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Canella A, Nazzaro M, Rajendran S, Schmitt C, Haffey A, Nigita G, Thomas D, Lyberger JM, Behbehani GK, Amankulor NM, Mardis ER, Cripe TP, Rajappa P. Genetically modified IL2 bone-marrow-derived myeloid cells reprogram the glioma immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112891. [PMID: 37516967 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in the adolescent and young adult (AYA) population. Two-thirds of AYA glioma patients are affected by low-grade gliomas (LGGs), but there are no specific treatments. Malignant progression is supported by the immunosuppressive stromal component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) exacerbated by M2 macrophages and a paucity of cytotoxic T cells. A single intravenous dose of engineered bone-marrow-derived myeloid cells that release interleukin-2 (GEMys-IL2) was used to treat mice with LGGs. Our results demonstrate that GEMys-IL2 crossed the blood-brain barrier, infiltrated the TME, and reprogrammed the immune cell composition and transcriptome. Moreover, GEMys-IL2 extended survival in an LGG immunocompetent mouse model. Here, we report the efficacy of an in vivo approach that demonstrates the potential for a cell-mediated innate immunotherapy designed to enhance the recruitment of activated effector T and natural killer cells within the glioma TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Canella
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew Nazzaro
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sakthi Rajendran
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Claire Schmitt
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Abigail Haffey
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Giovanni Nigita
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Diana Thomas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Justin M Lyberger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gregory K Behbehani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nduka M Amankulor
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- Center for Childhood Cancer, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Prajwal Rajappa
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Rivera Z, Escutia C, Madonna MB, Gupta KH. Biological Insight and Recent Advancement in the Treatment of Neuroblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108470. [PMID: 37239815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most frequent solid tumors in children is neuroblastoma, which has a variety of clinical behaviors that are mostly influenced by the biology of the tumor. Unique characteristics of neuroblastoma includes its early age of onset, its propensity for spontaneous tumor regression in newborns, and its high prevalence of metastatic disease at diagnosis in individuals older than 1 year of age. Immunotherapeutic techniques have been added to the previously enlisted chemotherapeutic treatments as therapeutic choices. A groundbreaking new treatment for hematological malignancies is adoptive cell therapy, specifically chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. However, due to the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of neuroblastoma tumor, this treatment approach faces difficulties. Numerous tumor-associated genes and antigens, including the MYCN proto-oncogene (MYCN) and disialoganglioside (GD2) surface antigen, have been found by the molecular analysis of neuroblastoma cells. The MYCN gene and GD2 are two of the most useful immunotherapy findings for neuroblastoma. The tumor cells devise numerous methods to evade immune identification or modify the activity of immune cells. In addition to addressing the difficulties and potential advancements of immunotherapies for neuroblastoma, this review attempts to identify important immunological actors and biological pathways involved in the dynamic interaction between the TME and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoriamin Rivera
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Carlos Escutia
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mary Beth Madonna
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kajal H Gupta
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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3
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Li W, Chen F, Gao H, Xu Z, Zhou Y, Wang S, Lv Z, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Huo J, Zhao J, Zong Y, Feng W, Shen X, Wu Z, Lu A. Cytokine concentration in peripheral blood of patients with colorectal cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1175513. [PMID: 37063892 PMCID: PMC10098211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1175513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The role of tumour secretory cytokines and peripheral circulatory cytokines in tumour progression has received increasing attention; however, the role of tumour-related inflammatory cytokines in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. In this study, the concentrations of various cytokines in the peripheral blood of healthy controls and patients with CRC at different stages were compared. Methods Peripheral blood samples from 4 healthy participants and 22 colorectal cancer patients were examined. Luminex beads were used to evaluate concentration levels of 40 inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood samples. Results In peripheral blood, compared with healthy controls and early stage (I + II) CRC patients, advanced CRC (III + IV) patients had increased concentrations of mononuclear/macrophage chemotactic-related proteins (CCL7, CCL8, CCL15, CCL2, and MIF), M2 polarization-related factors (IL-1β, IL-4), neutrophil chemotactic and N2 polarization-related cytokines (CXCL2, CXCL5, CXCL6, IL-8), dendritic cells (DCs) chemotactic-related proteins (CCL19, CCL20, and CCL21), Natural killer (NK) cell related cytokines (CXCL9, CXCL10), Th2 cell-related cytokines (CCL1, CCL11, CCL26), CXCL12, IL-2, CCL25, and CCL27, and decreased IFN-γ and CX3CL1 concentrations. The differential upregulation of cytokines in peripheral blood was mainly concentrated in CRC patients with distant metastasis and was related to the size of the primary tumour; however, there was no significant correlation between cytokine levels in peripheral blood and the propensity and mechanism of lymph node metastasis. Discussion Different types of immune cells may share the same chemokine receptors and can co-localise in response to the same chemokines and exert synergistic pro-tumour or anti-tumour functions in the tumour microenvironment. Chemokines and cytokines affect tumour metastasis and prognosis and may be potential targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangqian Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoqing Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenjie Wang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeping Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zifeng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianting Huo
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingkun Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Zong
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Shen, ; Zhiyuan Wu, ; Aiguo Lu,
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Shen, ; Zhiyuan Wu, ; Aiguo Lu,
| | - Aiguo Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Shen, ; Zhiyuan Wu, ; Aiguo Lu,
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Adlat S, Hayel F, Chen Y, Sah RK, Mar Oo Z, Al-Azab M, Zun Zaw Myint M, Bahadar N, Binta Bah F, Mi N, Safi M, Feng X, Zhu P, Zheng Y. Heterozygous loss of Dip2B enhances tumor growth and metastasis by altering immune microenvironment. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 105:108559. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bickett TE, Knitz MW, Piper M, Oweida AJ, Gadwa J, Darragh LB, Nguyen D, Bhatia S, Bhuvane S, Phan AV, Van Court B, Corbo S, Pham T, Dent AL, Lenz L, Karam SD. Dichotomous effects of cellular expression of STAT3 on tumor growth of HNSCC. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1149-1162. [PMID: 34793974 PMCID: PMC8899526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT3 signaling has been shown to regulate cellular function and cytokine production in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Within the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) TME, we previously showed that therapeutic targeting of STAT3 in combination with radiation resulted in improved tumor growth delay. However, given the independent regulatory effects STAT3 has on anti-tumor immunity, we aimed to decipher the effects of individually targeting STAT3 in the cancer cell, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and natural killer (NK) cell compartments in driving tumor growth and resistance to therapy in HNSCCs. We utilized a CRISPR knockout system for genetic deletion of STAT3 within the cancer cell as well as two genetic knockout mouse models, FoxP3-Cre/STAT3 fl and NKp46-Cre/STAT3 fl, for Tregs and NK cell targeting, respectively. Our data revealed differences in development of resistance to treatment with STAT3 CRISPR knockout in the cancer cell, driven by differential recruitment of immune cells. Knockout of STAT3 in Tregs overcomes this resistance and results in Treg reprogramming and recruitment and activation of antigen-presenting cells. In contrast, knockout of STAT3 in the NK cell compartment results in NK cell inactivation and acceleration of tumor growth. These data underscore the complex interplay between the cancer cell and the immune TME and carry significant implications for drug targeting and design of combination approaches in HNSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Bickett
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael W Knitz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Miles Piper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ayman J Oweida
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Jacob Gadwa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Laurel B Darragh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Diemmy Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Shilpa Bhatia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Shiv Bhuvane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andy V Phan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Benjamin Van Court
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sophia Corbo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Tiffany Pham
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Laurel Lenz
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sana D Karam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Yamauchi T, Hoki T, Oba T, Kajihara R, Attwood K, Cao X, Ito F. CD40 and CD80/86 signaling in cDC1s mediate effective neoantigen vaccination and generation of antigen-specific CX3CR1 + CD8 + T cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:137-151. [PMID: 34037810 PMCID: PMC8715856 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02969-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of tumor mutation-derived neoantigen represents a promising approach for cancer vaccines. Preclinical and early phase human clinical studies have shown the successful induction of tumor neoepitope-directed responses; however, overall clinical efficacy of neoantigen vaccines has been limited. One major obstacle of this strategy is the prevailing lack of sufficient understanding of the mechanism underlying the generation of neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Here, we report a correlation between antitumor efficacy of neoantigen/toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)/CD40 agonists vaccination and an increased frequency of circulating antigen-specific CD8+ T cells expressing CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) in a preclinical model. Mechanistic studies using mixed bone marrow chimeras identified that CD40 and CD80/86, but not CD70 signaling in Batf3-dependent conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s) is required for the antitumor efficacy of neoantigen vaccine and generation of neoantigen-specific CX3CR1+ CD8+ T cells. Although CX3CR1+ CD8+ T cells exhibited robust in vitro effector function, in vivo depletion of this subset did not alter the antitumor efficacy of neoantigen/TLR3/CD40 agonists vaccination. These findings indicate that the vaccine-primed CX3CR1+ subset is dispensable for antitumor CD8+ T cell responses, but can be used as a blood-based T-cell biomarker for effective priming of CD8+ T cells as post-differentiated T cells. Taken together, our results reveal a critical role of CD40 and CD80/86 signaling in cDC1s in antitumor efficacy of neoantigen-based therapeutic vaccines, and implicate the potential utility of CX3CR1 as a circulating predictive T-cell biomarker in vaccine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Yamauchi
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Toshifumi Hoki
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Takaaki Oba
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ryutaro Kajihara
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kristopher Attwood
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fumito Ito
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York At Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Hu WC. The Central THαβ Immunity Associated Cytokine: IL-10 Has a Strong Anti-Tumor Ability Toward Established Cancer Models In Vivo and Toward Cancer Cells In Vitro. Front Oncol 2021; 11:655554. [PMID: 33912464 PMCID: PMC8072451 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.655554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a promising new approach for cancer treatment. In this study, I propose to use the THαβ-mediated immune response for cancer treatment. The THαβ-mediated immune response is activated by IL-10 and IL-15. Thus, I used IL-10 and-15 as therapeutic agents in the 4T1 cell line, which is a mouse cell line of breast cancer, and the NXS2 cell line, which is a mouse cell line of neuroblastoma. Cells from 4T1 and NXS2 were subcutaneously inoculated in wild type BALB/c female mice and AJ mice, respectively, and administered cytokines or an antibody treatment at various dosages. My results showed that IL-10 and IL-15 administration led to reduction in tumor volume and increase in survival. However, traditional TH1 cytokine IFN-γ administration led to increase in tumor volume and decline in survival. Antibody treatment in conjunction with IL-10 was not significantly better than IL-10, due to the expression of GD2 on immune cells. Moreover, an anti-GD2 antibody inhibited the immune cells themselves. Additionally, I found that IL-10 was directly toxic to tumor cells in vitro. Thus, I conclude that the THαβ immunological pathway is a good treatment strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chung Hu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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8
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Quinn CH, Beierle AM, Beierle EA. Artificial Tumor Microenvironments in Neuroblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071629. [PMID: 33915765 PMCID: PMC8037559 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Children with high-risk neuroblastoma have limited therapeutic options poor survival rates. The neuroblastoma tumor microenvironment contributes the lack of response to many interventions so innovative methods are needed to study the effects of the tumor microenvironment on new therapies. In this manuscript, we review the current literature related to the components of the tumor microenvironment and to the use of three-dimensional printing as modality to study cancer. This review highlights the potential for using three-dimensional printing to create an artificial tumor microenvironment in the presence of neuroblastoma to provide improved preclinical testing of novel therapies. Abstract In the quest to advance neuroblastoma therapeutics, there is a need to have a deeper understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME). From extracellular matrix proteins to tumor associated macrophages, the TME is a robust and diverse network functioning in symbiosis with the solid tumor. Herein, we review the major components of the TME including the extracellular matrix, cytokines, immune cells, and vasculature that support a more aggressive neuroblastoma phenotype and encumber current therapeutic interventions. Contemporary treatments for neuroblastoma are the result of traditional two-dimensional culture studies and in vivo models that have been translated to clinical trials. These pre-clinical studies are costly, time consuming, and neglect the study of cofounding factors such as the contributions of the TME. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has become a novel approach to studying adult cancers and is just now incorporating portions of the TME and advancing to study pediatric solid. We review the methods of 3D bioprinting, how researchers have included TME pieces into the prints, and highlight present studies using neuroblastoma. Ultimately, incorporating the elements of the TME that affect neuroblastoma responses to therapy will improve the development of innovative and novel treatments. The use of 3D bioprinting to achieve this aim will prove useful in developing optimal therapies for children with neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H. Quinn
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA;
| | - Andee M. Beierle
- Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA;
| | - Elizabeth A. Beierle
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Fan M, Wu J, Li X, Jiang Y, Wang X, Bie M, Weng Y, Chen S, Chen B, An L, Zhang M, Huang G, Zhu M, Shi Q. CX 3 CL1 promotes tumour cell by inducing tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin in lung cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:132-146. [PMID: 33191645 PMCID: PMC7810942 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that chemokine CX3 CL1 can regulate various tumours by binding to its unique receptor CX3 CR1. However, the effect of CX3 CL1-CX3 CR1 on the lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma is still unclear. Here, we showed that CX3 CL1 can further invasion and migration of lung adenocarcinoma A549 and lung squamous cell carcinoma H520. In addition, Western blot and immunofluorescence test indicated CX3 CL1 up-regulated the phosphorylation level of cortactin, which is a marker of cell pseudopodium. Meanwhile, the phosphorylation levels of c-Src and c-Abl, which are closely related to the regulation of cortactin phosphorylation, are elevated. Nevertheless, the src/abl inhibitor bosutinib and mutations of cortactin phosphorylation site could inhibit the promotion effect of CX3 CL1 on invasion and migration of A549 and H520. Moreover, these results of MTT, Hoechst staining and Western blot suggested that CX3 CL1 had no effect on the proliferation and apoptosis of A549 and H520 in vitro. The effects of CX3 CL1 were also verified by the subcutaneous tumour formation in nude mice, which showed that it could promote proliferation and invasion of A549 in vivo. In summary, our results indicated that CX3 CL1 furthered invasion and migration in lung cancer cells partly via activating cortactin, and CX3 CL1 may be a potential molecule in regulating the migration and invasion of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Fan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic MedicineSchool of Laboratory MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jinghong Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic MedicineSchool of Laboratory MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xian Li
- Department of PathologyThe first Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yingjiu Jiang
- Cardiothoracic Surgery of the First Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Cardiothoracic Surgery of the First Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Mengjun Bie
- Cardiothoracic Surgery of the First Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yaguang Weng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic MedicineSchool of Laboratory MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Sicheng Chen
- Cardiothoracic Surgery of the First Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Bin Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic MedicineSchool of Laboratory MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Liqin An
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic MedicineSchool of Laboratory MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Menghao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic MedicineSchool of Laboratory MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Gaigai Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic MedicineSchool of Laboratory MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Mengying Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic MedicineSchool of Laboratory MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Qiong Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic MedicineSchool of Laboratory MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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10
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Biological evaluation of pyrazolyl-urea and dihydro-imidazo-pyrazolyl-urea derivatives as potential anti-angiogenetic agents in the treatment of neuroblastoma. Oncotarget 2020; 11:3459-3472. [PMID: 32973970 PMCID: PMC7500105 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazolyl-urea and dihydro-imidazo-pyrazolyl-urea compounds (STIRUR 13, STIRUR 41 and BUR 12) have been demonstrated to exert a strong inhibitory effect on interleukin 8 or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-induced chemotaxis of human neutrophils. Since the migration of cancer cells is comparable to that of neutrophils, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the biological effect of STIRUR 13, STIRUR 41 and BUR 12 on ACN and HTLA-230, two neuroblastoma (NB) cell lines with different degree of malignancy. HTLA-230 cells, stage-IV NB cells, have high plasticity and can serve as progenitors of endothelial cells. The results herein reported show that the three tested compounds were not cytotoxic for both NB cells and did not alter their clonogenic potential. However, all compounds were able to inhibit the ability of HTLA-230 to form vascular-like structures. On the basis of these findings, pyrazolyl-urea and dihydro-imidazo-pyrazolyl-urea derivatives could be proposed as agents potentially effective in counteracting NB malignancy by inhibiting cell migration and tumor angiogenesis which represent important hallmarks responsible for cancer survival and progression.
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11
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Fractalkine/CX3CL1 in Neoplastic Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103723. [PMID: 32466280 PMCID: PMC7279446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fractalkine/CX3C chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) is a chemokine involved in the anticancer function of lymphocytes-mainly NK cells, T cells and dendritic cells. Its increased levels in tumors improve the prognosis for cancer patients, although it is also associated with a poorer prognosis in some types of cancers, such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. This work focuses on the 'hallmarks of cancer' involving CX3CL1 and its receptor CX3CR1. First, we describe signal transduction from CX3CR1 and the role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in this process. Next, we present the role of CX3CL1 in the context of cancer, with the focus on angiogenesis, apoptosis resistance and migration and invasion of cancer cells. In particular, we discuss perineural invasion, spinal metastasis and bone metastasis of cancers such as breast cancer, pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer. We extensively discuss the importance of CX3CL1 in the interaction with different cells in the tumor niche: tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and microglia. We present the role of CX3CL1 in the development of active human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) brain tumors. Finally, we discuss the possible use of CX3CL1 in immunotherapy.
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12
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Yamauchi T, Hoki T, Oba T, Saito H, Attwood K, Sabel MS, Chang AE, Odunsi K, Ito F. CX3CR1-CD8+ T cells are critical in antitumor efficacy but functionally suppressed in the tumor microenvironment. JCI Insight 2020; 5:133920. [PMID: 32255766 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although blockade of the programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) immune checkpoint has revolutionized cancer treatment, how it works on tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells recognizing the same antigen at various differentiation stages remains elusive. Here, we found that the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 identified 3 distinct differentiation states of intratumor CD8+ T cell subsets. Adoptively transferred antigen-specific CX3CR1-CD8+ T cells generated phenotypically and functionally distinct CX3CR1int and CX3CR1hi subsets in the periphery. Notably, expression of coinhibitory receptors and T cell factor 1 (Tcf1) inversely correlated with the degree of T cell differentiation defined by CX3CR1. Despite lower expression of coinhibitory receptors and potent cytolytic activity, in vivo depletion of the CX3CR1hi subset did not alter the antitumor efficacy of adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, differentiated CX3CR1int and CX3CR1hi subsets were impaired in their ability to undergo proliferation upon restimulation and had no impact on established tumors upon second adoptive transfer compared with the CX3CR1- subset that remained effective. Accordingly, anti-PD-L1 therapy preferentially rescued proliferation and cytokine production of the CX3CR1- subset and enhanced antitumor efficacy of adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells. These findings provide a better understanding of the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and can be exploited to develop more effective immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Yamauchi
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Department of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Hoki
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Oncology Science Unit, MSD Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Oba
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Hidehito Saito
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Kahoku, Japan
| | | | - Michael S Sabel
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alfred E Chang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology.,Department of Immunology, and
| | - Fumito Ito
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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13
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Kholodenko RV, Kalinovsky DV, Doronin II, Ponomarev ED, Kholodenko IV. Antibody Fragments as Potential Biopharmaceuticals for Cancer Therapy: Success and Limitations. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:396-426. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170817152554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an important class of therapeutic agents approved for the therapy of many types of malignancies. However, in certain cases applications of conventional mAbs have several limitations in anticancer immunotherapy. These limitations include insufficient efficacy and adverse effects. The antigen-binding fragments of antibodies have a considerable potential to overcome the disadvantages of conventional mAbs, such as poor penetration into solid tumors and Fc-mediated bystander activation of the immune system. Fragments of antibodies retain antigen specificity and part of functional properties of conventional mAbs and at the same time have much better penetration into the tumors and a greatly reduced level of adverse effects. Recent advantages in antibody engineering allowed to produce different types of antibody fragments with improved structure and properties for efficient elimination of tumor cells. These molecules opened up new perspectives for anticancer therapy. Here, we will overview the structural features of the various types of antibody fragments and their applications for anticancer therapy as separate molecules and as part of complex conjugates or structures. Mechanisms of antitumor action of antibody fragments as well as their advantages and disadvantages for clinical application will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman V. Kholodenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Daniel V. Kalinovsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Igor I. Doronin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Eugene D. Ponomarev
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Brain, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong
| | - Irina V. Kholodenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
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14
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Kholodenko IV, Kalinovsky DV, Doronin II, Deyev SM, Kholodenko RV. Neuroblastoma Origin and Therapeutic Targets for Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:7394268. [PMID: 30116755 PMCID: PMC6079467 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7394268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a pediatric solid cancer of heterogeneous clinical behavior. The unique features of this type of cancer frequently hamper the process of determining clinical presentation and predicting therapy effectiveness. The tumor can spontaneously regress without treatment or actively develop and give rise to metastases despite aggressive multimodal therapy. In recent years, immunotherapy has become one of the most promising approaches to the treatment of neuroblastoma. Still, only one drug for targeted immunotherapy of neuroblastoma, chimeric monoclonal GD2-specific antibodies, is used in the clinic today, and its application has significant limitations. In this regard, the development of effective and safe GD2-targeted immunotherapies and analysis of other potential molecular targets for the treatment of neuroblastoma represents an important and topical task. The review summarizes biological characteristics of the origin and development of neuroblastoma and outlines molecular markers of neuroblastoma and modern immunotherapy approaches directed towards these markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Kholodenko
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Pogodinskaya St., Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Daniel V. Kalinovsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Igor I. Doronin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia
- Real Target LLC, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Sergey M. Deyev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia
- Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio), National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - Roman V. Kholodenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia
- Real Target LLC, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia
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15
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TRAIL/NF-κB/CX3CL1 Mediated Onco-Immuno Crosstalk Leading to TRAIL Resistance of Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061661. [PMID: 29867042 PMCID: PMC6032098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignant neoplasms and registers rising death rates in western countries. Due to its late detection in advanced stages, its extremely aggressive nature and the minimal effectiveness of currently available therapies, PDAC is a challenging problem in the clinical field. One characteristic of PDAC is a distinct desmoplasia consisting of fibroblasts, endothelial and immune cells as well as non-cellular components, contributing to therapy resistance. It is well established that the NF-κB signaling pathway controls inflammation, cancer progression and apoptosis resistance in PDAC. This study attempts to identify NF-κB target genes mediating therapy resistance of humane PDAC cell lines towards death ligand induced apoptosis. By using a genome wide unbiased approach the chemokine CX3CL1 was established as a central NF-κB target gene mediating therapy resistance. While no direct impact of CX3CL1 expression on cancer cell apoptosis was identified in co-culture assays it became apparent that CX3CL1 is acting in a paracrine fashion, leading to an increased recruitment of inflammatory cells. These inflammatory cells in turn mediate apoptosis resistance of PDAC cells. Therefore, our data dissect a bifunctional cross-signaling pathway in PDAC between tumor and immune cells giving rise to therapy resistance.
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16
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Yan Y, Cao S, Liu X, Harrington SM, Bindeman WE, Adjei AA, Jang JS, Jen J, Li Y, Chanana P, Mansfield AS, Park SS, Markovic SN, Dronca RS, Dong H. CX3CR1 identifies PD-1 therapy-responsive CD8+ T cells that withstand chemotherapy during cancer chemoimmunotherapy. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97828. [PMID: 29669928 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although immune checkpoint inhibitors have resulted in durable clinical benefits in a subset of patients with advanced cancer, some patients who did not respond to initial anti-PD-1 therapy have been found to benefit from the addition of salvage chemotherapy. However, the mechanism responsible for the successful chemoimmunotherapy is not completely understood. Here we show that a subset of circulating CD8+ T cells expressing the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 are able to withstand the toxicity of chemotherapy and are increased in patients with metastatic melanoma who responded to chemoimmunotherapy (paclitaxel and carboplatin plus PD-1 blockade). These CX3CR1+CD8+ T cells have effector memory phenotypes and the ability to efflux chemotherapy drugs via the ABCB1 transporter. In line with clinical observation, our preclinical models identified an optimal sequencing of chemoimmunotherapy that resulted in an increase of CX3CR1+CD8+ T cells. Taken together, we found a subset of PD-1 therapy-responsive CD8+ T cells that were capable of withstanding chemotherapy and executing tumor rejection with their unique abilities of drug efflux (ABCB1), cytolytic activity (granzyme B and perforin), and migration to and retention (CX3CR1 and CD11a) at tumor sites. Future strategies to monitor and increase the frequency of CX3CR1+CD8+ T cells may help to design effective chemoimmunotherapy to overcome cancer resistance to immune checkpoint blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alex A Adjei
- Division of Medical Oncology.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center Early Therapeutic Program
| | | | - Jin Jen
- Mayo Clinic Center of Individualized Medicine
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Haidong Dong
- Department of Urology.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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17
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The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway plays a critical role in regulating immunological properties of BRAF mutant cutaneous melanoma cells. Melanoma Res 2016; 26:223-35. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Cacalano NA. Regulation of Natural Killer Cell Function by STAT3. Front Immunol 2016; 7:128. [PMID: 27148255 PMCID: PMC4827001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, key members of a distinct hematopoietic lineage, innate lymphoid cells, are not only critical effectors that mediate cytotoxicity toward tumor and virally infected cells but also regulate inflammation, antigen presentation, and the adaptive immune response. It has been shown that NK cells can regulate the development and activation of many other components of the immune response, such as dendritic cells, which in turn, modulate the function of NK cells in multiple synergistic feed back loops driven by cell–cell contact, and the secretion of cytokines and chemokines that control effector function and migration of cells to sites of immune activation. The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 is involved in driving almost all of the pathways that control NK cytolytic activity as well as the reciprocal regulatory interactions between NK cells and other components of the immune system. In the context of tumor immunology, NK cells are a first line of defense that eliminates pre-cancerous and transformed cells early in the process of carcinogenesis, through a mechanism of “immune surveillance.” Even after tumors become established, NK cells are critical components of anticancer immunity: dysfunctional NK cells are often found in the peripheral blood of cancer patients, and the lack of NK cells in the tumor microenvironment often correlates to poor prognosis. The pathways and soluble factors activated in tumor-associated NK cells, cancer cells, and regulatory myeloid cells, which determine the outcome of cancer immunity, are all critically regulated by STAT3. Using the tumor microenvironment as a paradigm, we present here an overview of the research that has revealed fundamental mechanisms through which STAT3 regulates all aspects of NK cell biology, including NK development, activation, target cell killing, and fine tuning of the innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Cacalano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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19
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Liu F, Qin J, Zhang H, Li N, Shan M, Lan L, Wang Y. IP-10 and fractalkine induce cytotoxic phenotype of murine NK cells. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Stermann A, Huebener N, Seidel D, Fest S, Eschenburg G, Stauder M, Schramm A, Eggert A, Lode HN. Targeting of MYCN by means of DNA vaccination is effective against neuroblastoma in mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1215-27. [PMID: 26076666 PMCID: PMC11028418 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The MYCN oncogene is a strong genetic marker associated with poor prognosis in neuroblastoma (NB). Therefore, MYCN gene amplification and subsequent overexpression provide a possible target for new treatment approaches in NB. We first identified an inverse correlation of MYCN expression with CD45 mRNA in 101 NB tumor samples. KEGG mapping further revealed that MYCN expression was associated with immune-suppressive pathways characterized by a down-regulation of T cell activation and up-regulation of T cell inhibitory gene transcripts. We then aimed to investigate whether DNA vaccination against MYCN is effective to induce an antigen-specific and T cell-mediated immune response. For this purpose, we generated a MYCN-expressing syngeneic mouse model by MYCN gene transfer to NXS2 cells. MYCN-DNA vaccines were engineered based on the pCMV-F3Ub plasmid backbone to drive ubiquitinated full-length MYCN-cDNA and minigene expression. Vaccines were delivered orally with attenuated S. typhimurium strain SL7207 as a carrier. Immunization with both MYCN-DNA vaccines significantly reduced primary tumor growth of MYCN-expressing NB cells in contrast to negative controls. The immune response was mediated by tumor-infiltrating T cells in vivo, which revealed MYCN-specific and MHC class I-restricted lysis of inducible MYCN-expressing NB target cells in vitro. Finally, these antigen-specific T cells also killed MYCN-negative mammary carcinoma cells pulsed with MYCN peptides in contrast to controls. In summary, we demonstrate proof of concept that MYCN can be targeted by DNA vaccination, which may provide an approach to overcoming MYCN immune-suppressive activities in patients with MYCN-amplified disease.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Carcinoma/immunology
- Carcinoma/microbiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental
- Neuroblastoma/genetics
- Neuroblastoma/immunology
- Neuroblastoma/microbiology
- Peptide Fragments
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Salmonella Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Salmonella typhimurium/immunology
- Transgenes/genetics
- Tumor Burden
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Stermann
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str 1, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole Huebener
- Genetics of Metabolic and Reproductive Disorders, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Seidel
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str 1, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Fest
- Department of Pediatrics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Georg Eschenburg
- Department and Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Stauder
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children’s Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Schramm
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children’s Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Angelika Eggert
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger N. Lode
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str 1, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
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21
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Sharma RK, Chheda ZS, Jala VR, Haribabu B. Regulation of cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte trafficking to tumors by chemoattractants: implications for immunotherapy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:537-49. [PMID: 25482400 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.982101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has recently emerged as an important treatment modality. FDA approval of provenge, ipilimumab and pembrolizumab has started to deliver on the long awaited promise of cancer immunotherapy. Many new modalities of immunotherapies targeting cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) responses, such as adoptive cell therapies and vaccines, are in advanced clinical trials. In all these immunotherapies, migration of CTLs to the tumor site is a critical step for achieving therapeutic efficacy. However, inefficient infiltration of activated CTLs into established tumors is increasingly being recognized as one of the major hurdles limiting efficacy. Mechanisms that control migration of CTLs to tumors are poorly defined. In this review, the authors discuss the chemoattractants and their receptors that have been implicated in endogenous- or immunotherapy-induced CTL recruitment to tumors and the potential for targeting these pathways for therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Sharma
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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22
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Chemokines in cancer development and progression and their potential as targeting molecules for cancer treatment. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:170381. [PMID: 24966464 PMCID: PMC4055660 DOI: 10.1155/2014/170381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines were initially identified as bioactive substances, which control the trafficking of inflammatory cells including granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Moreover, chemokines have profound impacts on other types of cells associated with inflammatory responses, such as endothelial cells and fibroblasts. These observations would implicate chemokines as master regulators in various inflammatory responses. Subsequent studies have further revealed that chemokines can regulate the movement of a wide variety of immune cells including lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells in both physiological and pathological conditions. These features endow chemokines with crucial roles in immune responses. Furthermore, increasing evidence points to the vital effects of several chemokines on the proliferative and invasive properties of cancer cells. It is widely acknowledged that cancer develops and progresses to invade and metastasize in continuous interaction with noncancerous cells present in cancer tissues, such as macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. The capacity of chemokines to regulate both cancerous and noncancerous cells highlights their crucial roles in cancer development and progression. Here, we will discuss the roles of chemokines in carcinogenesis and the possibility of chemokine targeting therapy for the treatment of cancer.
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23
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Berger E, Soldati R, Huebener N, Hohn O, Stermann A, Durmus T, Lobitz S, Zenclussen AC, Christiansen H, Lode HN, Fest S. Salmonella SL7207 application is the most effective DNA vaccine delivery method for successful tumor eradication in a murine model for neuroblastoma. Cancer Lett 2013; 331:167-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Waybrant B, Pearce TR, Wang P, Sreevatsan S, Kokkoli E. Development and characterization of an aptamer binding ligand of fractalkine using domain targeted SELEX. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 48:10043-5. [PMID: 22936337 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc34217k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fractalkine (FKN) is a unique cell surface protein with potential as a therapeutic target because of its role in inflammatory diseases and cancer. We developed an aptamer, named FKN-S2, with a dissociation constant of 3.4 ± 0.7 nM that is specific to the chemokine domain of fractalkine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Waybrant
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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25
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Mohit E, Rafati S. Chemokine-based immunotherapy: delivery systems and combination therapies. Immunotherapy 2013; 4:807-40. [PMID: 22947009 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A major role of chemokines is to mediate leukocyte migration through interaction with G-protein-coupled receptors. Various delivery systems have been developed to utilize the chemokine properties for combating disease. Viral and mutant viral vectors expressing chemokines, genetically modified dendritic cells with chemokine or chemokine receptors, engineered chemokine-expressing tumor cells and pDNA encoding chemokines are among these methods. Another approach for inducing a targeted immune response is fusion of a targeting antibody or antibody fragment to a chemokine. In addition, chemokines induce more effective antitumor immunity when used as adjuvants. In this regard, chemokines are codelivered along with antigens or fused as a targeting unit with antigenic moieties. In this review, several chemokines with their role in inducing immune response against different diseases are discussed, with a major emphasis on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mohit
- Molecular Immunology & Vaccine Research Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13164, Iran
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26
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Fenretinide sensitizes multidrug-resistant human neuroblastoma cells to antibody-independent and ch14.18-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 91:459-72. [PMID: 23052481 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children. Combining passive immunotherapy with an antibody to the disialoganglioside GD2 (ch14.18/SP2/0) and cytokines with 13-cis-retinoic acid for post-myeloablative maintenance therapy increased survival in high-risk NB, but the overall prognosis for these children is still in need of improvement. Fenretinide (4-HPR) is a synthetic retinoid that has shown clinical activity in recurrent NB and is cytotoxic to a variety of cancer cells, in part via the accumulation of dihydroceramides, which are precursors of GD2. We investigated the effect of 4-HPR on CHO-derived, ch14.18-mediated anti-NB effector functions, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and antibody-dependent and antibody-independent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC and AICC, respectively). Here, we demonstrate for the first time that pretreatment of fenretinide-resistant NB cells with 4-HPR significantly enhanced ch14.18/CHO-mediated CDC and ADCC and AICC by both human natural killer cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Treatment with 4-HPR increased GD2 and death receptor (DR) expression in resistant NB cells and induced an enhanced granzyme B and perforin production by effector cells. Blocking of ganglioside synthesis with a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor abrogated the increased ADCC response but had no effect on the AICC, indicating that GD2 induced by 4-HPR mediates the sensitization of NB cells for ADCC. We also showed that 4-HPR induced increased GD2 and DR expression in a resistant NB xenograft model that was associated with an increased ADCC and AICC response using explanted tumor target cells from 4-HPR-treated mice. In summary, these findings provide an important baseline for the combination of 4-HPR and passive immunotherapy with ch14.18/CHO in future clinical trials for high-risk NB patients.
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WEN MINGJIE, WANG HUANMIN, ZHANG XULONG, LONG JUN, LV ZHE, KONG QINGLI, AN YUNQING. Cytokine-like 1 is involved in the growth and metastasis of neuroblastoma cells. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1419-24. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Kroesen M, Lindau D, Hoogerbrugge P, Adema GJ. Immunocombination therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma. Immunotherapy 2012; 4:163-74. [PMID: 22394368 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NBL) is an aggressive malignancy of the sympathetic nervous system. Advanced-stage NBLs prove fatal in approximately 50% of patients within 5 years. Therefore, new treatment modalities are urgently needed. Immunotherapy is a treatment modality that can be combined with established forms of treatment. Administration of monoclonal antibodies or dendritic cell-based therapies alone can lead to favorable clinical outcomes in individual cancer patients; for example patients with melanoma, lymphoma and NBL. However, clinical benefit is still limited to a minority of patients, and further improvements are clearly needed. In this article, we review the most commonly used approaches to treat patients with NBL and highlight the prerequisites and opportunities of cell-based immunotherapy, involving both innate and adaptive immune-effector cells. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of the combined application of immunotherapy and novel tumor-targeted therapies for the treatment of both cancer in general and NBL in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Kroesen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences/278 TIL, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Corcione A, Ferretti E, Pistoia V. CX3CL1/fractalkine is a novel regulator of normal and malignant human B cell function. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:51-8. [PMID: 22457367 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0112035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CX(3)CL1, or fractalkine, the unique member of the CX(3)C chemokine family, exists as a transmembrane glycoprotein, as well as in soluble form, each mediating different biological activities, and is constitutively expressed in many hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic tissues. CX(3)CR1, the CX(3)CL1 exclusive receptor, is a classical GPCR, expressed on NK cells, CD14(+) monocytes, and some subpopulation of T cells, B cells, and mast cells. A recent paper by our group has demonstrated for the first time that highly purified human B cells from tonsil and peripheral blood expressed CX(3)CR1 at mRNA and protein levels. In particular, tonsil naïve, GC, and memory B cells expressed CX(3)CR1, but only GC centrocytes were attracted by soluble CX(3)CL1, which with its receptor, are also involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory disorders, as well as of cancer. Previous studies have shown that CX(3)CR1 is up-regulated in different types of B cell lymphoma, as well as in B-CLL. Recently, we have demonstrated that the CX(3)CL1/CX(3)CR1 axis is involved in the interaction of B-CLL cells with their microenvironment. Taken together, our data delineate a novel role for the CX(3)CL1/CX(3)CR1 complex in the biology of normal B cells and B-CLL cells. These topics are the subject of this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Corcione
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy.
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Pistoia V, Bianchi G, Borgonovo G, Raffaghello L. Cytokines in neuroblastoma: from pathogenesis to treatment. Immunotherapy 2012; 3:895-907. [PMID: 21751957 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines released by cancer cells or by cells of the tumor microenvironment stimulate angiogenesis, act as autocrine or paracrine growth factors for malignant cells, promote tumor cell migration and metastasis or create an immunosuppressive microenvironment. These tumor-promoting effects of cytokines also apply to neuroblastoma (NB), a pediatric neuroectodermal malignancy with frequent metastatic presentation at diagnosis and poor prognosis. IL-6 and VEGF are the best characterized cytokines that stimulated tumor growth and metastasis, while others such as IFN-γ can exert anti-NB activity by inducing tumor cell apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis. On the other hand, cytokines are part of the anti-NB therapeutic armamentarium, as exemplified by IL-2 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor that potentiate the activity of anti-NB antibodies. These recent results raise hope for more efficacious treatment of this ominous pediatric malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Pistoia
- Laboratory of Oncology, G Gaslini Institute, Largo G Gaslini 5, 16148 Genova, Italy.
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Lammens T, Swerts K, Derycke L, De Craemer A, De Brouwer S, De Preter K, Van Roy N, Vandesompele J, Speleman F, Philippé J, Benoit Y, Beiske K, Bracke M, Laureys G. N-cadherin in neuroblastoma disease: expression and clinical significance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31206. [PMID: 22355346 PMCID: PMC3280274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the first and most important steps in the metastatic cascade is the loss of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. N-cadherin, a crucial mediator of homotypic and heterotypic cell-cell interactions, might play a central role in the metastasis of neuroblastoma (NB), a solid tumor of neuroectodermal origin. Using Reverse Transcription Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot, immunocytochemistry and Tissue MicroArrays (TMA) we demonstrate the expression of N-cadherin in neuroblastoma tumors and cell lines. All neuroblastic tumors (n = 356) and cell lines (n = 10) expressed various levels of the adhesion protein. The N-cadherin mRNA expression was significantly lower in tumor samples from patients suffering metastatic disease. Treatment of NB cell lines with the N-cadherin blocking peptide ADH-1 (Exherin, Adherex Technologies Inc.), strongly inhibited tumor cell proliferation in vitro by inducing apoptosis. Our results suggest that N-cadherin signaling may play a role in neuroblastoma disease, marking involvement of metastasis and determining neuroblastoma cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lammens
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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Morandi F, Scaruffi P, Gallo F, Stigliani S, Moretti S, Bonassi S, Gambini C, Mazzocco K, Fardin P, Haupt R, Arcamone G, Pistoia V, Tonini GP, Corrias MV. Bone marrow-infiltrating human neuroblastoma cells express high levels of calprotectin and HLA-G proteins. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29922. [PMID: 22253825 PMCID: PMC3253802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastases in the bone marrow (BM) are grim prognostic factors in patients with neuroblastoma (NB). In spite of extensive analysis of primary tumor cells from high- and low-risk NB patients, a characterization of freshly isolated BM-infiltrating metastatic NB cells is still lacking. Our aim was to identify proteins specifically expressed by metastatic NB cells, that may be relevant for prognostic and therapeutic purposes. Sixty-six Italian children over 18 months of age, diagnosed with stage 4 NB, were included in the study. Metastatic NB cells were freshly isolated from patients' BM by positive immunomagnetic bead manipulation using anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody. Gene expression profiles were compared with those obtained from archived NB primary tumors from patients with 5 y-follow-up. After validation by RT-qPCR, expression/secretion of the proteins encoded by the up-regulated genes in the BM-infiltrating NB cells was evaluated by flow cytometry and ELISA. Compared to primary tumor cells, BM-infiltrating NB cells down-modulated the expression of CX3CL1, AGT, ATP1A2 mRNAs, whereas they up-regulated several genes commonly expressed by various lineages of BM resident cells. BM-infiltrating NB cells expressed indeed the proteins encoded by the top-ranked genes, S100A8 and A9 (calprotectin), CD177 and CD3, and secreted the CXCL7 chemokine. BM-infiltrating NB cells also expressed CD271 and HLA-G. We have identified proteins specifically expressed by BM-infiltrating NB cells. Among them, calprotectin, a potent inflammatory protein, and HLA-G, endowed with tolerogenic properties facilitating tumor escape from host immune response, may represent novel biomarkers and/or targets for therapeutic intervention in high-risk NB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Morandi
- Laboratory of Oncology, Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Scaruffi
- Translational Oncopathology, National Cancer Research Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabio Gallo
- Molecular Epidemiology, National Cancer Research Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Stigliani
- Translational Oncopathology, National Cancer Research Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Bonassi
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Gambini
- Service of Pathology, Scientific Directorate, Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Katia Mazzocco
- Translational Oncopathology, National Cancer Research Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Fardin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Directorate, Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Haupt
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, Scientific Directorate, Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Vito Pistoia
- Laboratory of Oncology, Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Tonini
- Translational Oncopathology, National Cancer Research Institute, Genoa, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Ladenstein R, Pötschger U, Siabalis D, Garaventa A, Bergeron C, Lewis IJ, Stein J, Kohler J, Shaw PJ, Holter W, Pistoia V, Michon J. Dose finding study for the use of subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2 to augment natural killer cell numbers in an outpatient setting for stage 4 neuroblastoma after megatherapy and autologous stem-cell reinfusion. J Clin Oncol 2010; 29:441-8. [PMID: 21149662 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.23.5465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish a safe dose of subcutaneous (SC) recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2) in an outpatient setting for children with stage 4 neuroblastoma after megatherapy (MGT) and autologous stem-cell reinfusion (ASCR) that is able to sustain an increase of natural-killer cells (NKCs) above the level previously reported for immunomodulatory potency. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between August 1997 and November 2000, 33 patients with stage 4 neuroblastoma entered the study from six countries after receiving MGT/ASCR according to national protocols. Dose levels of 3, 6, and 9 × 10(6) U rIL-2/m(2) were given SC in six 5-day cycles every 2 weeks. RESULTS Median age at registration was 4.1 years (range, 1.8 to 7.4). Median observation time was 5 years (range, 4 to 9.8). Increase of NKCs was achieved in 89% of courses, with more than 100% increase over baseline and/or more than 1,000 NKCs/μL in 58%. On the basis of outpatient dose-limiting toxicity at dose level 3, dose level 2 was chosen for the confirmation stage. At dose level 2, the median increase in absolute NKCs was 1,180 cells/μL for all 83 cycles, corresponding to a median relative NKC increase over baseline of 711%. Fever was frequent but controllable with adequate supportive care; 6.5% of patients were hospitalized. Localized pain was moderate and acceptable. Event-free and overall survival rates at 5 years were 45% (± 9 standard deviation [SD]) and 48% (± 9 SD), respectively. CONCLUSION The low toxicity profile and ability to sustain an increase in NKCs of IL-2 at 6 × 10(6) U/m(2) SC allows its integration in an outpatient setting.
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Navid F, Santana VM, Barfield RC. Anti-GD2 antibody therapy for GD2-expressing tumors. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2010; 10:200-9. [PMID: 20201786 DOI: 10.2174/156800910791054167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the development of novel immune therapies for high-risk cancers, one goal is to find tumor targets that are not widely shared by normal cells. One such target is the surface disialoganglioside GD2. This antigen is expressed on the surface of a variety of tumors for which no curative therapies exist for patients with advanced disease. In childhood, the most common GD2-expressing tumor is neuroblastoma. GD2 is also expressed on several other high-risk tumors, including those of neuroectodermal or epithelial origin, virtually all melanomas, and approximately 50% of tumor samples from osteosarcoma and soft-tissue sarcomas. Because of the tumor-selective expression of this molecule, it is an attractive target for tumor-specific therapies such as antibody therapy. Over the last 2 decades, several anti-GD2 antibodies have been developed. To reduce both the toxicity of the antibody and the development of human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMA), research efforts have primarily focused on exploring anti-GD2 antibodies that have progressively more human elements while at the same time reducing the mouse components. This review will examine antibodies currently undergoing clinical testing as well as the most recent advances to improve antibody therapy for patients with GD2-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Navid
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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D'Haese JG, Demir IE, Friess H, Ceyhan GO. Fractalkine/CX3CR1: why a single chemokine-receptor duo bears a major and unique therapeutic potential. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:207-19. [PMID: 20055718 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903540265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Fractalkine, also known as CX3CL1, is the unique member of the fourth class of chemokines and mediates both chemotaxis and adhesion of inflammatory cells via its highly selective receptor CX3CR1. Fractalkine mediates inflammatory responses and pain sensation and is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of numerous inflammatory disorders and malignancies. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We performed a Medline/PubMed search to detect all published studies that explored the role of fractalkine and CX3CR1 and the possibilities of therapeutic intervention in the fractalkine/CX3CR1 axis in a wide range of clinical disorders, using CX3CR1 blocking antibodies, different fractalkine antagonists, CX3CR1 depletion or transfection of fractalkine expression vectors. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review summarizes the role of fractalkine and its receptor CX3CR1 in various diseases, focusing on their high potential as novel therapeutic targets, with special emphasis on pancreatic diseases. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The reviewed studies provide promising results demonstrating fractalkine and CX3CR1 as potential target molecules for future therapeutics that may attenuate pain, inflammation and furthermore serve as an anti-cancer therapy. However, to date, no therapeutics targeting fractalkine or CX3CR1 are in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan G D'Haese
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells belong to a distinct lineage of lymphocytes that play an important role in the early phase of immune responses against certain microbial pathogens by exhibiting cytotoxic functions and secreting a number of cytokines and chemokines. NK cells develop from a common lymphoid precursor resident in the bone marrow (BM) that is considered the main site of their generation. The BM microenvironment provides a rich source of cytokines and growth factors and allows intimate contact between developing NK cells and stromal cells, which is required for their full maturation. Individual NK cell subsets displaying unique functional features, and tissue locations have been identified both in mouse and humans. Involvement of chemokines in the regulation of DC-mediated NK cell priming and effector functions has also been documented and should be taken into account when analyzing the role of chemokines in NK cell-dependent immune responses. Studies in man and mouse have shown that NK cells are distributed in several organs under normal conditions. Their frequency is comparatively high in nonlymphoid organs such as the lung, the liver and the mucosal tissue of maternal uterus, and rare in thymus and lymph nodes. Chemotactic factors, including chemokines, play critical roles in the regulation of NK cell migration across endothelium and into the tissues. The differences in chemokine receptor expression together with distinct adhesive properties of different NK cell subsets as well as activated NK cells, imply that they have multiple routes of circulation and trafficking patterns. Besides their role in the regulation of NK cell trafficking, chemotactic molecules can also affect NK cell effector functions by regulating their priming and their ability to kill and secrete cytokines.
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Maghazachi AA. Role of chemokines in the biology of natural killer cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010; 341:37-58. [PMID: 20369317 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells represent a major subpopulation of lymphocytes. These cells have effector functions as they recognize and kill transformed cells as well as microbially infected cells. In addition, alloreactive NK cells have been successfully used to treat patients with acute myeloid leukemia and other hematological malignancies. NK cells are also endowed with immunoregulatory functions since they secrete cytokines such as IFN-γ, which favor the development of T helper 1 (Th1) cells, and chemokines such as CCL3/MIP-1α and CCL4/MIP-1β, which recruit various inflammatory cells into sites of inflammation. In human blood, NK cells are divided into CD56(bright) CD16(dim) and CD56(dim) CD16(bright) subsets. These subsets have different phenotypic expression and may have different functions; the former subset is more immunoregulatory and the latter is more cytolytic. The CD56(bright)CD16(dim) NK cells home into tissues such as the peripheral lymph nodes (LNs) under physiological conditions because they express the LN homing receptor CCR7 and they respond to CCL19/MIP-3β and CCL21/SLC chemokines. They also distribute into adenoid tissues or decidual uterus following the CXCR3/CXCL10 or CXCR4/CXCL12 axis. On the other hand, both NK cell subsets migrate into inflammatory sites, with more CD56(dim)CD16(bright) NK cells distributing into inflamed liver and lungs. CCR5/CCL5 axis plays an important role in the accumulation of NK cells in virally infected sites as well as during parasitic infections. CD56(bright)CD16(dim) cells also migrate into autoimmune sites such as inflamed synovial fluids in patients having rheumatoid arthritis facilitated by the CCR5/CCL3/CCL4/CCL5 axis, whereas they distribute into inflamed brains aided by the CX₃CR1/CX₃CL1 axis. On the other hand, CD56(dim)CD16(bright) NK cells accumulate in the liver of patients with primary biliary disease aided by the CXCR1/CXCL8 axis. However, the types of chemokines that contribute to their accumulation in target organs during graft vs. host (GvH) disease are not known. Further, chemokines activate NK cells to become highly cytolytic cells known as CC chemokine-activated killer (CHAK) cells that kill tumor cells. In summary, chemokines whether secreted in an autocrine or paracrine fashion regulate various biological functions of NK cells. Depending on the tissue and the chemokine secreted, NK cells may ameliorate the disease such as their roles in combating tumors or virally infected cells, and their therapeutic potentials in treating leukemias and other hematological malignancies, as well as reducing the incidence of GvH disease. In contrast, they may exacerbate the disease by damaging the affected tissues through direct cytotoxicity or by the release of multiple inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Examples are their deleterious roles in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and primary biliary cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzam A Maghazachi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
Chemokines are a key component of cancer-related inflammation. Chemokines and chemokine receptors are downstream of genetic events that cause neoplastic transformation and are components of chronic inflammatory conditions, which predispose to cancer. Components of the chemokine system affect in a cell autonomous or non-autonomous way multiple pathways of tumor progression, including: leukocyte recruitment and function; cellular senescence; tumor cell proliferation and survival; invasion and metastasis. Available information in preclinical and clinical settings suggests that the chemokine system represents a valuable target for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Huebener N, Fest S, Hilt K, Schramm A, Eggert A, Durmus T, Woehler A, Stermann A, Bleeke M, Baykan B, Weixler S, Gaedicke G, Lode HN. Xenogeneic immunization with human tyrosine hydroxylase DNA vaccines suppresses growth of established neuroblastoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2392-401. [PMID: 19671753 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a challenging malignancy of the sympathetic nervous tissue characterized by a very poor prognosis. One important marker for NB is the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the first-step enzyme of catecholamine biosynthesis. We could show stable and high TH gene expression in 67 NB samples independent of the clinical stage. Based on this observation, we addressed the question of whether xenogeneic TH DNA vaccination is effective in inducing an anti-NB immune response. For this purpose, we generated three DNA vaccines based on pCMV-F3Ub and pBUD-CE4.1 plasmids encoding for human (h)THcDNA (A), hTH minigene (B), and hTHcDNA in combination with the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 12 (C), and tested prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy to suppress primary tumor growth and spontaneous metastasis. Here we report that xenogeneic TH DNA vaccination was effective in eradicating established primary tumors and inhibiting metastasis. Interestingly, this effect could not be enhanced by adding the Th1 cytokine interleukin 12. However, increased IFN-gamma production and NB cytotoxicity of effector cells harvested from vaccinated mice suggested the participation of tumor-specific CTLs in the immune response. The depletion of CD8(+)T cells completely abrogated the hTH vaccine-mediated anti-NB immune response. Furthermore, rechallenging of surviving mice resulted in reduced primary tumor growth, indicating the induction of a memory immune response. In conclusion, xenogeneic immunization with TH-derived DNA vaccines is effective against NB, and may open a new venue for a novel and effective immunotherapeutic strategy against this challenging childhood tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Huebener
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy Center Charité, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Wagner LM, Danks MK. New therapeutic targets for the treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:46-57. [PMID: 19277986 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
High-risk neuroblastoma remains a major problem in pediatric oncology, accounting for 15% of childhood cancer deaths. Although incremental improvements in outcome have been achieved with the intensification of conventional chemotherapy agents and the addition of 13-cis-retinoic acid, only one-third of children with high-risk disease are expected to be long-term survivors when treated with current regimens. In addition, the cost of cure can be quite high, as surviving children remain at risk for additional health problems related to long-term toxicities of treatment. Further advances in therapy will require the targeting of tumor cells in a more selective and efficient way so that survival can be improved without substantially increasing toxicity. In this review we summarize ongoing clinical trials and highlight new developments in our understanding of the molecular biology of neuroblastoma, emphasizing potential targets or pathways that may be exploitable therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars M Wagner
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Fest S, Huebener N, Bleeke M, Durmus T, Stermann A, Woehler A, Baykan B, Zenclussen AC, Michalsky E, Jaeger IS, Preissner R, Hohn O, Weixler S, Gaedicke G, Lode HN. Survivin minigene DNA vaccination is effective against neuroblastoma. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:104-14. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Neuroblastoma, a solid tumor arising from developing cells of the sympathetic nervous system, is the most common extracranial tumor in children. The prognosis for high-risk neuroblastoma remains poor with conventional treatment, and new approaches are therefore being explored to treat this disease. One such alternative therapy that holds promise is immune therapy. We review here the recent advances in four types of immune therapy-cytokine, vaccine, antibody and cellular therapy-to treat neuroblastoma. We present preclinical research and clinical trials on several promising candidates such as IL-12, dendritic cell vaccines, anti-GD2 antibodies and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. An optimal treatment plan for neuroblastoma will most likely involve multimodal approaches and combinations of immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Navid
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 , USA.
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Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the third most common pediatric cancer in the United States and is responsible for 15% of pediatric cancer-related deaths. Despite major advances in multimodal therapy, the clinical outcome for several patients remains poor. Due to the desperate need for innovativation and improved success in the treatment and management of neuroblastoma, research interests in immunotherapy have been on the rise in recent years. Current immunotherapeutic approaches under investigation include antibodies targeting the neuroblastoma antigen GD2, cytokine stimulation of immune cells, use of immunocytokine conjugates, radioimmunotherapy, and tumor-primed dendritic cells. Immunotherapy could serve as a safe alternative or adjunct to current therapeutic protocols and would presumptively have fewer deleterious effects making it more favorable to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latania Y Booker
- Department of Surgery The University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX 77555
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Somasundaram R, Herlyn D. Chemokines and the microenvironment in neuroectodermal tumor-host interaction. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 19:92-6. [PMID: 19049876 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and chemokine receptors play an important role in immune homeostasis and surveillance. Altered or defective expression of chemokines and/or chemokine receptors could lead to a disease state including autoimmune disorder or cancer. Tumors from glioblastoma, melanoma, and neuroblastoma secrete high levels of chemokines that can promote tumor growth and progression or induce stromal cells present in the tumor microenvironment to produce cytokines or chemokines which, in turn, can regulate angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. On the other hand, chemokines secreted by tumor or stromal cells can also attract leukocytes such as dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes which may downmodulate tumor growth. New therapies that are aimed at limiting tumor growth and progression by attracting immune effector cells to the tumor site with chemokines may hold the key to the successful treatment of cancer, although this approach may be hampered by possible tumor growth-stimulating effects of chemokines.
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Abstract
Cancer therapy is in the midst of a major paradigm shift. Traditionally, cancer treatments have focused on tumour cells. However, studies over the past few decades have demonstrated that cancer is a vastly complex entity with multiple components affecting a tumour's growth, invasion and metastasis. These components, collectively termed the 'tumour microenvironment', include endothelial cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, inflammatory cells, leucocytes and elements of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Biological agents that target components of the tumour microenvironment may provide an interesting alternative to traditional tumour cell-directed therapy. Because of the complexity of the tumour milieu, the most beneficial therapy will likely involve the combination of one or more agents directed at this new target. This review highlights recent preclinical and clinical studies involving agents that target tumour vasculature, leucocytes, pericytes, cancer-associated fibroblasts and ECM components. We pay particular attention to combination therapies targeting multiple components of the tumour microenvironment, and aim to demonstrate that this strategy holds promise for the future of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hanna
- Tumour Angiogenesis Section, Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Raffaghello L, Cocco C, Corrias MV, Airoldi I, Pistoia V. Chemokines in neuroectodermal tumour progression and metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 19:97-102. [PMID: 19013246 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors have emerged as pivotal regulators of tumour growth, progression, and metastasis. Here we review the current knowledge on chemokines and receptors likely involved in the development of metastasis of neuroectodermal tumours, with emphasis on neuroblastoma. In this respect, we discuss the controversial role of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in bone marrow localization of neuroblastoma cells. In addition, we focus on the ability of neuroblastoma-derived chemokines such as CCL2 and CX3CL1 to attract lymphoid cells to the tumour site. Finally, chemokine receptor and function in other neuroectodermal tumours of adulthood (i.e. melanoma and small cell lung cancer) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizzia Raffaghello
- Laboratory of Oncology, G. Gaslini Institute, Largo Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
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Nevo I, Sagi-Assif O, Meshel T, Ben-Baruch A, Jöhrer K, Greil R, Trejo LEL, Kharenko O, Feinmesser M, Yron I, Witz IP. The involvement of the fractalkine receptor in the transmigration of neuroblastoma cells through bone-marrow endothelial cells. Cancer Lett 2008; 273:127-39. [PMID: 18778890 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2008] [Revised: 06/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transendothelial migration (TEM) of tumor cells is a crucial step in metastasis formation. The prevailing paradigm is that the mechanism underlying TEM of tumor cells is similar to that of leukocytes involving adhesion molecules and chemokines. Fractalkine (CX3CL1) is a unique membrane-bound chemokine that functions also as an adhesion molecule. CX3CL1 can be cleaved to a soluble fragment, capable of attracting fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1)-expressing cells. In the present study, we asked if CX3CR1 is involved in the TEM of neuroblastoma cells. We demonstrated that biologically functional CX3CR1 is expressed by several neuroblastoma cell lines. Most importantly, CX3CR1-expressing neuroblastoma cells were stimulated by CX3CL1 to transmigrate through human bone-marrow endothelial cells. A dose dependent phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT was induced in CX3CR1-expressing neuroblastoma cells by soluble CX3CL1. In addition to CX3CR1, neuroblastoma cells also express the CX3CL1 ligand. Membrane CX3CL1 expression was downregulated and the shedding of soluble CX3CL1 was upregulated by PKC activation. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that CX3CR1 plays a functional role in transmigration of neuroblastoma cells through bone-marrow endothelium. These results led us to hypothesize that the CX3CR1-CX3CL1 axis takes part in bone-marrow metastasis of neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Nevo
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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Jöhrer K, Pleyer L, Olivier A, Maizner E, Zelle-Rieser C, Greil R. Tumour-immune cell interactions modulated by chemokines. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:269-90. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.3.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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