplastic marker and hot member of key resistome pathways. CONCLUSION The information thus generated can be employed for future implications in devising rational therapeutic strategies. Moreover, this study has provided a more detailed insight into the diagnostic and prognostic potential of E2F1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Abbas Shah
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Nouroz
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Samina Ejaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (IBBB), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Asima Tayyeb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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13
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Hamidi M, Eriz A, Mitxelena J, Fernandez-Ares L, Aurrekoetxea I, Aspichueta P, Iglesias-Ara A, Zubiaga AM. Targeting E2F Sensitizes Prostate Cancer Cells to Drug-Induced Replication Stress by Promoting Unscheduled CDK1 Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194952. [PMID: 36230876 PMCID: PMC9564059 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary E2F1 and E2F2 are highly expressed in many cancer types, but their contribution to malignancy is not well understood. Here we aimed to define the impact of E2F1/E2F2 deregulation in prostate cancer. We show that inhibition of E2F sensitizes prostate cancer cells to drug-induced replication stress and cell death. We found that E2F target genes involved in nucleotide biosynthesis contribute to maintaining genome stability in prostate cancer cells, but their enzymatic activity is insufficient to prevent replication stress after E2F1/E2F2 depletion. Instead, E2F1/E2F2 hinder premature CDK1 activation during S phase, which is key to ensure genome stability and viability of prostate cancer cells. From a therapeutic perspective, inhibiting E2F activity provokes catastrophic levels of replication stress and blunts xenograft growth in combination with drugs targeting nucleotide biosynthesis or DNA repair. Our results highlight the suitability of targeting E2F for the treatment of prostate cancer. Abstract E2F1/E2F2 expression correlates with malignancy in prostate cancer (PCa), but its functional significance remains unresolved. To define the mechanisms governed by E2F in PCa, we analyzed the contribution of E2F target genes to the control of genome integrity, and the impact of modulating E2F activity on PCa progression. We show that silencing or inhibiting E2F1/E2F2 induces DNA damage during S phase and potentiates 5-FU-induced replication stress and cellular toxicity. Inhibition of E2F downregulates the expression of E2F targets involved in nucleotide biosynthesis (TK1, DCK, TYMS), whose expression is upregulated by 5-FU. However, their enzymatic products failed to rescue DNA damage of E2F1/E2F2 knockdown cells, suggesting additional mechanisms for E2F function. Interestingly, targeting E2F1/E2F2 in PCa cells reduced WEE1 expression and resulted in premature CDK1 activation during S phase. Inhibition of CDK1/CDK2 prevented DNA damage induced by E2F loss, suggesting that E2F1/E2F2 safeguard genome integrity by restraining CDK1/CDK2 activity. Importantly, combined inhibition of E2F and ATR boosted replication stress and dramatically reduced tumorigenic capacity of PCa cells in xenografts. Collectively, inhibition of E2F in combination with drugs targeting nucleotide biosynthesis or DNA repair is a promising strategy to provoke catastrophic levels of replication stress that could be applied to PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddase Hamidi
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Eriz
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jone Mitxelena
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Ikerbasque—Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Larraitz Fernandez-Ares
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Igor Aurrekoetxea
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Patricia Aspichueta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Iglesias-Ara
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.I.-A.); (A.M.Z.); Tel.: +34-94-601-5799 (A.I.-A.); +34-94-601-2603 (A.M.Z.); Fax: +34-94-601-3143 (A.M.Z.)
| | - Ana M. Zubiaga
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.I.-A.); (A.M.Z.); Tel.: +34-94-601-5799 (A.I.-A.); +34-94-601-2603 (A.M.Z.); Fax: +34-94-601-3143 (A.M.Z.)
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14
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Tang DG. Understanding and targeting prostate cancer cell heterogeneity and plasticity. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 82:68-93. [PMID: 34844845 PMCID: PMC9106849 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a prevalent malignancy that occurs primarily in old males. Prostate tumors in different patients manifest significant inter-patient heterogeneity with respect to histo-morphological presentations and molecular architecture. An individual patient tumor also harbors genetically distinct clones in which PCa cells display intra-tumor heterogeneity in molecular features and phenotypic marker expression. This inherent PCa cell heterogeneity, e.g., in the expression of androgen receptor (AR), constitutes a barrier to the long-term therapeutic efficacy of AR-targeting therapies. Furthermore, tumor progression as well as therapeutic treatments induce PCa cell plasticity such that AR-positive PCa cells may turn into AR-negative cells and prostate tumors may switch lineage identity from adenocarcinomas to neuroendocrine-like tumors. This induced PCa cell plasticity similarly confers resistance to AR-targeting and other therapies. In this review, I first discuss PCa from the perspective of an abnormal organ development and deregulated cellular differentiation, and discuss the luminal progenitor cells as the likely cells of origin for PCa. I then focus on intrinsic PCa cell heterogeneity in treatment-naïve tumors with the presence of prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs). I further elaborate on PCa cell plasticity induced by genetic alterations and therapeutic interventions, and present potential strategies to therapeutically tackle PCa cell heterogeneity and plasticity. My discussions will make it clear that, to achieve enduring clinical efficacy, both intrinsic PCa cell heterogeneity and induced PCa cell plasticity need to be targeted with novel combinatorial approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Experimental Therapeutics (ET) Graduate Program, The University at Buffalo & Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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15
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Jing Z, Liu Q, Xie W, Wei Y, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zuo W, Lu S, Zhu Q, Liu P. NCAPD3 promotes prostate cancer progression by up-regulating EZH2 and MALAT1 through STAT3 and E2F1. Cell Signal 2022; 92:110265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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Tang Y, Jiang L, Zhao X, Hu D, Zhao G, Luo S, Du X, Tang W. FOXO1 inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation via suppressing E2F1 activated NPRL2 expression. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:2510-2520. [PMID: 34459063 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in our lab suggest that nitrogen permease regulator 2-like (NPRL2) upregulation in prostate cancer is associated with malignant behavior and poor prognosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of NPRL2 dysregulation remain poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the transcription factors (TFs) contributing to NPRL2 dysregulation in prostate cancer. Potential TFs were identified using prostate tissue/cell-specific chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-seq data collected in the Cistrome Data Browser and Signaling Pathways Project. Dual-luciferase assay and ChIP-qPCR assay were conducted to assess the binding and activating effect of TFs on the gene promoter. Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays were performed to assess cell proliferation. Results showed that E2F1 is a TF that bound to the NPRL2 promoter and activated its transcription. NPRL2 inhibition significantly alleviated E2F1 enhanced cell proliferation. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that E2F1 upregulation was associated with unfavorable progression-free survival and disease-specific survival. FOXO1 interacted and E2F1 in both PC3 and LNCaP cells and weakened the binding of E2F1 to the NPRL2 promoter. Functionally, FOXO1 overexpression significantly slowed the proliferation of PC3 and LNCaP cells and also decreased E2F1 enhanced cell proliferation. In summary, this study revealed a novel FOXO1/E2F1-NPRL2 regulatory axis in prostate cancer. E2F1 binds to the NPRL2 promoter and activates its transcription, while FOXO1 interacts with E2F1 and weakens its transcriptional activating effects. These findings help expand our understanding of the prostate cancer etiology and suggest that the FOXO1/E2F1-NPRL2 signaling axis might be a potential target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Daixing Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guozhi Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengjun Luo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Du
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Jamroze A, Chatta G, Tang DG. Androgen receptor (AR) heterogeneity in prostate cancer and therapy resistance. Cancer Lett 2021; 518:1-9. [PMID: 34118355 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent nuclear transcription factor and a member of steroid hormone receptor family, plays an important role in prostate organogenesis by regulating epithelial differentiation and restricting cell proliferation. Although rarely mutated or amplified in treatment-naïve prostate cancer (PCa), AR signaling drives tumor growth and as a result, therapies that aim to inhibit AR signaling, called ARSIs (AR signaling inhibitors), have been in clinical use for >70 years. Unfortunately, the clinical efficacy of ARSIs is short-lived and the majority of treated patients develop castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Numerous molecular mechanisms have been proposed for castration resistance; however, the cellular basis for CRPC emergence has remained obscure. One under-appreciated cellular mechanism for CRPC development is the AR heterogeneity that pre-exists in treatment-naive primary tumors, i.e., although most PCa cells express AR (i.e., AR+), there is always a population of PCa cells that express no/low AR (i.e., AR-/lo). Importantly, this AR heterogeneity becomes accentuated during ARSI treatment and highly prominent in established CRPC. Here, we provide a succinct summary of AR heterogeneity across the PCa continuum and discuss its impact on PCa response to treatments. While AR+ PCa cells/clones exhibit exquisite sensitivities to ARSIs, AR-/lo PCa cells/clones, which are greatly enriched in stem cell signaling pathways, display de novo resistance to ARSIs. Finally, we offer several potential combinatorial strategies, e.g., ARSIs with stem cell targeting therapeutics, to co-target both AR+ and AR-/lo PCa cells and metastatic clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmbreen Jamroze
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | - Gurkamal Chatta
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA; Experimental Therapeutics (ET) Graduate Program, University at Buffalo & Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, NY, 14263, USA.
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Zhang ZB, Ip SP, Cho WCS, Ng ACF, Hu Z, Huang YF, Luo DD, Xian YF, Lin ZX. Herb-drug interactions between androgenic Chinese herbal medicines and androgen receptor antagonist on tumor growth: Studies on two xenograft prostate cancer animal models. Phytother Res 2021; 35:2758-2772. [PMID: 33440458 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study revealed that Epimedii Folium (EF) and Codonopsis Radix (CNR) significantly promoted tumor growth on a subcutaneous mouse model of prostate cancer (PCa) via enhancing the mRNA and protein expressions of androgen receptor (AR), while Astragali Radix (AGR) inhibited tumor growth via suppressing the protein expression of AR. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the potential interactions between EF, CNR or AGR and AR antagonist (abiraterone acetate [ABI]) on the tumor growth using subcutaneous and orthotopic PCa mouse models. EF, CNR, AGR and ABI were intragastrically given to mice once every 2 days for 4 weeks. The pharmacokinetics of ABI were evaluated in the plasma of rats when combined with EF, CNR, or AGR. Our results demonstrated that EF or CNR could weaken the anti-tumor effects of ABI via increasing the AR expression involving activation of the PI3K/AKT and Rb/E2F pathways and decreasing the bioavailability of ABI, while AGR could enhance the anti-tumor effects of ABI through suppressing the AR expression via inhibiting the activations of PI3K/AKT and Rb/E2F pathways and increasing the bioavailability of ABI. These findings imply that cautions should be exercised when prescribing EF and CNR for PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Biao Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Siu-Po Ip
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Brain Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | | | - Anthony Chi Fai Ng
- SH Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Zhen Hu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Yan-Feng Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Dan-Dan Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yan-Fang Xian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Brain Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Zhi-Xiu Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Brain Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Hong Kong Institute of Integrative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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19
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Cen J, Liang Y, Huang Y, Pan Y, Shu G, Zheng Z, Liao X, Zhou M, Chen D, Fang Y, Chen W, Luo J, Zhang J. Circular RNA circSDHC serves as a sponge for miR-127-3p to promote the proliferation and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma via the CDKN3/E2F1 axis. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:19. [PMID: 33468140 PMCID: PMC7816303 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01314-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that circular RNAs (circRNAs) have significant regulatory roles in cancer development and progression; however, the expression patterns and biological functions of circRNAs in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remain largely elusive. METHOD Bioinformatics methods were applied to screen for circRNAs differentially expressed in RCC. Analysis of online circRNAs microarray datasets and our own patient cohort indicated that circSDHC (hsa_circ_0015004) had a potential oncogenic role in RCC. Subsequently, circSDHC expression was measured in RCC tissues and cell lines by qPCR assay, and the prognostic value of circSDHC evaluated. Further, a series of functional in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to assess the effects of circSDHC on RCC proliferation and metastasis. RNA pull-down assay, luciferase reporter and fluorescent in situ hybridization assays were used to confirm the interactions between circSDHC, miR-127-3p and its target genes. RESULTS Clinically, high circSDHC expression was correlated with advanced TNM stage and poor survival in patients with RCC. Further, circSDHC promoted tumor cell proliferation and invasion, both in vivo and in vitro. Analysis of the mechanism underlying the effects of circSDHC in RCC demonstrated that it binds competitively to miR-127-3p and prevents its suppression of a downstream gene, CDKN3, and the E2F1 pathway, thereby leading to RCC malignant progression. Furthermore, knockdown of circSDHC caused decreased CDKN3 expression and E2F1 pathway inhibition, which could be rescued by treatment with an miR-127-3p inhibitor. CONCLUSION Our data indicates, for the first time, an essential role for the circSDHC/miR-127-3p/CDKN3/E2F1 axis in RCC progression. Thus, circSDHC has potential to be a new therapeutic target in patients with RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Cen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan road II, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan road II, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan road II, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihui Pan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan road II, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Guannan Shu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan road II, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhousan Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan road II, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhong Liao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 16 Airport road, Guangzhou, 510405, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan road II, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Danlei Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan road II, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Fang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan road II, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan road II, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junhang Luo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan road II, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan road II, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Vellky JE, Ricke WA. Development and prevalence of castration-resistant prostate cancer subtypes. Neoplasia 2020; 22:566-575. [PMID: 32980775 PMCID: PMC7522286 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) occurs when prostate cancer (CaP) progresses under therapy-induced castrate conditions. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this acquired resistance, many of which are driven by androgen receptor (AR). Recent findings, however, sub-classified CRPC by downregulation/absence of AR in certain subtypes that consequently do not respond to anti-androgen therapies. To highlight the significance of CRPC sub-classification, we reviewed the development and treatment of CRPC, AR downregulation in CRPC, and summarized recent reports on the prevalence of CRPC subtypes. METHODS Using a medline-based literature search, we reviewed mechanisms of CRPC development, current treatment schemes, and assessed the prevalence of AR low/negative subtypes of CRPC. Additionally, we performed immunohistochemical staining on human CRPC specimens to quantify AR expression across CRPC subtypes. RESULTS In the majority of cases, CRPC continues to rely on AR signaling, which can be augmented in castrate-conditions through a variety of mechanisms. However, recently low/negative AR expression patterns were identified in a significant proportion of patient samples from a multitude of independent studies. In these AR low/negative cases, we postulated that AR protein may be downregulated by (1) promoter methylation, (2) transcriptional regulation, (3) post-transcriptional regulation by microRNA or RNA-binding-proteins, or (4) post-translational ubiquitination-mediated degradation. CONCLUSIONS Here, we discussed mechanisms of CRPC development and summarized the overall prevalence of CRPC subtypes; interestingly, AR low/negative CRPC represented a considerable proportion of diagnoses. Because these subtypes cannot be effectively treated with AR-targeted therapeutics, a better understanding of AR low/negative subtypes could lead to better treatment strategies and increased survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Vellky
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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21
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Nyquist MD, Corella A, Coleman I, De Sarkar N, Kaipainen A, Ha G, Gulati R, Ang L, Chatterjee P, Lucas J, Pritchard C, Risbridger G, Isaacs J, Montgomery B, Morrissey C, Corey E, Nelson PS. Combined TP53 and RB1 Loss Promotes Prostate Cancer Resistance to a Spectrum of Therapeutics and Confers Vulnerability to Replication Stress. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107669. [PMID: 32460015 PMCID: PMC7453577 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancers (PCs) with loss of the potent tumor suppressors TP53 and RB1 exhibit poor outcomes. TP53 and RB1 also influence cell plasticity and are frequently lost in PCs with neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation. Therapeutic strategies that address these aggressive variant PCs are urgently needed. Using deep genomic profiling of 410 metastatic biopsies, we determine the relationships between combined TP53 and RB1 loss and PC phenotypes. Notably, 40% of TP53/RB1-deficient tumors are classified as AR-active adenocarcinomas, indicating that NE differentiation is not an obligate consequence of TP53/RB1 inactivation. A gene expression signature reflecting TP53/RB1 loss is associated with diminished responses to AR antagonists and reduced survival. These tumors exhibit high proliferation rates and evidence of elevated DNA repair processes. While tumor cells lacking TP53/RB1 are highly resistant to all single-agent therapeutics tested, the combination of PARP and ATR inhibition is found to produce significant responses, reflecting a clinically exploitable vulnerability resulting from replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Nyquist
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alexandra Corella
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ilsa Coleman
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Navonil De Sarkar
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Arja Kaipainen
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Gavin Ha
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Roman Gulati
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lisa Ang
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Payel Chatterjee
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jared Lucas
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Colin Pritchard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gail Risbridger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - John Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Bruce Montgomery
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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22
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The Role of Crosstalk between AR3 and E2F1 in Drug Resistance in Prostate Cancer Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051094. [PMID: 32354165 PMCID: PMC7290672 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Drug resistance is one of the most prevalent causes of death in advanced prostate cancer patients. Combination therapies that target cancer cells via different mechanisms to overcome resistance have gained increased attention in recent years. However, the optimal drug combinations and the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully explored. Aim and methods: The aim of this study is to investigate drug combinations that inhibit the growth of drug-resistant cells and determine the underlying mechanisms of their actions. In addition, we also established cell lines that are resistant to combination treatments and tested new compounds to overcome the phenomenon of double drug-resistance. Results: Our results show that the combination of enzalutamide (ENZ) and docetaxel (DTX) effectively inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells that are resistant to either drug alone. The downregulation of transcription factor E2F1 plays a crucial role in cellular inhibition in response to the combined therapy. Notably, we found that the androgen receptor (AR) variant AR3 (a.k.a. AR-V7), but not AR full length (AR-FL), positively regulates E2F1 expression in these cells. E2F1 in turn regulates AR3 and forms a positive regulatory feedforward loop. We also established double drug-resistant cell lines that are resistant to ENZ+DTX combination therapy and found that the expression of both AR3 and E2F1 was restored in these cells. Furthermore, we identified that auranofin, an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, overcame drug resistance and inhibited the growth of drug-resistant prostate cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion and significance: This proof-of-principle study demonstrates that targeting the E2F1/AR3 feedforward loop via a combination therapy or a multi-targeting drug could circumvent castration resistance in prostate cancer.
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23
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Chun JN, Cho M, Park S, So I, Jeon JH. The conflicting role of E2F1 in prostate cancer: A matter of cell context or interpretational flexibility? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1873:188336. [PMID: 31870703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.188336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor E2F1 plays a crucial role in mediating multiple cancer hallmark capabilities that regulate cell cycle, survival, apoptosis, metabolism, and metastasis. Aberrant activation of E2F1 is closely associated with a poor clinical outcome in various human cancers. However, E2F1 has conflictingly been reported to exert tumor suppressive activity, raising a question as to the nature of its substantive role in the control of cell fate. In this review, we summarize deregulated E2F1 activity and its role in prostate cancer. We highlight the recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanism by which E2F1 regulates the development and progression of prostate cancer, providing insight into how cell context or data interpretation shapes the role of E2F1 in prostate cancer. This review will aid in translating biomedical knowledge into therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Nyeo Chun
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Cho
- Undergraduate Research Program, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonbum Park
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hong Jeon
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Chen WS, Aggarwal R, Zhang L, Zhao SG, Thomas GV, Beer TM, Quigley DA, Foye A, Playdle D, Huang J, Lloyd P, Lu E, Sun D, Guan X, Rettig M, Gleave M, Evans CP, Youngren J, True L, Lara P, Kothari V, Xia Z, Chi KN, Reiter RE, Maher CA, Feng FY, Small EJ, Alumkal JJ. Genomic Drivers of Poor Prognosis and Enzalutamide Resistance in Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2019; 76:562-571. [PMID: 30928160 PMCID: PMC6764911 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is the lethal form of the disease. Several recent studies have identified genomic alterations in mCRPC, but the clinical implications of these genomic alterations have not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE To use whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to assess the association between key driver gene alterations and overall survival (OS), and to use whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing to identify genomic drivers of enzalutamide resistance. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We performed survival analyses and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) on WGS and RNA sequencing results for a cohort of 101 mCRPC patients. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OS was the clinical endpoint for all univariate and multivariable survival analyses. Candidate drivers of enzalutamide resistance were identified in an unbiased manner, and mutations of the top candidate were further assessed for enrichment among enzalutamide-resistant patients using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Harboring two DNA alterations in RB1 was independently predictive of poor OS (median 14.1 vs 42.0mo; p=0.007) for men with mCRPC. GSEA identified the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as the top differentially modulated pathway among enzalutamide-resistant patients. Furthermore, β-catenin mutations were exclusive to enzalutamide-resistant patients (p=0.01) and independently predictive of poor OS (median 13.6 vs 41.7mo; p=0.025). CONCLUSIONS The presence of two RB1 DNA alterations identified in our WGS analysis was independently associated with poor OS among men with mCRPC. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays an important role in enzalutamide resistance, with differential pathway expression and enrichment of β-catenin mutations in enzalutamide-resistant patients. Moreover, β-catenin mutations were predictive of poor OS in our cohort. PATIENT SUMMARY We observed a correlation between genomic findings for biopsy samples from metastases from men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and clinical outcomes. This work sheds new light on clinically relevant genomic alterations in mCRPC and provides a roadmap for the development of new personalized treatment regimens in mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Chen
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rahul Aggarwal
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - George V Thomas
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tomasz M Beer
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David A Quigley
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam Foye
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Denise Playdle
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul Lloyd
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric Lu
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Duanchen Sun
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Xiangnan Guan
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Matthew Rettig
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jack Youngren
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Primo Lara
- University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Vishal Kothari
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zheng Xia
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kim N Chi
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | - Felix Y Feng
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Radiation Oncology and Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric J Small
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Joshi J Alumkal
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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25
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Kim JY, Bang SI, Lee SD. α-Casein Changes Gene Expression Profiles and Promotes Tumorigenesis of Prostate Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2019; 72:239-251. [PMID: 31155933 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1622742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is among the most prevalent malignancies in men. High intake of dairy products is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. No study has examined the gene profile changes and molecular mechanism by which casein, milk protein, affects prostate cancer cells. In this study, we used gene expression profiling to identify gene changes in PC3 prostate cancer cells exposed to α-casein. α-casein altered the expression of a large number of genes-related prostate cancer, transcription factor, apoptotic, metabolic, and cell cycle pathways, in addition to the expected cell proliferation signaling pathways. To clarify the molecular events involved in the effect of α-casein on proliferation and progression of PC3 cells, we examined cell proliferation assay, quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining. α-casein promoted PC3 cell proliferation and survival under serum-free conditions by increasing the expression of E2F1 and its target gene PCNA. α-casein also protected PC3 cells from serum-starved autophagic cell death by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway through activation of mTORC1, up-regulation of p70S6K, and down-regulation of LC3 autophagosome formation. Our data provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the tumorigenic effect of α-casein in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Kim
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ik Bang
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Don Lee
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Urology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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26
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Distinct biological characterization of the CD44 and CD90 phenotypes of cancer stem cells in gastric cancer cell lines. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 459:35-47. [PMID: 31073886 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03548-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent study implicates that gastric cancer stem cells (CSCs) are capable of generating multiple types of cells to promote tumor growth and heterogeneity important for the development of gastric cancer. However, knowledge is limited regarding the expression and characteristics of marker-positive gastric CSCs. Therefore, gastric CSCs from a series of human gastric cancer cell lines (SNU-5, SNU-16, BGC-823, PAMC-82, MKN-45, and NCI-N87) using four putative CSC surface markers (CD44, CD90, CD133, and epithelial-cell adhesion molecule) were investigated the underlying mechanisms regulating such subpopulations. Only SNU-5 and SNU-16 exhibited independent co-expression of CD44+ and CD90+, which exhibited spheroid-colony formation in vitro and tumor formation in immunodeficient mice. Functional studies revealed that CD44+ cells were more invasive compared with CD90+ cells, whereas CD90+ cells exhibited higher levels of proliferation than CD44+ cells. Furthermore, serial xenotransplantation in mice of CD44+/CD90+ cells derived from SNU-5 and SNU-16 revealed rapid growth of CD90+ cells in subcutaneous lesions and a high metastatic capacity of CD44+ cells in the lung. Mechanistic analyses revealed that CD44+ cells underwent epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) following acquisition of mesenchymal features, whereas CD90+ cells enhanced the activation of retinoblastoma phosphorylation at Ser780 and oncogenic cell cycle regulators. The expression of CD44 and CD90 in gastric cancer tissues was associated with distant metastasis and the differentiation state of tumors. These results demonstrated that CD44 and CD90 are specific biomarkers capable of identifying and isolating metastatic and tumorigenic CSCs through their ability to regulate EMT and the cell cycle in gastric cancer cell lines.
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The Role of RB in Prostate Cancer Progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:301-318. [PMID: 31900914 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The RB tumor suppressor is one of the most commonly deleted/mutated genes in human cancers. In prostate cancer specifically, mutation of RB is most frequently observed in aggressive, metastatic disease. As one of the earliest tumor suppressors to be identified, the molecular functions of RB that are lost in tumor development have been studied for decades. Earlier work focused on the canonical RB pathway connecting mitogenic signaling to the cell cycle via Cyclin/CDK inactivation of RB, thereby releasing the E2F transcription factors. More in-depth analysis revealed that RB-E2F complexes regulate cellular processes beyond proliferation. Most recently, "non-canonical" roles for RB function have been expanded beyond its E2F interactions, which may play a particular role in advanced prostate cancer. For example, in mouse models of prostate cancer, loss of RB has been shown to induce lineage plasticity, which enables resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. This increased understanding of the potential downstream functions of RB in prostate cancer may lead the way to identifying therapeutic vulnerabilities in cells following RB loss.
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Yazarlou F, Mowla SJ, Oskooei VK, Motevaseli E, Tooli LF, Afsharpad M, Nekoohesh L, Sanikhani NS, Ghafouri-Fard S, Modarressi MH. Urine exosome gene expression of cancer-testis antigens for prediction of bladder carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:5373-5381. [PMID: 30464633 PMCID: PMC6225912 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s180389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes have been regarded as emerging tools for cancer diagnosis. Tumor-derived exosomes contain molecules that enhance cancer progression and affect immune responses. Material and methods In the present study, we evaluated expression of seven cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) that are regarded as putative biomarkers and immunotherapeutic targets along with NMP22 in urinary exosomes of bladder cancer patients, healthy subjects and patients affected with nonmalignant urinary disorders. Results Exosomal expression of MAGE-B4 was significantly higher in bladder cancer patients compared with normal samples (expression ratio=2.68, P=0.01). However, its expression was lower in bladder cancer patients compared with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) patients (expression ratio=0.17, P=0.01). Exosomal expression of NMP22 was significantly higher in bladder cancer patients compared with BPH patients (expression ratio=9.22, P=0.02). Expressions of other genes were not significantly different between bladder cancer patients and normal/nonmalignant samples. We found significant correlation between MAGE-A3 and MAGE-B4 expressions in exosomes obtained from controls. In addition, TSGA10 expression was correlated with expression of NMP22 in both cancer patients and controls. Conclusion The present study provides evidences for differential expression of CTAs in urinary exosomes of bladder cancer patients and urogenital disorders and warrants further studies for assessment of their significance in cancer diagnosis and immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Yazarlou
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Seyed Javad Mowla
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Kholghi Oskooei
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Farhady Tooli
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mandana Afsharpad
- Cancer Control Research Center, Cancer Control Foundation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Nekoohesh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Sadat Sanikhani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
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Huang RQ, Wang SQ, Zhu QB, Guo SC, Shi DL, Chen F, Fang YC, Chen R, Lu YC. Knockdown of PEBP4 inhibits human glioma cell growth and invasive potential via ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Mol Carcinog 2018; 58:135-143. [PMID: 30255656 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-binding protein 4 (PEBP4) is an antiapoptotic protein that is aberrantly expressed in various malignancies. We previously demonstrated that PEBP4 expression is dramatically induced in human gliomas and positively correlated with tumor grade and patient survival. However, the function of PEBP4 in human glioma development and underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. By stable lentiviral vector-mediated silencing of PEBP4, we examined the effects of PEBP4 knockdown on the growth, apoptosis, and invasion of U251 and U373 human glioma cell lines using MTT, Transwell, colony formation, and flow cytometric assays. We examined the in vivo role of PEBP4 in tumor growth by inoculation of BALB/c nu/nu male mice with PEBP4-deficient U251 and U373 cells. The expression of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related proteins was analyzed by Western blotting and immunostaining. Knockdown of PEBP4 significantly reduced the proliferation and invasion of human glioma cells while inducing cell apoptosis by altering the expression of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related proteins. Mechanistically, PEBP4 knockdown led to activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway, an effect that could be reversed by U0126, a selective inhibitor of MEK1/2 (upstream of ERK1/2), suggesting involvement of ERK1/2 signaling in the regulation of glioma development and progression by PEBP4. We identified PEBP4 as a novel regulator mediating human glioma cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis as well as tumor formation and growth. Therefore, PEBP4 may be a potential therapeutic target in human glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Qiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, NO. 422 Hospital of PLA, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Song-Qing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, NO. 422 Hospital of PLA, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qing-Bao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ma Anshan People's Hospital, Wuhu, An Hui Province, China
| | - Shan-Cheng Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, NO. 422 Hospital of PLA, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Dong-Liang Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, NO. 101 Hospital of PLA, Wuxi, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Cheng Fang
- Department of Nutrition, NO. 422 Hospital of PLA, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, NO. 422 Hospital of PLA, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yi-Cheng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Shaik T, Rather GM, Bansal N, Minko T, Garbuzenko O, Szekely Z, Abali EE, Banerjee D, Kerrigan JE, Scotto KW, Bertino JR. Modeling and antitumor studies of a modified L-penetratin peptide targeting E2F in lung cancer and prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33249-33257. [PMID: 30279956 PMCID: PMC6161789 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
E2F1-3a overexpression due to amplification or to mutation or loss of the retinoblastoma gene, induces genes involved in DNA synthesis and leads to abnormal cellular proliferation, tumor growth, and invasion. Therefore, inhibiting the overexpression of one or more of these activating E2Fs is a recognized target in cancer therapeutics. In previous studies we identified by phage display, a novel 7-mer peptide (PEP) that bound tightly to an immobilized consensus E2F1 promoter sequence, and when conjugated to penetratin to increase its uptake into cells, was cytotoxic to several malignant cell lines and human prostate and small cell lung cancer xenografts. Based on molecular simulation studies that showed that the D-Arg penetratin peptide (D-Arg PEP) secondary structure is more stable than the L-Arg PEP, the L-Arg in the peptide was substituted with D-Arg. In vitro studies confirmed that it was more stable than the L- form and was more cytotoxic as compared to the L-Arg PEP when tested against the human castrate resistant cell line, DU145 and the human lung cancer H196 cell line. When encapsulated in PEGylated liposomes, the D-Arg-PEP potently inhibited growth of the DU145 xenograft in mice. Our findings validate D- Arg PEP, an inhibitor of E2F1and 3a transcription, as an improved second generation drug candidate for targeted molecular therapy of cancers with elevated levels of activated E2F(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tazeem Shaik
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Gulam M Rather
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Nitu Bansal
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Tamara Minko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers: The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Olga Garbuzenko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers: The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Zoltan Szekely
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers: The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Emine E Abali
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Debabrata Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - John E Kerrigan
- Information Technology Division of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kathleen W Scotto
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph R Bertino
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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31
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Li Q, Deng Q, Chao HP, Liu X, Lu Y, Lin K, Liu B, Tang GW, Zhang D, Tracz A, Jeter C, Rycaj K, Calhoun-Davis T, Huang J, Rubin MA, Beltran H, Shen J, Chatta G, Puzanov I, Mohler JL, Wang J, Zhao R, Kirk J, Chen X, Tang DG. Linking prostate cancer cell AR heterogeneity to distinct castration and enzalutamide responses. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3600. [PMID: 30190514 PMCID: PMC6127155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cancer (PCa) is heterogeneous but the functional significance of AR heterogeneity remains unclear. Screening ~200 castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) cores and whole-mount sections (from 89 patients) reveals 3 AR expression patterns: nuclear (nuc-AR), mixed nuclear/cytoplasmic (nuc/cyto-AR), and low/no expression (AR-/lo). Xenograft modeling demonstrates that AR+ CRPC is enzalutamide-sensitive but AR-/lo CRPC is resistant. Genome editing-derived AR+ and AR-knockout LNCaP cell clones exhibit distinct biological and tumorigenic properties and contrasting responses to enzalutamide. RNA-Seq and biochemical analyses, coupled with experimental combinatorial therapy, identify BCL-2 as a critical therapeutic target and provide proof-of-concept therapeutic regimens for both AR+/hi and AR-/lo CRPC. Our study links AR expression heterogeneity to distinct castration/enzalutamide responses and has important implications in understanding the cellular basis of prostate tumor responses to AR-targeting therapies and in facilitating development of novel therapeutics to target AR-/lo PCa cells/clones.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Benzamides
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Nitriles
- Phenylthiohydantoin/analogs & derivatives
- Phenylthiohydantoin/pharmacology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhui Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education (KLOBM), School and Hospital of Stomatology,, Wuhan University, 430079, Wuhan, China
| | - Qu Deng
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
- Program in Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences (GSBS), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hsueh-Ping Chao
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
- Program in Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences (GSBS), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Kevin Lin
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Bigang Liu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Gregory W Tang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Dingxiao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Amanda Tracz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Collene Jeter
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Kiera Rycaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Tammy Calhoun-Davis
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University of School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Mark A Rubin
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Jianjun Shen
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Gurkamal Chatta
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Igor Puzanov
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - James L Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Ruizhe Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Jason Kirk
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA.
- Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200120, Shanghai, China.
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Thomas-Jardin SE, Kanchwala MS, Jacob J, Merchant S, Meade RK, Gahnim NM, Nawas AF, Xing C, Delk NA. Identification of an IL-1-induced gene expression pattern in AR + PCa cells that mimics the molecular phenotype of AR - PCa cells. Prostate 2018; 78. [PMID: 29527701 PMCID: PMC5893432 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In immunosurveillance, bone-derived immune cells infiltrate the tumor and secrete inflammatory cytokines to destroy cancer cells. However, cancer cells have evolved mechanisms to usurp inflammatory cytokines to promote tumor progression. In particular, the inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1 (IL-1), is elevated in prostate cancer (PCa) patient tissue and serum, and promotes PCa bone metastasis. IL-1 also represses androgen receptor (AR) accumulation and activity in PCa cells, yet the cells remain viable and tumorigenic; suggesting that IL-1 may also contribute to AR-targeted therapy resistance. Furthermore, IL-1 and AR protein levels negatively correlate in PCa tumor cells. Taken together, we hypothesize that IL-1 reprograms AR positive (AR+ ) PCa cells into AR negative (AR- ) PCa cells that co-opt IL-1 signaling to ensure AR-independent survival and tumor progression in the inflammatory tumor microenvironment. METHODS LNCaP and PC3 PCa cells were treated with IL-1β or HS-5 bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) conditioned medium and analyzed by RNA sequencing and RT-QPCR. To verify genes identified by RNA sequencing, LNCaP, MDA-PCa-2b, PC3, and DU145 PCa cell lines were treated with the IL-1 family members, IL-1α or IL-1β, or exposed to HS-5 BMSC in the presence or absence of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist (IL-1RA). Treated cells were analyzed by western blot and/or RT-QPCR. RESULTS Comparative analysis of sequencing data from the AR+ LNCaP PCa cell line versus the AR- PC3 PCa cell line reveals an IL-1-conferred gene suite in LNCaP cells that is constitutive in PC3 cells. Bioinformatics analysis of the IL-1 regulated gene suite revealed that inflammatory and immune response pathways are primarily elicited; likely facilitating PCa cell survival and tumorigenicity in an inflammatory tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS Our data supports that IL-1 reprograms AR+ PCa cells to mimic AR- PCa gene expression patterns that favor AR-targeted treatment resistance and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed S. Kanchwala
- McDermott Center of Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Joan Jacob
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - Sana Merchant
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - Rachel K. Meade
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - Nagham M. Gahnim
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - Afshan F. Nawas
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - Chao Xing
- McDermott Center of Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Bioinformatics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Clinical Sciences, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Nikki A. Delk
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
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Hunter I, Hay CW, Esswein B, Watt K, McEwan IJ. Tissue control of androgen action: The ups and downs of androgen receptor expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 465:27-35. [PMID: 28789969 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hormone testosterone plays crucial roles during male development and puberty and throughout life, as an anabolic regulator of muscle and bone structure and function. The actions of testosterone are mediated, primarily, through the androgen receptor, a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. The androgen receptor gene is located on the X-chromosome and receptor levels are tightly controlled both at the level of transcription of the gene and post-translationally at the protein level. Sp1 has emerged as the major driver of expression of the androgen receptor gene, while auto-regulation by androgens is associated with both positive and negative regulation in a possible cell-selective manner. Research into the networks of positive and negative regulators of the androgen receptor gene are vital in order to understand the temporal and spatial control of receptor levels and the consequences for healthy aging and disease. A clear understanding of the multiple transcription factors participating in regulation of the androgen receptor gene will likely aid in the development and application of hormone therapies to boast or curb receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Hunter
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Colin W Hay
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Bianca Esswein
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat, Jena, Germany
| | - Kate Watt
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Iain J McEwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.
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Orphan nuclear receptor TLX contributes to androgen insensitivity in castration-resistant prostate cancer via its repression of androgen receptor transcription. Oncogene 2018; 37:3340-3355. [PMID: 29555975 PMCID: PMC6013422 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a lethal form of prostate cancer, in which the expression of androgen receptor (AR) is highly heterogeneous. Indeed, lower AR expression and attenuated AR signature activity is shown in CRPC tissues, especially in the subset of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) and prostate cancer stem-like cells (PCSCs). However, the significance of AR downregulation in androgen insensitivity and de-differentiation of tumor cells in CRPC is poorly understood and much neglected. Our previous study shows that the orphan nuclear receptor TLX (NR2E1), which is upregulated in prostate cancer, plays an oncogenic role in prostate carcinogenesis by suppressing oncogene-induced senescence. In the present study, we further established that TLX exhibited an increased expression in metastatic CRPC. Further analyses showed that overexpression of TLX could confer resistance to androgen deprivation and anti-androgen in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, whereas knockdown of endogenous TLX could potentiate the sensitivity to androgen deprivation and anti-androgen in prostate cancer cells. Our study revealed that the TLX-induced resistance to androgen deprivation and anti-androgen was mediated through its direct suppression of AR gene transcription and signaling in both androgen-stimulated and -unstimulated prostate cancer cells. We also characterized that TLX could bind directly to AR promoter and repress AR transcription by recruitment of histone modifiers, including HDAC1, HDAC3, and LSD1. Together, our present study shows, for the first time, that TLX can contribute to androgen insensitivity in CRPC via repression of AR gene transcription and signaling, and also implicates that targeting the druggable TLX may have a potential therapeutic significance in CRPC management, particularly in NEPC and PCSCs.
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Lin HY, Cheng CH, Chen DT, Chen YA, Park JY. Coexpression and expression quantitative trait loci analyses of the angiogenesis gene-gene interaction network in prostate cancer. Transl Cancer Res 2016; 5:S951-S963. [PMID: 28664150 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2016.10.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) shows a substantial clinical heterogeneity. The existing risk classification for PCa prognosis based on clinical factors is not sufficient. Although some biomarkers for PCa aggressiveness have been identified, their underlying functional mechanisms are still unclear. We previously reported a gene-gene interaction network associated with PCa aggressiveness based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-SNP interactions in the angiogenesis pathway. The goal of this study is to investigate potential functional evidence of the involvement of the genes in this gene-gene interaction network. METHODS A total of 11 angiogenesis genes were evaluated. The crosstalks among genes were examined through coexpression and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses. The study population is 352 Caucasian PCa patients in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) study. The pairwise coexpressions among the genes of interest were evaluated using the Spearman coefficient. The eQTL analyses were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS Among all within gene and 55 possible pairwise gene evaluations, 12 gene pairs and one gene (MMP16) showed strong coexpression or significant eQTL evidence. There are nine gene pairs with a strong correlation (Spearman correlation ≥0.6, P<1×10-13). The top coexpressed gene pairs are EGFR-SP1 (r=0.73), ITGB3-HSPG2 (r=0.71), ITGB3-CSF1 (r=0.70), MMP16-FBLN5 (r=0.68), ITGB3-MMP16 (r=0.65), ITGB3-ROBO1 (r=0.62), CSF1-HSPG2 (r=0.61), CSF1-FBLN5 (r=0.6), and CSF1-ROBO1 (r=0.60). One cis-eQTL in MMP16 and five trans-eQTLs (MMP16-ESR1, ESR1-ROBO1, CSF1-ROBO1, HSPG2-ROBO1, and FBLN5-CSF1) are significant with a false discovery rate q value less than 0.2. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide potential biological evidence for the gene-gene interactions in this angiogenesis network. These identified interactions between the angiogenesis genes not only provide information for PCa etiology mechanism but also may serve as integrated biomarkers for building a risk prediction model for PCa aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yi Lin
- Biostatistics Program, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Chia-Ho Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Dung-Tsa Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Y Ann Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jong Y Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Liu X, Chen X, Rycaj K, Chao HP, Deng Q, Jeter C, Liu C, Honorio S, Li H, Davis T, Suraneni M, Laffin B, Qin J, Li Q, Yang T, Whitney P, Shen J, Huang J, Tang DG. Systematic dissection of phenotypic, functional, and tumorigenic heterogeneity of human prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:23959-86. [PMID: 26246472 PMCID: PMC4695164 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cancers are heterogeneous containing stem-like cancer cells operationally defined as cancer stem cells (CSCs) that possess great tumor-initiating and long-term tumor-propagating properties. In this study, we systematically dissect the phenotypic, functional and tumorigenic heterogeneity in human prostate cancer (PCa) using xenograft models and >70 patient tumor samples. In the first part, we further investigate the PSA−/lo PCa cell population, which we have recently shown to harbor self-renewing long-term tumor-propagating cells and present several novel findings. We show that discordant AR and PSA expression in both untreated and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) results in AR+PSA+, AR+PSA−, AR−PSA−, and AR−PSA+ subtypes of PCa cells that manifest differential sensitivities to therapeutics. We further demonstrate that castration leads to a great enrichment of PSA−/lo PCa cells in both xenograft tumors and CRPC samples and systemic androgen levels dynamically regulate the relative abundance of PSA+ versus PSA−/lo PCa cells that impacts the kinetics of tumor growth. We also present evidence that the PSA−/lo PCa cells possess distinct epigenetic profiles. As the PSA−/lo PCa cell population is heterogeneous, in the second part, we employ two PSA− (Du145 and PC3) and two PSA+ (LAPC9 and LAPC4) PCa models as well as patient tumor cells to further dissect the clonogenic and tumorigenic subsets. We report that different PCa models possess distinct tumorigenic subpopulations that both commonly and uniquely express important signaling pathways that could represent therapeutic targets. Our results have important implications in understanding PCa cell heterogeneity, response to clinical therapeutics, and cellular mechanisms underlying CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Kiera Rycaj
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Hsueh-Ping Chao
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.,Program in Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qu Deng
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.,Program in Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Collene Jeter
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Can Liu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Sofia Honorio
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Hangwen Li
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Tammy Davis
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Mahipal Suraneni
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Brian Laffin
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Jichao Qin
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Qiuhui Li
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Pamela Whitney
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Jianjun Shen
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.,Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Program in Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS), Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Centers for Cancer Epigenetics, Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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38
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Wu D, Cheung A, Wang Y, Yu S, Chan FL. The emerging roles of orphan nuclear receptors in prostate cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1866:23-36. [PMID: 27264242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Orphan nuclear receptors are members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily and are so named because their endogenous physiological ligands are either unknown or may not exist. Because of their important regulatory roles in many key physiological processes, dysregulation of signalings controlled by these receptors is associated with many diseases including cancer. Over years, studies of orphan NRs have become an area of great interest because their specific physiological and pathological roles have not been well-defined, and some of them are promising drug targets for diseases. The recently identified synthetic small molecule ligands, acting as agonists or antagonists, to these orphan NRs not only help to understand better their functional roles but also highlight that the signalings mediated by these ligand-independent NRs in diseases could be therapeutically intervened. This review is a summary of the recent advances in elucidating the emerging functional roles of orphan NRs in cancers, especially prostate cancer. In particular, some orphan NRs, RORγ, TR2, TR4, COUP-IFII, ERRα, DAX1 and SHP, exhibit crosstalk or interference with androgen receptor (AR) signaling in either normal or malignant prostatic cells, highlighting their involvement in prostate cancer progression as androgen and AR signaling pathway play critical roles in this process. We also propose that a better understanding of the mechanism of actions of these orphan NRs in prostate gland or prostate cancer could help to evaluate their potential value as therapeutic targets for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinglan Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alyson Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shan Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Franky L Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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Wu M, Seto E, Zhang J. E2F1 enhances glycolysis through suppressing Sirt6 transcription in cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:11252-63. [PMID: 25816777 PMCID: PMC4484454 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fast proliferation of cancer cells requires reprogramming of its energy metabolism with aerobic glycolysis as a major energy source. Sirt6, a class III histone deacetylase, has been shown to down regulate glycolysis by inhibiting the expression of several key glycolytic genes. Based on the published study on the metabolic phenotype of E2F1 −/− mice and SIRT6 −/− mice, we hypothesize that E2F1 enhances glycolysis and inhibits the expression of Sirt6. Indeed, over-expressing of E2F1, but not its DNA binding deficient mutant, significantly enhanced glucose uptake and lactate production in bladder and prostate cancer cell lines. E2F1 over-expression also suppressed Sirt6 expression and function. Moreover, E2F1 directly bound to Sirt6 promoter and suppressed Sirt6 promoter activity under both normoxic and hypoxic culture conditions. E2F1 siRNA blocked the up-regulation of E2F1 under hypoxia, increased Sirt6 expression and decreased glycolysis compared to those of scrambled siRNA transected cells. Furthermore, HDAC1 deacetylated E2F1 and diminished its transcription suppression of Sirt6 promoter. Treatment with the HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA), suppressed Sirt6 promoter activity with increased binding of acetylated E2F1 to Sirt6 promoter. Mutating the E2F1 binding site on the proximal Sirt6 promoter abolished the suppression of Sirt6 transcription by TSA. These data indicate a novel oncogenic role of E2F1, i.e. enhancing glycolysis by suppressing Sirt6 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Wu
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology and Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Edward Seto
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology and Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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40
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LIANG YUXIANG, LU JIANMING, MO RUJUN, HE HUICHAN, XIE JIAN, JIANG FUNENG, LIN ZHUOYUAN, CHEN YANRU, WU YONGDING, LUO HONGWEI, LUO ZHENG, ZHONG WEIDE. E2F1 promotes tumor cell invasion and migration through regulating CD147 in prostate cancer. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1650-8. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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41
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Missing link between microRNA and prostate cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:5683-704. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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42
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Inhibition of FOXC2 restores epithelial phenotype and drug sensitivity in prostate cancer cells with stem-cell properties. Oncogene 2016; 35:5963-5976. [PMID: 26804168 PMCID: PMC5116559 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advanced prostate adenocarcinomas enriched in stem-cell features, as well as variant androgen receptor (AR)-negative neuroendocrine (NE)/small-cell prostate cancers are difficult to treat, and account for up to 30% of prostate cancer-related deaths every year. While existing therapies for prostate cancer such as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), destroy the bulk of the AR-positive cells within the tumor, eradicating this population eventually leads to castration-resistance, owing to the continued survival of AR-/lo stem-like cells. In this study, we identified a critical nexus between p38MAPK signaling, and the transcription factor Forkhead Box Protein C2 (FOXC2) known to promote cancer stem-cells and metastasis. We demonstrate that prostate cancer cells that are insensitive to ADT, as well as high-grade/NE prostate tumors, are characterized by elevated FOXC2, and that targeting FOXC2 using a well-tolerated p38 inhibitor restores epithelial attributes and ADT-sensitivity, and reduces the shedding of circulating tumor cells in vivo with significant shrinkage in the tumor mass. This study thus specifies a tangible mechanism to target the AR-/lo population of prostate cancer cells with stem-cell properties.
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43
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Xu H, Xu K, He HH, Zang C, Chen CH, Chen Y, Qin Q, Wang S, Wang C, Hu S, Li F, Long H, Brown M, Liu XS. Integrative Analysis Reveals the Transcriptional Collaboration between EZH2 and E2F1 in the Regulation of Cancer-Related Gene Expression. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 14:163-172. [PMID: 26659825 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Overexpression of EZH2 is frequently linked to the advanced and metastatic stage of cancers. The mechanisms of its oncogenic function can be context specific, and may vary depending on the protein complexes that EZH2 interacts with. To identify novel transcriptional collaborators of EZH2 in cancers, a computational approach was developed that integrates protein-DNA binding data, cell perturbation gene expression data, and compendiums of tumor expression profiles. This holistic approach identified E2F1, a known mediator of the Rb tumor suppressor, as a transcriptional collaborator of EZH2 in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Subsequent analysis and experimental validation found EZH2 and E2F1 cobind to a subset of chromatin sites lacking H3K27 trimethylation, and activate genes that are critical for prostate cancer progression. The collaboration of EZH2 and E2F1 in transcriptional regulation is also observed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell lines, where activation of the transcriptional network is concordant with the cellular response to the EZH2 inhibitor. IMPLICATIONS The direct collaboration between EZH2 and Rb/E2F1 pathway provides an innovative mechanism underlying the cascade of tumor progression, and lays the foundation for the development of new anticancer targets/strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kexin Xu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Housheng H He
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chongzhi Zang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chen-Hao Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Qian Qin
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Su Wang
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chenfei Wang
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shengen Hu
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Fugen Li
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Henry Long
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Myles Brown
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - X Shirley Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 02138, China
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44
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Deng Q, Tang DG. Androgen receptor and prostate cancer stem cells: biological mechanisms and clinical implications. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:T209-20. [PMID: 26285606 PMCID: PMC4646167 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) contains phenotypically and functionally distinct cells, and this cellular heterogeneity poses clinical challenges as the distinct cell types likely respond differently to various therapies. Clonal evolution, driven by genetic instability, and intraclonal cancer cell diversification, driven by cancer stem cells (CSCs), together create tumor cell heterogeneity. In this review, we first discuss PCa stem cells (PCSCs) and heterogeneity of androgen receptor (AR) expression in primary, metastatic, and treatment-failed PCa. Based on literature reports and our own studies, we hypothesize that, whereas PCSCs in primary and untreated tumors and models are mainly AR(-), PCSCs in CRPCs could be either AR(+) or AR(-/lo). We illustrate the potential mechanisms AR(+) and AR(-) PCSCs may employ to propagate PCa at the population level, mediate therapy resistance, and metastasize. As a result, targeting AR alone may not achieve long-lasting therapeutic efficacy. Elucidating the roles of AR and PCSCs should provide important clues to designing novel personalized combinatorial therapeutic protocols targeting both AR(+) and AR(-) PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qu Deng
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular CarcinogenesisUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Park Road 1C, Smithville, Texas 78957, USAProgram in Molecular CarcinogenesisUniversity of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USACancer Stem Cell InstituteResearch Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China Department of Epigenetics and Molecular CarcinogenesisUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Park Road 1C, Smithville, Texas 78957, USAProgram in Molecular CarcinogenesisUniversity of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USACancer Stem Cell InstituteResearch Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular CarcinogenesisUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Park Road 1C, Smithville, Texas 78957, USAProgram in Molecular CarcinogenesisUniversity of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USACancer Stem Cell InstituteResearch Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China Department of Epigenetics and Molecular CarcinogenesisUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Park Road 1C, Smithville, Texas 78957, USAProgram in Molecular CarcinogenesisUniversity of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USACancer Stem Cell InstituteResearch Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China Department of Epigenetics and Molecular CarcinogenesisUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Park Road 1C, Smithville, Texas 78957, USAProgram in Molecular CarcinogenesisUniversity of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USACancer Stem Cell InstituteResearch Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
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45
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Chen JH, Liang YX, He HC, Chen JY, Lu JM, Chen G, Lin ZY, Fu X, Ling XH, Han ZD, Jiang FN, Zhong WD. Overexpression of PDZ-binding kinase confers malignant phenotype in prostate cancer via the regulation of E2F1. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:615-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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46
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Hu Z, Zhang D, Wang D, Sun B, Safoor A, Young CYF, Lou H, Yuan H. Bisbibenzyls, novel proteasome inhibitors, suppress androgen receptor transcriptional activity and expression accompanied by activation of autophagy in prostate cancer LNCaP cells. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:364-374. [PMID: 26017567 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1049278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Bisbibenzyl compounds have gained our interests for their potential antitumor activity in malignant cell-types. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of bisbibenzyl compounds riccardin C (RC), marchantin M (MM), and riccardin D (RD) on androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS After exposure to 10 μM of the compounds for 24 h, cell cycle and cell survival analyses were performed using FACS and MTT assay to confirm the effect of these bisbibenzyls on PCa LNCaP cells. Changes in the AR expression and function, as the result of exposure to the compounds, were investigated using real-time PCR, ELISA, transient transfection, western blotting (WB), immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence staining (IF). Chemical-induced autophagy was examined by WB, IF, and RNAi. RESULTS RC, MM, and RD reduced the viability of LNCaP cells accompanied with arrested cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase and induction of apoptosis. Further investigation revealed that these compounds significantly inhibited AR expression at mRNA and protein levels, leading to the suppression of AR transcriptional activity. Moreover, inhibition of proteasome activity by bisbibenzyls, which in turn caused the induction of autophagy, as noted by induction of LC3B expression, conversion, and accumulation of punctate dots in treated cells. Co-localization of AR/LC3B and AR/Ub suggested that autophagy contributed to the degradation of polyubiquitinated-AR when proteasome activity was suppressed by the bisbibenzyls. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Suppression of proteasome activity and induction of autophagy were involved in bisbibenzyl-mediated modulation of AR activities and apoptosis, suggesting their potential in treating PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Hu
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
| | - Denglu Zhang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
| | - Dawei Wang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
| | - Bin Sun
- b Department of Natural Product Chemistry , Shandong University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Jinan , China , and
| | - Ayesha Safoor
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
| | - Charles Y F Young
- c Department of Urology , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Hongxiang Lou
- b Department of Natural Product Chemistry , Shandong University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Jinan , China , and
| | - Huiqing Yuan
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
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47
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Gordon CA, Gulzar ZG, Brooks JD. NUSAP1 expression is upregulated by loss of RB1 in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2015; 75:517-26. [PMID: 25585568 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of NUSAP1 is associated with poor prognosis in prostate cancer, but little is known about what leads to its overexpression. Based on previous observations that NUSAP1 expression is enhanced by E2F1, we hypothesized that NUSAP1 expression is regulated, at least in part, by loss of RB1 via the RB1/E2F1 axis. METHODS Using Significance Analysis of Microarrays, we examined RB1, E2F1, and NUSAP1 transcript levels in prostate cancer gene expression datasets. We compared NUSAP1 expression levels in DU145, LNCaP, and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines via use of cDNA microarray data, RT-qPCR, and Western blots. In addition, we used lentiviral expression constructs to knockdown RB1 in prostate cancer cell lines and transient transfections to knockdown E2F1, and investigated RB1, E2F1, and NUSAP1 expression levels with RT-qPCR and Western blots. Finally, in DU145 cells or PC-3 cells that stably underexpress RB1, we used proliferation and invasion assays to assess whether NUSAP1 knockdown affects proliferation or invasion. RESULTS NUSAP1 transcript levels are positively correlated with E2F1 and negatively correlated with RB1 transcript levels in prostate cancer microarray datasets. NUSAP1 expression is elevated in the RB1-null DU145 prostate cancer cell line, as opposed to LNCaP and PC-3 cell lines. Furthermore, NUSAP1 expression increases upon knockdown of RB1 in prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and PC-3) and decreases after knockdown of E2F1. Lastly, knockdown of NUSAP1 in DU145 cells or PC-3 cells with stable knockdown of RB1 decreases proliferation and invasion of these cells. CONCLUSION Our studies support the notion that NUSAP1 expression is upregulated by loss of RB1 via the RB1/E2F1 axis in prostate cancer cells. Such upregulation may promote prostate cancer progression by increasing proliferation and invasion of prostate cancer cells. NUSAP1 may thus represent a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Gordon
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Ganegoda GU, Wang J, Wu FX, Li M. Prediction of disease genes using tissue-specified gene-gene network. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 8 Suppl 3:S3. [PMID: 25350876 PMCID: PMC4243117 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-8-s3-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue specificity is an important aspect of many genetic diseases in the context of genetic disorders as the disorder affects only few tissues. Therefore tissue specificity is important in identifying disease-gene associations. Hence this paper seeks to discuss the impact of using tissue specificity in predicting new disease-gene associations and how to use tissue specificity along with phenotype information for a particular disease. METHODS In order to find out the impact of using tissue specificity for predicting new disease-gene associations, this study proposes a novel method called tissue-specified genes to construct tissues-specific gene-gene networks for different tissue samples. Subsequently, these networks are used with phenotype details to predict disease genes by using Katz method. The proposed method was compared with three other tissue-specific network construction methods in order to check its effectiveness. Furthermore, to check the possibility of using tissue-specific gene-gene network instead of generic protein-protein network at all time, the results are compared with three other methods. RESULTS In terms of leave-one-out cross validation, calculation of the mean enrichment and ROC curves indicate that the proposed approach outperforms existing network construction methods. Furthermore tissues-specific gene-gene networks make a more positive impact on predicting disease-gene associations than generic protein-protein interaction networks. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion by integrating tissue-specific data it enabled prediction of known and unknown disease-gene associations for a particular disease more effectively. Hence it is better to use tissue-specific gene-gene network whenever possible. In addition the proposed method is a better way of constructing tissue-specific gene-gene networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - JianXin Wang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang-Xiang Wu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK Canada
| | - Min Li
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Li J, Shan F, Xiong G, Chen X, Guan X, Wang JM, Wang WL, Xu X, Bai Y. EGF-induced C/EBPβ participates in EMT by decreasing the expression of miR-203 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3735-44. [PMID: 24994936 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.148759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental program that is associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) progression and metastasis. Recently, C/EBPβ has been reported to be an EMT inducer in cancer. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report for the first time, that the truncated CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) LIP isoform is abnormally overexpressed and correlated with cancer metastasis in clinical specimens of human ESCC. Furthermore, we demonstrate that C/EBPβ LIP mediates epithelial growth factor (EGF)-induced EMT and increases migration and invasion of esophageal cancer cells in a manner that is dependent on miR-203 inactivation. Finally, we identified miR-203 as a direct target of C/EBPβ LIP. Disruption of C/EBPβ LIP attenuated the EGF-mediated decrease in miR-203, whereas overexpression of C/EBPβ LIP alone markedly suppressed miR-203. In addition, we demonstrated that C/EBPβ LIP inhibited miR-203 transcription by directly interacting with a conserved distal regulatory element upstream of the miR-203 locus, and in doing so, orchestrated chromatin remodeling. In conclusion, our results have revealed a new regulatory mechanism that involves C/EBPβ-LIP-mediated downregulation of miR-203, which plays a key role in EMT and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Fabo Shan
- Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xiong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuedan Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingying Guan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju-Ming Wang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lin Wang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Xueqing Xu
- Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
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The combination of the prodrugs perforin-CEBPD and perforin-granzyme B efficiently enhances the activation of caspase signaling and kills prostate cancer. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1220. [PMID: 24810056 PMCID: PMC4047860 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The survival of prostate cancer (PrCa) patients is associated with the transition to hormone-independent tumor growth and metastasis. Clinically, the dysregulation of androgen action has been associated with the formation of PrCa and the outcome of androgen deprivation therapy in PrCa. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta (CEBPD) is a transcription factor that has been reported to act as an oncogene or tumor suppressor, depending on the extra- and intracellular environments following tumorigenesis. We found that androgen can activate CEBPD transcription by direct binding of the androgen receptor (AR) to the CEBPD promoter region. Increases of suppressor of zeste 12 (SUZ12) and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) attenuated the androgen-induced transcription of CEBPD. Importantly, the increases in E2F1, SUZ12 and EZH2 as well as the inactivation of CEBPD were associated with the clinicopathological variables and survival of PrCa patients. We revealed that caspase 8 (CASP8), an apoptotic initiator, is responsive to CEBPD induction. Reporter and in vivo DNA-binding assays revealed that CEBPD directly binds to and activates CASP8 reporter activity. A prodrug system was developed for therapeutic application in AR-independent or androgen-insensitive PrCa to avoid the epigenetic effects on the suppression of CEBPD expression. Our results showed that the combination of a perforin (PF)-CEBPD prodrug (which increases the level of procaspase-8) and a PF-granzyme B prodrug (which activates CASP8 and caspase 3 (CASP3)) showed an additive effect in triggering the apoptotic pathway and enhancing apoptosis in PrCa cells.
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