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Rocha SM, Gustafson DL, Safe S, Tjalkens RB. Comparative safety, pharmacokinetics, and off-target assessment of 1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-( p-chlorophenyl) methane in mouse and dog: implications for therapeutic development. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae059. [PMID: 38655145 PMCID: PMC11033559 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The modified phytochemical derivative, 1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-chlorophenyl) methane (C-DIM12), has been identified as a potential therapeutic platform based on its capacity to improve disease outcomes in models of neurodegeneration and cancer. However, comprehensive safety studies investigating pathology and off-target binding have not been conducted. To address this, we administered C-DIM12 orogastrically to outbred male CD-1 mice for 7 days (50 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 300 mg/kg/day) and investigated changes in hematology, clinical chemistry, and whole-body tissue pathology. We also delivered a single dose of C-DIM12 (1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg) orogastrically to male and female beagle dogs and investigated hematology and clinical chemistry, as well as plasma pharmacokinetics over 48-h. Consecutive in-vitro off-target binding through inhibition was performed with 10 μM C-DIM12 against 68 targets in tandem with predictive off-target structural binding capacity. These data show that the highest dose C-DIM12 administered in each species caused modest liver pathology in mouse and dog, whereas lower doses were unremarkable. Off-target screening and predictive modeling of C-DIM12 show inhibition of serine/threonine kinases, calcium signaling, G-protein coupled receptors, extracellular matrix degradation, and vascular and transcriptional regulation pathways. Collectively, these data demonstrate that low doses of C-DIM12 do not induce pathology and are capable of modulating targets relevant to neurodegeneration and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah M Rocha
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1678 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M School of Veterinary, Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4466 TAMU College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| | - Ronald B Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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2
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Reyes-Hernández OD, Figueroa-González G, Quintas-Granados LI, Gutiérrez-Ruíz SC, Hernández-Parra H, Romero-Montero A, Del Prado-Audelo ML, Bernal-Chavez SA, Cortés H, Peña-Corona SI, Kiyekbayeva L, Ateşşahin DA, Goloshvili T, Leyva-Gómez G, Sharifi-Rad J. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane and indole-3-carbinol: potential therapeutic molecules for cancer chemoprevention and treatment via regulating cellular signaling pathways. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:180. [PMID: 37633886 PMCID: PMC10464192 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary compounds in cancer prevention have gained significant consideration as a viable method. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) are heterocyclic and bioactive chemicals found in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and brussels sprouts. They are synthesized after glycolysis from the glucosinolate structure. Clinical and preclinical trials have evaluated the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic, effectiveness, antioxidant, cancer-preventing (cervical dysplasia, prostate cancer, breast cancer), and anti-tumor activities of I3C and DIM involved with polyphenolic derivatives created in the digestion showing promising results. However, the exact mechanism by which they exert anti-cancer and apoptosis-inducing properties has yet to be entirely understood. Via this study, we update the existing knowledge of the state of anti-cancer investigation concerning I3C and DIM chemicals. We have also summarized; (i) the recent advancements in the use of I3C/DIM as therapeutic molecules since they represent potentially appealing anti-cancer agents, (ii) the available literature on the I3C and DIM characterization, and the challenges related to pharmacologic properties such as low solubility, and poor bioavailability, (iii) the synthesis and semi-synthetic derivatives, (iv) the mechanism of anti-tumor action in vitro/in vivo, (v) the action in cellular signaling pathways related to the regulation of apoptosis and anoikis as well as the cell cycle progression and cell proliferation such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and PPARγ agonists; SR13668, Akt inhibitor, cyclins regulation, ER-dependent-independent pathways, and their current medical applications, to recognize research opportunities to potentially use these compounds instead chemotherapeutic synthetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Daniel Reyes-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UMIEZ, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 09230, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Figueroa-González
- Laboratorio de Farmacogenética, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UMIEZ, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 09230, Mexico
| | | | | | - Hector Hernández-Parra
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Romero-Montero
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - María Luisa Del Prado-Audelo
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Ciudad de México, C. Puente 222, Ciudad de México, 14380, Mexico
| | - Sergio Alberto Bernal-Chavez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Hernán Cortés
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Sheila I Peña-Corona
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Lashyn Kiyekbayeva
- Pharmaceutical School, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Faculties of Pharmacy, Public Health and Nursing, Kazakh-Russian Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Dilek Arslan Ateşşahin
- Baskil Vocational School, Department of Plant and Animal Production, Fırat University, Elazıg, 23100, Turkey
| | - Tamar Goloshvili
- Department of Plant Physiology and Genetic Resources, Institute of Botany, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico.
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3
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Pennarossa G, Arcuri S, Pasquariello R, Gandolfi F, Maranesi M, Brevini TAL. Cruciferous vegetable-derived indole-3-carbinol prevents coronavirus cell egression mechanisms in tracheal and intestinal 3D in vitro models. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 212:113713. [PMID: 37169138 PMCID: PMC10168192 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The potential antiviral effects of indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a phytochemical found in Cruciferous vegetables, were investigated. Fibroblasts and epithelial cells were co-cultured on Alvetex® scaffolds, to obtain ad hoc 3D in vitro platforms able to mimic the trachea and intestinal mucosae, which represent the primary structures involved in the coronavirus pathogenesis. The two barriers generated in vitro were treated with various concentrations of I3C for different incubation periods. A protective effect of I3C on both intestinal and trachea models was demonstrated. A significant reduction in the transcription of the two main genes belonging to the Homologous to E6AP C-terminus (HECT)-E3 ligase family members, namely NEDD4 E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase (NEDD4) and WW Domain Containing E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase 1 (WWP1), which promote virus matrix protein ubiquitination and inhibit viral egression, were detected. These findings indicate I3C potential effect in preventing coronavirus cell egression processes that inhibit viral production. Although further studies are needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms whereby HECT family members control virus life cycle, this work paves the way to the possible therapeutic use of new natural compounds that may reduce the clinical severity of future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Pennarossa
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Sharon Arcuri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Rolando Pasquariello
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Fulvio Gandolfi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Maranesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Tiziana A L Brevini
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
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Wang R, Li Y, Gao J, Luan Y. WRQ-2, a gemcitabine prodrug, reverses gemcitabine resistance caused by hENT1 inhibition. Drug Discov Ther 2022; 16:286-292. [PMID: 36529509 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2022.01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is widely used in the clinic as a first-line antitumor agent. However, intrinsic and acquired resistance hinders its wide clinical application. In this study, a gemcitabine prodrug nominated as WRQ-2 was designed and synthesized by conjugating gemcitabine with the indole-3-methanol analogue OSU-A9 through a carbamate linkage. WRQ-2 exhibited high cytotoxicity against six cancer cell lines (HeLa, A549, MDA-MB-231, HuH-7, MGC-803, and HCT-116) with IC50 values in low micromolar range. WRQ-2 reversed the resistance of HeLa cells to gemcitabine caused by hENT1 inhibition. Compared to gemcitabine, WRQ-2 induced a higher degree of DNA damage and apoptosis in the presence of hENT1 inhibitor. Our study suggests that compound WRQ-2 is a potential gemcitabine prodrug and worth of further antitumor activity investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruquan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yongliang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jianjun Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yepeng Luan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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5
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Misra SK, Pathak D, Pathak K. Anticancer potential of indole derivatives: an update. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2021-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The heterocyclic indole is one of the most prevalent pharmacophores in nature. It has been a highly privileged scaffold for designing targeted and anticancer therapeutics. Countless fused heterocyclic templates have been developed with diverse physicochemical and biological properties. Due to their versatile ethanobotanical and pharmacological values, indole and its derivatives seek high demand in the chemical and healthcare sectors. Extensive anticancer research has been conducted in this decade to evaluate their efficacy for diverse malignancies. The chapter explores the anticancer activity of natural and synthetic indole derivatives expressed through targeting different biological receptors and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kiran Misra
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University , Kanpur , 208026 , India
| | - Devender Pathak
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences , Saifai , Etawah , 206130 , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Kamla Pathak
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences , Saifai , Etawah , 206130 , Uttar Pradesh , India
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6
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Gairola K, Gururani S, Bahuguna A, Garia V, Pujari R, Dubey SK. Natural products targeting cancer stem cells: Implications for cancer chemoprevention and therapeutics. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13772. [PMID: 34028051 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer, being the leading cause of death in the globe, has been one of the major thrust areas of research worldwide. In a new paradigm about neoplastic transformations, the initiation and recurrence of disease is attributed to few mutated cells in bulk of tumor called cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs have capacity of self-renewal and differentiation, which are known for resistance to radio and chemotherapy leading to recurrence of the disease even after treatment. Most of traditional drugs implicated in cancer therapy targeting primary tumors have substantial toxicity to the physiological system and have not been efficient in targeting these CSCs leading to poor prognosis. Targeting these CSCs in bulk of tumor might be novel strategy for cancer chemoprevention and therapeutics. Diet-derived interventions and diverse natural products are known to target these CSCs and related signaling pathways, namely, Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog pathways, which are implicated for CSC self-renewal. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Cancer remains a global challenge even in this century. Poor prognosis, survival rate, and recurrence of the disease have been the major concerns in traditional cancer therapy regimes. Targeting cancer stem cells might be novel strategy for elimination and cure of the chronic disease as they are known to modulate all stages of carcinogenesis and responsible for recurrence and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The evidence support that natural products might inhibit, delay, or reverse the process of tumorigenesis and modulate the different signaling pathways implicated for cancer stem cells self-renewal and differentiation. Natural products have minimal toxicity compared to traditional cancer therapy drugs since they have long been utilized in our food habits without any major side effects reported. Thus, targeting cancer stem cells with natural product might be a novel strategy for drug development in cancer chemoprevention and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Gairola
- Department of Biochemistry, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Shriya Gururani
- Department of Biochemistry, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Ananya Bahuguna
- Department of Biochemistry, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Vaishali Garia
- Department of Biochemistry, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Rohit Pujari
- Department of Biochemistry, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Shiv K Dubey
- Department of Biochemistry, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
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Islam SU, Ahmed MB, Ahsan H, Islam M, Shehzad A, Sonn JK, Lee YS. An Update on the Role of Dietary Phytochemicals in Human Skin Cancer: New Insights into Molecular Mechanisms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E916. [PMID: 32993035 PMCID: PMC7600476 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin is continuously subjected to environmental stresses, as well as extrinsic and intrinsic noxious agents. Although skin adopts various molecular mechanisms to maintain homeostasis, excessive and repeated stresses can overwhelm these systems, leading to serious cutaneous damage, including both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Phytochemicals present in the diet possess the desirable effects of protecting the skin from damaging free radicals as well as other benefits. Dietary phytochemicals appear to be effective in preventing skin cancer and are inexpensive, widely available, and well tolerated. Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-angiogenic characteristics of dietary phytochemicals against skin malignancy. Moreover, dietary phytochemicals affect multiple important cellular processes including cell cycle, angiogenesis, and metastasis to control skin cancer progression. Herein, we discuss the advantages of key dietary phytochemicals in whole fruits and vegetables, their bioavailability, and underlying molecular mechanisms for preventing skin cancer. Current challenges and future prospects for research are also reviewed. To date, most of the chemoprevention investigations have been conducted preclinically, and additional clinical trials are required to conform and validate the preclinical results in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ul Islam
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.U.I.); (M.B.A.); (H.A.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Muhammad Bilal Ahmed
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.U.I.); (M.B.A.); (H.A.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Haseeb Ahsan
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.U.I.); (M.B.A.); (H.A.); (J.K.S.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Mazharul Islam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dhofar University, Salalah 2509, Oman;
| | - Adeeb Shehzad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Jong Kyung Sonn
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.U.I.); (M.B.A.); (H.A.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Young Sup Lee
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.U.I.); (M.B.A.); (H.A.); (J.K.S.)
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8
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[1-(4-chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-methanol, an indole-3-carbinol derivative, inhibits glutamate release in rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals by suppressing the P/Q-type Ca 2+ channels and Ca 2+/calmodulin/protein kinase A pathway. Neurochem Int 2020; 140:104845. [PMID: 32911011 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), found in cruciferous vegetables, has been proposed to exhibit neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the I3C derivative [1(4-chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-methanol (CIM), which has superior pharmacokinetic properties to I3C, on glutamate release in rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes). We observed that CIM dose-dependently inhibited glutamate release evoked by the potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). CIM-mediated inhibition of glutamate release was attributed to reduced exocytosis, as it correlated with the removal of extracellular calcium and blocking of the vesicular glutamate transporter but not the glutamate transporter. In addition, CIM decreased 4-AP-evoked intrasynaptosomal Ca2+ elevation; however, it did not alter the synaptosomal membrane potential. The inhibition of P/Q-typeCa2+ channels abolished the effect of CIM on 4-AP-evoked glutamate release, and the effect was not prevented by intracellular Ca2+ release inhibitors. Moreover, the molecular docking study showed that CIM exhibited the highest binding affinity with the P/Q-type Ca2+channels. Finally, the CIM-mediated inhibition of glutamate release was sensitive to calmodulin, adenylate cyclase (AC), and protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors. Based on these results, we propose that CIM, through the direct suppression of P/Q-type Ca2+ channels, decreases Ca2+ influx and the activation of Ca2+/calmodulin/AC/PKA signaling, thereby inhibiting glutamate release. This finding is crucial for understanding the role of CIM in the central nervous system and for exploiting its potential in therapeutic interventions.
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9
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Chiu CF, Weng JR, Lee SL, Wu CY, Chu PC, Shan YS, Yang HR, Bai LY. OSU-A9 induced-reactive oxygen species cause cytotoxicity in duodenal and gastric cancer cells by decreasing phosphorylated nuclear pyruvate kinase M2 protein levels. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 174:113811. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Wong CB, Tanaka A, Kuhara T, Xiao JZ. Potential Effects of Indole-3-Lactic Acid, a Metabolite of Human Bifidobacteria, on NGF-induced Neurite Outgrowth in PC12 Cells. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E398. [PMID: 32178456 PMCID: PMC7143819 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites such as indole derivatives are an integral part of host metabolome that could mediate gut-brain communication and contribute to host homeostasis. We previously reported that infant-type Human-Residential Bifidobacteria (HRB) produced higher levels of indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), suggesting the former might play a specific role in microbiota-host crosstalk by producing ILA in human infants. Nonetheless, the biological meaning of bifidobacteria-derived ILA in infant health development remains obscure. Here, we sought to explore the potential role of ILA in neuronal differentiation. We examined the neurite outgrowth and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity of PC12 cells following exposure to ILA and NGF induction. We found that ILA substantially enhanced NGF-induced neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and had the most prominent effect at 100 nM. Significant increases in the expression of TrkA receptor, ERK1/2 and CREB were observed in ILA-treated PC12 cells, suggesting ILA potentiated NGF-induced neurite outgrowth through the Ras/ERK pathway. Additionally, ILA was found to act as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist and evoked NGF-induced neurite outgrowth in an AhR-mediated manner. These new findings provide clues into the potential involvement of ILA as the mediator in bifidobacterial host-microbiota crosstalk and neuronal developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jin-zhong Xiao
- Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama 252-8583, Japan; (C.B.W.); (A.T.); (T.K.)
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Adil Shareef M, Ganapathi T, Khan I, Rani S, Rajanna A, Akbar S, Kumar CG, Babu BN. New Indolyl‐Arylaminopropenone Conjugates: Synthesis, Cytotoxicity and Apoptotic Inducing Studies. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Adil Shareef
- Department of Fluoro-Agrochemicals CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad 500 007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Thipparapu Ganapathi
- Stem Cell Research Division National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad- 500007 Telangana India
| | - Irfan Khan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad 201002 India
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Sunitha Rani
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Ajumeera Rajanna
- Stem Cell Research Division National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad- 500007 Telangana India
| | - Syed Akbar
- Department of Fluoro-Agrochemicals CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad 500 007 India
| | - C. Ganesh Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad 201002 India
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Bathini Nagendra Babu
- Department of Fluoro-Agrochemicals CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad 500 007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad 201002 India
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12
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Weng JR, Huang TH, Lin ZC, Alalaiwe A, Fang JY. Cutaneous delivery of [1-(4-chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-methanol, an indole-3-carbinol derivative, mitigates psoriasiform lesion by blocking MAPK/NF-κB/AP-1 activation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 119:109398. [PMID: 31493747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
[1-(4-chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-methanol (CIM) has been used as a bioactive agent for inhibiting tumor growth and angiogenesis via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB blocking. The present work was undertaken to investigate the potential of CIM against psoriasis using imiquimod (IMQ)-stimulated psoriasis-like mouse and in vitro HaCaT keratinocytes as the models. We demonstrated that topical CIM treatment reduced IMQ-activated scaling, erythema, and barrier dysfunction. This compound also restrained the recruitment of neutrophils. The cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 in psoriasiform skin, can be attenuated to normal baseline by CIM. Topically applied CIM can be easily delivered into skin based on the affinity with stratum corneum (SC) ceramides. IMQ intervention increased the permeability by 3-fold as compared to healthy skin. CIM ameliorated psoriatic lesion without incurring overt signs of irritation. Both TNF-α and IMQ were employed as the stimulators to activate HaCaT for reciprocal elucidation of the mechanism of action. CIM inhibited the overexpression of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-24 in HaCaT. CIM exerted anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the phosphorylation of NF-κB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) through MAPK pathways. Our results indicate that CIM has potential as the antipsoriatic molecule. The detailed signaling pathways still need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ru Weng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Hung Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwane; Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwang
| | - Zih-Chan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ahmed Alalaiwe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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13
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Karimabad MN, Mahmoodi M, Jafarzadeh A, Darekordi A, Hajizadeh MR, Hassanshahi G. Molecular Targets, Anti-cancer Properties and Potency of Synthetic Indole-3-carbinol Derivatives. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:540-554. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666181116120145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The indole-3-carbinol (I3C) displays anti-cancer/proliferative activities against human cancer cells. Cellular proliferation is an event associated with the progress and its continuation. This manifest is described by variation in expression and/or functions of genes that are related with cell cycle relevant proteins. The constitutive activation of several signal transduction pathways stimulates cells proliferation as well. The immediate stages in cancer development are accompanied by a fibrogenic response and the progression of the hypoxic environment is in favor of survival and proliferatory functions of cancer stem cells. A main part for prevention of in cancer cells death may manifest through altering cell metabolism. Cellular proliferation and metastasis are reported to be supported with increased generation of responsible hormones (in hormone dependent malignancies), and further promotion the angiogenesis, with epithelial to mesenchymal transition. This may be facilitated by progression of autophagy phenomenon, as well as via taking cues from neighboring stromal cells. Several signaling pathways in association with various factors specific for cellular viability, including hypoxia inducible factor 1, NF-κB, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor, Human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF-1), phosphoinositide 3 kinase/Akt, Wnt, cell cycle related protein, with androgen and estrogen receptor signaling are reported to be inhibited by I3C. These evidences, in association with bioinformatics data represent very important information for describing signaling pathways in parallel with molecular targets that may serve as markers for early diagnosis and/or critical targets for designing and development of novel therapeutic regimes alone or combined with drugs, to prevent tumor formation and further progression. In particular, I3C and DIM have been extensively investigated for their importance against numbers human cancers both in vitro and in vivo. We aimed the present manuscript, current study, to review anticancer properties and the miscellaneous mechanisms underlying the antitumorigenicity in an in-depth study for broadening the I3C treating marvel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Noroozi Karimabad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mahmoodi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abdolah Jafarzadeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Darekordi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Hajizadeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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14
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Iqbal J, Abbasi BA, Ahmad R, Batool R, Mahmood T, Ali B, Khalil AT, Kanwal S, Afzal Shah S, Alam MM, Bashir S, Badshah H, Munir A. Potential phytochemicals in the fight against skin cancer: Current landscape and future perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:1381-1393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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15
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Che Z, Tian Y, Liu S, Hu M, Chen G. Synthesis and in vitro anti-HIV-1 evaluation of some N-arylsulfonyl-3-formylindoles. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000317044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Che
- Henan University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yuee Tian
- Henan University of Science and Technology, China
| | | | - Mei Hu
- Henan University of Science and Technology, China
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16
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Eldehna WM, Abo-Ashour MF, Ibrahim HS, Al-Ansary GH, Ghabbour HA, Elaasser MM, Ahmed HYA, Safwat NA. Novel [(3-indolylmethylene)hydrazono]indolin-2-ones as apoptotic anti-proliferative agents: design, synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:686-700. [PMID: 29560733 PMCID: PMC6010103 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1421181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
On account of their significance as apoptosis inducing agents, merging indole and 3-hydrazinoindolin-2-one scaffolds is a logic tactic for designing pro-apoptotic agents. Consequently, 27 hybrids (6a–r, 9a–f and 11a–c) were synthesised and evaluated for their cytotoxicity against MCF-7, HepG-2 and HCT-116 cancer cell lines. SAR studies unravelled that N-propylindole derivatives were the most active compounds such as 6n (MCF-7; IC50=1.04 µM), which displayed a significant decrease of cell population in the G2/M phase and significant increase in the early and late apoptosis by 19-folds in Annexin-V-FTIC assay. Also, 6n increased the expression of caspase-3, caspase-9, cytochrome C and Bax and decreased the expression of Bcl-2. Moreover, compounds 6i, 6j, 6n and 6q generated ROS by significant increase in the level of SOD and depletion of the levels of CAT and GSH-Px in MCF-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagdy M Eldehna
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kafrelsheikh University , Kafrelsheikh , Egypt
| | - Mahmoud F Abo-Ashour
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Egyptian Russian University , Badr City , Egypt
| | - Hany S Ibrahim
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Egyptian Russian University , Badr City , Egypt
| | - Ghada H Al-Ansary
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Hazem A Ghabbour
- d Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.,e Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Elaasser
- f The Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology , Al-Azhar University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Hanaa Y A Ahmed
- f The Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology , Al-Azhar University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Nesreen A Safwat
- f The Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology , Al-Azhar University , Cairo , Egypt
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17
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Tsai WC, Bai LY, Chen YJ, Chu PC, Hsu YW, Sargeant AM, Weng JR. OSU-A9 inhibits pancreatic cancer cell lines by modulating p38-JAK-STAT3 signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 8:29233-29246. [PMID: 28418923 PMCID: PMC5438726 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive malignancy that is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. Since there is a dire need for novel and effective therapies to improve the poor survival rates of advanced pancreatic cancer patients, we analyzed the antitumor effects of OSU-A9, an indole-3-carbinol derivative, on pancreatic cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. OSU-A9 exhibited a stronger antitumor effect than gemcitabine on two pancreatic cancer cell lines, including gemcitabine-resistant PANC-1 cells. OSU-A9 treatment induced apoptosis, the down-regulation of Akt phosphorylation, up-regulation of p38 phosphorylation and decreased phosphorylation of JAK and STAT3. Cell migration and invasiveness assays showed that OSU-A9 reduced cancer cell aggressiveness and inhibited BxPC-3 xenograft growth in nude mice. These results suggest that OSU-A9 modulates the p38-JAK-STAT3 signaling module, thereby inducing cytotoxicity in pancreatic cancer cells. Continued evaluation of OSU-A9 as a potential therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer thus appears warrented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chi Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yuan Bai
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jin Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chen Chu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11574, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Hsu
- Department of Hospital and Health Care Administration, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan 71745, Taiwan
| | - Aaron M Sargeant
- Charles River Laboratories, Safety Assessment, Spencerville, OH 45887, USA
| | - Jing-Ru Weng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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18
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Phytochemicals in Skin Cancer Prevention and Treatment: An Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040941. [PMID: 29565284 PMCID: PMC5979545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest human organ, our protection against various environmental assaults and noxious agents. Accumulation of these stress events may lead to the formation of skin cancers, including both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Although modern targeted therapies have ameliorated the management of cutaneous malignancies, a safer, more affordable, and more effective strategy for chemoprevention and treatment is clearly needed for the improvement of skin cancer care. Phytochemicals are biologically active compounds derived from plants and herbal products. These agents appear to be beneficial in the battle against cancer as they exert anti-carcinogenic effects and are widely available, highly tolerated, and cost-effective. Evidence has indicated that the anti-carcinogenic properties of phytochemicals are due to their anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-angiogenic effects. In this review, we discuss the preventive potential, therapeutic effects, bioavailability, and structure–activity relationship of these selected phytochemicals for the management of skin cancers. The knowledge compiled here will provide clues for future investigations on novel oncostatic phytochemicals and additional anti-skin cancer mechanisms.
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19
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Tocco G, Zedda G, Casu M, Simbula G, Begala M. Solvent-Free Addition of Indole to Aldehydes: Unexpected Synthesis of Novel 1-[1-(1H-Indol-3-yl) Alkyl]-1H-Indoles and Preliminary Evaluation of Their Cytotoxicity in Hepatocarcinoma Cells. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101747. [PMID: 29039799 PMCID: PMC6151463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
New 1-[1-(1H-indol-3-yl) alkyl]-1H-indoles, surprisingly, have been obtained from the addition of indole to a variety of aldehydes under neat conditions. CaO, present in excess, was fundamental for carrying out the reaction with paraformaldehyde. Under the same reaction conditions, aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes afforded only classical bis (indolyl) aryl indoles. In this paper, the role of CaO, together with the regiochemistry and the mechanism of the reaction, are discussed in detail. The effect of some selected 3,3′- and 1,3′-diindolyl methane derivatives on cell proliferation of the hepatoma cell line FaO was also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Tocco
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Drug Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Gloria Zedda
- Merck Millipore, 39 Route Industrielle de la Hardt, 67120 Molsheim, France.
| | - Mariano Casu
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato CA, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Simbula
- Department of Biomedical Science, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Michela Begala
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Drug Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
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20
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Karimabad MN, Falahati-Pour SK, Hassanshahi G, Koochakzadeh L. WITHDRAWN: The anti-cancer properties in parallel with toxic effects of indole-3-carbinol derivatives. Immunol Lett 2017:S0165-2478(17)30138-4. [PMID: 28851630 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Lili Koochakzadeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Pistachio Safety Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Esmaeelian B, Benkendorff K, Le Leu RK, Abbott CA. Simultaneous Assessment of the Efficacy and Toxicity of Marine Mollusc-Derived Brominated Indoles in an In Vivo Model for Early Stage Colon Cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2017; 17:248-262. [PMID: 28381120 PMCID: PMC6041907 DOI: 10.1177/1534735417699880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute apoptotic response to genotoxic carcinogens animal model has been extensively used to assess the ability of drugs and natural products like dietary components to promote apoptosis in the colon and protect against colorectal cancer (CRC). This work aimed to use this model to identify the main chemopreventative agent in extracts from an Australian mollusc Dicathais orbita, while simultaneously providing information on their potential in vivo toxicity. After 2 weeks of daily oral gavage with bioactive extracts and purified brominated indoles, mice were injected with the chemical carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM; 10 mg/kg) and then killed 6 hours later. Efficacy was evaluated using immunohistochemical and hematoxylin staining, and toxicity was assessed via hematology, blood biochemistry, and liver histopathology. Comparison of saline- and AOM-injected controls revealed that potential toxic side effects can be interpreted from blood biochemistry and hematology using this short-term model, although AOM negatively affected the ability to detect histopathological effects in the liver. Purified 6-bromoisatin was identified as the main cancer preventive agent in the Muricidae extract, significantly enhancing apoptosis and reducing cell proliferation in the colonic crypts at 0.05 mg/g. There was no evidence of liver toxicity associated with 6-bromoisatin, whereas 0.1 mg/g of the brominated indole tyrindoleninone led to elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels and a reduction in red blood cells. As tyrindoleninone is converted to 6-bromoisatin by oxidation, this information will assist in the optimization and quality control of a chemopreventative nutraceutical from Muricidae. In conclusion, preliminary data on in vivo safety can be simultaneously collected when testing the efficacy of new natural products, such as 6-bromoisatin from Muricidae molluscs for early stage prevention of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Esmaeelian
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kirsten Benkendorff
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard K. Le Leu
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine A. Abbott
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Catherine A. Abbott, School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO BOX 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
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22
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Preliminary SAR on indole-3-carbinol and related fragments reveals a novel anticancer lead compound against resistant glioblastoma cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1561-1565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Fletcher A, Huang H, Yu L, Pham Q, Yu L, Wang TTY. Reversible Toxic Effects of the Dietary Supplement Indole-3-Carbinol in an Immune Compromised Rodent Model: Intestine as the Main Target. J Diet Suppl 2016; 14:303-322. [PMID: 27580128 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2016.1215367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplements are widely used in the United States, but the safety issue remains unresolved. Immuno-deficient or immuno-compromised patients, estimated to exceed 10 million in the United States, are known to use dietary supplements. This population potentially may be susceptible to supplements' adverse effects. The cruciferous vegetable-derived indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is known for its possible protective effects against a number of chronic diseases and is commercially available as a dietary supplement. However, the safety of orally consumed I3C in the general population and particularly in immuno-compromised individuals remains unknown. In this study, rodent model of immune-deficient male BALB/c nu/nu athymic mice were given diets supplemented with 0-100 μmoles I3C/g diet for 4 weeks. We found that BALB/c nu/nu mice were not viable after three days on a 100 μmoles I3C/g supplemented diet. Switching to the control diet (without I3C) after first detection of stress resulted in a 75% recovery of mice. Mice fed with 10-50 μmoles I3C/g supplemented diet survived but showed concentration-dependent adverse effects. More importantly, the intestine appeared to be the target of I3C toxicity. Number and width of intestinal villi were significantly altered by I3C, which associated with a dose-dependent reduction in cell proliferation and increase in apoptosis. Other molecular effects observed for I3C include activation of multiple xenobiotic metabolism pathways. This is the first study to report hazardous effects of I3C supplementation that are specific to the gastrointestinal tract in an immuno-compromised model and should serve as a caution in using I3C as dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnetta Fletcher
- a Department of Nutrition and Food Science , University of Maryland , College Park, MD , USA
| | - Haiqiu Huang
- a Department of Nutrition and Food Science , University of Maryland , College Park, MD , USA.,b Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory , Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center , USDA-ARS, Beltsville , MD , USA
| | - Lu Yu
- a Department of Nutrition and Food Science , University of Maryland , College Park, MD , USA
| | - Quynhchi Pham
- b Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory , Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center , USDA-ARS, Beltsville , MD , USA
| | - Liangli Yu
- a Department of Nutrition and Food Science , University of Maryland , College Park, MD , USA
| | - Thomas T Y Wang
- b Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory , Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center , USDA-ARS, Beltsville , MD , USA
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Hingane DG, Parekh NP, Khan A, Kusurkar RS. Efficient synthetic route toward biologically active γ-carboline derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2015.1103874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dattatray G. Hingane
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nikita P. Parekh
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ayesha Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Radhika S. Kusurkar
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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25
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Safa M, Tavasoli B, Manafi R, Kiani F, Kashiri M, Ebrahimi S, Kazemi A. Indole-3-carbinol suppresses NF-κB activity and stimulates the p53 pathway in pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3919-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-3035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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26
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Indole-3-carbinol inhibits tumorigenicity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via suppression of microRNA-21 and upregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:244-53. [PMID: 25447674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A major obstacle to successful treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is its high resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy due to overexpression of multidrug resistance genes. Activation of the AKT pathway is known to be involved in chemoresistance in HCC; however, the underlying mechanisms modulating the AKT pathway by chemopreventive agents remain unclear. In the present study, we found that indole-3-carbinol (I3C) treatment for tumor cells repressed the AKT pathway by increasing the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in HCC xenograft tumor and HCC cell lines. qRT-PCR data showed that the expression of miR-21 and miR-221&222 was significantly reduced by I3C in HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Reactivation of the AKT pathway via restoration of miR-21 was reversed by I3C. Ectopic expression of miR-21 mediated-accelerated wound healing was abrogated by I3C. Moreover, reducing the expression of miR-21 by anti-miR decreased the resistance of HCC cells to I3C. These results provide experimental evidences that I3C could function as a miR-21 regulator, leading to repression of the PTEN/AKT pathway and opening a new avenue for eradication of drug-resistant cells, thus potentially helping to improve the therapeutic outcome in patients diagnosed with HCC.
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27
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Hanschen FS, Lamy E, Schreiner M, Rohn S. Reactivity and stability of glucosinolates and their breakdown products in foods. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11430-50. [PMID: 25163974 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of glucosinolates and their behavior during food processing is very complex. Their instability leads to the formation of a bunch of breakdown and reaction products that are very often reactive themselves. Although excessive consumption of cabbage varieties has been thought for long time to have adverse, especially goitrogenic effects, nowadays, epidemiologic studies provide data that there might be beneficial health effects as well. Especially Brassica vegetables, such as broccoli, radish, or cabbage, are rich in these interesting plant metabolites. However, information on the bioactivity of glucosinolates is only valuable when one knows which compounds are formed during processing and subsequent consumption. This review provides a comprehensive, in-depth overview on the chemical reactivity of different glucosinolates and breakdown products thereof during food preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska S Hanschen
- Department of Quality, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Großbeeren and Erfurt e.V. Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren (Germany) http://www.igzev.de.
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Hanschen FS, Lamy E, Schreiner M, Rohn S. Reaktivität und Stabilität von Glucosinolaten und ihren Abbauprodukten in Lebensmitteln. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Indole-3-carbinol Suppresses Tumor-Induced Angiogenesis by Inhibiting Tube Formation and Inducing Apoptosis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 72:2243-6. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Pim kinase inhibitory and antiproliferative activity of a novel series of meridianin C derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2424-8. [PMID: 24775304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of meridianin C derivatives substituted at C-5 position were prepared. These derivatives were tested for their kinase inhibitory potencies against all three family members of the pim kinases (Pim-1, Pim-2 and Pim-3). In addition, their antiproliferative activity towards three human leukemia cell lines as MV4-11, Jurkat clone E6-1 and K562 has been evaluated. Structure activity relationships at C-3 and C-5 positions of indole were performed to better understand the mechanism behind the enhanced potency. Compound 7f, the most active compound of the series showed a single-digit nanomolar IC50 with selectivity towards Pim-1 kinase.
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Omar HA, Arafa ESA, Maghrabi IA, Weng JR. Sensitization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Apo2L/TRAIL by a Novel Akt/NF-κB Signalling Inhibitor. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 114:464-71. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hany A. Omar
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry; College of Pharmacy; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH USA
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Beni-Suef University; Beni-Suef Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Pharmacy; University of Sharjah; Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - El-Shaimaa A. Arafa
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Beni-Suef University; Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A. Maghrabi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy; College of Pharmacy; Taif University; Taif Saudi Arabia
| | - Jing-Ru Weng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
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Chen Z, Tao ZZ, Chen SM, Chen C, Li F, Xiao BK. Indole-3-carbinol inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma growth through cell cycle arrest in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82288. [PMID: 24358165 PMCID: PMC3864926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a common malignant tumor in the head and neck. Because of frequent recurrence and distant metastasis which are the main causes of death, better treatment is needed. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a natural phytochemical found in the vegetables of the cruciferous family, shows anticancer effect through various signal pathways. I3C induces G1 arrest in NPC cell line with downregulation of cell cycle-related proteins, such as CDK4, CDK6, cyclin D1 and pRb. In vivo, nude mice receiving I3C protectively or therapeutically exhibited smaller tumors than control group after they were inoculated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. The expression of CDK4, CDK6, cyclin D1 and pRb in preventive treatment group and drug treatment group both decreased compared with the control group. We conclude that I3C can inhibit the growth of NPC in vitro and in vivo by suppressing the expression of CDK and cyclin families. The drug was safe and had no toxic effects on normal tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ze-Zhang Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Shi-Ming Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fen Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo-kui Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Esmaeelian B, Benkendorff K, Johnston MR, Abbott CA. Purified brominated indole derivatives from Dicathais orbita induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in colorectal cancer cell lines. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3802-22. [PMID: 24152558 PMCID: PMC3826136 DOI: 10.3390/md11103802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dicathais orbita is a large Australian marine gastropod known to produce bioactive compounds with anticancer properties. In this research, we used bioassay guided fractionation from the egg mass extract of D. orbita using flash column chromatography and identified fractions containing tyrindoleninone and 6-bromoisatin as the most active against colon cancer cells HT29 and Caco-2. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LCMS) and 1H NMR were used to characterize the purity and chemical composition of the isolated compounds. An MTT assay was used to determine effects on cell viability. Necrosis and apoptosis induction using caspase/LDH assay and flow cytometry (PI/Annexin-V) and cell cycle analysis were also investigated. Our results show that semi-purified 6-bromoisatin had the highest anti-cancer activity by inhibiting cell viability (IC50 = ~100 µM) and increasing caspase 3/7 activity in both of the cell lines at low concentration. The fraction containing 6-bromoisatin induced 77.6% apoptosis and arrested 25.7% of the cells in G2/M phase of cell cycle in HT29 cells. Tyrindoleninone was less potent but significantly decreased the viability of HT29 cells at IC50 = 390 µM and induced apoptosis at 195 µM by increasing caspase 3/7 activity in these cells. This research will facilitate the development of these molluscan natural products as novel complementary medicines for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Esmaeelian
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Kirsten Benkendorff
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, GPO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Martin R. Johnston
- Flinders Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Catherine A. Abbott
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; E-Mail:
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +61-8-8201-2078; Fax: +61-8-8201-3015
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Bai LY, Weng JR, Chiu CF, Wu CY, Yeh SP, Sargeant AM, Lin PH, Liao YM. OSU-A9, an indole-3-carbinol derivative, induces cytotoxicity in acute myeloid leukemia through reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1430-40. [PMID: 24041743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a broadly targeted phytochemical shown to prevent carcinogenesis in animal studies and to suppress the proliferation of cancer cells of human breast, colon, prostate, and endometrium. Here we demonstrate that OSU-A9, an I3C derivative with improved anticancer potency, induces cytotoxicity in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines (HL-60 and THP-1) and primary leukemia cells from AML patients in a dose-responsive manner. Normal human bone marrow cells were less sensitive to OSU-A9 than leukemia cells. OSU-A9 induces caspase activation, PARP cleavage, and autophagy but not autophagic cell death. Interestingly, pretreatment of AML cell lines and primary AML cells with N-acetylcysteine or glutathione rescues them from apoptosis (and concomitant PARP cleavage) and Akt hypophosphorylation, implicating a key role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in OSU-A9-related cytotoxicity. Importantly, the anticancer utility of OSU-A9 is extended in vivo as it, administered intraperitoneally, suppresses the growth of THP-1 xenograft tumors in athymic nude mice without obvious toxicity. This study shows that ROS-mediated apoptosis contributes to the anticancer activity of OSU-A9 in AML cell lines and primary AML cells, and thus should be considered in the future assessment of its translational value in AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Bai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, 2, Yude road, Taichung 40402 Taiwan; College of Medicine, School of Medicine, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih road, Taichung 40402 Taiwan.
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Ahmad A, Biersack B, Li Y, Kong D, Bao B, Schobert R, Padhye SB, Sarkar FH. Targeted regulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR/NF-κB signaling by indole compounds and their derivatives: mechanistic details and biological implications for cancer therapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2013; 13:1002-13. [PMID: 23272910 DOI: 10.2174/18715206113139990078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Indole compounds, found in cruciferous vegetables, are potent anti-cancer agents. Studies with indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and its dimeric product, 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) suggest that these compounds have the ability to deregulate multiple cellular signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. These natural compounds are also effective modulators of downstream transcription factor NF-κB signaling which might help explain their ability to inhibit invasion and angiogenesis, and the reversal of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype and drug resistance. Signaling through PI3K/Akt/mTOR and NF-κB pathway is increasingly being realized to play important role in EMT through the regulation of novel miRNAs which further validates the importance of this signaling network and its regulations by indole compounds. Here we will review the available literature on the modulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR/NF-κB signaling by both parental I3C and DIM, as well as their analogs/derivatives, in an attempt to catalog their anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Omar HA, Arafa ESA, Salama SA, Arab HH, Wu CH, Weng JR. OSU-A9 inhibits angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells via disrupting Akt-NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:616-24. [PMID: 23921148 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of angiogenesis as a useful target for cancer therapy, few agents have been approved for clinical use due to the rapid development of resistance. This problem can be minimized by simultaneous targeting of multiple angiogenesis signaling pathways, a potential strategy in cancer management known as polypharmacology. The current study aimed at exploring the anti-angiogenic activity of OSU-A9, an indole-3-carbinol-derived pleotropic agent that targets mainly Akt-nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling which regulates many key players of angiogenesis such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to study the in vitro anti-angiogenic effect of OSU-A9 on several key steps of angiogenesis. Results showed that OSU-A9 effectively inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HUVECs. Besides, OSU-A9 inhibited angiogenesis as evidenced by abrogation of migration/invasion and Matrigel tube formation in HUVECs and attenuation of the in vivo neovascularization in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay. Mechanistically, Western blot, RT-PCR and ELISA analyses showed the ability of OSU-A9 to inhibit MMP-2 production and VEGF expression induced by hypoxia or phorbol-12-myristyl-13-acetate. Furthermore, dual inhibition of Akt-NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, the key regulators of angiogenesis, was observed. Together, the current study highlights evidences for the promising anti-angiogenic activity of OSU-A9, at least in part through the inhibition of Akt-NF-κB and MAPK signaling and their consequent inhibition of VEGF and MMP-2. These findings support OSU-A9's clinical promise as a component of anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany A Omar
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
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37
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Preliminary biological evaluation and mechanism of action studies of selected 2-arylindoles against glioblastoma. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1918-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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Parajuli B, Shin SJ, Kwon SH, Cha SD, Lee HG, Bae I, Cho CH. The synergistic apoptotic interaction of Indole-3-Carbinol and Genistein with TRAIL on endometrial cancer cells. J Korean Med Sci 2013; 28:527-33. [PMID: 23580227 PMCID: PMC3617304 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.4.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of apoptosis in target cells is a key mechanism by which chemotherapy promotes cell killing. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Indole-3-Carbinol (I3C) and Genistein in combination with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induce apoptosis in endometrial cancer cell (Ishikawa) and to assess apoptotic mechanism. The MTT assay and flow cytometry were performed to determine cell viability and cell cycle. The induction of apoptosis was measured by caspase-3 activity test, DNA fragmentation assay, annexin V binding assay and western blot analysis. There was no effect in cell growth inhibition and cell cycle progression alone or in two-combination. However, the treatment of I3C and Genistein followed by TRAIL showed significant cell death and marked increase in sub-G1 arrest. Three-combination treatment revealed elevated expression of DR4, DR5 and cleaved forms of caspase-3, caspase-8, PARP. The Flip was found down regulated. Moreover, increase in caspase-3 activity and DNA fragmentation indicated the induction of apoptosis. The results indicate that I3C and Genistein with TRAIL synergistically induced apoptosis via death receptor dependent pathway. Our findings might provide a new insight into the development of novel combination therapies against endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidur Parajuli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keimyung University, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - So-Jin Shin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keimyung University, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Kwon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keimyung University, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Soon-Do Cha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keimyung University, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyun-Gyo Lee
- Institute for Cancer Research, Keimyung University, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Insoo Bae
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Chi-Heum Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keimyung University, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Institute for Cancer Research, Keimyung University, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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VERMA RAMANK, KUMAR VIJAY, GHOSH PRITHWISH, WADHWA LALITK. Heterocyclyl linked anilines and benzaldehydes as precursors for biologically significant new chemical entities. J CHEM SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-012-0298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Wang J, Jiang YF. Natural compounds as anticancer agents: Experimental evidence. World J Exp Med 2012; 2:45-57. [PMID: 24520533 PMCID: PMC3905583 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v2.i3.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer prevention research has drawn much attention worldwide. It is believed that some types of cancer can be prevented by following a healthy life style. Cancer chemoprevention by either natural or synthetic agents is a promising route towards lowering cancer incidence. In recent years, the concept of cancer chemoprevention has evolved greatly. Experimental studies in animal models demonstrate that the reversal or suppression of premalignant lesions by chemopreventive agents is achievable. Natural occurring agents such as dietary phytochemicals, tea polyphenols and resveratrol show chemopreventive activity in animal models. Moreover, clinical trials for testing the safety and efficacy of a variety of natural agents in preventing or treating human malignancy have been ongoing. Here, we summarize experimental data on the chemopreventive or tumor suppressive effects of several natural compounds including curcumin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, resveratrol, indole-3-carbinol, and vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Jiao Wang, School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yang-Fu Jiang
- Jiao Wang, School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan Province, China
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41
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Liu YB, Zhang L, Guo YX, Gao LF, Liu XC, Zhao LJ, Guo BF, Zhao LJ, Zhao XJ, Xu DQ. Plasmid-based Survivin shRNA and GRIM-19 carried by attenuated Salmonella suppresses tumor cell growth. Asian J Androl 2012; 14:536-45. [PMID: 22580637 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent activation of Survivin and its overexpression contribute to the formation, progression and metastasis of several different tumor types. Therefore, Survivin is an ideal target for RNA interference mediated-growth inhibition. Blockade of Survivin using specific short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) can significantly reduce prostate tumor growth. RNA interference does not fully ablate target gene expression, owing to the idiosyncrasies associated with shRNAs and their targets. To enhance the therapeutic efficacy of Survivin-specific shRNA, we employed a combinatorial expression of Survivin-specific shRNA and gene associated with retinoid-interferon-induced mortality-19 (GRIM-19). Then, the GRIM-19 coding sequences and Survivin-specific shRNAs were used to create a dual expression plasmid vector and were carried by an attenuated strain of Salmonella enteric serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium) to treat prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. We found that the co-expressed Survivin-specific shRNA and GRIM-19 synergistically and more effectively inhibited prostate tumor proliferation and survival, when compared with treatment with either single agent alone in vitro and in vivo. This study has provided a novel cancer gene therapeutic approach for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Liu
- Prostate Diseases Prevention and Treatment Research Centre and Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune Medical School, Jilin University, Changchun130021, China
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Edwards V, Benkendorff K, Young F. Marine compounds selectively induce apoptosis in female reproductive cancer cells but not in primary-derived human reproductive granulosa cells. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:64-83. [PMID: 22363221 PMCID: PMC3280530 DOI: 10.3390/md10010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Anticancer properties of tyrindoleninone and 6-bromoisatin from Dicathais orbita were tested against physiologically normal primary human granulosa cells (HGC) and reproductive cancer cell lines. Tyrindoleninone reduced cancer cell viability with IC₅₀ values of 39 µM (KGN; a tumour-derived granulosa cell line), 39 μM (JAr), and 156 μM (OVCAR-3), compared to 3516 μM in HGC. Apoptosis in HGC's occurred after 4 h at 391 µM tyrindoleninone compared to 20 µM in KGN cells. Differences in apoptosis between HGC and KGN cells were confirmed by TUNEL, with 66 and 31% apoptotic nuclei at 4 h in KGN and HGC, respectively. These marine compounds therefore have potential for development as treatments for female reproductive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Edwards
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, S.A. 5001, Australia; (V.E.); (F.Y.)
| | - Kirsten Benkendorff
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, S.A. 5001, Australia
- School of Environmental Sciences and Management, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Fiona Young
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, S.A. 5001, Australia; (V.E.); (F.Y.)
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Zedda G, Simbula G, Begala M, Pibiri M, Floris C, Casu M, Casu L, Tocco G. Mild Synthetic Approach to Novel Indole-1-Carbinols and Preliminary Evaluation of Their Cytotoxicity in Hepatocarcinoma Cells. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011; 345:195-202. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Zedda
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universita` degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Ahmad A, Sakr WA, Rahman KW. Role of Nuclear Factor-kappa B Signaling in Anticancer Properties of Indole Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecm.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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45
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Weng JR, Bai LY, Omar HA, Sargeant AM, Yeh CT, Chen YY, Tsai MH, Chiu CF. A novel indole-3-carbinol derivative inhibits the growth of human oral squamous cell carcinoma in vitro. Oral Oncol 2010; 46:748-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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46
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Lucarini S, Santi MD, Antonietti F, Brandi G, Diamantini G, Fraternale A, Paoletti MF, Tontini A, Magnani M, Duranti A. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a gamma-cyclodextrin-based formulation of the anticancer agent 5,6,11,12,17,18,23,24-octahydrocyclododeca[1,2-b:4,5-b':7,8-b'':10,11-b''']tetraindole (CTet). Molecules 2010; 15:4085-93. [PMID: 20657428 PMCID: PMC6264452 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15064085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
5,6,11,12,17,18,23,24-Octahydrocyclododeca[1,2-b:4,5-b':7,8-b'':10,11- b''']tetrai ndole (CTet), an indole-3-carbinol (I3C) metabolite endowed with anticancer properties, is poorly soluble in the solvents most frequently used in biological tests. This study indicates that the use of gamma-cyclodextrin (gamma-CD) avoids this problem. Formulated with gamma-CD CTet is a potent inhibitor of DNA synthesis in both estrogen receptor positive (MCF-7) and estrogen receptor negative (MDA-MB-231) human breast cell lines (IC50 = 1.20 +/- 0.04 microM and 1.0 +/- 0.1 microM, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lucarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, Italy; E-Mails: (S.L.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (A.T.)
| | - Mauro De Santi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Via Aurelio Saffi 2, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.S.); (G.B.); (A.F.); (M.F.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesca Antonietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, Italy; E-Mails: (S.L.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (A.T.)
| | - Giorgio Brandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Via Aurelio Saffi 2, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.S.); (G.B.); (A.F.); (M.F.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Diamantini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, Italy; E-Mails: (S.L.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (A.T.)
| | - Alessandra Fraternale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Via Aurelio Saffi 2, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.S.); (G.B.); (A.F.); (M.F.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria Filomena Paoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Via Aurelio Saffi 2, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.S.); (G.B.); (A.F.); (M.F.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Andrea Tontini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, Italy; E-Mails: (S.L.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (A.T.)
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Via Aurelio Saffi 2, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.S.); (G.B.); (A.F.); (M.F.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, Italy; E-Mails: (S.L.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (A.T.)
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47
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Nguyen HH, Lavrenov SN, Sundar SN, Nguyen DHH, Tseng M, Marconett CN, Kung J, Staub RE, Preobrazhenskaya MN, Bjeldanes LF, Firestone GL. 1-Benzyl-indole-3-carbinol is a novel indole-3-carbinol derivative with significantly enhanced potency of anti-proliferative and anti-estrogenic properties in human breast cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 186:255-66. [PMID: 20570586 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a natural autolysis product of a gluccosinolate present in Brassica vegetables such as broccoli and cabbage, has anti-proliferative and anti-estrogenic activities in human breast cancer cells. A new and significantly more potent I3C analogue, 1-benzyl-I3C was synthesized, and in comparison to I3C, this novel derivative displayed an approximate 1000-fold enhanced potency in suppressing the growth of both estrogen responsive (MCF-7) and estrogen-independent (MDA-MB-231) human breast cancer cells (I3C IC(50) of 52 microM, and 1-benzyl-I3C IC(50) of 0.05 microM). At significantly lower concentrations, 1-benzyl-I3C induced a robust G1 cell cycle arrest and elicited the key I3C-specific effects on expression and activity of G1-acting cell cycle genes including the disruption of endogenous interactions of the Sp1 transcription factor with the CDK6 promoter. Furthermore, in estrogen responsive MCF-7 cells, with enhanced potency 1-benzyl-I3C down-regulated production of estrogen receptor-alpha protein, acts with tamoxifen to arrest breast cancer cell growth more effectively than either compound alone, and inhibited the in vivo growth of human breast cancer cell-derived tumor xenografts in athymic mice. Our results implicate 1-benzyl-I3C as a novel, potent inhibitor of human breast cancer proliferation and estrogen responsiveness that could potentially be developed into a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of indole-sensitive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh H Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and The Cancer Research Laboratory, Univ. of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, United States
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48
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Zhao F, Liu ZQ. Indole and its alkyl-substituted derivatives protect erythrocyte and DNA against radical-induced oxidation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 23:273-9. [PMID: 19705360 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant properties of 1,2,3,4-tetra-hydrocarbazole, 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocar-bazole (MTC), 2,3-dimethylindole, 5-methoxy-2,3-dimethylindole, and indole were investigated in the case of hemolysis of human erythrocytes and oxidative damage of DNA induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH), respectively. The aim of this work was to explore the influence of methoxy, methyl, and cyclohexyl substituents on the antioxidant activities of indole derivatives. These indole derivatives were able to protect erythrocytes and DNA in a concentration-dependent manner. The alkyl-substituted indole can protect erythrocytes and DNA against AAPH-induced oxidation. Especially, the structural features of cyclohexyl and methoxy substituents made MTC the best antioxidant among the indole derivatives used herein. Finally, the interaction between these indole derivatives and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical cation and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, respectively, provided direct evidence for these indole derivatives to scavenge radicals and emphasized the importance of electron-donating groups for the free radical-scavenging activity of indole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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49
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Kunimasa K, Kobayashi T, Kaji K, Ohta T. Antiangiogenic effects of indole-3-carbinol and 3,3'-diindolylmethane are associated with their differential regulation of ERK1/2 and Akt in tube-forming HUVEC. J Nutr 2010; 140:1-6. [PMID: 19889811 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that indole-3-carbinol (I3C), found in cruciferous vegetables, suppresses angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain unclear. Antiangiogenic effects of its major metabolite, 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), also have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of these indoles on angiogenesis and tested a hypothesis that I3C and DIM inhibit angiogenesis and induce apoptosis by affecting angiogenic signal transduction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We found that I3C and DIM at 25 micromol/L significantly inhibited tube formation and only DIM induced a significant increase in apoptosis in tube-forming HUVEC. DIM showed a stronger antiangiogenic activity than I3C. At the molecular level, I3C and DIM markedly inactivated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and the inhibitory effect of DIM was significantly greater than that of I3C. DIM treatment also resulted in activation of the caspase pathway and inactivation of Akt, whereas I3C did not affect them. These results indicate that I3C and DIM had a differential potential in the regulation of the 2 principal survival signals, ERK1/2 and Akt, in endothelial cells. We also demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2 and/or Akt was enough to inhibit tube formation and induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in tube-forming HUVEC. We conclude that both I3C and DIM inhibit angiogenesis at least in part via inactivation of ERK1/2 and that inactivation of Akt by DIM is responsible for its stronger antiangiogenic effects than those of I3C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kunimasa
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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50
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Weng JR, Tsai CH, Omar HA, Sargeant AM, Wang D, Kulp SK, Shapiro CL, Chen CS. OSU-A9, a potent indole-3-carbinol derivative, suppresses breast tumor growth by targeting the Akt-NF-kappaB pathway and stress response signaling. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1702-9. [PMID: 19706645 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular heterogeneity of human tumors challenges the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. To overcome this issue, a rational approach is the concomitant targeting of clinically relevant cellular abnormalities with combination therapy or a potent multi-targeted agent. OSU-A9 is a novel indole-3-carbinol derivative that retains the parent compound's ability to perturb multiple components of oncogenic signaling, but provides marked advantages in chemical stability and antitumor potency. Here, we show that OSU-A9 exhibits two orders of magnitude greater potency than indole-3-carbinol in inducing apoptosis in various breast cancer cell lines with distinct genetic abnormalities, including MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3, with the half maximal inhibitory concentration in the range of 1.2-1.8 microM vis-à-vis 200 microM for indole-3-carbinol. This differential potency was paralleled by OSU-A9's superior activity against multiple components of the Akt-nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and stress response signaling pathways. Notable among these were the increased estrogen receptor (ER)-beta/ERalpha expression ratio, reduced expression of HER2 and CXCR4 and the upregulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor expression and its downstream target NF-E2 p45-regulated factor (Nrf2). Non-malignant MCF-10A cells were resistant to OSU-A9's antiproliferative effects. Daily oral administration of OSU-A9 at 25 and 50 mg/kg for 49 days significantly inhibited MCF-7 tumor growth by 59 and 70%, respectively, without overt signs of toxicity or evidence of induced hepatic biotransformation enzymes. In summary, OSU-A9 is a potent, orally bioavailable inhibitor of the Akt-NF-kappaB signaling network, targeting multiple aspects of breast tumor pathogenesis and progression. Thus, its translational potential for the treatment or prevention of breast cancer warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ru Weng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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