1
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Li GJ, Wang C, Wang WD, Shang Y, Zeng CY, Wang AM, Bai JL, Su J, Su L, Si SY, Yu LY, Gan ML, Chen SZ. Chromomycins from soil-derived Streptomyces sp. inhibit the growth of human non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting c-FLIP. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38975979 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2024.2375288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Three chromomycin derivatives, chromomycins A3 (1, CA3), A5 (2, CA5), and monodeacetylchromomycin A3 (3, MDA-CA3), were identified from the soil-derived Streptomyces sp. CGMCC 26516. A reinvestigation of the structure of CA5 is reported, of which the absolute configuration was unambiguously determined for the first time to be identical with that of CA3 based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data analysis as well as NMR and electronic circular dichroism calculations. Compounds 1-3 showed potent cytotoxicity against the non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells (A549, H460, H157-c-FLIP, and H157-LacZ) and down-regulated the protein expression of c-FLIP in A549 cells. The IC50 values of chromomycins in H157-c-FLIP were higher than that in H157-LacZ. Furthermore, si-c-FLIP promoted anti-proliferation effect of chromomycins in NSCLC cells. In nude mice xenograft model, 1 and 2 both showed more potent inhibition on the growth of H157-lacZ xenografts than that of H157-c-FLIP xenografts. These results verify that c-FLIP mediates the anticancer effects of chromomycins in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Jie Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wen-Die Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yue Shang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chao-Yang Zeng
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ai-Min Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing-Lin Bai
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Su
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ling Su
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University School of Life Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shu-Yi Si
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li-Yan Yu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mao-Luo Gan
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural MedicinesInstitute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, , Beijing 100050, China
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2
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El Yousfi Y, Mora-Molina R, López-Rivas A, Yerbes R. Role of the YAP/TAZ-TEAD Transcriptional Complex in the Metabolic Control of TRAIL Sensitivity by the Mevalonate Pathway in Cancer Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2370. [PMID: 37830584 PMCID: PMC10571597 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Different studies have reported that inhibiting the mevalonate pathway with statins may increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), although the signaling mechanism leading to this sensitization remains largely unknown. We investigated the role of the YAP (Yes-associated protein)/TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif)-TEAD (TEA/ATTS domain) transcriptional complex in the metabolic control of TRAIL sensitivity by the mevalonate pathway. We show that depleting nuclear YAP/TAZ in tumor cells, either via treatment with statins or by silencing YAP/TAZ expression with siRNAs, facilitates the activation of apoptosis by TRAIL. Furthermore, the blockage of TEAD transcriptional activity either pharmacologically or through the ectopic expression of a disruptor of the YAP/TAZ interaction with TEAD transcription factors, overcomes the resistance of tumor cells to the induction of apoptosis by TRAIL. Our results show that the mevalonate pathway controls cellular the FLICE-inhibitory protein (cFLIP) expression in tumor cells. Importantly, inhibiting the YAP/TAZ-TEAD signaling pathway induces cFLIP down-regulation, leading to a marked sensitization of tumor cells to apoptosis induction by TRAIL. Our data suggest that a combined strategy of targeting TEAD activity and selectively activating apoptosis signaling by agonists of apoptotic TRAIL receptors could be explored as a potential therapeutic approach in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes El Yousfi
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Seville, Spain; (Y.E.Y.); (R.M.-M.); (A.L.-R.)
| | - Rocío Mora-Molina
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Seville, Spain; (Y.E.Y.); (R.M.-M.); (A.L.-R.)
| | - Abelardo López-Rivas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Seville, Spain; (Y.E.Y.); (R.M.-M.); (A.L.-R.)
| | - Rosario Yerbes
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Seville, Spain; (Y.E.Y.); (R.M.-M.); (A.L.-R.)
- Medical Physiology and Biophysics Department, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) (Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla), 41013 Seville, Spain
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3
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Zheng Y, Zhong G, He C, Li M. Targeted splicing therapy: new strategies for colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1222932. [PMID: 37664052 PMCID: PMC10470845 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1222932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA splicing is the process of forming mature mRNA, which is an essential phase necessary for gene expression and controls many aspects of cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Abnormal gene-splicing events are closely related to the development of tumors, and the generation of oncogenic isoform in splicing can promote tumor progression. As a main process of tumor-specific splicing variants, alternative splicing (AS) can promote tumor progression by increasing the production of oncogenic splicing isoforms and/or reducing the production of normal splicing isoforms. This is the focus of current research on the regulation of aberrant tumor splicing. So far, AS has been found to be associated with various aspects of tumor biology, including cell proliferation and invasion, resistance to apoptosis, and sensitivity to different chemotherapeutic drugs. This article will review the abnormal splicing events in colorectal cancer (CRC), especially the tumor-associated splicing variants arising from AS, aiming to offer an insight into CRC-targeted splicing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chengcheng He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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4
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Rafoxanide sensitizes colorectal cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113794. [PMID: 36271571 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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5
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Limiting glutamine utilization activates a GCN2/TRAIL-R2/Caspase-8 apoptotic pathway in glutamine-addicted tumor cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:906. [PMID: 36302756 PMCID: PMC9613879 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic transformation leads to changes in glutamine metabolism that make transformed cells highly dependent on glutamine for anabolic growth and survival. Herein, we investigated the cell death mechanism activated in glutamine-addicted tumor cells in response to the limitation of glutamine metabolism. We show that glutamine starvation triggers a FADD and caspase-8-dependent and mitochondria-operated apoptotic program in tumor cells that involves the pro-apoptotic TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2), but is independent of its cognate ligand TRAIL. In glutamine-depleted tumor cells, activation of the amino acid-sensing general control nonderepressible-2 kinase (GCN2) is responsible for TRAIL-R2 upregulation, caspase-8 activation, and apoptotic cell death. Interestingly, GCN2-dependent ISR signaling induced by methionine starvation also leads to TRAIL-R2 upregulation and apoptosis. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of transaminases activates a GCN2 and TRAIL-R2-dependent apoptotic mechanism that is inhibited by non-essential amino acids (NEAA). In addition, metabolic stress upon glutamine deprivation also results in GCN2-independent FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP) downregulation facilitating caspase-8 activation and apoptosis. Importantly, downregulation of the long FLIP splice form (FLIPL) and apoptosis upon glutamine deprivation are inhibited in the presence of a membrane-permeable α-ketoglutarate. Collectively, our data support a model in which limiting glutamine utilization in glutamine-addicted tumor cells triggers a previously unknown cell death mechanism regulated by GCN2 that involves the TRAIL-R2-mediated activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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Restoring TRAILR2/DR5-Mediated Activation of Apoptosis upon Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress as a Therapeutic Strategy in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168987. [PMID: 36012252 PMCID: PMC9409255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The uncontrolled proliferation of malignant cells in growing tumors results in the generation of different stressors in the tumor microenvironment, such as nutrient shortage, hypoxia and acidosis, among others, that disrupt endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis and may lead to ER stress. As a response to ER stress, both normal and tumor cells launch a set of signaling pathways known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore ER proteostasis and maintain cell viability and function. However, under sustained ER stress, an apoptotic cell death process can be induced and this has been the subject of different review articles, although the role of the TRAIL-R2/DR5-activated extrinsic pathway of apoptosis has not yet been thoroughly summarized. In this Review, we provide an updated overview of the molecular mechanisms regulating cell fate decisions in tumor cells undergoing ER stress and discuss the role of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2/DR5) in the final outcome of UPR signaling. Particularly, we focus on the mechanisms controlling cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (FLIP) levels in tumor cells undergoing ER stress, which may represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention in cancer.
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Grinkevitch V, Wappett M, Crawford N, Price S, Lees A, McCann C, McAllister K, Prehn J, Young J, Bateson J, Gallagher L, Michaut M, Iyer V, Chatzipli A, Barthorpe S, Ciznadija D, Sloma I, Wesa A, Tice DA, Wessels L, Garnett M, Longley DB, McDermott U, McDade SS. Functional Genomic Identification of Predictors of Sensitivity and Mechanisms of Resistance to Multivalent Second-Generation TRAIL-R2 Agonists. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:594-606. [PMID: 35086954 PMCID: PMC7612587 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent second-generation TRAIL-R2 agonists are currently in late preclinical development and early clinical trials. Herein, we use a representative second-generation agent, MEDI3039, to address two major clinical challenges facing these agents: lack of predictive biomarkers to enable patient selection and emergence of resistance. Genome-wide CRISPR knockout screens were notable for the lack of resistance mechanisms beyond the canonical TRAIL-R2 pathway (caspase-8, FADD, BID) as well as p53 and BAX in TP53 wild-type models, whereas a CRISPR activatory screen identified cell death inhibitors MCL-1 and BCL-XL as mechanisms to suppress MEDI3039-induced cell death. High-throughput drug screening failed to identify genomic alterations associated with response to MEDI3039; however, transcriptomics analysis revealed striking association between MEDI3039 sensitivity and expression of core components of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, most notably its main apoptotic effector caspase-8 in solid tumor cell lines. Further analyses of colorectal cell lines and patient-derived xenografts identified caspase-8 expression ratio to its endogenous regulator FLIP(L) as predictive of sensitivity to MEDI3039 in several major solid tumor types and a further subset indicated by caspase-8:MCL-1 ratio. Subsequent MEDI3039 combination screening of TRAIL-R2, caspase-8, FADD, and BID knockout models with 60 compounds with varying mechanisms of action identified two inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) that exhibited strong synergy with MEDI3039 that could reverse resistance only in BID-deleted models. In summary, we identify the ratios of caspase-8:FLIP(L) and caspase-8:MCL-1 as potential predictive biomarkers for second-generation TRAIL-R2 agonists and loss of key effectors such as FADD and caspase-8 as likely drivers of clinical resistance in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Wappett
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Nyree Crawford
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Stacey Price
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Lees
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher McCann
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine McAllister
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jochen Prehn
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jamie Young
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jess Bateson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Gallagher
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Magali Michaut
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vivek Iyer
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Syd Barthorpe
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ido Sloma
- Champions Oncology Inc., Rockville, Maryland
| | - Amy Wesa
- Champions Oncology Inc., Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Lodewyk Wessels
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, TU Delft, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mathew Garnett
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel B. Longley
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ultan McDermott
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon S. McDade
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
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8
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Mora-Molina R, Stöhr D, Rehm M, López-Rivas A. cFLIP downregulation is an early event required for endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in tumor cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:111. [PMID: 35115486 PMCID: PMC8813907 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding or unfolding and the resulting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress frequently occur in highly proliferative tumors. How tumor cells escape cell death by apoptosis after chronic ER stress remains poorly understood. We have investigated in both two-dimensional (2D) cultures and multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs) the role of caspase-8 inhibitor cFLIP as a regulator of the balance between apoptosis and survival in colon cancer cells undergoing ER stress. We report that downregulation of cFLIP proteins levels is an early event upon treatment of 2D cultures of colon cancer cells with ER stress inducers, preceding TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2) upregulation, caspase-8 activation, and apoptosis. Maintaining high cFLIP levels during ER stress by ectopic expression of cFLIP markedly inhibits ER stress-induced caspase-8 activation and apoptosis. Conversely, cFLIP knockdown by RNA interference significantly accelerates caspase-8 activation and apoptosis upon ER stress. Despite activation of the proapoptotic PERK branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and upregulation of TRAIL-R2, MCTSs are markedly more resistant to ER stress than 2D cultures of tumor cells. Resistance of MCTSs to ER stress-induced apoptosis correlates with sustained cFLIPL expression. Interestingly, resistance to ER stress-induced apoptosis is abolished in MCTSs generated from cFLIPL knockdown tumor cells. Overall, our results suggest that controlling cFLIP levels in tumors is an adaptive strategy to prevent tumor cell's demise in the unfavorable conditions of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Mora-Molina
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Avda Américo Vespucio 24, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Daniela Stöhr
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Rehm
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Abelardo López-Rivas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Avda Américo Vespucio 24, 41092, Sevilla, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Carlos III Health Institute, Seville, Spain.
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9
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An engineered construct of cFLIP provides insight into DED1 structure and interactions. Structure 2022; 30:229-239.e5. [PMID: 34800372 PMCID: PMC8818036 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFLIP) is a member of the Death Domain superfamily with pivotal roles in many cellular processes and disease states, including cancer and autoimmune disorders. In the context of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), cFLIP isoforms regulate extrinsic apoptosis by controlling procaspase-8 activation. The function of cFLIP is mediated through a series of protein-protein interactions, engaging the two N-terminal death effector domains (DEDs). Here, we solve the structure of an engineered DED1 domain of cFLIP using solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and we define the interaction with FADD and calmodulin, protein-protein interactions that regulate the function of cFLIP in the DISC. cFLIP DED1 assumes a canonical DED fold characterized by six α helices and is able to bind calmodulin and FADD through two separate interfaces. Our results clearly demonstrate the role of DED1 in the cFLIP/FADD association and contribute to the understanding of the assembly of DISC filaments.
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Liang YH, Wu JM, Teng JW, Hung E, Wang HS. Embelin downregulated cFLIP in breast cancer cell lines facilitate anti-tumor effect of IL-1β-stimulated human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14720. [PMID: 34282169 PMCID: PMC8289868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94006-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death for women. In breast cancer treatment, targeted therapy would be more effective and less harmful than radiotherapy or systemic chemotherapy. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been shown to induce apoptosis in cancer cells but not in normal cells. Mesenchymal stem cells have shown great therapeutic potential in cancer therapy owing to their ability of homing to tumor sites and secreting many kinds of anti-tumor proteins including TRAIL. In this study, we found that IL-1β-stimulated human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) enhance the expression of membrane-bound and soluble TRAIL. Cellular FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme inhibitory protein (cFLIP) is an important regulator in TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and relates to TRAIL resistance in cancer cells. Previous studies have shown that embelin, which is extracted from Embelia ribes, can increase the TRAIL sensitivity of cancer cells by reducing cFLIP expression. Here we have demonstrated that cFLIPL is correlated with TRAIL-resistance and that embelin effectively downregulates cFLIPL in breast cancer cells. Moreover, co-culture of IL-1β-stimulated hUCMSCs with embelin-treated breast cancer cells could effectively induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells. The combined effects of embelin and IL-1β-stimulated hUCMSCs may provide a new therapeutic strategy for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Han Liang
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Peitou, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiann-Ming Wu
- General Surgery Division, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jui-Wen Teng
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Peitou, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Eric Hung
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Peitou, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hwai-Shi Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Peitou, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, ROC.
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Mahdizadeh SJ, Thomas M, Eriksson LA. Reconstruction of the Fas-Based Death-Inducing Signaling Complex (DISC) Using a Protein-Protein Docking Meta-Approach. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:3543-3558. [PMID: 34196179 PMCID: PMC8389534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) is a fundamental multiprotein complex, which triggers the extrinsic apoptosis pathway through stimulation by death ligands. DISC consists of different death domain (DD) and death effector domain (DED) containing proteins such as the death receptor Fas (CD95) in complex with FADD, procaspase-8, and cFLIP. Despite many experimental and theoretical studies in this area, there is no global agreement neither on the DISC architecture nor on the mechanism of action of the involved species. In the current work, we have tried to reconstruct the DISC structure by identifying key protein interactions using a new protein-protein docking meta-approach. We combined the benefits of five of the most employed protein-protein docking engines, HADDOCK, ClusPro, HDOCK, GRAMM-X, and ZDOCK, in order to improve the accuracy of the predicted docking complexes. Free energy of binding and hot spot interacting residues were calculated and determined for each protein-protein interaction using molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area and alanine scanning techniques, respectively. In addition, a series of in-cellulo protein-fragment complementation assays were conducted to validate the protein-protein docking procedure. The results show that the DISC formation initiates by dimerization of adjacent FasDD trimers followed by recruitment of FADD through homotypic DD interactions with the oligomerized death receptor. Furthermore, the in-silico outcomes indicate that cFLIP cannot bind directly to FADD; instead, cFLIP recruitment to the DISC is a hierarchical and cooperative process where FADD initially recruits procaspase-8, which in turn recruits and heterodimerizes with cFLIP. Finally, a possible structure of the entire DISC is proposed based on the docking results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed Jalil Mahdizadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Melissa Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Leif A Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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12
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Paul T, Roy R, Sarkar RD, Sinha S, Biswas N. H 2O 2 mediated FLIP and XIAP down-regulation involves increased ITCH expression and ERK-Akt crosstalk in imatinib resistant Chronic Myeloid Leukemia cell line K562. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 166:265-276. [PMID: 33631302 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of anti-apoptotic protein FLICE-like inhibitory protein (FLIP) and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) remains a crucial step in the cell fate determination and thus targeting these anti-apoptotic proteins could be a viable strategy for the treatment of cancer. However the regulation of FLIP and XIAP is not very well established till date. Here we have shown that ROS decreased XIAP and FLIP by activation of ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway in imatinib resistant K562 cells. Activation of the components of MAPK pathway, ERK and JNK, played a crucial role in XIAP and FLIP degradation because ectopic expression or knock down of ERK and JNK changed the pattern of ROS mediated down-regulation of these two proteins. We have also found that JNK and ERK differentially regulates FLIP and XIAP, respectively. Moreover, our data suggests that activated ERK decreased Akt phosphorylation and thus its binding to and stabilization of XIAP. On the other hand, JNK activation increased E3 ubiquitin ligase ITCH expression and its binding to FLIP which leads to its degradation. Thus, we have, for the first time elucidated that ROS mediated ERK-Akt crosstalk regulates XIAP. We have also shown for the first time that ROS regulates ITCH expression which controls FLIP degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamalika Paul
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Rajdeep Roy
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Rupak Dey Sarkar
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Samraj Sinha
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Nabendu Biswas
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India.
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High Expression of VSTM2L Induced Resistance to Chemoradiotherapy in Rectal Cancer through Downstream IL-4 Signaling. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6657012. [PMID: 33506057 PMCID: PMC7811563 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6657012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preoperative chemoradiotherapy (pCRT) is a common and essential therapeutic strategy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), but poor tumor response and therapeutic resistance to chemoradiotherapy have appeared usually among persons and affected those patients' survival prognosis. The resistance to chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer is difficult to predict. This study was aimed at evaluating the role of V-set and transmembrane domain containing 2 like protein (VSTM2L) in resistance to chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer. Methods Analysis of the GEO profiling datasets of rectal cancer patients receiving pCRT disclosed that VSTM2L as a candidate gene was significantly upregulated in nonresponders of rectal cancer with pCRT. The mRNA and protein expression of VSTM2L was detected by quantitate real-time PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry in six rectal cancer biopsy tissues before pCRT. Furthermore, the rectal cancer patient-derived organoids were cultured to evaluate the association of VSTM2L expression and tumor response to CRT. Overexpression of VSTM2L in cancer cells treated with CRT was analyzed for the function of cell proliferation and viability, clone formation, DNA damage repair, and apoptosis ability. The GSEA and RNA-sequence analysis were used to find the downstream mechanism of VSTM2L overexpression in cells treated with CRT. Results The mRNA levels of VSTM2L were significantly downregulated in normal rectal tissues compared to tumor tissues and were upregulated in nonresponders of rectal cancer patients receiving pCRT and positively correlated with poor survival prognosis from GEO datasets. High expression of VSTM2L was significantly associated with tumor regression after pCRT (P = 0.030). Moreover, high expression of VSTM2L reduced γ-H2AX expression in rectal cancer patient-derived organoids treated with CRT. The overexpression of VSTM2L in colorectal cancer cells induced resistance to CRT via promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. The molecular mechanism revealed that the overexpression of VSTM2L induced resistance to CRT through downstream IL-4 signaling affecting the progress of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Conclusion The high expression of VSTM2L induced resistance to CRT, and adverse survival outcomes served as a prognostic factor in patients with rectal cancer receiving pCRT, suggesting that VSTM2L high expression may be a potential resistant predictable biomarker for LARC patients receiving pCRT.
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Lees A, McIntyre AJ, Crawford NT, Falcone F, McCann C, Holohan C, Quinn GP, Roberts JZ, Sessler T, Gallagher PF, Gregg GMA, McAllister K, McLaughlin KM, Allen WL, Egan LJ, Ryan AE, Labonte-Wilson MJ, Dunne PD, Wappett M, Coyle VM, Johnston PG, Kerr EM, Longley DB, McDade SS. The pseudo-caspase FLIP(L) regulates cell fate following p53 activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17808-17819. [PMID: 32661168 PMCID: PMC7395556 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001520117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is the most frequently mutated, well-studied tumor-suppressor gene, yet the molecular basis of the switch from p53-induced cell-cycle arrest to apoptosis remains poorly understood. Using a combination of transcriptomics and functional genomics, we unexpectedly identified a nodal role for the caspase-8 paralog and only human pseudo-caspase, FLIP(L), in regulating this switch. Moreover, we identify FLIP(L) as a direct p53 transcriptional target gene that is rapidly up-regulated in response to Nutlin-3A, an MDM2 inhibitor that potently activates p53. Genetically or pharmacologically inhibiting expression of FLIP(L) using siRNA or entinostat (a clinically relevant class-I HDAC inhibitor) efficiently promoted apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells in response to Nutlin-3A, which otherwise predominantly induced cell-cycle arrest. Enhanced apoptosis was also observed when entinostat was combined with clinically relevant, p53-activating chemotherapy in vitro, and this translated into enhanced in vivo efficacy. Mechanistically, FLIP(L) inhibited p53-induced apoptosis by blocking activation of caspase-8 by the TRAIL-R2/DR5 death receptor; notably, this activation was not dependent on receptor engagement by its ligand, TRAIL. In the absence of caspase-8, another of its paralogs, caspase-10 (also transcriptionally up-regulated by p53), induced apoptosis in Nutlin-3A-treated, FLIP(L)-depleted cells, albeit to a lesser extent than in caspase-8-proficient cells. FLIP(L) depletion also modulated transcription of canonical p53 target genes, suppressing p53-induced expression of the cell-cycle regulator p21 and enhancing p53-induced up-regulation of proapoptotic PUMA. Thus, even in the absence of caspase-8/10, FLIP(L) silencing promoted p53-induced apoptosis by enhancing PUMA expression. Thus, we report unexpected, therapeutically relevant roles for FLIP(L) in determining cell fate following p53 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lees
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J McIntyre
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Nyree T Crawford
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Fiammetta Falcone
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher McCann
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Caitriona Holohan
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard P Quinn
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Z Roberts
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Sessler
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter F Gallagher
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma M A Gregg
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine McAllister
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty M McLaughlin
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy L Allen
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence J Egan
- Discipline of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aideen E Ryan
- Discipline of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Melissa J Labonte-Wilson
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Philip D Dunne
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Wappett
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky M Coyle
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick G Johnston
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M Kerr
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel B Longley
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom;
| | - Simon S McDade
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom;
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15
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Masuda A, Isobe Y, Sugimoto K, Yoshimori M, Arai A, Komatsu N. Efficient recruitment of c-FLIP L to the death-inducing signaling complex leads to Fas resistance in natural killer-cell lymphoma. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:807-816. [PMID: 31908105 PMCID: PMC7060462 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation‐induced cell death (AICD) mediated by the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) system plays a key role in regulating immune response. Although normal natural killer (NK) cells use this system for their homeostasis, malignant NK cells seem to disrupt the process. Extranodal NK/T‐cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL) is a rare but fatal disease, for which novel therapeutic targets need to be identified. We confirmed that ENKL‐derived NK cell lines NK‐YS and Hank1, and primary lymphoma cells expressed procaspase‐8/FADD‐like interleukin‐1β‐converting enzyme (FLICE) modulator and cellular FLICE‐inhibitory protein (c‐FLIP), along with Fas and FasL. Compared with Fas‐sensitive Jurkat cells, NK‐YS and Hank1 showed resistance to Fas‐mediated apoptosis in spite of the same expression levels of c‐FLIP and the death‐inducing signaling complex (DISC) formation. Unexpectedly, the long isoform of c‐FLIP (c‐FLIPL) was coimmunoprecipitated with Fas predominantly in both ENKL‐derived NK cell lines after Fas ligation. Indeed, c‐FLIPL was more sufficiently recruited to the DISC in both ENKL‐derived NK cell lines than in Jurkat cells after Fas ligation. Knockdown of c‐FLIPL per se enhanced autonomous cell death and restored the sensitivity to Fas in both NK‐YS and Hank1 cells. Although ENKL cells are primed for AICD, they constitutively express and efficiently utilize c‐FLIPL, which prevents their Fas‐mediated apoptosis. Our results show that c‐FLIPL could be a promising therapeutic target against ENKL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azuchi Masuda
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Isobe
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Koichi Sugimoto
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, JR Tokyo General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yoshimori
- Department of Hematological Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Arai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.,Department of Hematological Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Komatsu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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González-Llorente L, Santacatterina F, García-Aguilar A, Nuevo-Tapioles C, González-García S, Tirpakova Z, Toribio ML, Cuezva JM. Overexpression of Mitochondrial IF1 Prevents Metastatic Disease of Colorectal Cancer by Enhancing Anoikis and Tumor Infiltration of NK Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010022. [PMID: 31861681 PMCID: PMC7017164 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidences show that the ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1), the physiological inhibitor of the ATP synthase, is overexpressed in a large number of carcinomas contributing to metabolic reprogramming and cancer progression. Herein, we show that in contrast to the findings in other carcinomas, the overexpression of IF1 in a cohort of colorectal carcinomas (CRC) predicts less chances of disease recurrence, IF1 being an independent predictor of survival. Bioinformatic and gene expression analyses of the transcriptome of colon cancer cells with differential expression of IF1 indicate that cells overexpressing IF1 display a less aggressive behavior than IF1 silenced (shIF1) cells. Proteomic and functional in vitro migration and invasion assays confirmed the higher tumorigenic potential of shIF1 cells. Moreover, shIF1 cells have increased in vivo metastatic potential. The higher metastatic potential of shIF1 cells relies on increased cFLIP-mediated resistance to undergo anoikis after cell detachment. Furthermore, tumor spheroids of shIF1 cells have an increased ability to escape from immune surveillance by NK cells. Altogether, the results reveal that the overexpression of IF1 acts as a tumor suppressor in CRC with an important anti-metastatic role, thus supporting IF1 as a potential therapeutic target in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía González-Llorente
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (F.S.); (A.G.-A.); (C.N.-T.); (S.G.-G.); (Z.T.); (M.L.T.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fulvio Santacatterina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (F.S.); (A.G.-A.); (C.N.-T.); (S.G.-G.); (Z.T.); (M.L.T.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana García-Aguilar
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (F.S.); (A.G.-A.); (C.N.-T.); (S.G.-G.); (Z.T.); (M.L.T.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Nuevo-Tapioles
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (F.S.); (A.G.-A.); (C.N.-T.); (S.G.-G.); (Z.T.); (M.L.T.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara González-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (F.S.); (A.G.-A.); (C.N.-T.); (S.G.-G.); (Z.T.); (M.L.T.)
| | - Zuzana Tirpakova
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (F.S.); (A.G.-A.); (C.N.-T.); (S.G.-G.); (Z.T.); (M.L.T.)
| | - María Luisa Toribio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (F.S.); (A.G.-A.); (C.N.-T.); (S.G.-G.); (Z.T.); (M.L.T.)
| | - José M. Cuezva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (F.S.); (A.G.-A.); (C.N.-T.); (S.G.-G.); (Z.T.); (M.L.T.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-196-4618; Fax: +34-91-196-4420
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17
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Le Clorennec C, Lazrek Y, Dubreuil O, Sampaio C, Larbouret C, Lanotte R, Poul MA, Barret JM, Prost JF, Pèlegrin A, Chardès T. ITCH-dependent proteasomal degradation of c-FLIP induced by the anti-HER3 antibody 9F7-F11 promotes DR5/caspase 8-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:106. [PMID: 31443721 PMCID: PMC6708219 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HER3/ErbB3 receptor deletion or blockade leads to tumor cell apoptosis, whereas its overexpression confers anti-cancer drug resistance through upregulation of protective mechanisms against apoptosis. We produced the anti-HER3 antibody 9F7-F11 that promotes HER3 ubiquitination and degradation via JNK1/2-dependent activation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase ITCH, and that induces apoptosis of cancer cells. Cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is a key regulator of apoptotic pathways. Here, we wanted to determine the mechanisms underlying the pro-apoptotic effect of 9F7-F11. Methods Anti-HER3 antibody-induced apoptosis was assessed by western blot, and by flow cytometry measurement of Annexin V/7-AAD-labelled tumor cells (BxPC3, MDA-MB-468 and DU145 cell lines). c-FLIP/ITCH interaction and subsequent degradation/ubiquitination were investigated by co-immunoprecipitation of ITCH-silenced vs scramble control cells. The relationship between ITCH-mediated c-FLIP degradation and antibody-induced apoptosis was examined by western blot and flow cytometry of tumor cells, after ITCH RNA interference or by pre-treatment with ITCH chemical inhibitor chlorimipramine (CI). Results Following incubation with 9F7-F11, cancer cell apoptosis occurs through activation of caspase-8, − 9 and − 3 and the subsequent cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Moreover we showed that ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the anti-apoptotic protein c-FLIP was mediated by USP8-regulated ITCH recruitment. This effect was abrogated by ITCH- and USP8-specific RNA interference (siRNA), or by the ITCH chemical inhibitor CI. Specifically, ITCH silencing or CI blocked 9F7-F11-induced caspase-8-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells, and restored c-FLIP expression. ITCH-silencing or CI concomitantly abrogated HER3-specific antibody-induced apoptosis of Annexin V/7-AAD-labelled BxPC3 cells. 9F7-F11 favored the extrinsic apoptosis pathway by inducing TRAIL-R2/DR5 upregulation and TRAIL expression that promoted the formation of death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), leading to caspase-8-mediated apoptosis. Incubation with 9F7-F11 also induced BID cleavage, BAX upregulation and BIM expression, which initiated the caspase-9/3-mediated mitochondrial death pathway. The anti-HER3 antibody pro-apoptotic effect occurred concomitantly with downregulation of the pro-survival proteins c-IAP2 and XIAP. Conclusions The allosteric non-neuregulin competing modulator 9F7-F11, sensitizes tumor cells to DR5/caspase-8-mediated apoptosis through ITCH-dependent downregulation of c-FLIP. Graphical abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-019-0413-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Le Clorennec
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), F-34298, Montpellier, France.,Present Address: UCSD School of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0815, USA
| | - Yassamine Lazrek
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), F-34298, Montpellier, France.,Present Address: Institut Pasteur de Guyane, F- 97306, Cayenne, France
| | - Olivier Dubreuil
- GamaMabs Pharma SA, Centre Pierre Potier, F-31106, Toulouse, France
| | - Carla Sampaio
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et d'Immunothérapie des Cancers, EA7269, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Christel Larbouret
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), F-34298, Montpellier, France
| | - Romain Lanotte
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), F-34298, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Alix Poul
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), F-34298, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Marc Barret
- GamaMabs Pharma SA, Centre Pierre Potier, F-31106, Toulouse, France
| | | | - André Pèlegrin
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), F-34298, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Chardès
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), F-34298, Montpellier, France. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France.
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18
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Luebke T, Schwarz L, Beer YY, Schumann S, Misterek M, Sander FE, Plaza-Sirvent C, Schmitz I. c-FLIP and CD95 signaling are essential for survival of renal cell carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:384. [PMID: 31097685 PMCID: PMC6522538 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most-prominent tumor type of kidney cancers. Resistance of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) against tumor therapy is often owing to apoptosis resistance, e.g., by overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins. However, little is known about the role of the apoptosis inhibitor c-FLIP and its potential impact on death receptor-induced apoptosis in ccRCC cells. In this study, we demonstrate that c-FLIP is crucial for resistance against CD95L-induced apoptosis in four ccRCC cell lines. Strikingly, downregulation of c-FLIP expression by short hairpin RNA (shRNA)interference led to spontaneous caspase activation and apoptotic cell death. Of note, knockdown of all c-FLIP splice variants was required to induce apoptosis. Stimulation of ccRCC cells with CD95L induced NF-κB and MAP kinase survival pathways as revealed by phosphorylation of RelA/p65 and Erk1/2. Interestingly, CD95L surface expression was high in all cell lines analyzed, and CD95 but not TNF-R1 clustered at cell contact sites. Downstream of CD95, inhibition of the NF-κB pathway led to spontaneous cell death. Surprisingly, knockdown experiments revealed that c-FLIP inhibits NF-κB activation in the context of CD95 signaling. Thus, c-FLIP inhibits apoptosis and dampens NF-κB downstream of CD95 but allows NF-κB activation to a level sufficient for ccRCC cell survival. In summary, we demonstrate a complex CD95-FLIP-NF-κB-signaling circuit, in which CD95-CD95L interactions mediate a paracrine survival signal in ccRCC cells with c-FLIP and NF-κB both being required for inhibiting cell death and ensuring survival. Our findings might lead to novel therapeutic approaches of RCC by circumventing apoptosis resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Luebke
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yan Yan Beer
- Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schumann
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maria Misterek
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frida Ewald Sander
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Carlos Plaza-Sirvent
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
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19
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Rong G, Yang X, Wu H, Wu Y. miR-150-504-519d inhibits the growth of human colorectal cancer cell line SW48 and downregulates c-FLIP receptor. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:7962-7969. [PMID: 30548660 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that regulates the expression of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). c-FLIP is an inhibitor of cell apoptosis through inhibition of caspase 8. miR-150, miR-504, and miR-519d were related to cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the role of miR-150-504-519d in CRC has not been studied and the relationship between miR-150-504-519d and c-FLIP remains unclear. In this study, we found that c-FLIP was upregulated in CRC tissues, without detectable expression in normal CRC tissues. Using SW48 cell line, we further showed that miR-150-504-519d inhibited migration, invasion, and promoted apoptosis of SW48 cells. Moreover, in SW48 cell line transfected with miR-150-504-519d, the protein expression of c-FLIP was significantly lower compared with cells transfected with scramble. Our results demonstrated upregulation of c-FLIP in CRC, which was downregulated in SW48 cells after the transfection of miR-150-504-519d, suggesting that manipulation of miR-150-504-519d expression might be a novel approach for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Rong
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People s Hospital of Changshu, Changshu, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Haorong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yongyou Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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20
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Skarkova V, Kralova V, Vitovcova B, Rudolf E. Selected Aspects of Chemoresistance Mechanisms in Colorectal Carcinoma-A Focus on Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition, Autophagy, and Apoptosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030234. [PMID: 30871055 PMCID: PMC6468859 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance has been found in all malignant tumors including colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Nowadays chemoresistance is understood as a major reason for therapy failure, with consequent tumor growth and spreading leading ultimately to the patient's premature death. The chemotherapy-related resistance of malignant colonocytes may be manifested in diverse mechanisms that may exist both prior to the onset of the therapy or after it. The ultimate function of this chemoresistance is to ensure the survival of malignant cells through continuing adaptation within an organism, therefore, the nature and spectrum of cell-survival strategies in CRC represent a highly significant target of scientific inquiry. Among these survival strategies employed by CRC cells, three unique but significantly linked phenomena stand out-epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), autophagy, and cell death. In this mini-review, current knowledge concerning all three mechanisms including their emergence, timeline, regulation, and mutual relationships will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Skarkova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Vera Kralova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Vitovcova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Emil Rudolf
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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21
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Gupta B, Ruttala HB, Poudel BK, Pathak S, Regmi S, Gautam M, Poudel K, Sung MH, Ou W, Jin SG, Jeong JH, Ku SK, Choi HG, Yong CS, Kim JO. Polyamino Acid Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Constructed Silica-Supported Mesoporous Titania Nanocarriers for Stimuli-Responsive Delivery of microRNA 708 and Paclitaxel for Combined Chemotherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:24392-24405. [PMID: 29978708 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular Fas-associated protein with death domain-like interleukin-1β-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP), often strongly expressed in numerous cancers, plays a pivotal role in thwarting apoptosis and inducing chemotherapy resistance in cancer. An integrated approach combining chemotherapy with suppression of c-FLIP levels could prove paramount in the treatment of cancers with c-FLIP overexpression. In this study, we utilized a polymeric layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of silica-supported mesoporous titania nanoparticles (MTNst) to co-deliver paclitaxel (PTX) and microRNA 708 (miR708) for simultaneous chemotherapy and c-FLIP suppression in colorectal carcinoma. The resulting LbL miR708/PTX-MTNst showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity in HCT-116 and DLD-1 colorectal carcinoma cell lines, which was remarkably superior to that of free PTX or LbL PTX-MTNst. LbL miR708/PTX-MTNst strongly inhibited c-FLIP expression and resulted in increased expression of proapoptotic proteins. In DLD-1 xenograft tumor-bearing mice, the nanoparticles accumulated in the tumor, resulting in remarkable tumor regression, with the PTX and miR708-loaded nanoparticles showing significantly greater inhibitory effects than the free PTX or PTX-loaded nanoparticles. Immunohistochemical analyses of the tumors further confirmed the remarkable apoptotic and antiproliferative effects of the nanoparticles, whereas organ histology reinforced the biocompatibility of the system. Therefore, the LbL miR708/PTX-MTNst system, owing to its ability to deliver both chemotherapeutic drug and inhibitory miRNA to the tumor site, shows great potential to treat colorectal carcinoma in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biki Gupta
- College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , 214-1, Dae-Dong , Gyeongsan 712-749 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hima Bindu Ruttala
- College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , 214-1, Dae-Dong , Gyeongsan 712-749 , Republic of Korea
| | - Bijay Kumar Poudel
- College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , 214-1, Dae-Dong , Gyeongsan 712-749 , Republic of Korea
| | - Shiva Pathak
- College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , 214-1, Dae-Dong , Gyeongsan 712-749 , Republic of Korea
| | - Shobha Regmi
- College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , 214-1, Dae-Dong , Gyeongsan 712-749 , Republic of Korea
| | - Milan Gautam
- College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , 214-1, Dae-Dong , Gyeongsan 712-749 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kishwor Poudel
- College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , 214-1, Dae-Dong , Gyeongsan 712-749 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hyun Sung
- College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , 214-1, Dae-Dong , Gyeongsan 712-749 , Republic of Korea
| | - Wenquan Ou
- College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , 214-1, Dae-Dong , Gyeongsan 712-749 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Giu Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Dankook University , 119 Dandae-ro , Dongnam-gu, Cheonan 31116 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Heon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , 214-1, Dae-Dong , Gyeongsan 712-749 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- College of Korean Medicine , Daegu Haany University , Gyeongsan 712-702 , Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Hanyang University , 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro , Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , 214-1, Dae-Dong , Gyeongsan 712-749 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , 214-1, Dae-Dong , Gyeongsan 712-749 , Republic of Korea
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22
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Alimbetov D, Askarova S, Umbayev B, Davis T, Kipling D. Pharmacological Targeting of Cell Cycle, Apoptotic and Cell Adhesion Signaling Pathways Implicated in Chemoresistance of Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061690. [PMID: 29882812 PMCID: PMC6032165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic drugs target a physiological differentiating feature of cancer cells as they tend to actively proliferate more than normal cells. They have well-known side-effects resulting from the death of highly proliferative normal cells in the gut and immune system. Cancer treatment has changed dramatically over the years owing to rapid advances in oncology research. Developments in cancer therapies, namely surgery, radiotherapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy and selective treatment methods due to better understanding of tumor characteristics, have significantly increased cancer survival. However, many chemotherapeutic regimes still fail, with 90% of the drug failures in metastatic cancer treatment due to chemoresistance, as cancer cells eventually develop resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Chemoresistance is caused through genetic mutations in various proteins involved in cellular mechanisms such as cell cycle, apoptosis and cell adhesion, and targeting those mechanisms could improve outcomes of cancer therapy. Recent developments in cancer treatment are focused on combination therapy, whereby cells are sensitized to chemotherapeutic agents using inhibitors of target pathways inducing chemoresistance thus, hopefully, overcoming the problems of drug resistance. In this review, we discuss the role of cell cycle, apoptosis and cell adhesion in cancer chemoresistance mechanisms, possible drugs to target these pathways and, thus, novel therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dauren Alimbetov
- Laboratory of bioengineering and regenerative medicine, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave, Z05H0P9 Astana, Kazakhstan.
| | - Sholpan Askarova
- Laboratory of bioengineering and regenerative medicine, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave, Z05H0P9 Astana, Kazakhstan.
| | - Bauyrzhan Umbayev
- Laboratory of bioengineering and regenerative medicine, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave, Z05H0P9 Astana, Kazakhstan.
| | - Terence Davis
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - David Kipling
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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23
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Crawford N, Salvucci M, Hellwig CT, Lincoln FA, Mooney RE, O'Connor CL, Prehn JH, Longley DB, Rehm M. Simulating and predicting cellular and in vivo responses of colon cancer to combined treatment with chemotherapy and IAP antagonist Birinapant/TL32711. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1952-1966. [PMID: 29500433 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis resistance contributes to treatment failure in colorectal cancer (CRC). New treatments that reinstate apoptosis competency have potential to improve patient outcome but require predictive biomarkers to target them to responsive patient populations. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) suppress apoptosis, contributing to drug resistance; IAP antagonists such as TL32711 have therefore been developed. We developed a systems biology approach for predicting response of CRC cells to chemotherapy and TL32711 combinations in vitro and in vivo. CRC cells responded poorly to TL32711 monotherapy in vitro; however, co-treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin enhanced TL32711-induced apoptosis. Notably, cells from genetically identical populations responded highly heterogeneously, with caspases being activated both upstream and downstream of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation (MOMP). These data, combined with quantities of key apoptosis regulators were sufficient to replicate in vitro cell death profiles by mathematical modelling. In vivo, apoptosis protein expression was significantly altered, and mathematical modelling for these conditions predicted higher apoptosis resistance that could nevertheless be overcome by combination of chemotherapy and TL32711. Subsequent experimental observations agreed with these predictions, and the observed effects on tumour growth inhibition correlated robustly with apoptosis competency. We therefore obtained insights into intracellular signal transduction kinetics and their population-based heterogeneities for chemotherapy/TL32711 combinations and provide proof-of-concept that mathematical modelling of apoptosis competency can simulate and predict responsiveness in vivo. Being able to predict response to IAP antagonist-based treatments on the background of cell-to-cell heterogeneities in the future might assist in improving treatment stratification approaches for these emerging apoptosis-targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyree Crawford
- Cell Death & Drug Resistance Group, Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Manuela Salvucci
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christian T Hellwig
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank A Lincoln
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ruth E Mooney
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Carla L O'Connor
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jochen Hm Prehn
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Daniel B Longley
- Cell Death & Drug Resistance Group, Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Markus Rehm
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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24
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Gates-Tanzer LT, Shisler JL. Cellular FLIP long isoform (cFLIP L)-IKKα interactions inhibit IRF7 activation, representing a new cellular strategy to inhibit IFNα expression. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:1745-1755. [PMID: 29222334 PMCID: PMC5798304 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon α (IFNα) is important for antiviral and anticancer defenses. However, overproduction is associated with autoimmune disorders. Thus, the cell must precisely up- and down-regulate IFNα to achieve immune system homeostasis. The cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFLIP) is reported to inhibit IFNα production. However, the mechanism for this antagonism remained unknown. The goal here was to identify this mechanism. Here we examined the signal transduction events that occur during TLR9-induced IRF7 activation. The cFLIP long isoform (cFLIPL) inhibited the expression of IRF7-controlled natural or synthetic genes in several cell lines, including those with abundant IRF7 protein levels (e.g. dendritic cells). cFLIPL inhibited IRF7 phosphorylation; however, cFLIPL-IRF7 interactions were not detectable, implying that cFLIPL acted upstream of IRF7 dimerization. Interestingly, cFLIPL co-immunoprecipitated with IKKα, and these interactions correlated with a loss of IKKα-IRF7 interactions. Thus, cFLIP appears to bind to IKKα to prevent IKKα from phosphorylating and activating IRF7. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a cellular protein that uses this approach to inhibit IRF7 activation. Perhaps this cFLIP property could be engineered to minimize the deleterious effects of IFNα expression that occur during certain autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna L Shisler
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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25
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Hutchinson RA, Coleman HG, Gately K, Young V, Nicholson S, Cummins R, Kay E, Hynes SO, Dunne PD, Senevirathne S, Hamilton PW, McArt DG, Longley DB. IHC-based subcellular quantification provides new insights into prognostic relevance of FLIP and procaspase-8 in non-small-cell lung cancer. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17050. [PMID: 28904817 PMCID: PMC5594421 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed an image analysis algorithm for quantification of two potential apoptotic biomarkers in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): FLIP and procaspase-8. Immunohistochemical expression of FLIP and procaspase-8 in 184 NSCLC tumors were assessed. Individual patient cores were segmented and classified as tumor and stroma using the Definiens Tissue Studio. Subsequently, chromogenic expression of each biomarker was measured separately in the nucleus and cytoplasm and reported as a quantitative histological score. The software package pROC was applied to define biomarker thresholds. Cox proportional hazards analysis was applied to generate hazard ratios (HRs) and associated 95% CI for survival. High cytoplasmic expression of tumoral (but not stromal) FLIP was associated with a 2.5-fold increased risk of death in lung adenocarcinoma patients, even when adjusted for known confounders (HR 2.47, 95% CI 1.14–5.35). Neither nuclear nor cytoplasmic tumoral procaspase-8 expression was associated with overall survival in lung adenocarcinoma patients; however, there was a significant trend (P for trend=0.03) for patients with adenocarcinomas with both high cytoplasmic FLIP and high cytoplasmic procaspase-8 to have a multiplicative increased risk of death. Notably, high stromal nuclear procaspase-8 expression was associated with a reduced risk of death in lung adenocarcinoma patients (adjusted HR 0.31, 95% CI 0.15–0.66). On further examination, the cells with high nuclear procaspase-8 were found to be of lymphoid origin, suggesting that the better prognosis of patients with tumors with high stromal nuclear procaspase-8 is related to immune infiltration, a known favorable prognostic factor. No significant associations were detected in analysis of lung squamous cell carcinoma patients. Our results suggest that cytoplasmic expression of FLIP in the tumor and nuclear expression of procaspase-8 in the stroma are prognostically relevant in non-small-cell adenocarcinomas but not in squamous cell carcinomas of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Hutchinson
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Helen G Coleman
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Kathy Gately
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vincent Young
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhan Nicholson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert Cummins
- Department of Pathology, Education and Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elaine Kay
- Department of Pathology, Education and Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean O Hynes
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Philip D Dunne
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Seedevi Senevirathne
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter W Hamilton
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Darragh G McArt
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Daniel B Longley
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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26
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McLaughlin KA, Nemeth Z, Bradley CA, Humphreys L, Stasik I, Fenning C, Majkut J, Higgins C, Crawford N, Holohan C, Johnston PG, Harrison T, Hanna GG, Butterworth KT, Prise KM, Longley DB. FLIP: A Targetable Mediator of Resistance to Radiation in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2432-2441. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Tian F, Hu Y, Sun X, Lu G, Li Y, Yang J, Tao J. Suppression of c‑FLIPL promotes JNK activation in malignant melanoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2904-8. [PMID: 26847085 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The up‑regulation of cellular Fas‑associated death domain‑like interleukin‑1β‑converting enzyme (FLICE)‑like inhibitory protein (c‑FLIP) has been reported in various tumor types, and has been previously shown to be associated with the clinicopathological features of melanoma. To assess its potential role in cancer therapy, the present study evaluated the effects of short hairpin (sh)RNAs of different c‑FLIP isoforms on cellular proliferation and c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. Human c‑FLIP shRNA plasmids were constructed and transfected into the A875 melanoma cell line. It was observed that c‑FLIP shRNA exhibited strong inhibitory effects against the levels of phosphorylated‑JNK and inhibited cellular proliferation in A875 cells. Thus, this indicated that c‑FLIP long form shRNA serves a specific inhibitory role in cellular proliferation through inducing the activation of the JNK pathway in A875 cells. The present study provided insight into the development of RNAi based therapies for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Tian
- Department of Dermatology, Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450015, P.R. China
| | - Yange Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450015, P.R. China
| | - Xixi Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450015, P.R. China
| | - Gaihui Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450015, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Juan Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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28
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Silva VC, Plooster M, Leung JC, Cassimeris L. A delay prior to mitotic entry triggers caspase 8-dependent cell death in p53-deficient Hela and HCT-116 cells. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:1070-81. [PMID: 25602147 PMCID: PMC4612104 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1007781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stathmin/Oncoprotein 18, a microtubule destabilizing protein, is required for survival of p53-deficient cells. Stathmin-depleted cells are slower to enter mitosis, but whether delayed mitotic entry triggers cell death or whether stathmin has a separate pro-survival function was unknown. To test these possibilities, we abrogated the cell cycle delay by inhibiting Wee1 in synchronized, stathmin-depleted cells and found that apoptosis was reduced to control levels. Synchronized cells treated with a 4 hour pulse of inhibitors to CDK1 or both Aurora A and PLK1 delayed mitotic entry and apoptosis was triggered only in p53-deficient cells. We did not detect mitotic defects downstream of the delayed mitotic entry, indicating that cell death is activated by a mechanism distinct from those activated by prolonged mitotic arrest. Cell death is triggered by initiator caspase 8, based on its cleavage to the active form and by rescue of viability after caspase 8 depletion or treatment with a caspase 8 inhibitor. In contrast, initiator caspase 9, activated by prolonged mitotic arrest, is not activated and is not required for apoptosis under our experimental conditions. P53 upregulates expression of cFLIPL, a protein that blocks caspase 8 activation. cFLIPL levels are lower in cells lacking p53 and these levels are reduced to a greater extent after stathmin depletion. Expression of FLAG-tagged cFLIPL in p53-deficient cells rescues them from apoptosis triggered by stathmin depletion or CDK1 inhibition during G2. These data indicate that a cell cycle delay in G2 activates caspase 8 to initiate apoptosis specifically in p53-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Silva
- a Department of Biological Sciences ; Lehigh University ; Bethlehem , PA USA
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29
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Gaidos G, Panaitiu AE, Guo B, Pellegrini M, Mierke DF. Identification and Characterization of the Interaction Site between cFLIPL and Calmodulin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141692. [PMID: 26529318 PMCID: PMC4631386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFLIP) has been reported in a number of tumor types. As an inactive procaspase-8 homologue, cFLIP is recruited to the intracellular assembly known as the Death Inducing Signaling Complex (DISC) where it inhibits apoptosis, leading to cancer cell proliferation. Here we characterize the molecular details of the interaction between cFLIPL and calmodulin, a ubiquitous calcium sensing protein. By expressing the individual domains of cFLIPL, we demonstrate that the interaction with calmodulin is mediated by the N-terminal death effector domain (DED1) of cFLIPL. Additionally, we mapped the interaction to a specific region of the C-terminus of DED1, referred to as DED1 R4. By designing DED1/DED2 chimeric constructs in which the homologous R4 regions of the two domains were swapped, calmodulin binding properties were transferred to DED2 and removed from DED1. Furthermore, we show that the isolated DED1 R4 peptide binds to calmodulin and solve the structure of the peptide-protein complex using NMR and computational refinement. Finally, we demonstrate an interaction between cFLIPL and calmodulin in cancer cell lysates. In summary, our data implicate calmodulin as a potential player in DISC-mediated apoptosis and provide evidence for a specific interaction with the DED1 of cFLIPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gaidos
- Chemistry Department, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | | | - Bingqian Guo
- Chemistry Department, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Maria Pellegrini
- Chemistry Department, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Dale F. Mierke
- Chemistry Department, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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SOPHONNITHIPRASERT THANET, NILWARANGKOON SIRINUN, NAKAMURA YUKIO, WATANAPOKASIN RAMIDA. Goniothalamin enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells through DR5 upregulation and cFLIP downregulation. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:2188-96. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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31
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Carson R, Celtikci B, Fenning C, Javadi A, Crawford N, Carbonell LP, Lawler M, Longley DB, Johnston PG, Van Schaeybroeck S. HDAC Inhibition Overcomes Acute Resistance to MEK Inhibition in BRAF-Mutant Colorectal Cancer by Downregulation of c-FLIPL. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3230-3240. [PMID: 25813020 PMCID: PMC4504978 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Activating mutations in the BRAF oncogene are found in 8% to 15% of colorectal cancer patients and have been associated with poor survival. In contrast with BRAF-mutant (MT) melanoma, inhibition of the MAPK pathway is ineffective in the majority of BRAFMT colorectal cancer patients. Therefore, identification of novel therapies for BRAFMT colorectal cancer is urgently needed. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN BRAFMT and wild-type (WT) colorectal cancer models were assessed in vitro and in vivo. Small-molecule inhibitors of MEK1/2, MET, and HDAC were used, overexpression and siRNA approaches were applied, and cell death was assessed by flow cytometry, Western blotting, cell viability, and caspase activity assays. RESULTS Increased c-MET-STAT3 signaling was identified as a novel adaptive resistance mechanism to MEK inhibitors (MEKi) in BRAFMT colorectal cancer models in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, MEKi treatment resulted in acute increases in transcription of the endogenous caspase-8 inhibitor c-FLIPL in BRAFMT cells, but not in BRAFWT cells, and inhibition of STAT3 activity abrogated MEKi-induced c-FLIPL expression. In addition, treatment with c-FLIP-specific siRNA or HDAC inhibitors abrogated MEKi-induced upregulation of c-FLIPL expression and resulted in significant increases in MEKi-induced cell death in BRAFMT colorectal cancer cells. Notably, combined HDAC inhibitor/MEKi treatment resulted in dramatically attenuated tumor growth in BRAFMT xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that c-MET/STAT3-dependent upregulation of c-FLIPL expression is an important escape mechanism following MEKi treatment in BRAFMT colorectal cancer. Thus, combinations of MEKi with inhibitors of c-MET or c-FLIP (e.g., HDAC inhibitors) could be potential novel treatment strategies for BRAFMT colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbie Carson
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Basak Celtikci
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Cathy Fenning
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Arman Javadi
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Nyree Crawford
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Lucia Perez Carbonell
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Mark Lawler
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Daniel B. Longley
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Patrick G. Johnston
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Sandra Van Schaeybroeck
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
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Zeng L, Hu C, Zhang F, Xu DC, Cui MZ, Xu X. Cellular FLICE-like Inhibitory Protein (c-FLIP) and PS1-associated Protein (PSAP) Mediate Presenilin 1-induced γ-Secretase-dependent and -independent Apoptosis, Respectively. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18269-80. [PMID: 26025363 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.640177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin 1 (PS1) has been implicated in apoptosis; however, its mechanism remains elusive. We report that PS1-induced apoptosis was associated with cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) turnover and that γ-secretase inhibitor blocked c-FLIP turnover and also partially blocked PS1-induced apoptosis. A complete inhibition of PS1-induced apoptosis was achieved by knockdown of PS1-associated protein (PSAP), a mitochondrial proapoptotic protein that forms a complex with Bax upon induction of apoptosis, in the presence of γ-secretase inhibitor. PS1-induced apoptosis was partially inhibited by knockdown of caspase-8, Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD), or Bid. However, knockdown of Bax or overexpression of Bcl-2 resulted in complete inhibition of PS1-induced apoptosis. These data suggest that PS1 induces apoptosis through two pathways: the γ-secretase-dependent pathway mediated by turnover of c-FLIP and the γ-secretase-independent pathway mediated by PSAP-Bax complex formation. These two pathways converge on Bax to activate mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. These findings provide new insight into the mechanisms by which PS1 is involved in apoptosis and the mechanism by which PS1 exerts its pathogenic effects. In addition, our results suggest that PS2 induces apoptosis through a pathway that is different from that of PS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zeng
- From the Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and
| | - Chen Hu
- From the Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and the Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 and
| | - Fuqiang Zhang
- From the Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and
| | - Daniel C Xu
- the Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Mei-Zhen Cui
- From the Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and
| | - Xuemin Xu
- From the Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and
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Saturno G, Valenti M, De Haven Brandon A, Thomas GV, Eccles S, Clarke PA, Workman P. Combining trail with PI3 kinase or HSP90 inhibitors enhances apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells via suppression of survival signaling. Oncotarget 2014; 4:1185-98. [PMID: 23852390 PMCID: PMC3787150 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
TRAIL has been shown to induce apoptosis in cancer cells, but in some cases they fail to respond to this ligand. We explored the ability of representative phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3 Kinase)/mTOR and HSP90 inhibitors to overcome TRAIL resistance by increasing apoptosis in colorectal cancer models. We determined the sensitivity of 27 human colorectal cancer and 2 non-transformed colon epithelial cell lines to TRAIL treatment. A subset of the cancer cell lines with a range of responses to TRAIL was selected from the panel for treatment with TRAIL combined with the PI3 Kinase/mTOR inhibitor PI-103 or the HSP90 inhibitor 17-AAG (tanespimycin). Two TRAIL-resistant cell lines were selected for in vivo combination studies with TRAIL and 17-AAG. We found that 13 colorectal cancer cell lines and the 2 non-transformed colon epithelial cell lines were resistant to TRAIL. We demonstrated that co-treatment of TRAIL and PI-103 or 17-AAG was synergistic or additive and significantly enhanced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. This was associated with decreased expression or activity of survival protein biomarkers such as ERBB2, AKT, IKKα and XIAP. In contrast, the effect of the combination treatments in non-transformed colon cells was minimal. We show here for the first time that co-treatment in vivo with TRAIL and 17-AAG in two TRAIL-resistant human colorectal cancer xenograft models resulted in significantly greater tumor growth inhibition compared to single treatments. We propose that combining TRAIL with PI3 Kinase/mTOR or HSP90 inhibitors has therapeutic potential in the treatment of TRAIL-resistant colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Saturno
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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34
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Novell A, Martínez-Alonso M, Mira M, Tarragona J, Salud A, Matias-Guiu X. Prognostic value of c-FLIPL/s, HIF-1α, and NF-κβ in stage II and III rectal cancer. Virchows Arch 2014; 464:645-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Wang YW, Liou NH, Cherng JH, Chang SJ, Ma KH, Fu E, Liu JC, Dai NT. siRNA-targeting transforming growth factor-β type I receptor reduces wound scarring and extracellular matrix deposition of scar tissue. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2016-2025. [PMID: 24670383 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scarring is related to persistent activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling. In the TGF-β/Smad signaling cascade, the TGF-β type I receptor (TGFBRI) phosphorylates Smad proteins to induce fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition. In this study, we inhibited TGFBRI gene expression via TGFBRI small interfering RNA (siRNA) to reduce fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition. Our results demonstrate that downregulating TGFBRI expression in cultured human hypertrophic scar fibroblasts significantly suppressed cell proliferation and reduced type I collagen, type III collagen, fibronectin, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA, and type I collagen and fibronectin protein expression. In addition, we applied TGFBRI siRNA to wound granulation tissue in a rabbit model of hypertrophic scarring. Downregulating TGFBRI expression reduced wound scarring, the extracellular matrix deposition of scar tissue, and decreased CTGF and α-smooth muscle actin mRNA expression in vivo. These results suggest that TGFBRI siRNA could be applied clinically to prevent hypertrophic scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China; Burn Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Nien-Hsien Liou
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Juin-Hong Cherng
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Jen Chang
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Hsing Ma
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Earl Fu
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Chuan Liu
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Niann-Tzyy Dai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4): a targetable regulator of drug resistance in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1046. [PMID: 24503538 PMCID: PMC3944229 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of underlying mechanisms of drug resistance, and the development of novel agents to target these pathways, is a priority for patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). We previously undertook a systems biology approach to design a functional genomic screen and identified fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) as a potential mediator of drug resistance. The aim of this study was to examine the role of FGFR4 in drug resistance using RNAi and the small-molecule inhibitor BGJ398 (Novartis). We found that FGFR4 is highly expressed at the RNA and protein levels in colon cancer tumour tissue compared with normal colonic mucosa and other tumours. Silencing of FGFR4 reduced cell viability in a panel of colon cancer cell lines and increased caspase-dependent apoptosis. A synergistic interaction was also observed between FGFR4 silencing and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin chemotherapy in colon cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, FGFR4 silencing decreased activity of the pro-survival STAT3 transcription factor and expression of the anti-apoptotic protein c-FLIP. Furthermore, silencing of STAT3 resulted in downregulation of c-FLIP protein expression, suggesting that FGFR4 may regulate c-FLIP expression via STAT3. A similar phenotype and downstream pathway changes were observed following FGFR4 silencing in cell lines resistant to 5-FU, oxaliplatin and SN38 and upon exposure of parental cells to the FGFR small-molecule inhibitor BGJ398. Our results indicate that FGFR4 is a targetable regulator of chemo-resistance in CRC, and hence inhibiting FGFR4 in combination with 5-FU and oxaliplatin is a potential therapeutic strategy for this disease.
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37
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Riley JS, Hutchinson R, McArt DG, Crawford N, Holohan C, Paul I, Van Schaeybroeck S, Salto-Tellez M, Johnston PG, Fennell DA, Gately K, O'Byrne K, Cummins R, Kay E, Hamilton P, Stasik I, Longley DB. Prognostic and therapeutic relevance of FLIP and procaspase-8 overexpression in non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e951. [PMID: 24309938 PMCID: PMC3877552 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung carcinoma remains by far the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Overexpression of FLIP, which blocks the extrinsic apoptotic pathway by inhibiting caspase-8 activation, has been identified in various cancers. We investigated FLIP and procaspase-8 expression in NSCLC and the effect of HDAC inhibitors on FLIP expression, activation of caspase-8 and drug resistance in NSCLC and normal lung cell line models. Immunohistochemical analysis of cytoplasmic and nuclear FLIP and procaspase-8 protein expression was carried out using a novel digital pathology approach. Both FLIP and procaspase-8 were found to be significantly overexpressed in tumours, and importantly, high cytoplasmic expression of FLIP significantly correlated with shorter overall survival. Treatment with HDAC inhibitors targeting HDAC1-3 downregulated FLIP expression predominantly via post-transcriptional mechanisms, and this resulted in death receptor- and caspase-8-dependent apoptosis in NSCLC cells, but not normal lung cells. In addition, HDAC inhibitors synergized with TRAIL and cisplatin in NSCLC cells in a FLIP- and caspase-8-dependent manner. Thus, FLIP and procaspase-8 are overexpressed in NSCLC, and high cytoplasmic FLIP expression is indicative of poor prognosis. Targeting high FLIP expression using HDAC1–3 selective inhibitors such as entinostat to exploit high procaspase-8 expression in NSCLC has promising therapeutic potential, particularly when used in combination with TRAIL receptor-targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Riley
- Drug Resistance Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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38
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Zhang L, Yu J. Role of apoptosis in colon cancer biology, therapy, and prevention. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2013; 9:10.1007/s11888-013-0188-z. [PMID: 24273467 PMCID: PMC3836193 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-013-0188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of apoptosis is a hallmark of human cancer and contributes to therapeutic resistance. Recent advances in cancer genomics reveal a myriad of alterations in key pathways that directly or indirectly increase tumor cell survival. This review will outline the pathways of apoptosis in mammalian cells, and highlight the common alterations of apoptosis regulators found in colon cancer, the role of apoptosis and underlying mechanisms in colon cancer treatment and prevention, including recent advances on investigational agents, such as kinase inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, HSP90 inhibitors, BH3 mimetics, TRAIL, and IAP antagonists. Topics will also include novel concepts, as well as opportunities and challenges for drug discovery and combination therapy by exploring cancer-specific genetic defects, and therefore selective induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. Although the emphasis is on colon cancer, the main theme and many of the aspects are applicable to other solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Jian Yu
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
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Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that proteasome inhibition sensitizes TRAIL resistant prostate cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis via stabilization of the active p18 subunit of caspase-8. The present study investigated the impact of proteasome inhibition on caspase-8 stability, ubiquitination, trafficking, and activation in cancer cells. Using caspase-8 deficient neuroblastoma (NB7) cells for reconstituting non-cleavable mutant forms of caspase-8, we demonstrated that the non-cleavable forms of caspase-8 are capable of inducing apoptosis comparably to wild-type caspase-8, in response to proteasome inhibitor and GST-TRAIL. Moreover in the LNCaP human prostate cancer cells, caspase-8 polyubiquitination occurs after TRAIL stimulation and caspase-8 processing. Subcellular fractionation analysis revealed caspase-8 activity in both cytosol and plasma membrane fractions in both NB7 reconstituted caspase-8 cell lines, as well the LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The present results suggest that caspase-8 stabilization through proteasome inhibition leads to reactivation of the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis and identify E3 ligase mediating caspase-8 polyubiquitination, as a novel molecular target. Inhibition of this E3 ligase in combination with TRAIL towards restoring apoptosis signaling activation may have potential therapeutic significance in resistant tumors.
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40
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Abstract
Cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1beta-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is a major resistance factor and critical anti-apoptotic regulator that inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), Fas-L, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis as well as chemotherapy-triggered apoptosis in malignant cells. c-FLIP is expressed as long (c-FLIP(L)), short (c-FLIP(S)), and c-FLIP(R) splice variants in human cells. c-FLIP binds to FADD and/or caspase-8 or -10 in a ligand-dependent and-independent fashion, which in turn prevents death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) formation and subsequent activation of the caspase cascade. Moreover, c-FLIP(L) and c-FLIP(S) are known to have multifunctional roles in various signaling pathways, as well as activating and/or upregulating several cytoprotective signaling molecules. Upregulation of c-FLIP has been found in various tumor types, and its downregulation has been shown to restore apoptosis triggered by cytokines and various chemotherapeutic agents. Hence, c-FLIP is an important target for cancer therapy. For example, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that specifically knockdown the expression of c-FLIP(L) in diverse human cancer cell lines augmented TRAIL-induced DISC recruitment and increased the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, thereby enhancing effector caspase stimulation and apoptosis. Moreover, small molecules causing degradation of c-FLIP as well as decreasing mRNA and protein levels of c-FLIP(L) and c-FLIP(S) splice variants have been found, and efforts are underway to develop other c-FLIP-targeted cancer therapies. This review focuses on (1) the functional role of c-FLIP splice variants in preventing apoptosis and inducing cytokine and drug resistance; (2) the molecular mechanisms that regulate c-FLIP expression; and (3) strategies to inhibit c-FLIP expression and function.
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Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy and molecularly targeted therapies is a major problem facing current cancer research. The mechanisms of resistance to 'classical' cytotoxic chemotherapeutics and to therapies that are designed to be selective for specific molecular targets share many features, such as alterations in the drug target, activation of prosurvival pathways and ineffective induction of cell death. With the increasing arsenal of anticancer agents, improving preclinical models and the advent of powerful high-throughput screening techniques, there are now unprecedented opportunities to understand and overcome drug resistance through the clinical assessment of rational therapeutic drug combinations and the use of predictive biomarkers to enable patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitriona Holohan
- Drug Resistance Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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42
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Song X, Kim SY, Lee YJ. Evidence for two modes of synergistic induction of apoptosis by mapatumumab and oxaliplatin in combination with hyperthermia in human colon cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73654. [PMID: 24013390 PMCID: PMC3754951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world--the main cause of death from colorectal cancer is hepatic metastases, which can be treated with isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP). Searching for the most clinically relevant approaches for treating colorectal metastatic disease by isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP), we developed the application of oxaliplatin concomitantly with hyperthermia and humanized death receptor 4 (DR4) antibody mapatumumab (Mapa), and investigated the molecular mechanisms of this multimodality treatment in human colon cancer cell lines CX-1 and HCT116 as well as human colon cancer stem cells Tu-12, Tu-21 and Tu-22. We showed here, in this study, that the synergistic effect of the multimodality treatment-induced apoptosis was caspase dependent and activated death signaling via both the extrinsic apoptotic pathway and the intrinsic pathway. Death signaling was activated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling which led to Bcl-xL phosphorylation at serine 62, decreasing the anti-apoptotic activity of Bcl-xL, which contributed to the intrinsic pathway. The downregulation of cellular FLICE inhibitory protein long isoform (c-FLIPL) in the extrinsic pathway was accomplished through ubiquitination at lysine residue (K) 195 and protein synthesis inhibition. Overexpression of c-FLIPL mutant (K195R) and Bcl-xL mutant (S62A) completely abrogated the synergistic effect. The successful outcome of this study supports the application of multimodality strategy to patients with colorectal hepatic metastases who fail to respond to standard chemoradiotherapy that predominantly targets the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Song
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Seog-Young Kim
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yong J. Lee
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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SAHA overcomes FLIP-mediated inhibition of SMAC mimetic-induced apoptosis in mesothelioma. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e733. [PMID: 23868066 PMCID: PMC3730428 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly pro-inflammatory malignancy that is rapidly fatal and increasing in incidence. Cytokine signaling within the pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment makes a critical contribution to the development of MPM and its resistance to conventional chemotherapy approaches. SMAC mimetic compounds (SMCs) are a promising class of anticancer drug that are dependent on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) signaling for their activity. As circulating TNFα expression is significantly elevated in MPM patients, we examined the sensitivity of MPM cell line models to SMCs. Surprisingly, all MPM cell lines assessed were highly resistant to SMCs either alone or when incubated in the presence of clinically relevant levels of TNFα. Further analyses revealed that MPM cells were sensitized to SMC-induced apoptosis by siRNA-mediated downregulation of the caspase 8 inhibitor FLIP, an antiapoptotic protein overexpressed in several cancer types including MPM. We have previously reported that FLIP expression is potently downregulated in MPM cells in response to the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) Vorinostat (SAHA). In this study, we demonstrate that SAHA sensitizes MPM cells to SMCs in a manner dependent on its ability to downregulate FLIP. Although treatment with SMC in the presence of TNFα promoted interaction between caspase 8 and the necrosis-promoting RIPK1, the cell death induced by combined treatment with SAHA and SMC was apoptotic and mediated by caspase 8. These results indicate that FLIP is a major inhibitor of SMC-mediated apoptosis in MPM, but that this inhibition can be overcome by the HDACi SAHA.
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Song X, Kim SY, Zhou Z, Lagasse E, Kwon YT, Lee YJ. Hyperthermia enhances mapatumumab-induced apoptotic death through ubiquitin-mediated degradation of cellular FLIP(long) in human colon cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e577. [PMID: 23559011 PMCID: PMC3641327 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world; the main cause of death of colorectal cancer is hepatic metastases, which can be treated with hyperthermia using isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP). In this study, we report that mild hyperthermia potently reduced cellular FLIP(long), (c-FLIP(L)), a major regulator of the death receptor (DR) pathway of apoptosis, thereby enhancing humanized anti-DR4 antibody mapatumumab (Mapa)-mediated mitochondria-independent apoptosis. We observed that overexpression of c-FLIP(L) in CX-1 cells abrogated the synergistic effect of Mapa and hyperthermia, whereas silencing of c-FLIP in CX-1 cells enhanced Mapa-induced apoptosis. Hyperthermia altered c-FLIP(L) protein stability without concomitant reductions in FLIP mRNA. Ubiquitination of c-FLIP(L) was increased by hyperthermia, and proteasome inhibitor MG132 prevented heat-induced downregulation of c-FLIP(L). These results suggest the involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in this process. We also found lysine residue 195 (K195) to be essential for c-FLIP(L) ubiquitination and proteolysis, as mutant c-FLIP(L) lysine 195 arginine (arginine replacing lysine) was left virtually un-ubiquitinated and was refractory to hyperthermia-triggered degradation, and thus partially blocked the synergistic effect of Mapa and hyperthermia. Our observations reveal that hyperthermia transiently reduced c-FLIP(L) by proteolysis linked to K195 ubiquitination, which contributed to the synergistic effect between Mapa and hyperthermia. This study supports the application of hyperthermia combined with other regimens to treat colorectal hepatic metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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45
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Pennarun B, Kleibeuker JH, Boersma-van Ek W, Kruyt FAE, Hollema H, de Vries EGE, de Jong S. Targeting FLIP and Mcl-1 using a combination of aspirin and sorafenib sensitizes colon cancer cells to TRAIL. J Pathol 2013; 229:410-21. [PMID: 23132258 DOI: 10.1002/path.4138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib is highly effective against certain types of cancer in the clinic and prevents colon cancer cell proliferation in vitro. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), have shown activity against colon cancer cells. The aims of this study were to determine whether the combination of aspirin with sorafenib has enhanced anti-proliferative effects and increases recombinant human tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (rhTRAIL)-induced apoptosis in the human SW948, Lovo, Colo205, Colo320, Caco-2 and HCT116 colon cancer cell lines. In four cell lines, aspirin strongly stimulated the anti-proliferative effects of sorafenib (∼four-fold enhancement) by inducing cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, combining low doses of aspirin (≤ 5 mm) and sorafenib (≤ 2.5 µm) greatly sensitized TRAIL-sensitive and TRAIL-resistant colon cancer cells to rhTRAIL, much more potently than either drug combined with rhTRAIL. The increase in rhTRAIL sensitivity was due to inhibition of FLIP and Mcl-1 protein expression following aspirin and sorafenib co-treatment, as confirmed by knock-down studies. Next, the clinical relevance of targeting FLIP and Mcl-1 in colon cancer was examined. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that Mcl-1 expression was significantly increased in colon adenoma and carcinoma patient material compared to healthy colonic epithelium, similar to the enhanced FLIP expression we recently observed in colon cancer. These results underscore the potential of combining low doses of aspirin with sorafenib to inhibit proliferation and target the anti-apoptotic proteins FLIP and Mcl-1 in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodvael Pennarun
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands
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Wang Q, Sun W, Hao X, Li T, Su L, Liu X. Down-regulation of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (Long Form) contributes to apoptosis induced by Hsp90 inhibition in human lung cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2012; 12:54. [PMID: 23256568 PMCID: PMC3558364 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-12-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular FLICE-Inhibitory Protein (long form, c-FLIPL) is a critical negative regulator of death receptor-mediated apoptosis. Overexpression of c-FLIPL has been reported in many cancer cell lines and is associated with chemoresistance. In contrast, down-regulation of c-FLIP may drive cancer cells into cellular apoptosis. This study aims to demonstrate that inhibition of the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) either by inhibitors geldanamycin/17-N-Allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (GA/17-AAG) or siRNA technique in human lung cancer cells induces c-FLIPL degradation and cellular apoptosis through C-terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP)-mediated mechanisms. Methods Calu-1 and H157 cell lines (including H157-c-FLIPL overexpressing c-FLIPL and control cell H157-lacZ) were treated with 17-AAG and the cell lysates were prepared to detect the given proteins by Western Blot and the cell survival was assayed by SRB assay. CHIP and Hsp90 α/β proteins were knocked down by siRNA technique. CHIP and c-FLIPL plasmids were transfected into cells and immunoprecipitation experiments were performed to testify the interactions between c-FLIPL, CHIP and Hsp90. Results c-FLIPL down-regulation induced by 17-AAG can be reversed with the proteasome inhibitor MG132, which suggested that c-FLIPL degradation is mediated by a ubiquitin-proteasome system. Inhibition of Hsp90α/β reduced c-FLIPL level, whereas knocking down CHIP expression with siRNA technique inhibited c-FLIPL degradation. Furthermore, c-FLIPL and CHIP were co-precipitated in the IP complexes. In addition, overexpression of c-FLIPL can rescue cancer cells from apoptosis. When 17-AAG was combined with an anti-cancer agent celecoxib(CCB), c-FLIPL level declined further and there was a higher degree of caspase activation. Conclusion We have elucidated c-FLIPL degradation contributes to apoptosis induced by Hsp90 inhibition, suggesting c-FLIP and Hsp90 may be the promising combined targets in human lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Liaocheng University School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wendong Sun
- The Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuexi Hao
- The Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tianliang Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ling Su
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangguo Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong University School of Life Sciences, Room103, South Building, 27 Shandananlu Road, Jinan, 250100, China
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Paul I, Chacko AD, Stasik I, Busacca S, Crawford N, McCoy F, McTavish N, Wilson B, Barr M, O'Byrne KJ, Longley DB, Fennell DA. Acquired differential regulation of caspase-8 in cisplatin-resistant non-small-cell lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e449. [PMID: 23254292 PMCID: PMC3542622 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Failure to efficiently induce apoptosis contributes to cisplatin resistance in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX) and BCL-2 antagonist killer (BAK) are critical regulators of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, their requirement has not been robustly established in relation to cisplatin. Here, we show that cisplatin can efficiently bypass mitochondrial apoptosis block caused by loss of BAX and BAK, via activation of the extrinsic death receptor pathway in some model cell lines. Apoptosis resistance following cisplatin can only be observed when both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways are blocked, consistent with redundancy between mitochondrial and death receptor pathways in cisplatin-induced apoptosis. In H460 NSCLC cells, caspase-8 cleavage was shown to be induced by cisplatin and is dependent on death receptor 4, death receptor 5, Fas-associated protein with death domain, acid sphingomyelinase and ceramide synthesis. In contrast, cisplatin-resistant cells fail to activate caspase-8 via this pathway despite conserving sensitivity to death ligand-driven activation. Accordingly, caspase-8 activation block acquired during cisplatin resistance, can be bypassed by death receptor agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Paul
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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McLornan D, Hay J, McLaughlin K, Holohan C, Burnett AK, Hills RK, Johnston PG, Mills KI, McMullin MF, Longley DB, Gilkes A. Prognostic and therapeutic relevance of c-FLIP in acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2012; 160:188-98. [PMID: 23167276 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a major contributor to the aggressiveness of AML and is often due to insufficient apoptosis. The CFLAR gene is expressed as long and short splice forms encoding the anti-apoptotic proteins c-FLIP(L) and c-FLIP(S) (CFLAR(L) and CFLAR(S) , respectively) that play important roles in drug resistance. In univariate analyses of CFLAR mRNA expression in adult AML patients, those individuals with higher than median mRNA expression of the long splice form CFLAR(L) (but not the short splice form) had significantly lower 3 year overall survival (P = 0·04) compared to those with low expression. In cell line studies, simultaneous down-regulation of c-FLIP(L) and c-FLIP(S) proteins using siRNA induced apoptosis in U937 and NB-4 AML cells, but not K562 or OCI-AML3 cells. However, dual c-FLIP(L/S) downregulation sensitized all four cell lines to apoptosis induced by recombinant tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (rTRAIL). Moreover, specific downregulation of c-FLIP(L) was found to recapitulate the phenotypic effects of dual c-FLIP(L/S) downregulation. The histone deacetylase (HDAC)1/2/3/6 inhibitor Vorinostat was found to potently down-regulate c-FLIP(L) expression by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms and to sensitize AML cells to rTRAIL. Further analyses using more selective HDAC inhibitors revealed that HDAC6 inhibition was not required for c-FLIP(L) down-regulation. These results suggest that c-FLIP(L) may have clinical relevance both as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for HDAC inhibitors in AML although this requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal McLornan
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Stevenson L, Allen WL, Turkington R, Jithesh PV, Proutski I, Stewart G, Lenz HJ, Van Schaeybroeck S, Longley DB, Johnston PG. Identification of galanin and its receptor GalR1 as novel determinants of resistance to chemotherapy and potential biomarkers in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:5412-26. [PMID: 22859720 PMCID: PMC3463501 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A major factor limiting the effective clinical management of colorectal cancer (CRC) is resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, the identification of novel, therapeutically targetable mediators of resistance is vital. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used a CRC disease-focused microarray platform to transcriptionally profile chemotherapy-responsive and nonresponsive pretreatment metastatic CRC liver biopsies and in vitro samples, both sensitive and resistant to clinically relevant chemotherapeutic drugs (5-FU and oxaliplatin). Pathway and gene set enrichment analyses identified candidate genes within key pathways mediating drug resistance. Functional RNAi screening identified regulators of drug resistance. RESULTS Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, focal adhesion, cell cycle, insulin signaling, and apoptosis were identified as key pathways involved in mediating drug resistance. The G-protein-coupled receptor galanin receptor 1 (GalR1) was identified as a novel regulator of drug resistance. Notably, silencing either GalR1 or its ligand galanin induced apoptosis in drug-sensitive and resistant cell lines and synergistically enhanced the effects of chemotherapy. Mechanistically, GalR1/galanin silencing resulted in downregulation of the endogenous caspase-8 inhibitor FLIP(L), resulting in induction of caspase-8-dependent apoptosis. Galanin mRNA was found to be overexpressed in colorectal tumors, and importantly, high galanin expression correlated with poor disease-free survival of patients with early-stage CRC. CONCLUSION This study shows the power of systems biology approaches to identify key pathways and genes that are functionally involved in mediating chemotherapy resistance. Moreover, we have identified a novel role for the GalR1/galanin receptor-ligand axis in chemoresistance, providing evidence to support its further evaluation as a potential therapeutic target and biomarker in CRC.
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Greystoke A, Mullamitha SA. How many diseases are colorectal cancer? Gastroenterol Res Pract 2012; 2012:564741. [PMID: 22991509 PMCID: PMC3444041 DOI: 10.1155/2012/564741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of personalised therapy and mechanism-targeted agents in oncology mandates the identification of the patient populations most likely to benefit from therapy. This paper discusses the increasing evidence as to the heterogeneity of the group of diseases called colorectal cancer. Differences in the aetiology and epidemiology of proximal and distal cancers are reflected in different clinical behaviour, histopathology, and molecular characteristics of these tumours. This may impact response both to standard cytotoxic therapies and mechanism-targeted agents. This disease heterogeneity leads to challenges in the design of clinical trials to assess novel therapies in the treatment of "colorectal cancer."
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Greystoke
- Department of Medical Oncology, Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
- School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - S. A. Mullamitha
- Department of Medical Oncology, Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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