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Lyon RP, Jonas M, Frantz C, Trueblood ES, Yumul R, Westendorf L, Hale CJ, Stilwell JL, Yeddula N, Snead KM, Kumar V, Patilea-Vrana GI, Klussman K, Ryan MC. SGN-B6A: A New Vedotin Antibody-Drug Conjugate Directed to Integrin Beta-6 for Multiple Carcinoma Indications. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:1444-1453. [PMID: 37619980 PMCID: PMC10690100 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Integrin beta-6, a component of the heterodimeric adhesion receptor alpha-v/beta-6, is overexpressed in numerous solid tumors. Its expression has been shown by multiple investigators to be a negative prognostic indicator in diverse cancers including colorectal, non-small cell lung, gastric, and cervical. We developed SGN-B6A as an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) directed to integrin beta-6 to deliver the clinically validated payload monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) to cancer cells. The antibody component of SGN-B6A is specific for integrin beta-6 and does not bind other alpha-v family members. In preclinical studies, this ADC has demonstrated activity in vivo in models derived from non-small cell lung, pancreatic, pharyngeal, and bladder carcinomas spanning a range of antigen expression levels. In nonclinical toxicology studies in cynomolgus monkeys, doses of up to 5 mg/kg weekly for four doses or 6 mg/kg every 3 weeks for two doses were tolerated. Hematologic toxicities typical of MMAE ADCs were dose limiting, and no significant target-mediated toxicity was observed. A phase I first-in-human study is in progress to evaluate the safety and antitumor activity of SGN-B6A in a variety of solid tumors known to express integrin beta-6 (NCT04389632).
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Guo Y, Xu T, Chai Y, Chen F. TGF-β Signaling in Progression of Oral Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10263. [PMID: 37373414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is a common malignancy worldwide, accounting for 1.9% to 3.5% of all malignant tumors. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), as one of the most important cytokines, is found to play complex and crucial roles in oral cancers. It may act in a pro-tumorigenic and tumor-suppressive manner; activities of the former include cell cycle progression inhibition, tumor microenvironment preparation, apoptosis promotion, stimulation of cancer cell invasion and metastasis, and suppression of immune surveillance. However, the triggering mechanisms of these distinct actions remain unclear. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of TGF-β signal transduction, focusing on oral squamous cell and salivary adenoid systemic carcinomas as well as keratocystic odontogenic tumors. Both the supporting and contrary evidence of the roles of TGF-β is discussed. Importantly, the TGF-β pathway has been the target of new drugs developed in the past decade, some having demonstrated promising therapeutic effects in clinical trials. Therefore, the achievements of TGF-β pathway-based therapeutics and their challenges are also assessed. The summarization and discussion of the updated knowledge of TGF-β signaling pathways will provide insight into the design of new strategies for oral cancer treatment, leading to an improvement in oral cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medicine School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Tiansong Xu
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yujuan Chai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medicine School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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Bates EA, Lovatt C, Plein AR, Davies JA, Siebzehnrubl FA, Parker AL. Engineering Adenoviral Vectors with Improved GBM Selectivity. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051086. [PMID: 37243172 DOI: 10.3390/v15051086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive adult brain cancer with an average survival rate of around 15 months in patients receiving standard treatment. Oncolytic adenovirus expressing therapeutic transgenes represent a promising alternative treatment for GBM. Of the many human adenoviral serotypes described to date, adenovirus 5 (HAdV-C5) has been the most utilised clinically and experimentally. However, the use of Ad5 as an anti-cancer agent may be hampered by naturally high seroprevalence rates to HAdV-C5 coupled with the infection of healthy cells via native receptors. To explore whether alternative natural adenoviral tropisms are better suited to GBM therapeutics, we pseudotyped an HAdV-C5-based platform using the fibre knob protein from alternative serotypes. We demonstrate that the adenoviral entry receptor coxsackie, adenovirus receptor (CAR) and CD46 are highly expressed by both GBM and healthy brain tissue, whereas Desmoglein 2 (DSG2) is expressed at a low level in GBM. We demonstrate that adenoviral pseudotypes, engaging CAR, CD46 and DSG2, effectively transduce GBM cells. However, the presence of these receptors on non-transformed cells presents the possibility of off-target effects and therapeutic transgene expression in healthy cells. To enhance the specificity of transgene expression to GBM, we assessed the potential for tumour-specific promoters hTERT and survivin to drive reporter gene expression selectively in GBM cell lines. We demonstrate tight GBM-specific transgene expression using these constructs, indicating that the combination of pseudotyping and tumour-specific promoter approaches may enable the development of efficacious therapies better suited to GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Bates
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Charlotte Lovatt
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alice R Plein
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James A Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Florian A Siebzehnrubl
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Guffroy M, Trela B, Kambara T, Stawski L, Chen H, Luus L, Montesinos MS, Olson L, He Y, Maisonave K, Carr T, Lu M, Ray AS, Hazelwood LA. Selective inhibition of integrin αvβ6 leads to rapid induction of urinary bladder tumors in cynomolgus macaques. Toxicol Sci 2023; 191:400-413. [PMID: 36515490 PMCID: PMC9936210 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of a novel and selective small molecule integrin αvβ6 inhibitor, MORF-627, to young cynomolgus monkeys for 28 days resulted in the rapid induction of epithelial proliferative changes in the urinary bladder of 2 animals, in the absence of test agent genotoxicity. Microscopic findings included suburothelial infiltration by irregular nests and/or trabeculae of epithelial cells, variable cytologic atypia, and high mitotic rate, without invasion into the tunica muscularis. Morphologic features and patterns of tumor growth were consistent with a diagnosis of early-stage invasive urothelial carcinoma. Ki67 immunohistochemistry demonstrated diffusely increased epithelial proliferation in the urinary bladder of several monkeys, including those with tumors, and αvβ6 was expressed in some epithelial tissues, including urinary bladder, in monkeys and humans. Spontaneous urothelial carcinomas are extremely unusual in young healthy monkeys, suggesting a direct link of the finding to the test agent. Inhibition of integrin αvβ6 is intended to locally and selectively block transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, which is implicated in epithelial proliferative disorders. Subsequent in vitro studies using a panel of integrin αvβ6 inhibitors in human bladder epithelial cells replicated the increased urothelial proliferation observed in monkeys and was reversed through exogenous application of TGF-β. Moreover, analysis of in vivo models of liver and lung fibrosis revealed evidence of epithelial hyperplasia and cell cycle dysregulation in mice treated with integrin αvβ6 or TGF-β receptor I inhibitors. The cumulative evidence suggests a direct link between integrin αvβ6 inhibition and decreased TGF-β signaling in the local bladder environment, with implications for epithelial proliferation and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce Trela
- AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | | | - Lukasz Stawski
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Huidong Chen
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Lia Luus
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | | | | | - Yupeng He
- AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | | | - Tracy Carr
- AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | - Min Lu
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
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5
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Integrin Alpha v Beta 6 (αvβ6) and Its Implications in Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012346. [PMID: 36293202 PMCID: PMC9603893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are necessary for cell adhesion, migration, and positioning. Essential for inducing signalling events for cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation, they also trigger a variety of signal transduction pathways involved in mediating invasion, metastasis, and squamous-cell carcinoma. Several recent studies have demonstrated that the up- and down-regulation of the expression of αv and other integrins can be a potent marker of malignant diseases and patient prognosis. This review focuses on an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-dependent integrin αVβ6, its biology, and its role in healthy humans. We examine the implications of αVβ6 in cancer progression and the promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by contributing to the activation of transforming growth factor beta TGF-β. Although αvβ6 is crucial for proper function in healthy people, it has also been validated as a target for cancer treatment. This review briefly considers aspects of targeting αVβ6 in the clinic via different therapeutic modalities.
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Lan Y, Yeung TL, Huang H, Wegener AA, Saha S, Toister-Achituv M, Jenkins MH, Chiu LY, Lazorchak A, Tarcic O, Wang H, Qi J, Locke G, Kalimi D, Qin G, Marelli B, Yu H, Gross AW, Derner MG, Soloviev M, Botte M, Sircar A, Ma H, Sood VD, Zhang D, Jiang F, Lo KM. Colocalized targeting of TGF-β and PD-L1 by bintrafusp alfa elicits distinct antitumor responses. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004122. [PMID: 35858707 PMCID: PMC9305820 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bintrafusp alfa (BA) is a bifunctional fusion protein designed for colocalized, simultaneous inhibition of two immunosuppressive pathways, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), within the tumor microenvironment (TME). We hypothesized that targeting PD-L1 to the tumor by BA colocalizes the TGF-β trap (TGF-βRII) to the TME, enabling it to sequester TGF-β in the tumor more effectively than systemic TGF-β blockade, thereby enhancing antitumor activity. Methods Multiple technologies were used to characterize the TGF-β trap binding avidity. BA versus combinations of anti-PD-L1 and TGF-β trap or the pan-TGF-β antibody fresolimumab were compared in proliferation and two-way mixed lymphocyte reaction assays. Immunophenotyping of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analysis assessing stromal and immune landscape following BA or the combination therapy were performed in MC38 tumors. TGF-β and PD-L1 co-expression and their associated gene signatures in MC38 tumors and human lung carcinoma tissue were studied with single-cell RNAseq (scRNAseq) and immunostaining. BA-induced internalization, degradation, and depletion of TGF-β were investigated in vitro. Results BA and fresolimumab had comparable intrinsic binding to TGF-β1, but there was an ~80× avidity-based increase in binding affinity with BA. BA inhibited cell proliferation in TGF-β-dependent and PD-L1-expressing cells more potently than TGF-β trap or fresolimumab. Compared with the combination of anti-PD-L1 and TGF-β trap or fresolimumab, BA enhanced T cell activation in vitro and increased TILs in MC38 tumors, which correlated with efficacy. BA induced distinct gene expression in the TME compared with the combination therapy, including upregulation of immune-related gene signatures and reduced activities in TGF-β-regulated pathways, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, extracellular matrix deposition, and fibrosis. Regulatory T cells, macrophages, immune cells of myeloid lineage, and fibroblasts were key PD-L1/TGF-β1 co-expressing cells in the TME. scRNAseq analysis suggested BA modulation of the macrophage phenotype, which was confirmed by histological assessment. PD-L1/TGF-β1 co-expression was also seen in human tumors. Finally, BA induced TGF-β1 internalization and degradation in the lysosomes. Conclusion BA more effectively blocks TGF-β by targeting TGF-β trap to the tumor via PD-L1 binding. Such colocalized targeting elicits distinct and superior antitumor responses relative to single agent combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lan
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tsz-Lun Yeung
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ansgar A Wegener
- Department of Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Somdutta Saha
- Department of Translational Medicine, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mira Toister-Achituv
- Department of Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Yavne, Israel
| | - Molly H Jenkins
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Li-Ya Chiu
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam Lazorchak
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA.,Be Biopharma, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ohad Tarcic
- Department of Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Yavne, Israel.,CAVOS Biotech, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jin Qi
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George Locke
- Department of Translational Medicine, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Doron Kalimi
- Department of Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Yavne, Israel
| | - Guozhong Qin
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bo Marelli
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Huakui Yu
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alec W Gross
- Department of Discovery Development Technologies, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa G Derner
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Soloviev
- Department of Discovery Development Technologies, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Aroop Sircar
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Integrated Supply Chain Operations, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vanita D Sood
- Department of Discovery Development Technologies, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA.,D2M Biotherapeutics, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kin-Ming Lo
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
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Quigley NG, Steiger K, Hoberück S, Czech N, Zierke MA, Kossatz S, Pretze M, Richter F, Weichert W, Pox C, Kotzerke J, Notni J. PET/CT imaging of head-and-neck and pancreatic cancer in humans by targeting the "Cancer Integrin" αvβ6 with Ga-68-Trivehexin. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:1136-1147. [PMID: 34559266 PMCID: PMC8460406 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a new probe for the αvβ6-integrin and assess its potential for PET imaging of carcinomas. METHODS Ga-68-Trivehexin was synthesized by trimerization of the optimized αvβ6-integrin selective cyclic nonapeptide Tyr2 (sequence: c[YRGDLAYp(NMe)K]) on the TRAP chelator core, followed by automated labeling with Ga-68. The tracer was characterized by ELISA for activities towards integrin subtypes αvβ6, αvβ8, αvβ3, and α5β1, as well as by cell binding assays on H2009 (αvβ6-positive) and MDA-MB-231 (αvβ6-negative) cells. SCID-mice bearing subcutaneous xenografts of the same cell lines were used for dynamic (90 min) and static (75 min p.i.) µPET imaging, as well as for biodistribution (90 min p.i.). Structure-activity-relationships were established by comparison with the predecessor compound Ga-68-TRAP(AvB6)3. Ga-68-Trivehexin was tested for in-human PET/CT imaging of HNSCC, parotideal adenocarcinoma, and metastatic PDAC. RESULTS Ga-68-Trivehexin showed a high αvβ6-integrin affinity (IC50 = 0.047 nM), selectivity over other subtypes (IC50-based factors: αvβ8, 131; αvβ3, 57; α5β1, 468), blockable uptake in H2009 cells, and negligible uptake in MDA-MB-231 cells. Biodistribution and preclinical PET imaging confirmed a high target-specific uptake in tumor and a low non-specific uptake in other organs and tissues except the excretory organs (kidneys and urinary bladder). Preclinical PET corresponded well to in-human results, showing high and persistent uptake in metastatic PDAC and HNSCC (SUVmax = 10-13) as well as in kidneys/urine. Ga-68-Trivehexin enabled PET/CT imaging of small PDAC metastases and showed high uptake in HNSCC but not in tumor-associated inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Ga-68-Trivehexin is a valuable probe for imaging of αvβ6-integrin expression in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hoberück
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Norbert Czech
- Center of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Pretze
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frauke Richter
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Pox
- Clinic of Internal Medicine, Hospital St. Joseph-Stift Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jörg Kotzerke
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Notni
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Experimental Radiopharmacy, Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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Engineering tumor stromal mechanics for improved T cell therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130095. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kossatz S, Beer AJ, Notni J. It's Time to Shift the Paradigm: Translation and Clinical Application of Non-αvβ3 Integrin Targeting Radiopharmaceuticals. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235958. [PMID: 34885066 PMCID: PMC8657165 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer cells often present a different set of proteins on their surface than normal cells. This also applies to integrins, a class of 24 cell surface receptors which mainly are responsible for physically anchoring cells in tissues, but also fulfil a plethora of other functions. If a certain integrin is found on tumor cells but not on normal ones, radioactive molecules (named tracers) that specifically bind to this integrin will accumulate in the cancer lesion if injected into the blood stream. The emitted radiation can be detected from outside the body and allows for localization and thus, diagnosis, of cancer. Only one of the 24 integrins, the subtype αvβ3, has hitherto been thoroughly investigated in this context. We herein summarize the most recent, pertinent research on other integrins, and argue that some of these approaches might ultimately improve the clinical management of the most lethal cancers, such as pancreatic carcinoma. Abstract For almost the entire period of the last two decades, translational research in the area of integrin-targeting radiopharmaceuticals was strongly focused on the subtype αvβ3, owing to its expression on endothelial cells and its well-established role as a biomarker for, and promoter of, angiogenesis. Despite a large number of translated tracers and clinical studies, a clinical value of αvβ3-integrin imaging could not be defined yet. The focus of research has, thus, been moving slowly but steadily towards other integrin subtypes which are involved in a large variety of tumorigenic pathways. Peptidic and non-peptidic radioligands for the integrins α5β1, αvβ6, αvβ8, α6β1, α6β4, α3β1, α4β1, and αMβ2 were first synthesized and characterized preclinically. Some of these compounds, targeting the subtypes αvβ6, αvβ8, and α6β1/β4, were subsequently translated into humans during the last few years. αvβ6-Integrin has arguably attracted most attention because it is expressed by some of the cancers with the worst prognosis (above all, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma), which substantiates a clinical need for the respective theranostic agents. The receptor furthermore represents a biomarker for malignancy and invasiveness of carcinomas, as well as for fibrotic diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and probably even for Sars-CoV-2 (COVID-19) related syndromes. Accordingly, the largest number of recent first-in-human applications has been reported for radiolabeled compounds targeting αvβ6-integrin. The results indicate a substantial clinical value, which might lead to a paradigm change and trigger the replacement of αvβ3 by αvβ6 as the most popular integrin in theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Notni
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- TRIMT GmbH, 01454 Radeberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4140-6075; Fax: +49-89-4140-6949
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10
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Steiger K, Quigley NG, Groll T, Richter F, Zierke MA, Beer AJ, Weichert W, Schwaiger M, Kossatz S, Notni J. There is a world beyond αvβ3-integrin: Multimeric ligands for imaging of the integrin subtypes αvβ6, αvβ8, αvβ3, and α5β1 by positron emission tomography. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:106. [PMID: 34636990 PMCID: PMC8506476 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of nuclear medicine and theranostics, integrin-related research and development was, for most of the time, focused predominantly on 'RGD peptides' and the subtype αvβ3-integrin. However, there are no less than 24 known integrins, and peptides without the RGD sequence as well as non-peptidic ligands play an equally important role as selective integrin ligands. On the other hand, multimerization is a well-established method to increase the avidity of binding structures, but multimeric radiopharmaceuticals have not made their way into clinics yet. In this review, we describe how these aspects have been interwoven in the framework of the German Research Foundation's multi-group interdisciplinary funding scheme CRC 824, yielding a series of potent PET imaging agents for selective imaging of various integrin subtypes. RESULTS The gallium-68 chelator TRAP was utilized to elaborate symmetrical trimers of various peptidic and non-peptidic integrin ligands. Preclinical data suggested a high potential of the resulting Ga-68-tracers for PET-imaging of the integrins α5β1, αvβ8, αvβ6, and αvβ3. For the first three, we provide some additional immunohistochemistry data in human cancers, which suggest several future clinical applications. Finally, application of αvβ3- and αvβ6-integrin tracers in pancreatic carcinoma patients revealed that unlike αvβ3-targeted PET, αvβ6-integrin PET is not characterized by off-target uptake and thus, enables a substantially improved imaging of this type of cancer. CONCLUSIONS Novel radiopharmaceuticals targeting a number of different integrins, above all, αvβ6, have proven their clinical potential and will play an increasingly important role in future theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Steiger
- Institut Für Pathologie Und Pathologische Anatomie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Neil Gerard Quigley
- Institut Für Pathologie Und Pathologische Anatomie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Groll
- Institut Für Pathologie Und Pathologische Anatomie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Frauke Richter
- Institut Für Pathologie Und Pathologische Anatomie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Wilko Weichert
- Institut Für Pathologie Und Pathologische Anatomie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Klinik Für Nuklearmedizin Und Zentralinstitut Für Translationale Krebsforschung (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts Der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Kossatz
- Klinik Für Nuklearmedizin Und Zentralinstitut Für Translationale Krebsforschung (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts Der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Notni
- Institut Für Pathologie Und Pathologische Anatomie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. .,Experimental Radiopharmacy, Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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11
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Dzobo K. Integrins Within the Tumor Microenvironment: Biological Functions, Importance for Molecular Targeting, and Cancer Therapeutics Innovation. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2021; 25:417-430. [PMID: 34191612 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2021.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many cellular functions important for solid tumor initiation and progression are mediated by members of the integrin family, a diverse family of cell attachment receptors. With recent studies emphasizing the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in tumor initiation and progression, it is not surprising that considerable attention is being paid to integrins. Several integrin antagonists are under clinical trials, with many demonstrating promising activity in patients with different cancers. A deeper knowledge of the functions of integrins within the TME is still required and might lead to better inhibitors being discovered. Integrin expression is commonly dysregulated in many tumors with integrins playing key roles in signaling as well as promotion of tumor cell invasion and migration. Integrins also play a major role in adhesion of circulating tumor cells to new sites and the resulting formation of secondary tumors. Furthermore, integrins have demonstrated the ability to promoting stem cell-like properties in tumor cells as well as drug resistance. Anti-integrin therapies rely heavily on the doses or concentrations used as these determine whether the drugs act as antagonists or as integrin agonists. This expert review offers the latest synthesis in terms of the current knowledge of integrins functions within the TME and as potential molecular targets for cancer therapeutics innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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12
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Kemper M, Schiecke A, Maar H, Nikulin S, Poloznikov A, Galatenko V, Tachezy M, Gebauer F, Lange T, Riecken K, Tonevitsky A, Aigner A, Izbicki J, Schumacher U, Wicklein D. Integrin alpha-V is an important driver in pancreatic adenocarcinoma progression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:214. [PMID: 34174926 PMCID: PMC8235815 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01946-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Mesothelial E- and P-selectins substantially mediate the intraperitoneal spread of Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) cells in xenograft models. In the absence of selectins in the host, the integrin subunit alpha-V (ITGAV, CD51) was upregulated in the remaining metastatic deposits. Here we present the first experimental study to investigate if ITGAV plays a functional role in PDA tumor growth and progression with a particular focus on intraperitoneal carcinomatosis. Methods Knockdown of ITGAV was generated using an RNA interference-mediated approach in two PDA cell lines. Tumor growth, intraperitoneal and distant metastasis were analyzed in a xenograft model. Cell lines were characterized in vitro. Gene expression of the xenograft tumors was analyzed. Patient samples were histologically classified and associations to survival were evaluated. Results The knockdown of ITGAV in PDA cells strongly reduces primary tumor growth, peritoneal carcinomatosis and spontaneous pulmonary metastasis. ITGAV activates latent TGF-β and thereby drives epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Combined depletion of ITGAV on the tumor cells and E- and P-selectins in the tumor-host synergistically almost abolishes intraperitoneal spread. Accordingly, high expression of ITGAV in PDA cells was associated with reduced survival in patients. Conclusion Combined depletion of ITGAV in PDA cells and E- and P-selectins in host mice massively suppresses intraperitoneal carcinomatosis of PDA cells xenografted into immunodeficient mice, confirming the hypothesis of a partly redundant adhesion cascade of metastasizing cancer cells. Our data strongly encourage developing novel therapeutic approaches for the combined targeting of E- and P-selectins and ITGAV in PDA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-01946-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Kemper
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany. .,Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Alina Schiecke
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Maar
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sergey Nikulin
- Dmitry Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Poloznikov
- Dmitry Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Galatenko
- Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael Tachezy
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Gebauer
- Department of General, Visceral and Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Tobias Lange
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Tonevitsky
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Higher School of Economics University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jakob Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Wicklein
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Budi EH, Schaub JR, Decaris M, Turner S, Derynck R. TGF-β as a driver of fibrosis: physiological roles and therapeutic opportunities. J Pathol 2021; 254:358-373. [PMID: 33834494 DOI: 10.1002/path.5680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many chronic diseases are marked by fibrosis, which is defined by an abundance of activated fibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, resulting in loss of normal function of the affected organs. The initiation and progression of fibrosis are elaborated by pro-fibrotic cytokines, the most critical of which is transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). This review focuses on the fibrogenic roles of increased TGF-β activities and underlying signaling mechanisms in the activated fibroblast population and other cell types that contribute to progression of fibrosis. Insight into these roles and mechanisms of TGF-β as a universal driver of fibrosis has stimulated the development of therapeutic interventions to attenuate fibrosis progression, based on interference with TGF-β signaling. Their promise in preclinical and clinical settings will be discussed. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erine H Budi
- Pliant Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Turner
- Pliant Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rik Derynck
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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14
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Kumari A, Shonibare Z, Monavarian M, Arend RC, Lee NY, Inman GJ, Mythreye K. TGFβ signaling networks in ovarian cancer progression and plasticity. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 38:139-161. [PMID: 33590419 PMCID: PMC7987693 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death in women. Late-stage diagnosis with significant tumor burden, accompanied by recurrence and chemotherapy resistance, contributes to this poor prognosis. These morbidities are known to be tied to events associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer. During EMT, localized tumor cells alter their polarity, cell-cell junctions, cell-matrix interactions, acquire motility and invasiveness and an exaggerated potential for metastatic spread. Key triggers for EMT include the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ) family of growth factors which are actively produced by a wide array of cell types within a specific tumor and metastatic environment. Although TGFβ can act as either a tumor suppressor or promoter in cancer, TGFβ exhibits its pro-tumorigenic functions at least in part via EMT. TGFβ regulates EMT both at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels as outlined here. Despite recent advances in TGFβ based therapeutics, limited progress has been seen for ovarian cancers that are in much need of new therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize and discuss several recent insights into the underlying signaling mechanisms of the TGFβ isoforms in EMT in the unique metastatic environment of EOCs and the current therapeutic interventions that may be relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Kumari
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Zainab Shonibare
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Mehri Monavarian
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Rebecca C Arend
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology-Gynecologic Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Nam Y Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Gareth J Inman
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute and Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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15
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Zhong C, Li ZX, Yang LJ, Wu G, Xiang B, Wang YL, Zhou Q. ITGB6 may promote proliferation and invasion in pancreatic cancer. Arch Med Sci 2021; 20:267-279. [PMID: 38414469 PMCID: PMC10895961 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/114039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ITGB6 gene encoding a protein that can regulate the integrin αvβ6 heterodimer protein expression in different status was shown to play an important role in multiple human cancers, such as brain cancer, colon cancer and oral cancer, and is related to clinical progression. This study aims to explore the function and the mechanism of the ITGB6 gene or protein in pancreatic cancer. Material and methods We examined the expression of ITGB6 in pancreatic cancer using immunohistochemistry and analyzed the relationship between the expression of ITGB6 and the clinicopathologic features in pancreatic cancer patients. In addition, a bioinformatic method was used to analyze the ITGB6 mRNA level in pancreatic tumor tissues compared with normal pancreatic tissues and to analyze the correlation between high KIF23 expression and prognosis in pancreatic cancer patients. Moreover, colony formation assay, MTT assay, cell scratch, cell invasion and western blot assays in vitro and a xenograft mouse model in vivo were performed to analyze the effect of KIF23 on proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. Results Increased expression of ITGB6 was significantly correlated with poor clinical outcome in both our clinical data and TCGA data of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, functional assays revealed that ITGB6 knockdown in vivo and in vitro might inhibit cancer cell proliferation and the ability of invasion or migration. Conclusions Our data suggest that ITGB6 is associated with pancreatic cancer malignant progression. Hence, ITGB6 may serve as a potential target of pancreatic cancer for future research, and further study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Orthopedic and Traumatic, Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Xi Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, East Hospital, Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ling-Jing Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, East Hospital, Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- Department of Cardiosurgery, Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu-Lan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
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16
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Phanthaphol N, Somboonpatarakun C, Suwanchiwasiri K, Chieochansin T, Sujjitjoon J, Wongkham S, Maher J, Junking M, Yenchitsomanus PT. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Targeting Integrin αvβ6 Expressed on Cholangiocarcinoma Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:657868. [PMID: 33763382 PMCID: PMC7982884 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.657868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a lethal bile duct cancer that responds poorly to current standard treatments. A new therapeutic approach is, therefore, urgently needed. Adoptive T cell transfer using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells is a new therapeutic modality with demonstrated efficacy in hematologic malignancies. However, its efficacy against solid tumors is modest, and further intensive investigation continues. An important factor that influences the success of CAR T cell therapy is the selection of a target antigen that is highly expressed on cancer cells, but markedly less so in normal cells. Integrin αvβ6 is upregulated in several solid tumors, but is minimally expressed in normal epithelial cells, which suggests integrin αvβ6 as an attractive target antigen for CAR T cell immunotherapy in CCA. We investigated integrin αvβ6 expression in pathological tissue samples from patients with liver fluke-associated CCA. We then created CAR T cells targeting integrin αvβ6 and evaluated their anti-tumor activities against CCA cells. We found overexpression of the integrin αvβ6 protein in 23 of 30 (73.3%) CCA patient tissue samples. Significant association between high integrin αvβ6 expression and short survival time (p = 0.043) was also observed. Lentiviral constructs were engineered to encode CARs containing an integrin αvβ6-binding peptide (A20) derived from foot-and-mouth disease virus fused with a second-generation CD28/CD3ζ signaling domain (A20-2G CAR) or with a fourth-generation CD28/4-1BB/CD27/CD3ζ signaling domain (A20-4G CAR). The A20-2G and A20-4G CARs were highly expressed in primary human T cells transduced with the engineered lentiviruses, and they exhibited high levels of cytotoxicity against integrin αvβ6-positive CCA cells (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the A20-2G and A20-4G CAR T cells displayed anti-tumor function against integrin αvβ6-positive CCA tumor spheroids (p < 0.05). Upon specific antigen recognition, A20-4G CAR T cells produced a slightly lower level of IFN-γ, but exhibited higher proliferation than A20-2G CAR T cells. Thus, the A20-4G CAR T cells with lower level of cytokine production, but with higher proliferation represents a promising potential adoptive T cell therapy for integrin αvβ6-positive CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattaporn Phanthaphol
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chalermchai Somboonpatarakun
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kwanpirom Suwanchiwasiri
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Molecular Medicine Program, Multidisciplinary Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thaweesak Chieochansin
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Sujjitjoon
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sopit Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - John Maher
- King's College London, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre and Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mutita Junking
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pa-Thai Yenchitsomanus
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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17
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Gómez-Gil V. Therapeutic Implications of TGFβ in Cancer Treatment: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030379. [PMID: 33498521 PMCID: PMC7864190 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary While the importance of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) in cancer development and progression has long been recognized, a successful therapy targeting this cytokine has not been developed yet. The difficulty in blocking the tumor-promoting activity of this factor while maintaining the tumor suppressor effects can compromise the expected outcomes. This systematic review summarizes and discusses the different strategies being tested to regulate TGFβ expression in cancer treatment, as well as their associated side effects. Abstract Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a pleiotropic cytokine that participates in a wide range of biological functions. The alterations in the expression levels of this factor, or the deregulation of its signaling cascade, can lead to different pathologies, including cancer. A great variety of therapeutic strategies targeting TGFβ, or the members included in its signaling pathway, are currently being researched in cancer treatment. However, the dual role of TGFβ, as a tumor suppressor or a tumor-promoter, together with its crosstalk with other signaling pathways, has hampered the development of safe and effective treatments aimed at halting the cancer progression. This systematic literature review aims to provide insight into the different approaches available to regulate TGFβ and/or the molecules involved in its synthesis, activation, or signaling, as a cancer treatment. The therapeutic strategies most commonly investigated include antisense oligonucleotides, which prevent TGFβ synthesis, to molecules that block the interaction between TGFβ and its signaling receptors, together with inhibitors of the TGFβ signaling cascade-effectors. The effectiveness and possible complications of the different potential therapies available are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Gómez-Gil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Area of Pharmacology), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Yang H, Kuo YH, Smith ZI, Spangler J. Targeting cancer metastasis with antibody therapeutics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1698. [PMID: 33463090 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis, the spread of disease from a primary to a distal site through the circulatory or lymphatic systems, accounts for over 90% of all cancer related deaths. Despite significant progress in the field of cancer therapy in recent years, mortality rates remain dramatically higher for patients with metastatic disease versus those with local or regional disease. Although there is clearly an urgent need to develop drugs that inhibit cancer spread, the overwhelming majority of anticancer therapies that have been developed to date are designed to inhibit tumor growth but fail to address the key stages of the metastatic process: invasion, intravasation, circulation, extravasation, and colonization. There is growing interest in engineering targeted therapeutics, such as antibody drugs, that inhibit various steps in the metastatic cascade. We present an overview of antibody therapeutic approaches, both in the pipeline and in the clinic, that disrupt the essential mechanisms that underlie cancer metastasis. These therapies include classes of antibodies that indirectly target metastasis, including anti-integrin, anticadherin, and immune checkpoint blocking antibodies, as well as monoclonal and bispecific antibodies that are specifically designed to interrupt disease dissemination. Although few antimetastatic antibodies have achieved clinical success to date, there are many promising candidates in various stages of development, and novel targets and approaches are constantly emerging. Collectively, these efforts will enrich our understanding of the molecular drivers of metastasis, and the new strategies that arise promise to have a profound impact on the future of cancer therapeutic development. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Yang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yun-Huai Kuo
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zion I Smith
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jamie Spangler
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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19
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Cardle II, Jensen MC, Pun SH, Sellers DL. Optimized serum stability and specificity of an αvβ6 integrin-binding peptide for tumor targeting. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100657. [PMID: 33857478 PMCID: PMC8138772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrin αvβ6 is an antigen expressed at low levels in healthy tissue but upregulated during tumorigenesis, which makes it a promising target for cancer imaging and therapy. A20FMDV2 is a 20-mer peptide derived from the foot-and-mouth disease virus that exhibits nanomolar and selective affinity for αvβ6 versus other integrins. Despite this selectivity, A20FMDV2 has had limited success in imaging and treating αvβ6+ tumors in vivo because of its poor serum stability. Here, we explore the cyclization and modification of the A20FMDV2 peptide to improve its serum stability without sacrificing its affinity and specificity for αvβ6. Using cysteine amino acid substitutions and cyclization by perfluoroarylation with decafluorobiphenyl, we synthesized six cyclized A20FMDV2 variants and discovered that two retained binding to αvβ6 with modestly improved serum stability. Further d-amino acid substitutions and C-terminal sequence optimization outside the cyclized region greatly prolonged peptide serum stability without reducing binding affinity. While the cyclized A20FMDV2 variants exhibited increased nonspecific integrin binding compared with the original peptide, additional modifications with the non-natural amino acids citrulline, hydroxyproline, and d-alanine were found to restore binding specificity, with some modifications leading to greater αvβ6 integrin selectivity than the original A20FMDV2 peptide. The peptide modifications detailed herein greatly improve the potential of utilizing A20FMDV2 to target αvβ6 in vivo, expanding opportunities for cancer targeting and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian I Cardle
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael C Jensen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Drew L Sellers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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20
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NIR Imaging of the Integrin-Rich Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using Ternary Copper Indium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide-Based Quantum Dots. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123727. [PMID: 33322532 PMCID: PMC7764319 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient intraoperative identification of cancers requires the development of the bright, minimally-toxic, tumor-specific near-infrared (NIR) probes as contrast agents. Luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) offer several unique advantages for in vivo cellular imaging by providing bright and photostable fluorescent probes. Here, we present the synthesis of ZnCuInSe/ZnS core/shell QDs emitting in NIR (~750 nm) conjugated to NAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVART (A20FMDV2) peptide for targeting αvβ6 integrin-rich head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Integrin αvβ6 is usually not detectable in nonpathological tissues, but is highly upregulated in HNSCC. QD-A20 showed αvβ6 integrin-specific binding in two-dimension (2D) monolayer and three-dimension (3D) spheroid in vitro HNSCC models. QD-A20 exhibit limited penetration (ca. 50 µm) in stroma-rich 3D spheroids. Finally, we demonstrated the potential of these QDs by time-gated fluorescence imaging of stroma-rich 3D spheroids placed onto mm-thick tissue slices to mimic imaging conditions in tissues. Overall, QD-A20 could be considered as highly promising nanoprobes for NIR bioimaging and imaging-guided surgery.
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21
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Urquiza M, Guevara V, Diaz-Sana E, Mora F. The Role of αvβ6 Integrin Binding Molecules in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200528124936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptidic and non-peptidic αvβ6 integrin-binding molecules have been used in
the clinic for detection and treatment of tumors expressing αvβ6 integrin, because this protein
is expressed in malignant epithelial cells of the oral cavity, pancreas, breast, ovary,
colon and stomach carcinomas but it is not expressed in healthy adult tissue except during
wound healing and inflammation. This review focuses on the landscape of αvβ6 integrinbinding
molecules and their use in cancer treatment and detection, and discusses recent
designs for tumor detection, treatment, and immunotherapy. In the last ten years, several
reviews abamp;#945;vβ6 integrin-binding molecules and their role in cancer detection and treatment.
Firstly, this review describes the role of the αvβ6 integrin in normal tissues, how the expression
of this protein is correlated with cancer severity and its role in cancer development. Taking into account
the potential of αvβ6 integrin-binding molecules in detection and treatment of specific tumors, special
attention is given to several high-affinity αvβ6 integrin-binding peptides used for tumor imaging; particularly,
the αvβ6-binding peptide NAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVART [A20FMDV2], derived from the foot and mouth
disease virus. This peptide labeled with either 18F, 111In or with 68Ga has been used for PET imaging of αvβ6
integrin-positive tumors. Moreover, αvβ6 integrin-binding peptides have been used for photoacoustic and fluorescence
imaging and could potentially be used in clinical application in cancer diagnosis and intraoperative
imaging of αvβ6-integrin positive tumors. Additionally, non-peptidic αvβ6-binding molecules have been designed
and used in the clinic for the detection and treatment of αvβ6-expressing tumors. Anti-αvβ6 integrin antibodies
are another useful tool for selective identification and treatment of αvβ6 (+) tumors. The utility of
these αvβ6 integrin-binding molecules as a tool for tumor detection and treatment is discussed, considering
specificity, sensitivity and serum stability. Another use of the αvβ6 integrin-binding peptides is to modify the
Ad5 cell tropism for inducing oncolytic activity of αvβ6-integrin positive tumor cells by expressing
A20FMDV2 peptide within the fiber knob protein (Ad5NULL-A20). The newly designed oncolytic
Ad5NULL-A20 virotherapy is promising for local and systemic targeting of αvβ6-overexpressing cancers. Finally,
new evidence has emerged, indicating that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) containing the αvβ6 integrin-
binding peptide on top of CD28+CD3 endodomain displays a potent therapeutic activity in a diverse
repertoire of solid tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Urquiza
- Grupo de Investigacion en Hormonas (GIH), Department of Chemistry, National University of Columbia, Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogota, zip code 111321, Colombia
| | - Valentina Guevara
- Grupo de Investigacion en Hormonas (GIH), Department of Chemistry, National University of Columbia, Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogota, zip code 111321, Colombia
| | - Erika Diaz-Sana
- Grupo de Investigacion en Hormonas (GIH), Department of Chemistry, National University of Columbia, Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogota, zip code 111321, Colombia
| | - Felipe Mora
- Grupo de Investigacion en Hormonas (GIH), Department of Chemistry, National University of Columbia, Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogota, zip code 111321, Colombia
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Hulin-Curtis SL, Davies JA, Nestić D, Bates EA, Baker AT, Cunliffe TG, Majhen D, Chester JD, Parker AL. Identification of folate receptor α (FRα) binding oligopeptides and their evaluation for targeted virotherapy applications. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 27:785-798. [PMID: 31902944 PMCID: PMC7661341 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-019-0156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapies (OV) based on human adenoviral (HAdV) vectors hold significant promise for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancers where local, intraperitoneal delivery to tumour metastases is feasible, bypassing many complexities associated with intravascular delivery. The efficacy of HAdV-C5-based OV is hampered by a lack of tumour selectivity, where the primary receptor, hCAR, is commonly downregulated during malignant transformation. Conversely, folate receptor alpha (FRα) is highly expressed on ovarian cancer cells, providing a compelling target for tumour selective delivery of virotherapies. Here, we identify high-affinity FRα-binding oligopeptides for genetic incorporation into HAdV-C5 vectors. Biopanning identified a 12-mer linear peptide, DWSSWVYRDPQT, and two 7-mer cysteine-constrained peptides, CIGNSNTLC and CTVRTSAEC that bound FRα in the context of the phage particle. Synthesised lead peptide, CTVRTSAEC, bound specifically to FRα and could be competitively inhibited with folic acid. To assess the capacity of the elucidated FRα-binding oligopeptides to target OV to FRα, we genetically incorporated the peptides into the HAdV-C5 fiber-knob HI loop including in vectors genetically ablated for hCAR interactions. Unfortunately, the recombinant vectors failed to efficiently target transduction via FRα due to defective intracellular trafficking following entry via FRα, indicating that whilst the peptides identified may have potential for applications for targeted drug delivery, they require additional refinement for targeted virotherapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Hulin-Curtis
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James A Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Davor Nestić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Emily A Bates
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alexander T Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Tabitha G Cunliffe
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Dragomira Majhen
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - John D Chester
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Whitchurch, Cardiff, CF14 2TL, UK
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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23
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Derynck R, Turley SJ, Akhurst RJ. TGFβ biology in cancer progression and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020; 18:9-34. [DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-0403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Weil P, van den Bruck R, Ziegenhals T, Juranek S, Goedde D, Orth V, Wirth S, Jenke AC, Postberg J. β6 integrinosis: a new lethal autosomal recessive ITGB6 disorder leading to impaired conformational transitions of the α Vβ6 integrin receptor. Gut 2020; 69:1359-1361. [PMID: 31201286 PMCID: PMC7306976 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Weil
- Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Rhea van den Bruck
- Department of Paediatrics, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thomas Ziegenhals
- Chair of Biochemistry, Theodor-Boveri-Institute at the Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Juranek
- Chair of Biochemistry, Theodor-Boveri-Institute at the Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Goedde
- Department of Pathology, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Valerie Orth
- Department of Surgery II, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirth
- Department of Paediatrics, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Andreas C Jenke
- Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany,Department of Neonatology and General Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Jan Postberg
- Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany
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25
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EGFR and αvβ6 as Promising Targets for Molecular Imaging of Cutaneous and Mucosal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck Region. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061474. [PMID: 32516897 PMCID: PMC7352159 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
R0 resection is paramount in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, in the setting of recurrence, immunocompromised patients, or non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with a spindle growth pattern, tumor borders are difficult, if not impossible, to determine. Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) aids in this differentiation. Potential targets for FGS of CSCC and HNSCC were evaluated. Most sections stained intensely for αvβ6 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on tumor cells. Normal epithelium stained less for αvβ6 than for EGFR. In addition, soft tissue and stroma stained negative for both, allowing for clear discrimination of the soft tissue margin. Tumor cells weakly expressed urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) while expression on stromal cells was moderate. Normal epithelium rarely expressed uPAR, resulting in clear discrimination of superficial margins. Tumors did not consistently express integrin β3, carcinoembryonic antigen, epithelial cell adhesion molecule, or vascular endothelial growth factor A. In conclusion, αvβ6 and EGFR allowed for precise discrimination of SSC at the surgically problematic soft tissue margins. Superficial margins are ideally distinguished with uPAR. In the future, FGS in the surgically challenging setting of cutaneous and mucosal SCC could benefit from a tailor-made approach, with EGFR and αvβ6 as targets.
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Tschumperlin DJ, Lagares D. Mechano-therapeutics: Targeting Mechanical Signaling in Fibrosis and Tumor Stroma. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107575. [PMID: 32437826 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathological remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by activated myofibroblasts is a hallmark of fibrotic diseases and desmoplastic tumors. Activation of myofibroblasts occurs in response to fibrogenic tissue injury as well as in tumor-associated fibrotic reactions. The molecular determinants of myofibroblast activation in fibrosis and tumor stroma have traditionally been viewed to include biochemical agents, such as dysregulated growth factor and cytokine signaling, which profoundly alter the biology of fibroblasts, ultimately leading to overexuberant matrix deposition and fibrosis. More recently, compelling evidence has shown that altered mechanical properties of the ECM such as matrix stiffness are major drivers of tissue fibrogenesis by promoting mechano-activation of fibroblasts. In this Review, we discuss new insights into the role of the biophysical microenvironment in the amplified activation of fibrogenic myofibroblasts during the development and progression of fibrotic diseases and desmoplastic tumors. We also summarize novel therapeutic targets for anti-fibrotic therapy based on the mechanobiology of tissue fibrosis and tumor stroma, a class of drugs known as "mechano-therapeutics".
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Tissue Repair and Mechanobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 1(st) St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - David Lagares
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Fibrosis Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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27
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The Extracellular Matrix: An Accomplice in Gastric Cancer Development and Progression. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020394. [PMID: 32046329 PMCID: PMC7072625 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic and highly organized tissue structure, providing support and maintaining normal epithelial architecture. In the last decade, increasing evidence has emerged demonstrating that alterations in ECM composition and assembly strongly affect cellular function and behavior. Even though the detailed mechanisms underlying cell-ECM crosstalk are yet to unravel, it is well established that ECM deregulation accompanies the development of many pathological conditions, such as gastric cancer. Notably, gastric cancer remains a worldwide concern, representing the third most frequent cause of cancer-associated deaths. Despite increased surveillance protocols, patients are usually diagnosed at advanced disease stages, urging the identification of novel diagnostic biomarkers and efficient therapeutic strategies. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview regarding expression patterns of ECM components and cognate receptors described in normal gastric epithelium, pre-malignant lesions, and gastric carcinomas. Important insights are also discussed for the use of ECM-associated molecules as predictive biomarkers of the disease or as potential targets in gastric cancer.
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28
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Lodyga M, Hinz B. TGF-β1 - A truly transforming growth factor in fibrosis and immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 101:123-139. [PMID: 31879265 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
'Jack of all trades, master of everything' is a fair label for transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β) - a cytokine that controls our life at many levels. In the adult organism, TGF-β1 is critical for the development and maturation of immune cells, maintains immune tolerance and homeostasis, and regulates various aspects of immune responses. Following acute tissue damages, TGF-β1 becomes a master regulator of the healing process with impacts on about every cell type involved. Divergence from the tight control of TGF-β1 actions, for instance caused by chronic injury, severe trauma, or infection can tip the balance from regulated physiological to excessive pathological repair. This condition of fibrosis is characterized by accumulation and stiffening of collagenous scar tissue which impairs organ functions to the point of failure. Fibrosis and dysregulated immune responses are also a feature of cancer, in which tumor cells escape immune control partly by manipulating TGF-β1 regulation and where immune cells are excluded from the tumor by fibrotic matrix created during the stroma 'healing' response. Despite the obvious potential of TGF-β-signalling therapies, globally targeting TGF-β1 receptor, downstream pathways, or the active growth factor have proven to be extremely difficult if not impossible in systemic treatment regimes. However, TGF-β1 binding to cell receptors requires prior activation from latent complexes that are extracellularly presented on the surface of immune cells or within the extracellular matrix. These different locations have led to some divergence in the field which is often either seen from the perspective of an immunologists or a fibrosis/matrix researcher. Despite these human boundaries, there is considerable overlap between immune and tissue repair cells with respect to latent TGF-β1 presentation and activation. Moreover, the mechanisms and proteins employed by different cells and spatiotemporal control of latent TGF-β1 activation provide specificity that is amenable to drug development. This review aims at synthesizing the knowledge on TGF-β1 extracellular activation in the immune system and in fibrosis to further stimulate cross talk between the two research communities in solving the TGF-β conundrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lodyga
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1G6, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1G6, Canada.
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29
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Ahmadpour S, Hosseinimehr SJ. Recent developments in peptide-based SPECT radiopharmaceuticals for breast tumor targeting. Life Sci 2019; 239:116870. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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30
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Egloff-Juras C, Bezdetnaya L, Dolivet G, Lassalle HP. NIR fluorescence-guided tumor surgery: new strategies for the use of indocyanine green. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:7823-7838. [PMID: 31576126 PMCID: PMC6768149 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s207486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgery is the frontline treatment for a large number of cancers. The objective of these excisional surgeries is the complete removal of the primary tumor with sufficient safety margins. Removal of the entire tumor is essential to improve the chances of a full recovery. To help surgeons achieve this objective, near-infrared fluorescence-guided surgical techniques are of great interest. The concomitant use of fluorescence and indocyanine green (ICG) has proved effective in the identification and characterization of tumors. Moreover, ICG is authorized by the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency and is therefore the subject of a large number of studies. ICG is one of the most commonly used fluorophores in near-infrared fluorescence-guided techniques. However, it also has some disadvantages, such as limited photostability, a moderate fluorescence quantum yield, a high plasma protein binding rate, and undesired aggregation in aqueous solution. In addition, ICG does not specifically target tumor cells. One way to exploit the capabilities of ICG while offsetting these drawbacks is to develop high-performance near-infrared nanocomplexes formulated with ICG (with high selectivity for tumors, high tumor-to-background ratios, and minimal toxicity). In this review article, we focus on recent developments in ICG complexation strategies to improve near-infrared fluorescence-guided tumor surgery. We describe targeted and nontargeted ICG nanoparticle models and ICG complexation with targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Egloff-Juras
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, Nancy F-54000, France.,Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Lina Bezdetnaya
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, Nancy F-54000, France.,Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Gilles Dolivet
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, Nancy F-54000, France.,Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Henri-Pierre Lassalle
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, Nancy F-54000, France.,Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Nancy F-54000, France
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31
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Integrin-Mediated TGFβ Activation Modulates the Tumour Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091221. [PMID: 31438626 PMCID: PMC6769837 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TGFβ (transforming growth factor-beta) is a pleotropic cytokine with contrasting effects in cancer. In normal tissue and early tumours, TGFβ acts as a tumour suppressor, limiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis. However, these effects are eventually abrogated by the loss or inactivation of downstream signalling within the TGFβ pathway, and in established tumours, TGFβ then acts as a tumour promotor through multiple mechanisms including inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), promoting formation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and increasing angiogenesis. TGFβ is secrereted as a large latent complex and is embedded in the extracellular matrix or held on the surface of cells and must be activated before mediating its multiple functions. Thus, whilst TGFβ is abundant in the tumour microenvironment (TME), its functionality is regulated by local activation. The αv-integrins are major activators of latent-TGFβ. The potential benefits of manipulating the immune TME have been highlighted by the clinical success of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in a number of solid tumour types. TGFβ is a potent suppressor of T-cell-mediated immune surveillance and a key cause of resistance to checkpoint inhibitors. Therefore, as certain integrins locally activate TGFβ, they are likely to have a role in the immunosuppressive TME, although this remains to be confirmed. In this review, we discussed the role of TGFβ in cancer, the role of integrins in activating TGFβ in the TME, and the potential benefits of targeting integrins to augment immunotherapies.
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32
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Noori MS, Streator ES, Carlson GE, Drozek DS, Burdick MM, Goetz DJ. An adhesion based approach for the detection of esophageal cancer. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 10:747-757. [PMID: 30398503 DOI: 10.1039/c8ib00132d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer has a 5 year survival rate of ∼20%. This dismal prognosis is due, in part, to the fact that esophageal cancer often presents at a late stage. Thus, there is a critical need for assays that enable the early detection of cancerous tissue within the esophagus. The luminal surface of the esophagus expresses signature molecule(s) at sites of transformation providing an avenue for the development of in situ assays that detect neoplastic growth within the esophagus. An attractive approach, receiving increased attention, is the endoscopic administration of particles conjugated with ligands to signature molecules present on transforming tissue. Detection of the particles within the esophagus, post-washing, would indicate the presence of the signature molecule and thus transforming tissue. In this work, we utilized cancerous and normal esophageal cells to provide in vitro proof of principle for this approach utilizing ligand-conjugated microspheres and demonstrate the need, and provide the framework for, engineering this technology. Specifically, the study (i) reveals selective increased expression of signature molecules on cancerous esophageal cells relative to normal cells; (ii) demonstrates selective binding of ligand-conjugated microspheres to cancerous esophageal cells relative to normal cells; (iii) demonstrates that the selective recognition of cancerous, relative to normal esophageal cells, is highly dependent on the biophysical design of the assay; and (iv) advocates utilizing the knowledge from the field of cell adhesion as a guide for the effective development of ligand-conjugated particle-based schemes that seek to detect esophageal oncogenesis in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh S Noori
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA.
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33
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Gerashchenko TS, Novikov NM, Krakhmal NV, Zolotaryova SY, Zavyalova MV, Cherdyntseva NV, Denisov EV, Perelmuter VM. Markers of Cancer Cell Invasion: Are They Good Enough? J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1092. [PMID: 31344926 PMCID: PMC6723901 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion, or directed migration of tumor cells into adjacent tissues, is one of the hallmarks of cancer and the first step towards metastasis. Penetrating to adjacent tissues, tumor cells form the so-called invasive front/edge. The cellular plasticity afforded by different kinds of phenotypic transitions (epithelial-mesenchymal, collective-amoeboid, mesenchymal-amoeboid, and vice versa) significantly contributes to the diversity of cancer cell invasion patterns and mechanisms. Nevertheless, despite the advances in the understanding of invasion, it is problematic to identify tumor cells with the motile phenotype in cancer tissue specimens due to the absence of reliable and acceptable molecular markers. In this review, we summarize the current information about molecules such as extracellular matrix components, factors of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, proteases, cell adhesion, and actin cytoskeleton proteins involved in cell migration and invasion that could be used as invasive markers and discuss their advantages and limitations. Based on the reviewed data, we conclude that future studies focused on the identification of specific invasive markers should use new models one of which may be the intratumor morphological heterogeneity in breast cancer reflecting different patterns of cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Gerashchenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia.
| | - Nikita M Novikov
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Cytology and Genetics, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Krakhmal
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sofia Y Zolotaryova
- Department of Cytology and Genetics, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marina V Zavyalova
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Cherdyntseva
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
- Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Denisov
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir M Perelmuter
- Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
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34
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Whilding LM, Halim L, Draper B, Parente-Pereira AC, Zabinski T, Davies DM, Maher J. CAR T-Cells Targeting the Integrin αvβ6 and Co-Expressing the Chemokine Receptor CXCR2 Demonstrate Enhanced Homing and Efficacy against Several Solid Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E674. [PMID: 31091832 PMCID: PMC6563120 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the unprecedented clinical success of chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) T-cells against haematological malignancy, solid tumors impose a far greater challenge to success. Largely, this stems from an inadequate capacity of CAR T-cells that can traffic and maintain function within a hostile microenvironment. To enhance tumor-directed T-cell trafficking, we have engineered CAR T-cells to acquire heightened responsiveness to interleukin (IL)-8. Circulating IL-8 levels correlate with disease burden and prognosis in multiple solid tumors in which it exerts diverse pathological functions including angiogenesis, support of cancer stem cell survival, and recruitment of immunosuppressive myeloid cells. To harness tumor-derived IL-8 for therapeutic benefit, we have co-expressed either of its cognate receptors (CXCR1 or CXCR2) in CAR T-cells that target the tumor-associated αvβ6 integrin. We demonstrate here that CXCR2-expressing CAR T-cells migrate more efficiently towards IL-8 and towards tumor conditioned media that contains this cytokine. As a result, these CAR T-cells elicit superior anti-tumor activity against established αvβ6-expressing ovarian or pancreatic tumor xenografts, with a more favorable toxicity profile. These data support the further engineering of CAR T-cells to acquire responsiveness to cancer-derived chemokines in order to improve their therapeutic activity against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynsey M Whilding
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Leena Halim
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Benjamin Draper
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Ana C Parente-Pereira
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Tomasz Zabinski
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - David Marc Davies
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - John Maher
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK.
- Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, East Sussex BN21 2UD, UK.
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35
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Lan Y, Zhang D, Xu C, Hance KW, Marelli B, Qi J, Yu H, Qin G, Sircar A, Hernández VM, Jenkins MH, Fontana RE, Deshpande A, Locke G, Sabzevari H, Radvanyi L, Lo KM. Enhanced preclinical antitumor activity of M7824, a bifunctional fusion protein simultaneously targeting PD-L1 and TGF-β. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/424/eaan5488. [PMID: 29343622 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan5488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies targeting immune checkpoints are emerging as potent and viable cancer therapies, but not all patients respond to these as single agents. Concurrently targeting additional immunosuppressive pathways is a promising approach to enhance immune checkpoint blockade, and bifunctional molecules designed to target two pathways simultaneously may provide a strategic advantage over the combination of two single agents. M7824 (MSB0011359C) is a bifunctional fusion protein composed of a monoclonal antibody against programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) fused to the extracellular domain of human transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor II, which functions as a "trap" for all three TGF-β isoforms. We demonstrate that M7824 efficiently, specifically, and simultaneously binds PD-L1 and TGF-β. In syngeneic mouse models, M7824 suppressed tumor growth and metastasis more effectively than treatment with either an anti-PD-L1 antibody or TGF-β trap alone; furthermore, M7824 extended survival and conferred long-term protective antitumor immunity. Mechanistically, the dual anti-immunosuppressive function of M7824 resulted in activation of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, which contributed to M7824's antitumor activity. Finally, M7824 was an effective combination partner for radiotherapy or chemotherapy in mouse models. Collectively, our preclinical data demonstrate that simultaneous blockade of the PD-L1 and TGF-β pathways by M7824 elicits potent and superior antitumor activity relative to monotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lan
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA.
| | - Dong Zhang
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Chunxiao Xu
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Kenneth W Hance
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Bo Marelli
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Jin Qi
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Huakui Yu
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Guozhong Qin
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Aroop Sircar
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Vivian M Hernández
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Molly H Jenkins
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Rachel E Fontana
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Amit Deshpande
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - George Locke
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Helen Sabzevari
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Laszlo Radvanyi
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Kin-Ming Lo
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA.
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36
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Olof Olsson P, Gustafsson R, Salnikov AV, Göthe M, Zeller KS, Friman T, Baldetorp B, Koopman LA, Weinreb PH, Violette SM, Kalamajski S, Heldin NE, Rubin K. Inhibition of integrin α Vβ 6 changes fibril thickness of stromal collagen in experimental carcinomas. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:36. [PMID: 29966518 PMCID: PMC6027735 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemotherapeutic efficacy can be improved by targeting the structure and function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the carcinomal stroma. This can be accomplished by e.g. inhibiting TGF-β1 and -β3 or treating with Imatinib, which results in scarcer collagen fibril structure in xenografted human KAT-4/HT29 (KAT-4) colon adenocarcinoma. Methods The potential role of αVβ6 integrin-mediated activation of latent TGF-β was studied in cultured KAT-4 and Capan-2 human ductal pancreatic carcinoma cells as well as in xenograft carcinoma generated by these cells. The monoclonal αVβ6 integrin-specific monoclonal antibody 3G9 was used to inhibit the αVβ6 integrin activity. Results Both KAT-4 and Capan-2 cells expressed the αVβ6 integrin but only KAT-4 cells could utilize this integrin to activate latent TGF-β in vitro. Only when Capan-2 cells were co-cultured with human F99 fibroblasts was the integrin activation mechanism triggered, suggesting a more complex, fibroblast-dependent, activation pathway. In nude mice, a 10-day treatment with 3G9 reduced collagen fibril thickness and interstitial fluid pressure in KAT-4 but not in the more desmoplastic Capan-2 tumors that, to achieve a similar effect, required a prolonged 3G9 treatment. In contrast, a 10-day direct inhibition of TGF-β1 and -β3 reduced collagen fibril thickness in both tumor models. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that the αVβ6-directed activation of latent TGF-β plays a pivotal role in modulating the stromal collagen network in carcinoma, but that the sensitivity to αVβ6 inhibition depends on the simultaneous presence of alternative paths for latent TGF-β activation and the extent of desmoplasia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-018-0249-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Olof Olsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Medicon Village 406, SE-22381, Lund, Sweden
| | - Renata Gustafsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Medicon Village 406, SE-22381, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexei V Salnikov
- Oncology Clinic, Department of Clinical Sciences, University Hospital Lund, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Göthe
- Science for Life Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kathrin S Zeller
- Science for Life Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Friman
- Science for Life Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Baldetorp
- Oncology Clinic, Department of Clinical Sciences, University Hospital Lund, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Sebastian Kalamajski
- Science for Life Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nils-Erik Heldin
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristofer Rubin
- Science for Life Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Uusi-Kerttula H, Davies JA, Thompson JM, Wongthida P, Evgin L, Shim KG, Bradshaw A, Baker AT, Rizkallah PJ, Jones R, Hanna L, Hudson E, Vile RG, Chester JD, Parker AL. Ad5 NULL-A20: A Tropism-Modified, αvβ6 Integrin-Selective Oncolytic Adenovirus for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Therapies. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4215-4224. [PMID: 29798908 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Virotherapies are maturing in the clinical setting. Adenoviruses (Ad) are excellent vectors for the manipulability and tolerance of transgenes. Poor tumor selectivity, off-target sequestration, and immune inactivation hamper clinical efficacy. We sought to completely redesign Ad5 into a refined, tumor-selective virotherapy targeted to αvβ6 integrin, which is expressed in a range of aggressively transformed epithelial cancers but nondetectable in healthy tissues.Experimental Design: Ad5NULL-A20 harbors mutations in each major capsid protein to preclude uptake via all native pathways. Tumor-tropism via αvβ6 targeting was achieved by genetic insertion of A20 peptide (NAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVART) within the fiber knob protein. The vector's selectivity in vitro and in vivo was assessed.Results: The tropism-ablating triple mutation completely blocked all native cell entry pathways of Ad5NULL-A20 via coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), αvβ3/5 integrins, and coagulation factor 10 (FX). Ad5NULL-A20 efficiently and selectively transduced αvβ6+ cell lines and primary clinical ascites-derived EOC ex vivo, including in the presence of preexisting anti-Ad5 immunity. In vivo biodistribution of Ad5NULL-A20 following systemic delivery in non-tumor-bearing mice was significantly reduced in all off-target organs, including a remarkable 107-fold reduced genome accumulation in the liver compared with Ad5. Tumor uptake, transgene expression, and efficacy were confirmed in a peritoneal SKOV3 xenograft model of human EOC, where oncolytic Ad5NULL-A20-treated animals demonstrated significantly improved survival compared with those treated with oncolytic Ad5.Conclusions: Oncolytic Ad5NULL-A20 virotherapies represent an excellent vector for local and systemic targeting of αvβ6-overexpressing cancers and exciting platforms for tumor-selective overexpression of therapeutic anticancer modalities, including immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res; 24(17); 4215-24. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanni Uusi-Kerttula
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James A Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jill M Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Laura Evgin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kevin G Shim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Angela Bradshaw
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander T Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Jones
- South West Wales Cancer Institute, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Hudson
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John D Chester
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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Singh C, Shyanti RK, Singh V, Kale RK, Mishra JPN, Singh RP. Integrin expression and glycosylation patterns regulate cell-matrix adhesion and alter with breast cancer progression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 499:374-380. [PMID: 29577899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are the major cell adhesion glycoproteins involved in cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction and metastasis. Further, glycosylation on integrin is necessary for its proper folding and functionality. Herein, differential expression of integrins viz., αvβ3 and αvβ6 was examined in MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 and MCF-10A cells, which signify three different stages of breast cancer development from highly metastatic to non-tumorigenic stage. The expression of αvβ3 and αvβ6 integrins at mRNA and protein levels was observed in all three cell lines and the results displayed a distinct pattern of expression. Highly metastatic cells showed enhanced expression of αvβ3 than moderate metastatic and non-tumorigenic cells. The scenario was reversed in case of αvβ6 integrin, which was strongly expressed in moderate metastatic and non-tumorigenic cells. N-glycosylation of αvβ3 and αvβ6 integrins is required for the attachment of cells to ECM proteins like fibronectin. The cell adhesion properties were found to be different in these cancer cells with respect to the type of integrins expressed. The results testify that αvβ3 integrin in highly metastatic cells, αvβ6 integrin in both moderate metastatic and non-tumorigenic cells play an important role in cell adhesion. The investigation typify that N-glycosylation on integrins is also necessary for cell-ECM interaction. Further, glycosylation inhibition by Swainsonine is found to be more detrimental to invasive property of moderate metastatic cells. Conclusively, types of integrins expressed as well as their N-glycosylation pattern alter during the course of breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrajeet Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India
| | - Ritis K Shyanti
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India
| | - Virendra Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Raosaheb K Kale
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Jai P N Mishra
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India
| | - Rana P Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India; School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Smoktunowicz N, Platé M, Stern AO, D'Antongiovanni V, Robinson E, Chudasama V, Caddick S, Scotton CJ, Jarai G, Chambers RC. TGFβ upregulates PAR-1 expression and signalling responses in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:65471-65484. [PMID: 27566553 PMCID: PMC5323169 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The major high-affinity thrombin receptor, proteinase activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) is expressed at low levels by the normal epithelium but is upregulated in many types of cancer, including lung cancer. The thrombin-PAR-1 signalling axis contributes to the activation of latent TGFβ in response to tissue injury via an αvβ6 integrin-mediated mechanism. TGFβ is a pleiotropic cytokine that acts as a tumour suppressor in normal and dysplastic cells but switches into a tumour promoter in advanced tumours. In this study we demonstrate that TGFβ is a positive regulator of PAR-1 expression in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells, which in turn increases the sensitivity of these cells to thrombin signalling. We further demonstrate that this effect is Smad3-, ERK1/2- and Sp1-dependent. We also show that TGFβ-mediated PAR-1 upregulation is accompanied by increased expression of integrin αv and β6 subunits. Finally, TGFβ pre-stimulation promotes increased migratory potential of A549 to thrombin. These data have important implications for our understanding of the interplay between coagulation and TGFβ signalling responses in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Smoktunowicz
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Manuela Platé
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alejandro Ortiz Stern
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vanessa D'Antongiovanni
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eifion Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Caddick
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chris J Scotton
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gabor Jarai
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Horsham, UK
| | - Rachel C Chambers
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
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40
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Juan-Rivera MC, Martínez-Ferrer M. Integrin Inhibitors in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10020044. [PMID: 29415418 PMCID: PMC5836076 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the third highest cause of cancer-related deaths in men in the U.S. The development of chemotherapeutic agents that can bind PCa tumor cells with high specificity is critical in order to increase treatment effectiveness. Integrin receptors and their corresponding ligands have different expression patterns in PCa cells. They have been identified as promising targets to inhibit pathways involved in PCa progression. Currently, several compounds have proven to target specific integrins and their subunits in PCa cells. In this article, we review the role of integrins inhibitors in PCa and their potential as therapeutic targets for PCa treatments. We have discussed the following: natural compounds, monoclonal antibodies, statins, campothecins analog, aptamers, d-aminoacid, and snake venom. Recent studies have shown that their mechanisms of action result in decrease cell migration, cell invasion, cell proliferation, and metastasis of PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maylein C Juan-Rivera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA.
- University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA.
| | - Magaly Martínez-Ferrer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA.
- University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA.
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41
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Xu X, Zheng L, Yuan Q, Zhen G, Crane JL, Zhou X, Cao X. Transforming growth factor-β in stem cells and tissue homeostasis. Bone Res 2018; 6:2. [PMID: 29423331 PMCID: PMC5802812 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-017-0005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β 1-3 are unique multi-functional growth factors that are only expressed in mammals, and mainly secreted and stored as a latent complex in the extracellular matrix (ECM). The biological functions of TGF-β in adults can only be delivered after ligand activation, mostly in response to environmental perturbations. Although involved in multiple biological and pathological processes of the human body, the exact roles of TGF-β in maintaining stem cells and tissue homeostasis have not been well-documented until recent advances, which delineate their functions in a given context. Our recent findings, along with data reported by others, have clearly shown that temporal and spatial activation of TGF-β is involved in the recruitment of stem/progenitor cell participation in tissue regeneration/remodeling process, whereas sustained abnormalities in TGF-β ligand activation, regardless of genetic or environmental origin, will inevitably disrupt the normal physiology and lead to pathobiology of major diseases. Modulation of TGF-β signaling with different approaches has proven effective pre-clinically in the treatment of multiple pathologies such as sclerosis/fibrosis, tumor metastasis, osteoarthritis, and immune disorders. Thus, further elucidation of the mechanisms by which TGF-β is activated in different tissues/organs and how targeted cells respond in a context-dependent way can likely be translated with clinical benefits in the management of a broad range of diseases with the involvement of TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gehua Zhen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Janet L. Crane
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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42
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Uusi-Kerttula H, Davies J, Coughlan L, Hulin-Curtis S, Jones R, Hanna L, Chester JD, Parker AL. Pseudotyped αvβ6 integrin-targeted adenovirus vectors for ovarian cancer therapies. Oncotarget 2017; 7:27926-37. [PMID: 27056886 PMCID: PMC5053699 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Encouraging results from recent clinical trials are revitalizing the field of oncolytic virotherapies. Human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-C5/Ad5) is a common vector for its ease of manipulation, high production titers and capacity to transduce multiple cell types. However, effective clinical applications are hindered by poor tumor-selectivity and vector neutralization. We generated Ad5/kn48 by pseudotyping Ad5 with the fiber knob domain from the less seroprevalent HAdV-D48 (Ad48). The vector was shown to utilize coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) but not CD46 for cell entry. A 20-amino acid peptide NAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVART (A20) was inserted into the Ad5. Luc HI loop (Ad5.HI.A20) and Ad5/kn48 DG loop (Ad5/kn48.DG.A20) to target a prognostic cancer cell marker, αvβ6 integrin. Relative to the Ad5.Luc parent vector, Ad5.HI.A20, Ad5.KO1.HI.A20 (KO1, ablated CAR-binding) and Ad5/kn48.DG.A20 showed ~ 160-, 270- and 180-fold increased transduction in BT-20 breast carcinoma cells (αvβ6high). Primary human epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cultures derived from clinical ascites provided a useful ex vivo model for intraperitoneal virotherapy. Ad5.HI.A20, Ad5.KO1.HI.A20 and Ad5/kn48.DG.A20 transduction was ~ 70-, 60- and 16-fold increased relative to Ad5.Luc in EOC cells (αvβ6high), respectively. A20 vectors transduced EOC cells at up to ~ 950-fold higher efficiency in the presence of neutralizing ovarian ascites, as compared to Ad5.Luc. Efficient transduction and enhanced cancer-selectivity via a non-native αvβ6-mediated route was demonstrated, even in the presence of pre-existing anti-Ad5 immunity. Consequently, αvβ6-targeted Ad vectors may represent a promising platform for local intraperitoneal treatment of ovarian cancer metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanni Uusi-Kerttula
- Department of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James Davies
- Department of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sarah Hulin-Curtis
- Department of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | | | - John D Chester
- Department of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.,Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff CF14 2TL, UK
| | - Alan L Parker
- Department of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor βs (TGF-βs) are closely related ligands that have pleiotropic activity on most cell types of the body. They act through common heterotetrameric TGF-β type II and type I transmembrane dual specificity kinase receptor complexes, and the outcome of signaling is context-dependent. In normal tissue, they serve a role in maintaining homeostasis. In many diseased states, particularly fibrosis and cancer, TGF-β ligands are overexpressed and the outcome of signaling is diverted toward disease progression. There has therefore been a concerted effort to develop drugs that block TGF-β signaling for therapeutic benefit. This review will cover the basics of TGF-β signaling and its biological activities relevant to oncology, present a summary of pharmacological TGF-β blockade strategies, and give an update on preclinical and clinical trials for TGF-β blockade in a variety of solid tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Akhurst
- Department of Anatomy and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001
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44
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Raab-Westphal S, Marshall JF, Goodman SL. Integrins as Therapeutic Targets: Successes and Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:E110. [PMID: 28832494 PMCID: PMC5615325 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9090110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that are central to the biology of many human pathologies. Classically mediating cell-extracellular matrix and cell-cell interaction, and with an emerging role as local activators of TGFβ, they influence cancer, fibrosis, thrombosis and inflammation. Their ligand binding and some regulatory sites are extracellular and sensitive to pharmacological intervention, as proven by the clinical success of seven drugs targeting them. The six drugs on the market in 2016 generated revenues of some US$3.5 billion, mainly from inhibitors of α4-series integrins. In this review we examine the current developments in integrin therapeutics, especially in cancer, and comment on the health economic implications of these developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Raab-Westphal
- Translational In Vivo Pharmacology, Translational Innovation Platform Oncology, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - John F Marshall
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Simon L Goodman
- Translational and Biomarkers Research, Translational Innovation Platform Oncology, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
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45
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Shea BS, Probst CK, Brazee PL, Rotile NJ, Blasi F, Weinreb PH, Black KE, Sosnovik DE, Van Cott EM, Violette SM, Caravan P, Tager AM. Uncoupling of the profibrotic and hemostatic effects of thrombin in lung fibrosis. JCI Insight 2017; 2:86608. [PMID: 28469072 PMCID: PMC5414562 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic lung disease, most notably idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), is thought to result from aberrant wound-healing responses to repetitive lung injury. Increased vascular permeability is a cardinal response to tissue injury, but whether it is mechanistically linked to lung fibrosis is unknown. We previously described a model in which exaggeration of vascular leak after lung injury shifts the outcome of wound-healing responses from normal repair to pathological fibrosis. Here we report that the fibrosis produced in this model is highly dependent on thrombin activity and its downstream signaling pathways. Direct thrombin inhibition with dabigatran significantly inhibited protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) activation, integrin αvβ6 induction, TGF-β activation, and the development of pulmonary fibrosis in this vascular leak-dependent model. We used a potentially novel imaging method - ultashort echo time (UTE) lung magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the gadolinium-based, fibrin-specific probe EP-2104R - to directly visualize fibrin accumulation in injured mouse lungs, and to correlate the antifibrotic effects of dabigatran with attenuation of fibrin deposition. We found that inhibition of the profibrotic effects of thrombin can be uncoupled from inhibition of hemostasis, as therapeutic anticoagulation with warfarin failed to downregulate the PAR1/αvβ6/TGF-β axis or significantly protect against fibrosis. These findings have direct and important clinical implications, given recent findings that warfarin treatment is not beneficial in IPF, and the clinical availability of direct thrombin inhibitors that our data suggest could benefit these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry S. Shea
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases
| | - Clemens K. Probst
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases
| | - Patricia L. Brazee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases
| | | | - Francesco Blasi
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology
| | | | - Katharine E. Black
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases
| | - David E. Sosnovik
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology
| | - Elizabeth M. Van Cott
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Peter Caravan
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology
| | - Andrew M. Tager
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases
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46
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Desai K, Aiyappa R, Prabhu JS, Nair MG, Lawrence PV, Korlimarla A, CE A, Alexander A, Kaluve RS, Manjunath S, Correa M, Srinath BS, Patil S, Kalamdani A, Prasad MSN, Sridhar TS. HR+HER2− breast cancers with growth factor receptor–mediated EMT have a poor prognosis and lapatinib downregulates EMT in MCF-7 cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317695028. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317695028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an overall good prognosis, a significant proportion of patients with hormone receptor positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative breast cancers develop distant metastases. The metastatic potential of epithelial cells is known to be regulated by tumor–stromal interaction and mediated by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Hormone receptor positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative tumors were used to estimate markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and the luminal breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was used to examine the interactions between integrins and growth factor receptors in causation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. A total of 140 primary tumors were sub-divided into groups enriched for the markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (snail family transcriptional repressor 2 and integrin β6) versus those with low levels. Within the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition+ tumors, there was a positive correlation between the transcripts of integrin β6 and growth factor receptors—human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and epidermal growth factor receptor. In tumors enriched for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers, patients with tumors with the highest quartile of growth factor receptor transcripts had a shorter disease-free survival compared to patients with low growth factor receptor expression by Kaplan–Meier analysis (log rank, p = 0.03). Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition was induced in MCF-7 cells by treatment with transforming growth factor beta 1 and confirmed by upregulation of SNAI1 and SNAI2 transcripts, increase of vimentin and integrin β6 protein, and repression of E-cadherin. Treatment of these cells with the dual-specificity tyrosine-kinase inhibitor lapatinib led to downregulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition as indicated by lower levels of SNAI1 and SNAI2 transcripts, integrin αvβ6, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 protein. The results suggest that synergistic interactions between growth factor receptors and integrin β6 could mediate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migration in a subset of luminal breast cancers and lapatinib might be effective in disrupting this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisha Desai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Radhika Aiyappa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Jyothi S Prabhu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Madhumathy G Nair
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Patrick Varun Lawrence
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Aruna Korlimarla
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Anupama CE
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Annie Alexander
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Rohini S Kaluve
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - BS Srinath
- Sri Shankara Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Shekhar Patil
- Sri Shankara Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Anjali Kalamdani
- Sri Shankara Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - MSN Prasad
- Sri Shankara Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - TS Sridhar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
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47
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Photoacoustic and Fluorescence Imaging of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Living Subjects Using a Probe Targeting Integrin α vβ 6. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42442. [PMID: 28181579 PMCID: PMC5299425 DOI: 10.1038/srep42442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common non-melanoma skin cancer worldwide. Today, cSCC is diagnosed by visual inspection followed by invasive skin biopsy. There is a need to develop non-invasive diagnostic tools to achieve early and accurate detection. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) possesses high ultrasonic resolution and strong optical contrast at new depths (<1-5 cm). Together with exogenous contrast agents, PAI has found promising use in various tumors in living subjects. The expression of integrin αvβ6 is significantly up-regulated in cSCC. We fabricated an anti-integrin αvβ6 antibody and labeled it with indocyanine green (ICG) to form an ICG-αvβ6 antibody. The results showed that the ICG-αvβ6 antibody probe could be used to detect cSCC with high specificity (3-fold over the control by PAI) and deep penetration (approximately 1 cm) by PAI. This suggests that the ICG-αvβ6 antibody is a promising probe targeting the integrin αvβ6 for detection of cSCC tumors by PAI and fluorescence imaging. It may find clinical application in the early diagnosis of cSCC as well as in intraoperative navigation.
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48
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Gopal S, Veracini L, Grall D, Butori C, Schaub S, Audebert S, Camoin L, Baudelet E, Radwanska A, Beghelli-de la Forest Divonne S, Violette SM, Weinreb PH, Rekima S, Ilie M, Sudaka A, Hofman P, Van Obberghen-Schilling E. Fibronectin-guided migration of carcinoma collectives. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14105. [PMID: 28102238 PMCID: PMC5253696 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional interplay between tumour cells and their neoplastic extracellular matrix plays a decisive role in malignant progression of carcinomas. Here we provide a comprehensive data set of the human HNSCC-associated fibroblast matrisome. Although much attention has been paid to the deposit of collagen, we identify oncofetal fibronectin (FN) as a major and obligate component of the matrix assembled by stromal fibroblasts from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). FN overexpression in tumours from 435 patients corresponds to an independent unfavourable prognostic indicator. We show that migration of carcinoma collectives on fibrillar FN-rich matrices is achieved through αvβ6 and α9β1 engagement, rather than α5β1. Moreover, αvβ6-driven migration occurs independently of latent TGF-β activation and Smad-dependent signalling in tumour epithelial cells. These results provide insights into the adhesion-dependent events at the tumour–stroma interface that govern the collective mode of migration adopted by carcinoma cells to invade surrounding stroma in HNSCC. Tumour microenvironment influences the migration of cancer cells. Here the authors analyse the proteomic constitution of the extracellular matrix and identify a role for fibronectin in regulating the collective migration of squamous cell carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Gopal
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Laurence Veracini
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Dominique Grall
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Catherine Butori
- Université Côte d'Azur, Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Expérimentale, Biobank [BB-0033-00025] CHU Nice-Pasteur, 06001 Nice, France
| | - Sébastien Schaub
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Stéphane Audebert
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Marseille, France
| | - Luc Camoin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Baudelet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Marseille, France
| | - Agata Radwanska
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, 06100 Nice, France
| | | | | | | | - Samah Rekima
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Marius Ilie
- Université Côte d'Azur, Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Expérimentale, Biobank [BB-0033-00025] CHU Nice-Pasteur, 06001 Nice, France
| | - Anne Sudaka
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, 06100 Nice, France.,Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 06189 Nice, France
| | - Paul Hofman
- Université Côte d'Azur, Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Expérimentale, Biobank [BB-0033-00025] CHU Nice-Pasteur, 06001 Nice, France
| | - Ellen Van Obberghen-Schilling
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, 06100 Nice, France.,Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 06189 Nice, France
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49
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Whilding LM, Parente-Pereira AC, Zabinski T, Davies DM, Petrovic RMG, Kao YV, Saxena SA, Romain A, Costa-Guerra JA, Violette S, Itamochi H, Ghaem-Maghami S, Vallath S, Marshall JF, Maher J. Targeting of Aberrant αvβ6 Integrin Expression in Solid Tumors Using Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Engineered T Cells. Mol Ther 2017; 25:259-273. [PMID: 28129120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the αvβ6 integrin is upregulated in several solid tumors. In contrast, physiologic expression of this epithelial-specific integrin is restricted to development and epithelial re-modeling. Here, we describe, for the first time, the development of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that couples the recognition of this integrin to the delivery of potent therapeutic activity in a diverse repertoire of solid tumor models. Highly selective targeting αvβ6 was achieved using a foot and mouth disease virus-derived A20 peptide, coupled to a fused CD28+CD3 endodomain. To achieve selective expansion of CAR T cells ex vivo, an IL-4-responsive fusion gene (4αβ) was co-expressed, which delivers a selective mitogenic signal to engineered T cells only. In vivo efficacy was demonstrated in mice with established ovarian, breast, and pancreatic tumor xenografts, all of which express αvβ6 at intermediate to high levels. SCID beige mice were used for these studies because they are susceptible to cytokine release syndrome, unlike more immune-compromised strains. Nonetheless, although the CAR also engages mouse αvβ6, mild and reversible toxicity was only observed when supra-therapeutic doses of CAR T cells were administered parenterally. These data support the clinical evaluation of αvβ6 re-targeted CAR T cell immunotherapy in solid tumors that express this integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynsey M Whilding
- King's College London, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre and Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ana C Parente-Pereira
- King's College London, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre and Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tomasz Zabinski
- King's College London, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre and Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - David M Davies
- King's College London, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre and Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Roseanna M G Petrovic
- King's College London, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre and Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Y Vincent Kao
- King's College London, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre and Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Shobhit A Saxena
- King's College London, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre and Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Alex Romain
- King's College London, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre and Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jose A Costa-Guerra
- King's College London, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre and Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Hiroaki Itamochi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate 020-8505, Japan
| | - Sadaf Ghaem-Maghami
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sabari Vallath
- Centre for Tumour Biology, John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John F Marshall
- Centre for Tumour Biology, John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John Maher
- King's College London, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre and Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK; Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, Kings Drive, Eastbourne, East Sussex BN21 2UD, UK.
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50
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The integrin αvβ6: a novel target for CAR T-cell immunotherapy? Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:349-55. [PMID: 27068939 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy of cancer using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells is a rapidly expanding field. CARs are fusion molecules that couple the binding of a tumour-associated cell surface target to the delivery of a tailored T-cell activating signal. Re-infusion of such genetically engineered T-cells to patients with haematological disease has demonstrated unprecedented response rates in Phase I clinical trials. However, such successes have not yet been observed using CAR T-cells against solid malignancies and this is, in part, due to a lack of safe tumour-specific targets. The αvβ6 integrin is strongly up-regulated in multiple solid tumours including those derived from colon, lung, breast, cervix, ovaries/fallopian tube, pancreas and head and neck. It is associated with poorer prognosis in several cancers and exerts pro-tumorigenic activities including promotion of tumour growth, migration and invasion. By contrast, physiologic expression of αvβ6 is largely restricted to wound healing. These attributes render this epithelial-specific integrin a highly attractive candidate for targeting using immunotherapeutic strategies such as CAR T-cell adoptive immunotherapy. This mini-review will discuss the role and expression of αvβ6 in cancer, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target.
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