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Cui W, Chen S, Hu T, Zhou T, Qiu C, Jiang L, Cheng X, Ji J, Yao K, Han H. Nanoceria-Mediated Cyclosporin A Delivery for Dry Eye Disease Management through Modulating Immune-Epithelial Crosstalk. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11084-11102. [PMID: 38632691 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) affects a substantial worldwide population with increasing frequency. Current single-targeting DED management is severely hindered by the existence of an oxidative stress-inflammation vicious cycle and complicated intercellular crosstalk within the ocular microenvironment. Here, a nanozyme-based eye drop, namely nanoceria loading cyclosporin A (Cs@P/CeO2), is developed, which possesses long-term antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capacities due to its regenerative antioxidative activity and sustained release of cyclosporin A (CsA). In vitro studies showed that the dual-functional Cs@P/CeO2 not only inhibits cellular reactive oxygen species production, sequentially maintaining mitochondrial integrity, but also downregulates inflammatory processes and repolarizes macrophages. Moreover, using flow cytometric and single-cell sequencing data, the in vivo therapeutic effect of Cs@P/CeO2 was systemically demonstrated, which rebalances the immune-epithelial communication in the corneal microenvironment with less inflammatory macrophage polarization, restrained oxidative stress, and enhanced epithelium regeneration. Collectively, our data proved that the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory Cs@P/CeO2 may provide therapeutic insights into DED management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Cui
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, P. R. China
| | - Tianyi Hu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Tinglian Zhou
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, P. R. China
| | - Chen Qiu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and iCell Biotechnology Regenerative Biomedicine Laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Luyang Jiang
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Cheng
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, P. R. China
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, P. R. China
| | - Haijie Han
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, P. R. China
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Xiang Y, Wang G, Liu B, Zheng H, Liu Q, Ma G, Du J. Macrophage-Related Gene Signatures for Predicting Prognosis and Immunotherapy of Lung Adenocarcinoma by Machine Learning and Bioinformatics. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:737-754. [PMID: 38348277 PMCID: PMC10859764 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s443240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, the immunotherapy of lung adenocarcinoma has developed rapidly, but the good therapeutic effect only exists in some patients, and most of the current predictors cannot predict it very well. Tumor-infiltrating macrophages have been reported to play a crucial role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Thus, we want to build novel molecular markers based on macrophages. Methods By non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm and Cox regression analysis, we constructed macrophage-related subtypes of LUAD patients and built a novel gene signature consisting of 12 differentially expressed genes between two subtypes. The gene signature was further validated in Gene-Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. Its predictive effect on prognosis and immunotherapy outcome was further evaluated with rounded analyses. We finally explore the role of TRIM28 in LUAD with a series of in vitro experiments. Results Our research indicated that a higher LMS score was significantly correlated with tumor staging, pathological grade, tumor node metastasis stage, and survival. LMS was identified as an independent risk factor for OS in LUAD patients and verified in GEO datasets. Clinical response to immunotherapy was better in patients with low LMS score compared to those with high LMS score. TRIM28, a key gene in the gene signature, was shown to promote the proliferation, invasion and migration of LUAD cell. Conclusion Our study highlights the significant role of gene signature in predicting the prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy of LUAD patients, and identifies TRIM28 as a potential biomarker for the treatment of LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhi Xiang
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoliang Liu
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haotian Zheng
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoyuan Ma
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Du
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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Tominaga Y, Kawamura T, Ito E, Takeda M, Harada A, Torigata K, Sakaniwa R, Sawa Y, Miyagawa S. Pleiotropic effects of extracellular vesicles from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes on ischemic cardiomyopathy: A preclinical study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2024; 43:85-99. [PMID: 37611882 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cell-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) play essential roles in intercellular communication and restore cardiac function in animal models of ischemic heart disease. However, few studies have used EVs derived from clinical-grade stem cells and their derivatives with stable quality. Moreover, there is little information on the mechanism and time course of the multifactorial effect of EV therapy from the acute to the chronic phase, the affected cells, and whether the effects are direct or indirect. METHODS Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSCM) were produced using a clinical-grade differentiation induction system. EVs were isolated from the conditioned medium by ultracentrifugation and characterized in silico, in vitro, and in vivo. A rat model of myocardial infarction was established by left anterior descending artery ligation and treated with iPSCM-derived EVs. RESULTS iPSCM-derived EVs contained microRNAs and proteins associated with angiogenesis, antifibrosis, promotion of M2 macrophage polarization, cell proliferation, and antiapoptosis. iPSCM-derived EV treatment improved left ventricular function and reduced mortality in the rat model by improving vascularization and suppressing fibrosis and chronic inflammation in the heart. EVs were uptaken by cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages in the cardiac tissues. The pleiotropic effects occurred due to the direct effects of microRNAs and proteins encapsulated in EVs and indirect paracrine effects on M2 macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Clinical-grade iPSCM-derived EVs improve cardiac function by regulating various genes and pathways in various cell types and may have clinical potential for treating ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tominaga
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuji Kawamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Emiko Ito
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maki Takeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akima Harada
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Torigata
- Department of Frontier Regenerative Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryoto Sakaniwa
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sawa
- Department of Future Medicine, Division of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Miyagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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McMahon RA, D'Souza C, Neeson PJ, Siva S. Innate immunity: Looking beyond T-cells in radiation and immunotherapy combinations. Neoplasia 2023; 46:100940. [PMID: 37913654 PMCID: PMC10637988 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2023.100940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is an established and effective anti-cancer treatment modality. Extensive pre-clinical experimentation has demonstrated that the pro-inflammatory properties of irradiation may be synergistic with checkpoint immunotherapy. Radiation induces double-stranded DNA breaks (dsDNA). Sensing of the dsDNA activates the cGAS/STING pathway, producing Type 1 interferons essential to recruiting antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Radiation promotes cytotoxic CD8 T-cell recruitment by releasing tumour-associated antigens captured and cross-presented by surveying antigen-presenting cells. Radiation-induced vascular normalisation may further promote T-cell trafficking and drug delivery. Radiation is also immunosuppressive. Recruitment of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and innate cells such as myeloid-derived suppressive cells (m-MDSCs) all counteract the immunostimulatory properties of radiation. Many innate immune cell types operate at the interface of the adaptive immune response. Innate immune cells, such as m-MDSCs, can exert their immunosuppressive effects by expressing immune checkpoints such as PD-L1, further highlighting the potential of combined radiation and checkpoint immunotherapy. Several early-phase clinical studies investigating the combination of radiation and immunotherapy have been disappointing. A greater appreciation of radiotherapy's impact on the innate immune system is essential to optimise radioimmunotherapy combinations. This review will summarise the impact of radiotherapy on crucial cells of the innate immune system and vital immunosuppressive cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A McMahon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - C D'Souza
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - P J Neeson
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Siva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Southerland KW, Xu Y, Peters DT, Lin X, Wei X, Xiang Y, Fei K, Olivere LA, Morowitz JM, Otto J, Dai Q, Kontos CD, Diao Y. Skeletal muscle regeneration failure in ischemic-damaged limbs is associated with pro-inflammatory macrophages and premature differentiation of satellite cells. Genome Med 2023; 15:95. [PMID: 37950327 PMCID: PMC10636829 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), a severe manifestation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), is associated with a 1-year limb amputation rate of approximately 15-20% and substantial mortality. A key feature of CLTI is the compromised regenerative ability of skeletal muscle; however, the mechanisms responsible for this impairment are not yet fully understood. In this study, we aim to delineate pathological changes at both the cellular and transcriptomic levels, as well as in cell-cell signaling pathways, associated with compromised muscle regeneration in limb ischemia in both human tissue samples and murine models of CLTI. METHODS We performed single-cell transcriptome analysis of ischemic and non-ischemic muscle from the same CLTI patients and from a murine model of CLTI. In both datasets, we analyzed gene expression changes in macrophage and muscle satellite cell (MuSC) populations as well as differential cell-cell signaling interactions and differentiation trajectories. RESULTS Single-cell transcriptomic profiling and immunofluorescence analysis of CLTI patient skeletal muscle demonstrated that ischemic-damaged tissue displays a pro-inflammatory macrophage signature. Comparable results were observed in a murine CLTI model. Moreover, integrated analyses of both human and murine datasets revealed premature differentiation of MuSCs to be a key feature of failed muscle regeneration in the ischemic limb. Furthermore, in silico inferences of intercellular communication and in vitro assays highlight the importance of macrophage-MuSC signaling in ischemia induced muscle injuries. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our research provides the first single-cell transcriptome atlases of skeletal muscle from CLTI patients and a murine CLTI model, emphasizing the crucial role of macrophages and inflammation in regulating muscle regeneration in CLTI through interactions with MuSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Southerland
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Yueyuan Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Derek T Peters
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Xiaolin Wei
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Kaileen Fei
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lindsey A Olivere
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15217, USA
| | - Jeremy M Morowitz
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Development and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - James Otto
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Qunsheng Dai
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Christopher D Kontos
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yarui Diao
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Karapetyan L, Iheagwara UK, Olson AC, Chmura SJ, Skinner HK, Luke JJ. Radiation dose, schedule, and novel systemic targets for radio-immunotherapy combinations. J Natl Cancer Inst 2023; 115:1278-1293. [PMID: 37348864 PMCID: PMC10637035 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djad118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy combinations are being investigated to expand the benefit of immune checkpoint blockade across many cancer types. Radiation combinations, in particular using stereotactic body radiotherapy, are of keen interest because of underlying mechanistic rationale, safety, and availability as a standard of care in certain cancers. In addition to direct tumor cytotoxicity, radiation therapy has immunomodulatory effects such as induction of immunogenic cell death, enhancement of antigen presentation, and expansion of the T-cell receptor repertoire as well as recruitment and increased activity of tumor-specific effector CD8+ cells. Combinations of radiation with cytokines and/or chemokines and anti-programmed death 1 and anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 therapies have demonstrated safety and feasibility, as well as the potential to improve long-term outcomes and possibly induce out of irradiated field or abscopal responses. Novel immunoradiotherapy combinations represent a promising therapeutic approach to overcome radioresistance and further enhance systemic immunotherapy. Potential benefits include reversing CD8+ T-cell exhaustion, inhibiting myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and reversing M2 macrophage polarization as well as decreasing levels of colony-stimulating factor-1 and transforming growth factor-β. Here, we discuss current data and mechanistic rationale for combining novel immunotherapy agents with radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Karapetyan
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Uzoma K Iheagwara
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adam C Olson
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven J Chmura
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heath K Skinner
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jason J Luke
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Ghosh P, Sinha S, Katkar GD, Vo D, Taheri S, Dang D, Das S, Sahoo D. Machine learning identifies signatures of macrophage reactivity and tolerance that predict disease outcomes. EBioMedicine 2023; 94:104719. [PMID: 37516087 PMCID: PMC10388732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-cell transcriptomic studies have greatly improved organ-specific insights into macrophage polarization states are essential for the initiation and resolution of inflammation in all tissues; however, such insights are yet to translate into therapies that can predictably alter macrophage fate. METHOD Using machine learning algorithms on human macrophages, here we reveal the continuum of polarization states that is shared across diverse contexts. A path, comprised of 338 genes accurately identified both physiologic and pathologic spectra of "reactivity" and "tolerance", and remained relevant across tissues, organs, species, and immune cells (>12,500 diverse datasets). FINDINGS This 338-gene signature identified macrophage polarization states at single-cell resolution, in physiology and across diverse human diseases, and in murine pre-clinical disease models. The signature consistently outperformed conventional signatures in the degree of transcriptome-proteome overlap, and in detecting disease states; it also prognosticated outcomes across diverse acute and chronic diseases, e.g., sepsis, liver fibrosis, aging, and cancers. Crowd-sourced genetic and pharmacologic studies confirmed that model-rationalized interventions trigger predictable macrophage fates. INTERPRETATION These findings provide a formal and universally relevant definition of macrophage states and a predictive framework (http://hegemon.ucsd.edu/SMaRT) for the scientific community to develop macrophage-targeted precision diagnostics and therapeutics. FUNDING This work was supported by the National Institutes for Health (NIH) grant R01-AI155696 (to P.G, D.S and S.D). Other sources of support include: R01-GM138385 (to D.S), R01-AI141630 (to P.G), R01-DK107585 (to S.D), and UG3TR003355 (to D.S, S.D, and P.G). D.S was also supported by two Padres Pedal the Cause awards (Padres Pedal the Cause/RADY #PTC2017 and San Diego NCI Cancer Centers Council (C3) #PTC2017). S.S, G.D.K, and D.D were supported through The American Association of Immunologists (AAI) Intersect Fellowship Program for Computational Scientists and Immunologists. We also acknowledge support from the Padres Pedal the Cause #PTC2021 and the Torey Coast Foundation, La Jolla (P.G and D.S). D.S, P.G, and S.D were also supported by the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, USA.
| | - Saptarshi Sinha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Gajanan D Katkar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Daniella Vo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Sahar Taheri
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacob's School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Dharanidhar Dang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacob's School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, USA.
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Groves AM, Misra R, Clair G, Hernady E, Olson H, Orton D, Finkelstein J, Marples B, Johnston CJ. Influence of the irradiated pulmonary microenvironment on macrophage and T cell dynamics. Radiother Oncol 2023; 183:109543. [PMID: 36813173 PMCID: PMC10238652 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2023.109543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lung is sensitive to radiation, increasing normal tissue toxicity risks following radiation therapy. Adverse outcomes include pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis, which result from dysregulated intercellular communication within the pulmonary microenvironment. Although macrophages are implicated in these pathogenic outcomes, the impact of their microenvironment is not well understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice received 6Gyx5 irradiation to the right lung. Macrophage and T cell dynamics were investigated in ipsilateral right lungs, contralateral left lungs and non-irradiated control lungs 4-26wk post exposure. Lungs were evaluated by flow cytometry, histology and proteomics. RESULTS Following uni-lung irradiation, focal regions of macrophage accumulation were noted in both lungs by 8wk, however by 26wk fibrotic lesions were observed only in ipsilateral lungs. Infiltrating and alveolar macrophages populations expanded in both lungs, however transitional CD11b + alveolar macrophages persisted only in ipsilateral lungs and expressed lower CD206. Concurrently, arginase-1 + macrophages accumulated in ipsilateral but not contralateral lungs at 8 and 26wk post exposure, while CD206 + macrophages were absent from these accumulations. While radiation expanded CD8 + T cells in both lungs, T regulatory cells only increased in ipsilateral lungs. Unbiased proteomics analysis of immune cells revealed a substantial number of differentially expressed proteins in ipsilateral lungs when compared to contralateral lungs and both differed from non-irradiated controls. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary macrophage and T cell dynamics are impacted by the microenvironmental conditions that develop following radiation exposure, both locally and systemically. While macrophages and T cells infiltrate and expand in both lungs, they diverge phenotypically depending on their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Groves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Ravi Misra
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Geremy Clair
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Eric Hernady
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Heather Olson
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Danny Orton
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Jacob Finkelstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Brian Marples
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Carl J Johnston
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Tang H, Cai L, He X, Niu Z, Huang H, Hu W, Bian H, Huang H. Radiation-induced bystander effect and its clinical implications. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1124412. [PMID: 37091174 PMCID: PMC10113613 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1124412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, targeted DNA damage caused by radiation has been considered the main cause of various biological effects. Based on this paradigm, any small amount of radiation is harmful to the organism. Epidemiological studies of Japanese atomic bomb survivors have proposed the linear-non-threshold model as the dominant standard in the field of radiation protection. However, there is increasing evidence that the linear-non-threshold model is not fully applicable to the biological effects caused by low dose radiation, and theories related to low dose radiation require further investigation. In addition to the cell damage caused by direct exposure, non-targeted effects, which are sometimes referred to as bystander effects, abscopal effects, genetic instability, etc., are another kind of significant effect related to low dose radiation. An understanding of this phenomenon is crucial for both basic biomedical research and clinical application. This article reviews recent studies on the bystander effect and summarizes the key findings in the field. Additionally, it offers a cross-sectional comparison of bystander effects caused by various radiation sources in different cell types, as well as an in-depth analysis of studies on the potential biological mechanisms of bystander effects. This review aims to present valuable information and provide new insights on the bystander effect to enlighten both radiobiologists and clinical radiologists searching for new ways to improve clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Luwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang He
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zihe Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haitong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wentao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Huang, ; Huahui Bian, ; Wentao Hu,
| | - Huahui Bian
- Nuclear and Radiation Incident Medical Emergency Office, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Huang, ; Huahui Bian, ; Wentao Hu,
| | - Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Huang, ; Huahui Bian, ; Wentao Hu,
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10
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Southerland KW, Xu Y, Peters DT, Wei X, Lin X, Xiang Y, Fei K, Olivere LA, Morowitz JM, Otto J, Dai Q, Kontos CD, Diao Y. Pro-inflammatory macrophages impair skeletal muscle regeneration in ischemic-damaged limbs by inducing precocious differentiation of satellite cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.01.535211. [PMID: 37066299 PMCID: PMC10103943 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.01.535211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), representing the end-stage of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), is associated with a one-year limb amputation rate of ∼15-20% and significant mortality. A key characteristic of CLTI is the failure of the innate regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle, though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, single-cell transcriptome analysis of ischemic and non-ischemic muscle from the same CLTI patients demonstrated that ischemic-damaged tissue is enriched with pro-inflammatory macrophages. Comparable results were also observed in a murine CLTI model. Importantly, integrated analyses of both human and murine data revealed premature differentiation of muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) in damaged tissue and indications of defects in intercellular signaling communication between MuSCs and their inflammatory niche. Collectively, our research provides the first single-cell transcriptome atlases of skeletal muscle from CLTI patients and murine models, emphasizing the crucial role of macrophages and inflammation in regulating muscle regeneration in CLTI through interactions with MuSCs.
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11
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Basurco L, Abellanas MA, Ayerra L, Conde E, Vinueza-Gavilanes R, Luquin E, Vales A, Vilas A, Martin-Uriz PS, Tamayo I, Alonso MM, Hernaez M, Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G, Clavero P, Mengual E, Arrasate M, Hervás-Stubbs S, Aymerich MS. Microglia and astrocyte activation is region-dependent in the α-synuclein mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Glia 2023; 71:571-587. [PMID: 36353934 PMCID: PMC10100513 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a common feature in neurodegenerative diseases that contributes to neuronal loss. Previously, we demonstrated that the basal inflammatory tone differed between brain regions and, consequently, the reaction generated to a pro-inflammatory stimulus was different. In this study, we assessed the innate immune reaction in the midbrain and in the striatum using an experimental model of Parkinson's disease. An adeno-associated virus serotype 9 expressing the α-synuclein and mCherry genes or the mCherry gene was administered into the substantia nigra. Myeloid cells (CD11b+ ) and astrocytes (ACSA2+ ) were purified from the midbrain and striatum for bulk RNA sequencing. In the parkinsonian midbrain, CD11b+ cells presented a unique anti-inflammatory transcriptomic profile that differed from degenerative microglia signatures described in experimental models for other neurodegenerative conditions. By contrast, striatal CD11b+ cells showed a pro-inflammatory state and were similar to disease-associated microglia. In the midbrain, a prominent increase of infiltrated monocytes/macrophages was observed and, together with microglia, participated actively in the phagocytosis of dopaminergic neuronal bodies. Although striatal microglia presented a phagocytic transcriptomic profile, morphology and cell density was preserved and no active phagocytosis was detected. Interestingly, astrocytes presented a pro-inflammatory fingerprint in the midbrain and a low number of differentially displayed transcripts in the striatum. During α-synuclein-dependent degeneration, microglia and astrocytes experience context-dependent activation states with a different contribution to the inflammatory reaction. Our results point towards the relevance of selecting appropriate cell targets to design neuroprotective strategies aimed to modulate the innate immune system during the active phase of dopaminergic degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Basurco
- Departamentode Bioquímica y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Programa de Neurociencias, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Abellanas
- Departamentode Bioquímica y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Programa de Neurociencias, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leyre Ayerra
- Departamentode Bioquímica y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Programa de Neurociencias, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Conde
- Programa de Inmunología, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Esther Luquin
- Departamento de Patología, Anatomía y Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Africa Vales
- Programa de Terapia Génica, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaya Vilas
- Programa de Oncohematología, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Ibon Tamayo
- Programa de Biología Computacional, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta M Alonso
- Programa de Tumores Sólidos, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Neurociencias y Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Spain
| | - Mikel Hernaez
- Programa de Biología Computacional, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gloria Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza
- Programa de Terapia Génica, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Neurociencias y Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Spain
| | - Pedro Clavero
- Servicio de Neurología, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elisa Mengual
- Departamento de Patología, Anatomía y Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arrasate
- Programa de Neurociencias, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Neurociencias y Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Spain
| | - Sandra Hervás-Stubbs
- Programa de Inmunología, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Neurociencias y Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Spain
| | - Maria S Aymerich
- Departamentode Bioquímica y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Programa de Neurociencias, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Programa de Tumores Sólidos, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Neurociencias y Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Spain
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12
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Deloch L, Rückert M, Weissmann T, Lettmaier S, Titova E, Wolff T, Weinrich F, Fietkau R, Gaipl US. The various functions and phenotypes of macrophages are also reflected in their responses to irradiation: A current overview. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 376:99-120. [PMID: 36997271 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are a vital part of the innate immune system that are involved in healthy biological processes but also in disease modulation and response to therapy. Ionizing radiation is commonly used in the treatment of cancer and, in a lower dose range, as additive therapy for inflammatory diseases. In general, lower doses of ionizing radiation are known to induce rather anti-inflammatory responses, while higher doses are utilized in cancer treatment where they result, next to tumor control, in rather inflammatory responses. Most experiments that have been carried out in ex vivo on macrophages find this to be true, however in vivo, tumor-associated macrophages, for example, show a contradictory response to the respective dose-range. While some knowledge in radiation-induced modulations of macrophages has been collected, many of the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Due to their pivotal role in the human body, however, they are a great target in therapy and could potentially aid in better treatment outcome. We therefore summarized the current knowledge of macrophage mediated radiation responses.
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13
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Kodintseva EA, Akleyev AA, Blinova EA. The Cytokine Profile of Chronically Irradiated People in the Long Term after the Beginning of Irradiation. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022110103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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14
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Baik JS, Seo YN, Lee YC, Yi JM, Rhee MH, Park MT, Kim SD. Involvement of the p38 MAPK-NLRC4-Caspase-1 Pathway in Ionizing Radiation-Enhanced Macrophage IL-1β Production. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213757. [PMID: 36430236 PMCID: PMC9698243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and are crucial in regulating tumor malignancy. We previously reported that ionizing radiation (IR) increases the production of interleukin (IL)-1β in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages, contributing to the malignancy of colorectal cancer cells; however, the mechanism remained unclear. Here, we show that IR increases the activity of cysteine-aspartate-specific protease 1 (caspase-1), which is regulated by the inflammasome, and cleaves premature IL-1β to mature IL-1β in RAW264.7 macrophages. Irradiated RAW264.7 cells showed increased expression of NLRC4 inflammasome, which controls the activity of caspase-1 and IL-1β production. Silencing of NLRC4 using RNA interference inhibited the IR-induced increase in IL-1β production. Activation of the inflammasome can be regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)s in macrophages. In RAW264.7 cells, IR increased the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Moreover, a selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK inhibited LPS-induced IL-1β production and NLRC4 inflammasome expression in irradiated RAW264.7 macrophages. Our results indicate that IR-induced activation of the p38 MAPK-NLRC4-caspase-1 activation pathway in macrophages increases IL-1β production in response to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sue Baik
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan 46033, Korea
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - You Na Seo
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan 46033, Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inge University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Young-Choon Lee
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Joo Mi Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inge University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyoung Pook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Moon-Taek Park
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan 46033, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-T.P.); (S.D.K.); Tel.: +82-51-720-5141 (M.-T.P.); +82-53-950-5958 (S.D.K.)
| | - Sung Dae Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyoung Pook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-T.P.); (S.D.K.); Tel.: +82-51-720-5141 (M.-T.P.); +82-53-950-5958 (S.D.K.)
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15
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Patysheva M, Frolova A, Larionova I, Afanas'ev S, Tarasova A, Cherdyntseva N, Kzhyshkowska J. Monocyte programming by cancer therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:994319. [PMID: 36341366 PMCID: PMC9631446 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.994319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes in peripheral blood circulation are the precursor of essential cells that control tumor progression, that include tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), dendritic cells (DCs) and myeloid-derive suppressor cells (MDSC). Monocytes-derived cells orchestrate immune reactions in tumor microenvironment that control disease outcome and efficiency of cancer therapy. Four major types of anti-cancer therapy, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and most recent immunotherapy, affect tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) polarization and functions. TAMs can also decrease the efficiency of therapy in a tumor-specific way. Monocytes is a major source of TAMs, and are recruited to tumor mass from the blood circulation. However, the mechanisms of monocyte programming in circulation by different therapeutic onsets are only emerging. In our review, we present the state-of-the art about the effects of anti-cancer therapy on monocyte progenitors and their dedifferentiation, on the content of monocyte subpopulations and their transcriptional programs in the circulation, on their recruitment into tumor mass and their potential to give origin for TAMs in tumor-specific microenvironment. We have also summarized very limited available knowledge about genetics that can affect monocyte interaction with cancer therapy, and highlighted the perspectives for the therapeutic targeting of circulating monocytes in cancer patients. We summarized the knowledge about the mediators that affect monocytes fate in all four types of therapies, and we highlighted the perspectives for targeting monocytes to develop combined and minimally invasive anti-cancer therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Patysheva
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Tumor Progression Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia Frolova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Irina Larionova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Tumor Progression Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Afanas'ev
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anna Tarasova
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Cherdyntseva
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg – Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
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16
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An R. MRTF may be the missing link in a multiscale mechanobiology approach toward macrophage dysfunction in space. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:997365. [PMID: 36172272 PMCID: PMC9510870 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.997365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages exhibit impaired phagocytosis, adhesion, migration, and cytokine production in space, hindering their ability to elicit immune responses. Considering that the combined effect of spaceflight microgravity and radiation is multiscale and multifactorial in nature, it is expected that contradictory findings are common in the field. This theory paper reanalyzes research on the macrophage spaceflight response across multiple timescales from seconds to weeks, and spatial scales from the molecular, intracellular, extracellular, to the physiological. Key findings include time-dependence of both pro-inflammatory activation and integrin expression. Here, we introduce the time-dependent, intracellular localization of MRTF-A as a hypothetical confounder of macrophage activation. We discuss the mechanosensitive MRTF-A/SRF pathway dependence on the actin cytoskeleton/nucleoskeleton, microtubules, membrane mechanoreceptors, hypoxia, oxidative stress, and intracellular/extracellular crosstalk. By adopting a multiscale perspective, this paper provides the first mechanistic answer for a three-decade-old question regarding impaired cytokine secretion in microgravity—and strengthens the connection between the recent advances in mechanobiology, microgravity, and the spaceflight immune response. Finally, we hypothesize MRTF involvement and complications in treating spaceflight-induced cardiovascular, skeletal, and immune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocky An
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Rocky An,
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17
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Role of p53 in Regulating Radiation Responses. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12071099. [PMID: 35888186 PMCID: PMC9319710 DOI: 10.3390/life12071099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
p53 is known as the guardian of the genome and plays various roles in DNA damage and cancer suppression. The p53 gene was found to express multiple p53 splice variants (isoforms) in a physiological, tissue-dependent manner. The various genes that up- and down-regulated p53 are involved in cell viability, senescence, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. Moreover, p53 affects the radioadaptive response. Given that several studies have already been published on p53, this review presents its role in the response to gamma irradiation by interacting with MDM2, NF-κB, and miRNA, as well as in the inflammation processes, senescence, carcinogenesis, and radiation adaptive responses. Finally, the potential of p53 as a biomarker is discussed.
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18
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Kim R, An M, Lee H, Mehta A, Heo YJ, Kim KM, Lee SY, Moon J, Kim ST, Min BH, Kim TJ, Rha SY, Kang WK, Park WY, Klempner SJ, Lee J. Early Tumor-Immune Microenvironmental Remodeling and Response to First-Line Fluoropyrimidine and Platinum Chemotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:984-1001. [PMID: 34933901 PMCID: PMC9387589 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is ubiquitous in first-line treatment of advanced gastric cancer, yet responses are heterogeneous, and little is known about mediators of chemotherapy response. To move forward, an understanding of the effects of standard chemotherapy on the tumor-immune microenvironment (TME) is needed. Coupling whole-exome sequencing, bulk RNA and single-cell transcriptomics from paired pretreatment and on-treatment samples in treatment-naïve patients with HER2-positive and HER2-negative gastric cancer, we define features associated with response to platinum-based chemotherapy. Response was associated with on-treatment TME remodeling including natural killer (NK) cell recruitment, decreased tumor-associated macrophages, M1-macrophage repolarization, and increased effector T-cell infiltration. Among chemotherapy nonresponders, we observed low/absent PD-L1 expression or modulation, on-treatment increases in Wnt signaling, B-cell infiltration, and LAG3-expressing T cells coupled to an exodus of dendritic cells. We did not observe significant genomic changes in early on-treatment sampling. We provide a map of on-treatment TME modulation with standard chemotherapy and nominate candidate future approaches. SIGNIFICANCE Using paired pretreatment and on-treatment samples during standard first-line chemotherapy, we identify chemotherapy-induced NK-cell infiltration, macrophage repolarization, and increased antigen presentation among responders. Increased LAG3 expression and decreased dendritic cell abundance were seen in nonresponders, emphasizing remodeling of the TME during chemotherapy response and resistance. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 873.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryul Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minae An
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuk Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Arnav Mehta
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - You Jeong Heo
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song-Yi Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Seung Tae Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Min
- Department of Gastroenterology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Jun Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Rha
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Ki Kang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Geninus Inc., Seoul, Korea
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Corresponding Authors: Samuel J. Klempner, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114. Phone: 617-724-4000; Fax: 617-726-0452; E-mail: ; Woong-Yang Park, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea. Phone: 82-2-2148-9810; Fax: 82-2-2148-9819; E-mail: ; and Jeeyun Lee, Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea. Phone: 82-2-3410-1779; Fax: 82-2-3410-1754; E-mail:
| | - Samuel J. Klempner
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding Authors: Samuel J. Klempner, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114. Phone: 617-724-4000; Fax: 617-726-0452; E-mail: ; Woong-Yang Park, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea. Phone: 82-2-2148-9810; Fax: 82-2-2148-9819; E-mail: ; and Jeeyun Lee, Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea. Phone: 82-2-3410-1779; Fax: 82-2-3410-1754; E-mail:
| | - Jeeyun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
- Corresponding Authors: Samuel J. Klempner, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114. Phone: 617-724-4000; Fax: 617-726-0452; E-mail: ; Woong-Yang Park, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea. Phone: 82-2-2148-9810; Fax: 82-2-2148-9819; E-mail: ; and Jeeyun Lee, Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea. Phone: 82-2-3410-1779; Fax: 82-2-3410-1754; E-mail:
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19
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Trappetti V, Fazzari J, Fernandez-Palomo C, Smyth L, Potez M, Shintani N, de Breuyn Dietler B, Martin OA, Djonov V. Targeted Accumulation of Macrophages Induced by Microbeam Irradiation in a Tissue-Dependent Manner. Biomedicines 2022; 10:735. [PMID: 35453485 PMCID: PMC9025837 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is a vital component of multimodal cancer treatment, and its immunomodulatory effects are a major focus of current therapeutic strategies. Macrophages are some of the first cells recruited to sites of radiation-induced injury where they can aid in tissue repair, propagate radiation-induced fibrogenesis and influence tumour dynamics. Microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) is a unique, spatially fractionated radiation modality that has demonstrated exceptional tumour control and reduction in normal tissue toxicity, including fibrosis. We conducted a morphological analysis of MRT-irradiated normal liver, lung and skin tissues as well as lung and melanoma tumours. MRT induced distinct patterns of DNA damage, reflecting the geometry of the microbeam array. Macrophages infiltrated these regions of peak dose deposition at variable timepoints post-irradiation depending on the tissue type. In normal liver and lung tissue, macrophages clearly demarcated the beam path by 48 h and 7 days post-irradiation, respectively. This was not reflected, however, in normal skin tissue, despite clear DNA damage marking the beam path. Persistent DNA damage was observed in MRT-irradiated lung carcinoma, with an accompanying geometry-specific influx of mixed M1/M2-like macrophage populations. These data indicate the unique potential of MRT as a tool to induce a remarkable accumulation of macrophages in an organ/tissue-specific manner. Further characterization of these macrophage populations is warranted to identify their organ-specific roles in normal tissue sparing and anti-tumour responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verdiana Trappetti
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstarsse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (B.d.B.D.); (O.A.M.)
| | - Jennifer Fazzari
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstarsse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (B.d.B.D.); (O.A.M.)
| | - Cristian Fernandez-Palomo
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstarsse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (B.d.B.D.); (O.A.M.)
| | - Lloyd Smyth
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Marine Potez
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstarsse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (B.d.B.D.); (O.A.M.)
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Nahoko Shintani
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstarsse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (B.d.B.D.); (O.A.M.)
| | - Bettina de Breuyn Dietler
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstarsse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (B.d.B.D.); (O.A.M.)
| | - Olga A. Martin
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstarsse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (B.d.B.D.); (O.A.M.)
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Valentin Djonov
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstarsse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (B.d.B.D.); (O.A.M.)
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20
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Cytlak UM, Dyer DP, Honeychurch J, Williams KJ, Travis MA, Illidge TM. Immunomodulation by radiotherapy in tumour control and normal tissue toxicity. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:124-138. [PMID: 34211187 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a highly effective anticancer treatment that is delivered to more than half of all patients with cancer. In addition to the well-documented direct cytotoxic effects, RT can have immunomodulatory effects on the tumour and surrounding tissues. These effects are thought to underlie the so-called abscopal responses, whereby RT generates systemic antitumour immunity outside the irradiated tumour. The full scope of these immune changes remains unclear but is likely to involve multiple components, such as immune cells, the extracellular matrix, endothelial and epithelial cells and a myriad of chemokines and cytokines, including transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ). In normal tissues exposed to RT during cancer therapy, acute immune changes may ultimately lead to chronic inflammation and RT-induced toxicity and organ dysfunction, which limits the quality of life of survivors of cancer. Here we discuss the emerging understanding of RT-induced immune effects with particular focus on the lungs and gut and the potential immune crosstalk that occurs between these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula M Cytlak
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Targeted Therapy Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Douglas P Dyer
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jamie Honeychurch
- Targeted Therapy Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kaye J Williams
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark A Travis
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Timothy M Illidge
- Targeted Therapy Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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21
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Leu JD, Wang CY, Lo CC, Lin MY, Chang CY, Hung WC, Lin ST, Wang BS, Lee YJ. Involvement of c-Myc in low dose radiation-induced senescence enhanced migration and invasion of unirradiated cancer cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:22208-22231. [PMID: 34552037 PMCID: PMC8507273 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is known to cause cell apoptosis at high dose range, but little is known about the cellular response to low dose radiation. In this study, we found that conditioned medium harvested from WI-38 lung fibroblasts and H1299 lung adenocarcinoma cells exposed to 0.1Gy to 1Gy could enhance the migration and invasion of unirradiated H1299 cells in both 2D and 3D culturing circumstances. Low dose radiation did not induce apoptosis, but induced senescence in irradiated cells. We next examined the expression of immediately early genes including c-Myc and K-Ras. Although both genes could be up-regulated by low dose radiation, induction of c-Myc was more specific to low dose range (0.5Gy) at transcriptional and translational levels. Knockdown of c-Myc by shRNA could repress the senescence induced by low dose radiation. The conditioned medium of irradiated cells induced migration of unirradiated cells was also repressed by knockdown of c-Myc. The c-Myc inhibitor 10058-F4 could suppress low dose radiation induced cell senescence, and the conditioned medium harvested from irradiated cells pretreated with 10058-F4 also lost the ability to enhance the migration of unirradiated cells. The cytokine array analysis revealed that immunosuppressive monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 increased by low dose radiation could be repressed by 10058-F4. We also showed that 10058-F4 could suppress low dose radiation induced tumor progression in a xenograft tumor model. Taken together, current data suggest that -Myc is involved in low dose radiation induced cell senescence and potent bystander effect to increase the motility of unirradiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Der Leu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng Chi University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yih Wang
- Radiotherapy, Department of Medical Imaging, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chien Lo
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Min-Ying Lin
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-2681, USA
| | - Wen-Chin Hung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Ting Lin
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Shen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jang Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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22
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The Genomic Landscape of Thyroid Cancer Tumourigenesis and Implications for Immunotherapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051082. [PMID: 34062862 PMCID: PMC8147376 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent endocrine malignancy that comprises mostly indolent differentiated cancers (DTCs) and less frequently aggressive poorly differentiated (PDTC) or anaplastic cancers (ATCs) with high mortality. Utilisation of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and advanced sequencing data analysis can aid in understanding the multi-step progression model in the development of thyroid cancers and their metastatic potential at a molecular level, promoting a targeted approach to further research and development of targeted treatment options including immunotherapy, especially for the aggressive variants. Tumour initiation and progression in thyroid cancer occurs through constitutional activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway through mutations in BRAF, RAS, mutations in the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and/or receptor tyrosine kinase fusions/translocations, and other genetic aberrations acquired in a stepwise manner. This review provides a summary of the recent genetic aberrations implicated in the development and progression of thyroid cancer and implications for immunotherapy.
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23
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Lumniczky K, Impens N, Armengol G, Candéias S, Georgakilas AG, Hornhardt S, Martin OA, Rödel F, Schaue D. Low dose ionizing radiation effects on the immune system. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 149:106212. [PMID: 33293042 PMCID: PMC8784945 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation interacts with the immune system in many ways with a multiplicity that mirrors the complexity of the immune system itself: namely the need to maintain a delicate balance between different compartments, cells and soluble factors that work collectively to protect, maintain, and restore tissue function in the face of severe challenges including radiation damage. The cytotoxic effects of high dose radiation are less relevant after low dose exposure, where subtle quantitative and functional effects predominate that may go unnoticed until late after exposure or after a second challenge reveals or exacerbates the effects. For example, low doses may permanently alter immune fitness and therefore accelerate immune senescence and pave the way for a wide spectrum of possible pathophysiological events, including early-onset of age-related degenerative disorders and cancer. By contrast, the so called low dose radiation therapy displays beneficial, anti-inflammatory and pain relieving properties in chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases. In this review, epidemiological, clinical and experimental data regarding the effects of low-dose radiation on the homeostasis and functional integrity of immune cells will be discussed, as will be the role of immune-mediated mechanisms in the systemic manifestation of localized exposures such as inflammatory reactions. The central conclusion is that ionizing radiation fundamentally and durably reshapes the immune system. Further, the importance of discovery of immunological pathways for modifying radiation resilience amongst other research directions in this field is implied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Lumniczky
- National Public Health Centre, Department of Radiation Medicine, Budapest, Albert Florian u. 2-6, 1097, Hungary.
| | - Nathalie Impens
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Biosciences Expert Group, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Gemma Armengol
- Unit of Biological Anthropology, Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Serge Candéias
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Sabine Hornhardt
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Ingolstaedter Landstr.1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Olga A Martin
- Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA.
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24
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Ventura JA, Donoghue JF, Nowell CJ, Cann LM, Day LRJ, Smyth LML, Forrester HB, Rogers PAW, Crosbie JC. The γH2AX DSB marker may not be a suitable biodosimeter to measure the biological MRT valley dose. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:642-656. [PMID: 33617395 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1893854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE γH2AX biodosimetry has been proposed as an alternative dosimetry method for microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) because conventional dosimeters, such as ionization chambers, lack the spatial resolution required to accurately measure the MRT valley dose. Here we investigated whether γH2AX biodosimetry should be used to measure the biological valley dose of MRT-irradiated mammalian cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We irradiated human skin fibroblasts and mouse skin flaps with synchrotron MRT and broad beam (BB) radiation. BB doses of 1-5 Gy were used to generate a calibration curve in order to estimate the biological MRT valley dose using the γH2AX assay. RESULTS Our key finding was that MRT induced a non-linear dose response compared to BB, where doses 2-3 times greater showed the same level of DNA DSB damage in the valley in cell and tissue studies. This indicates that γH2AX may not be an appropriate biodosimeter to estimate the biological valley doses of MRT-irradiated samples. We also established foci yields of 5.9 ± 0 . 04 and 27.4 ± 2 . 5 foci/cell/Gy in mouse skin tissue and human fibroblasts respectively, induced by BB. Using Monte Carlo simulations, a linear dose response was seen in cell and tissue studies and produced predicted peak-to-valley dose ratios (PVDRs) of ∼30 and ∼107 for human fibroblasts and mouse skin tissue respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our report highlights novel MRT radiobiology, attempts to explain why γH2AX may not be an appropriate biodosimeter and suggests further studies aimed at revealing the biological and cellular communication mechanisms that drive the normal tissue sparing effect, which is characteristic of MRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Ventura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jacqueline F Donoghue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Leonie M Cann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Liam R J Day
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lloyd M L Smyth
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Helen B Forrester
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Peter A W Rogers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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25
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How Macrophages Become Transcriptionally Dysregulated: A Hidden Impact of Antitumor Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052662. [PMID: 33800829 PMCID: PMC7961970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the essential components of the tumor microenvironment. TAMs originate from blood monocytes and undergo pro- or anti-inflammatory polarization during their life span within the tumor. The balance between macrophage functional populations and the efficacy of their antitumor activities rely on the transcription factors such as STAT1, NF-κB, IRF, and others. These molecular tools are of primary importance, as they contribute to the tumor adaptations and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy and can become important biomarkers for theranostics. Herein, we describe the major transcriptional mechanisms specific for TAM, as well as how radio- and chemotherapy can impact gene transcription and functionality of macrophages, and what are the consequences of the TAM-tumor cooperation.
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26
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Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect: Loss of Radioprotective Capacity of Rosmarinic Acid In Vivo and In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020231. [PMID: 33546480 PMCID: PMC7913630 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In radiation oncology, the modulation of the bystander effect is a target both for the destruction of tumor cells and to protect healthy cells. With this objective, we determine whether the radioprotective capacity of rosmarinic acid (RA) can affect the intensity of these effects. Genoprotective capacity was obtained by determining the micronuclei frequencies in in vivo and in vitro assays and the cell survival was determined by the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay) (MTT) assay in three cell lines (PNT2, TRAMPC1 and B16F10), both in direct exposure to X-rays and after the production of radiation-induced bystander effect. The administration of RA in irradiated cells produced a decrease in the frequency of micronuclei both in vivo and in vitro, and an increase in cell survival, as expression of its radioprotective effect (p < 0.001) attributable to its ability to scavenge radio-induced free radicals (ROS). However, RA does not achieve any modification in the animals receiving serum or in the cultures treated with the irradiated medium, which expresses an absence of radioprotective capacity. The results suggest that ROS participates in the formation of signals in directly irradiated cells, but only certain subtypes of ROS, the cytotoxic products of lipid peroxidation, participate in the creation of lesions in recipient cells.
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27
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Wahane S, Zhou X, Zhou X, Guo L, Friedl MS, Kluge M, Ramakrishnan A, Shen L, Friedel CC, Zhang B, Friedel RH, Zou H. Diversified transcriptional responses of myeloid and glial cells in spinal cord injury shaped by HDAC3 activity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabd8811. [PMID: 33637528 PMCID: PMC7909890 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd8811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response influences neural repair after spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we combined myeloid-specific transcriptomics and single-cell RNA sequencing to uncover not only a common core but also temporally distinct gene programs in injury-activated microglia and macrophages (IAM). Intriguingly, we detected a wide range of microglial cell states even in healthy spinal cord. Upon injury, IAM progressively acquired overall reparative, yet diversified transcriptional profiles, each comprising four transcriptional subtypes with specialized tasks. Notably, IAM have both distinct and common gene signatures as compared to neurodegeneration-associated microglia, both engaging phagocytosis, autophagy, and TyroBP pathways. We also identified an immediate response microglia subtype serving as a source population for microglial transformation and a proliferative subtype controlled by the epigenetic regulator histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3). Together, our data unveil diversification of myeloid and glial subtypes in SCI and an extensive influence of HDAC3, which may be exploited to enhance functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka Wahane
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xianxiao Zhou
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marie-Sophie Friedl
- Institut für Informatik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Kluge
- Institut für Informatik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Aarthi Ramakrishnan
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Caroline C Friedel
- Institut für Informatik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Roland H Friedel
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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28
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Specht H, Emmott E, Petelski AA, Huffman RG, Perlman DH, Serra M, Kharchenko P, Koller A, Slavov N. Single-cell proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of macrophage heterogeneity using SCoPE2. Genome Biol 2021; 22:50. [PMID: 33504367 PMCID: PMC7839219 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages are innate immune cells with diverse functional and molecular phenotypes. This diversity is largely unexplored at the level of single-cell proteomes because of the limitations of quantitative single-cell protein analysis. RESULTS To overcome this limitation, we develop SCoPE2, which substantially increases quantitative accuracy and throughput while lowering cost and hands-on time by introducing automated and miniaturized sample preparation. These advances enable us to analyze the emergence of cellular heterogeneity as homogeneous monocytes differentiate into macrophage-like cells in the absence of polarizing cytokines. SCoPE2 quantifies over 3042 proteins in 1490 single monocytes and macrophages in 10 days of instrument time, and the quantified proteins allow us to discern single cells by cell type. Furthermore, the data uncover a continuous gradient of proteome states for the macrophages, suggesting that macrophage heterogeneity may emerge in the absence of polarizing cytokines. Parallel measurements of transcripts by 10× Genomics suggest that our measurements sample 20-fold more protein copies than RNA copies per gene, and thus, SCoPE2 supports quantification with improved count statistics. This allowed exploring regulatory interactions, such as interactions between the tumor suppressor p53, its transcript, and the transcripts of genes regulated by p53. CONCLUSIONS Even in a homogeneous environment, macrophage proteomes are heterogeneous. This heterogeneity correlates to the inflammatory axis of classically and alternatively activated macrophages. Our methodology lays the foundation for automated and quantitative single-cell analysis of proteins by mass spectrometry and demonstrates the potential for inferring transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation from variability across single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Specht
- Department of Bioengineering and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Edward Emmott
- Department of Bioengineering and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Proteome Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Aleksandra A Petelski
- Department of Bioengineering and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - R Gray Huffman
- Department of Bioengineering and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David H Perlman
- Department of Bioengineering and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Present Address: Merck Exploratory Sciences Center, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., 320 Bent St., Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Marco Serra
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Peter Kharchenko
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Antonius Koller
- Department of Bioengineering and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nikolai Slavov
- Department of Bioengineering and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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29
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Specht H, Emmott E, Petelski AA, Huffman RG, Perlman DH, Serra M, Kharchenko P, Koller A, Slavov N. Single-cell proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of macrophage heterogeneity using SCoPE2. Genome Biol 2021; 22:50. [PMID: 33504367 DOI: 10.1101/665307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages are innate immune cells with diverse functional and molecular phenotypes. This diversity is largely unexplored at the level of single-cell proteomes because of the limitations of quantitative single-cell protein analysis. RESULTS To overcome this limitation, we develop SCoPE2, which substantially increases quantitative accuracy and throughput while lowering cost and hands-on time by introducing automated and miniaturized sample preparation. These advances enable us to analyze the emergence of cellular heterogeneity as homogeneous monocytes differentiate into macrophage-like cells in the absence of polarizing cytokines. SCoPE2 quantifies over 3042 proteins in 1490 single monocytes and macrophages in 10 days of instrument time, and the quantified proteins allow us to discern single cells by cell type. Furthermore, the data uncover a continuous gradient of proteome states for the macrophages, suggesting that macrophage heterogeneity may emerge in the absence of polarizing cytokines. Parallel measurements of transcripts by 10× Genomics suggest that our measurements sample 20-fold more protein copies than RNA copies per gene, and thus, SCoPE2 supports quantification with improved count statistics. This allowed exploring regulatory interactions, such as interactions between the tumor suppressor p53, its transcript, and the transcripts of genes regulated by p53. CONCLUSIONS Even in a homogeneous environment, macrophage proteomes are heterogeneous. This heterogeneity correlates to the inflammatory axis of classically and alternatively activated macrophages. Our methodology lays the foundation for automated and quantitative single-cell analysis of proteins by mass spectrometry and demonstrates the potential for inferring transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation from variability across single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Specht
- Department of Bioengineering and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Edward Emmott
- Department of Bioengineering and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Proteome Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Aleksandra A Petelski
- Department of Bioengineering and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - R Gray Huffman
- Department of Bioengineering and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David H Perlman
- Department of Bioengineering and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Present Address: Merck Exploratory Sciences Center, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., 320 Bent St., Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Marco Serra
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Peter Kharchenko
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Antonius Koller
- Department of Bioengineering and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nikolai Slavov
- Department of Bioengineering and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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30
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Kumari S, Mukherjee S, Sinha D, Abdisalaam S, Krishnan S, Asaithamby A. Immunomodulatory Effects of Radiotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8151. [PMID: 33142765 PMCID: PMC7663574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT), an integral component of curative treatment for many malignancies, can be administered via an increasing array of techniques. In this review, we summarize the properties and application of different types of RT, specifically, conventional therapy with x-rays, stereotactic body RT, and proton and carbon particle therapies. We highlight how low-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation induces simple DNA lesions that are efficiently repaired by cells, whereas high-LET radiation causes complex DNA lesions that are difficult to repair and that ultimately enhance cancer cell killing. Additionally, we discuss the immunogenicity of radiation-induced tumor death, elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which radiation mounts innate and adaptive immune responses and explore strategies by which we can increase the efficacy of these mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms by which RT modulates immune signaling and the key players involved in modulating the RT-mediated immune response will help to improve therapeutic efficacy and to identify novel immunomodulatory drugs that will benefit cancer patients undergoing targeted RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharda Kumari
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (S.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Shibani Mukherjee
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (S.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Debapriya Sinha
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (S.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Salim Abdisalaam
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (S.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
| | - Aroumougame Asaithamby
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (S.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
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31
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Schmidt M, Hopp L, Arakelyan A, Kirsten H, Engel C, Wirkner K, Krohn K, Burkhardt R, Thiery J, Loeffler M, Loeffler-Wirth H, Binder H. The Human Blood Transcriptome in a Large Population Cohort and Its Relation to Aging and Health. Front Big Data 2020; 3:548873. [PMID: 33693414 PMCID: PMC7931910 DOI: 10.3389/fdata.2020.548873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The blood transcriptome is expected to provide a detailed picture of an organism's physiological state with potential outcomes for applications in medical diagnostics and molecular and epidemiological research. We here present the analysis of blood specimens of 3,388 adult individuals, together with phenotype characteristics such as disease history, medication status, lifestyle factors, and body mass index (BMI). The size and heterogeneity of this data challenges analytics in terms of dimension reduction, knowledge mining, feature extraction, and data integration. Methods: Self-organizing maps (SOM)-machine learning was applied to study transcriptional states on a population-wide scale. This method permits a detailed description and visualization of the molecular heterogeneity of transcriptomes and of their association with different phenotypic features. Results: The diversity of transcriptomes is described by personalized SOM-portraits, which specify the samples in terms of modules of co-expressed genes of different functional context. We identified two major blood transcriptome types where type 1 was found more in men, the elderly, and overweight people and it upregulated genes associated with inflammation and increased heme metabolism, while type 2 was predominantly found in women, younger, and normal weight participants and it was associated with activated immune responses, transcriptional, ribosomal, mitochondrial, and telomere-maintenance cell-functions. We find a striking overlap of signatures shared by multiple diseases, aging, and obesity driven by an underlying common pattern, which was associated with the immune response and the increase of inflammatory processes. Conclusions: Machine learning applications for large and heterogeneous omics data provide a holistic view on the diversity of the human blood transcriptome. It provides a tool for comparative analyses of transcriptional signatures and of associated phenotypes in population studies and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schmidt
- IZBI, Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lydia Hopp
- IZBI, Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arsen Arakelyan
- BIG, Group of Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Holger Kirsten
- IMISE, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- IMISE, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wirkner
- IMISE, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Knut Krohn
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralph Burkhardt
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joachim Thiery
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Loeffler
- IZBI, Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,IMISE, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henry Loeffler-Wirth
- IZBI, Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans Binder
- IZBI, Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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32
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Radiation-induced bystander and abscopal effects: important lessons from preclinical models. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:339-348. [PMID: 32581341 PMCID: PMC7403362 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a pivotal component in the curative treatment of patients with localised cancer and isolated metastasis, as well as being used as a palliative strategy for patients with disseminated disease. The clinical efficacy of radiotherapy has traditionally been attributed to the local effects of ionising radiation, which induces cell death by directly and indirectly inducing DNA damage, but substantial work has uncovered an unexpected and dual relationship between tumour irradiation and the host immune system. In clinical practice, it is, therefore, tempting to tailor immunotherapies with radiotherapy in order to synergise innate and adaptive immunity against cancer cells, as well as to bypass immune tolerance and exhaustion, with the aim of facilitating tumour regression. However, our understanding of how radiation impacts on immune system activation is still in its early stages, and concerns and challenges regarding therapeutic applications still need to be overcome. With the increasing use of immunotherapy and its common combination with ionising radiation, this review briefly delineates current knowledge about the non-targeted effects of radiotherapy, and aims to provide insights, at the preclinical level, into the mechanisms that are involved with the potential to yield clinically relevant combinatorial approaches of radiotherapy and immunotherapy.
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33
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Helm JS, Rudel RA. Adverse outcome pathways for ionizing radiation and breast cancer involve direct and indirect DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and interaction with hormonal regulation of the breast. Arch Toxicol 2020. [PMID: 32399610 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02752-z)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about established breast carcinogens can support improved and modernized toxicological testing methods by identifying key mechanistic events. Ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of breast cancer, especially for women and for exposure at younger ages, and evidence overall supports a linear dose-response relationship. We used the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to outline and evaluate the evidence linking ionizing radiation with breast cancer from molecular initiating events to the adverse outcome through intermediate key events, creating a qualitative AOP. We identified key events based on review articles, searched PubMed for recent literature on key events and IR, and identified additional papers using references. We manually curated publications and evaluated data quality. Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly causes DNA damage and increases production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). RONS lead to DNA damage and epigenetic changes leading to mutations and genomic instability (GI). Proliferation amplifies the effects of DNA damage and mutations leading to the AO of breast cancer. Separately, RONS and DNA damage also increase inflammation. Inflammation contributes to direct and indirect effects (effects in cells not directly reached by IR) via positive feedback to RONS and DNA damage, and separately increases proliferation and breast cancer through pro-carcinogenic effects on cells and tissue. For example, gene expression changes alter inflammatory mediators, resulting in improved survival and growth of cancer cells and a more hospitable tissue environment. All of these events overlap at multiple points with events characteristic of "background" induction of breast carcinogenesis, including hormone-responsive proliferation, oxidative activity, and DNA damage. These overlaps make the breast particularly susceptible to ionizing radiation and reinforce that these biological activities are important characteristics of carcinogens. Agents that increase these biological processes should be considered potential breast carcinogens, and predictive methods are needed to identify chemicals that increase these processes. Techniques are available to measure RONS, DNA damage and mutation, cell proliferation, and some inflammatory proteins or processes. Improved assays are needed to measure GI and chronic inflammation, as well as the interaction with hormonally driven development and proliferation. Several methods measure diverse epigenetic changes, but it is not clear which changes are relevant to breast cancer. In addition, most toxicological assays are not conducted in mammary tissue, and so it is a priority to evaluate if results from other tissues are generalizable to breast, or to conduct assays in breast tissue. Developing and applying these assays to identify exposures of concern will facilitate efforts to reduce subsequent breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Helm
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA.
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34
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Helm JS, Rudel RA. Adverse outcome pathways for ionizing radiation and breast cancer involve direct and indirect DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and interaction with hormonal regulation of the breast. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1511-1549. [PMID: 32399610 PMCID: PMC7261741 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about established breast carcinogens can support improved and modernized toxicological testing methods by identifying key mechanistic events. Ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of breast cancer, especially for women and for exposure at younger ages, and evidence overall supports a linear dose-response relationship. We used the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to outline and evaluate the evidence linking ionizing radiation with breast cancer from molecular initiating events to the adverse outcome through intermediate key events, creating a qualitative AOP. We identified key events based on review articles, searched PubMed for recent literature on key events and IR, and identified additional papers using references. We manually curated publications and evaluated data quality. Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly causes DNA damage and increases production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). RONS lead to DNA damage and epigenetic changes leading to mutations and genomic instability (GI). Proliferation amplifies the effects of DNA damage and mutations leading to the AO of breast cancer. Separately, RONS and DNA damage also increase inflammation. Inflammation contributes to direct and indirect effects (effects in cells not directly reached by IR) via positive feedback to RONS and DNA damage, and separately increases proliferation and breast cancer through pro-carcinogenic effects on cells and tissue. For example, gene expression changes alter inflammatory mediators, resulting in improved survival and growth of cancer cells and a more hospitable tissue environment. All of these events overlap at multiple points with events characteristic of "background" induction of breast carcinogenesis, including hormone-responsive proliferation, oxidative activity, and DNA damage. These overlaps make the breast particularly susceptible to ionizing radiation and reinforce that these biological activities are important characteristics of carcinogens. Agents that increase these biological processes should be considered potential breast carcinogens, and predictive methods are needed to identify chemicals that increase these processes. Techniques are available to measure RONS, DNA damage and mutation, cell proliferation, and some inflammatory proteins or processes. Improved assays are needed to measure GI and chronic inflammation, as well as the interaction with hormonally driven development and proliferation. Several methods measure diverse epigenetic changes, but it is not clear which changes are relevant to breast cancer. In addition, most toxicological assays are not conducted in mammary tissue, and so it is a priority to evaluate if results from other tissues are generalizable to breast, or to conduct assays in breast tissue. Developing and applying these assays to identify exposures of concern will facilitate efforts to reduce subsequent breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Helm
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA.
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35
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Mitra A, Andrews MC, Roh W, De Macedo MP, Hudgens CW, Carapeto F, Singh S, Reuben A, Wang F, Mao X, Song X, Wani K, Tippen S, Ng KS, Schalck A, Sakellariou-Thompson DA, Chen E, Reddy SM, Spencer CN, Wiesnoski D, Little LD, Gumbs C, Cooper ZA, Burton EM, Hwu P, Davies MA, Zhang J, Bernatchez C, Navin N, Sharma P, Allison JP, Wargo JA, Yee C, Tetzlaff MT, Hwu WJ, Lazar AJ, Futreal PA. Spatially resolved analyses link genomic and immune diversity and reveal unfavorable neutrophil activation in melanoma. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1839. [PMID: 32296058 PMCID: PMC7160105 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex tumor microenvironmental (TME) features influence the outcome of cancer immunotherapy (IO). Here we perform immunogenomic analyses on 67 intratumor sub-regions of a PD-1 inhibitor-resistant melanoma tumor and 2 additional metastases arising over 8 years, to characterize TME interactions. We identify spatially distinct evolution of copy number alterations influencing local immune composition. Sub-regions with chromosome 7 gain display a relative lack of leukocyte infiltrate but evidence of neutrophil activation, recapitulated in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) samples, and associated with lack of response to IO across three clinical cohorts. Whether neutrophil activation represents cause or consequence of local tumor necrosis requires further study. Analyses of T-cell clonotypes reveal the presence of recurrent priming events manifesting in a dominant T-cell clonotype over many years. Our findings highlight the links between marked levels of genomic and immune heterogeneity within the physical space of a tumor, with implications for biomarker evaluation and immunotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Mitra
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Quantitative Sciences Graduate Training Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Miles C Andrews
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Whijae Roh
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Courtney W Hudgens
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fernando Carapeto
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shailbala Singh
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexandre Reuben
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xizeng Mao
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xingzhi Song
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Khalida Wani
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Samantha Tippen
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kwok-Shing Ng
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Aislyn Schalck
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Eveline Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sangeetha M Reddy
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Diana Wiesnoski
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Latasha D Little
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Curtis Gumbs
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth M Burton
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Patrick Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chantale Bernatchez
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nicholas Navin
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Padmanee Sharma
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James P Allison
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cassian Yee
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael T Tetzlaff
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wen-Jen Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - P Andrew Futreal
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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36
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Yoo SK, Song YS, Park YJ, Seo JS. Recent Improvements in Genomic and Transcriptomic Understanding of Anaplastic and Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Cancers. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:44-54. [PMID: 32207263 PMCID: PMC7090308 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.35.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a lethal human cancer with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Recently, its genomic and transcriptomic characteristics have been extensively elucidated over 5 years owing to advance in high throughput sequencing. These efforts have extended molecular understandings into the progression mechanisms and therapeutic vulnerabilities of aggressive thyroid cancers. In this review, we provide an overview of genomic and transcriptomic alterations in ATC and poorly-differentiated thyroid cancer, which are distinguished from differentiated thyroid cancers. Clinically relevant genomic alterations and deregulated signaling pathways will be able to shed light on more effective prevention and stratified therapeutic interventions for affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Keun Yoo
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Young Shin Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jeong Sun Seo
- Precision Medicine Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Gong-Wu Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Macrogen Inc., Seoul, Korea.
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37
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Zhu C, Lin SH, Jiang X, Xiang Y, Belal Z, Jun G, Mohan R. A novel deep learning model using dosimetric and clinical information for grade 4 radiotherapy-induced lymphopenia prediction. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:035014. [PMID: 31851954 PMCID: PMC7501732 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab63b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy-induced lymphopenia has increasingly been shown to reduce cancer survivorship. We developed a novel hybrid deep learning model to efficiently integrate an entire set of dosimetric parameters of a radiation treatment plan with a patient's pre- and mid-treatment information to improve the prediction of grade 4 radiotherapy-induced lymphopenia. We proposed a two-input channel hybrid deep learning model to process dosimetric information using a stacked bi-directional long-short term memory structure and non-dosimetric information using a multilayer perceptron structure independently before integrating the dosimetric and non-dosimetric information for final prediction. The model was trained from 505 patients and tested in 216 patients. We compared our model with other popular predictive models, including logistic regression (with and without elastic-net regularization) random forest, support vector machines, and artificial neural network. Our hybrid deep learning model out-performed other predictive models in various evaluation metrics. It achieved the highest area under the curve at 0.831, accuracy at 0.769, F1 score at 0.631, precision at 0.670, and recall at 0.610. The hybrid deep learning model also demonstrated robustness in exploiting the value of dosimetric parameters in predictive modeling. We demonstrated that our hybrid deep learning model with a two-input channel structure, which addressed the sequential and inter-correlated nature of dosimetric parameters, could potentially improve the prediction of radiotherapy-induced lymphopenia. Our proposed deep learning framework is flexible and transferable to other related radiotherapy-induced toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhu
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America. Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America. Authors to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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38
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Liu K, Singer E, Cohn W, Micewicz ED, McBride WH, Whitelegge JP, Loo JA. Time-Dependent Measurement of Nrf2-Regulated Antioxidant Response to Ionizing Radiation Toward Identifying Potential Protein Biomarkers for Acute Radiation Injury. Proteomics Clin Appl 2019; 13:e1900035. [PMID: 31419066 PMCID: PMC7213060 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201900035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Potential acute exposure to ionizing radiation in nuclear or radiological accidents presents complex mass casualty scenarios that demand prompt triage and treatment decisions. Due to delayed symptoms and varied response of radiation victims, there is an urgent need to develop robust biomarkers to assess the extent of injuries in individuals. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The transcription factor Nrf2 is the master of redox homeostasis and there is transcriptional evidence of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response activation upon radiation. The biomarker potential of Nrf2-dependent downstream target enzymes is investigated by measuring their response in bone marrow extracted from C57Bl/6 and C3H mice of both genders for up to 4 days following 6 Gy total body irradiation using targeted MS. RESULTS Overall, C57Bl/6 mice have a stronger proteomic response than C3H mice. In both strains, male mice have more occurrences of upregulation in antioxidant enzymes than female mice. For C57Bl/6 male mice, three proteins show elevated abundances after radiation exposure: catalase, superoxide dismutase 1, and heme oxygenase 1. Across both strains and genders, glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 is consistently decreased. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study provides the basis for future development of organ-specific protein biomarkers used in diagnostic blood test for radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA
| | - Elizabeth Singer
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Whitaker Cohn
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Ewa D. Micewicz
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | | | - Julian P. Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, Molecular Biology Institute, and UCLA/DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA
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39
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Zhang A, Steen TY. Gut Microbiomics-A Solution to Unloose the Gordian Knot of Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation. J Hered 2019; 109:212-221. [PMID: 29452420 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esx059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents have called forth a growing body of research on their biological aftermaths. A variety of wild organisms, including primates, birds, fish, insects, and worms are being studied in the affected areas, with emerging morphological, physiological, and genetic aberrations ascribed to ionizing radiation. Despite the effort in surveying Chernobyl and Fukushima wildlife, little is known about the microorganisms associated with these radiation-contaminated animals. The microbiota, especially the gut commensal, plays an important role in shaping the metabolic reservoir and immune system of the host, and is sensitive to a wide array of environmental factors, including ionizing radiation. Humans and limited numbers of laboratory species have been the main subjects of microbiome studies, however, a more practical insight on host-gut microbiota dynamics under environmental impact should be explored in natural habitats. In this analysis, we introduced a working model explaining possible mechanisms of ionizing radiation on the gut microbiota, with an evaluation of the gut microbiota as a potential biomarker for exposure to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY
| | - Tomoko Y Steen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
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40
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CXCL16 positively correlated with M2-macrophage infiltration, enhanced angiogenesis, and poor prognosis in thyroid cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13288. [PMID: 31527616 PMCID: PMC6746802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49613-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although various chemokines have pro-tumorigenic actions in cancers, the effects of CXCL16 remain controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular characteristics of CXCL16-expressing papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs). CXCL16 expressions were significantly higher in PTCs than benign or normal thyroid tissues. In the TCGA dataset for PTCs, a higher CXCL16 expression was associated with M2 macrophage- and angiogenesis-related genes and poor prognostic factors including a higher TNM staging and the BRAFV600E mutation. PTCs with a higher expression of 3-gene panel including CXCL16, AHNAK2, and THBS2 showed poor recurrence-free survivals than that of the lower expression group. Next, shCXCL16 was introduced into BHP10-3SCp cells to deplete the endogenous CXCL16, and then, the cells were subcutaneously injected to athymic mice. Tumors from the BHP10-3SCpshCXCL16 exhibited a delayed tumor growth with decreased numbers of ERG+ endothelial cells and F4/80+ macrophages than those from the BHP10-3SCpcontrol. CXCL16-related genes including AHNAK2 and THBS2 were downregulated in the tumors from the BHP10-3SCpshCXCL16 compared with that from the BHP10-3SCpcontrol. In conclusion, a higher CXCL16 expression was associated with macrophage- and angiogenesis-related genes and aggressive phenotypes in PTC. Targeting CXCL16 may be a good therapeutic strategy for advanced thyroid cancer.
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41
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Ariyoshi K, Miura T, Kasai K, Fujishima Y, Nakata A, Yoshida M. Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect is Mediated by Mitochondrial DNA in Exosome-Like Vesicles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9103. [PMID: 31235776 PMCID: PMC6591216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosome-like vesicles (ELV) are involved in mediating radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE). Here, we used ELV from control cell conditioned medium (CCCM) and from 4 Gy of X-ray irradiated cell conditioned medium (ICCM), which has been used to culture normal human fibroblast cells to examine the possibility of ELV mediating RIBE signals. We investigated whether ELV from 4 Gy irradiated mouse serum mediate RIBE signals. Induction of DNA damage was observed in cells that were treated with ICCM ELV and ELV from 4 Gy irradiated mouse serum. In addition, we treated CCCM ELV and ICCM ELV with RNases, DNases, and proteinases to determine which component of ELV is responsible for RIBE. Induction of DNA damage by ICCM ELV was not observed after treatment with DNases. After treatment, DNA damages were not induced in CCCM ELV or ICCM ELV from mitochondria depleted (ρ0) normal human fibroblast cells. Further, we found significant increase in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in ICCM ELV and ELV from 4 Gy irradiated mouse serum. ELV carrying amplified mtDNA (ND1, ND5) induced DNA damage in treated cells. These data suggest that the secretion of mtDNA through exosomes is involved in mediating RIBE signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ariyoshi
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan.
| | - Tomisato Miura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kasai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujishima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Akifumi Nakata
- Department of Basic Pharmacy, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Maeda 7-jo 15-4-1, Teine-ku, Otaru, Sapporo, 006-8590, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Yoshida
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan.
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42
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Sevenich L. Turning "Cold" Into "Hot" Tumors-Opportunities and Challenges for Radio-Immunotherapy Against Primary and Metastatic Brain Cancers. Front Oncol 2019; 9:163. [PMID: 30941312 PMCID: PMC6433980 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of immunotherapies has revolutionized intervention strategies for a variety of primary cancers. Despite this promising progress, treatment options for primary brain cancer and brain metastasis remain limited and still largely depend on surgical resection, radio- and/or chemotherapy. The paucity in the successful development of immunotherapies for brain cancers can in part be attributed to the traditional view of the brain as an immunologically privileged site. The presence of the blood-brain barrier and the absence of lymphatic drainage were believed to restrict the entry of blood-borne immune and inflammatory cells into the central nervous system (CNS), leading to an exclusion of the brain from systemic immune surveillance. However, recent insight from pre-clinical and clinical studies on the immune landscape of brain cancers challenged this dogma. Recruitment of blood-borne immune cells into the CNS provides unprecedented opportunities for the development of tumor microenvironment (TME)-targeted or immunotherapies against primary and metastatic cancers. Moreover, it is increasingly recognized that in addition to genotoxic effects, ionizing radiation represents a critical modulator of tumor-associated inflammation and synergizes with immunotherapies in adjuvant settings. This review summarizes current knowledge on the cellular and molecular identity of tumor-associated immune cells in primary and metastatic brain cancers and discusses underlying mechanisms by which ionizing radiation modulates the immune response. Detailed mechanistic insight into the effects of radiation on the unique immune landscape of brain cancers is essential for the development of multimodality intervention strategies in which immune-modulatory effects of radiotherapy are exploited to sensitize brain cancers to immunotherapies by converting immunologically “cold” into “hot” environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sevenich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
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43
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Tsoutsou PG, Zaman K, Martin Lluesma S, Cagnon L, Kandalaft L, Vozenin MC. Emerging Opportunities of Radiotherapy Combined With Immunotherapy in the Era of Breast Cancer Heterogeneity. Front Oncol 2018; 8:609. [PMID: 30619749 PMCID: PMC6305124 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of radiotherapy and immunotherapy has recently emerged as an exciting combination that might improve outcomes in many solid tumor settings. In the context of breast cancer, this opportunity is promising and under investigation. Given the heterogeneity of breast cancer, it might be meaningful to study the association of radiotherapy and immunotherapy distinctly among the various breast cancer subtypes. The use of biomarkers, such as tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, which are also associated to breast cancer heterogeneity, might provide an opportunity for tailored studies. This review highlights current knowledge of the association of radiotherapy and immunotherapy in the setting of breast cancer and attempts to highlight the therapeutic opportunities among breast cancer heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelagia G Tsoutsou
- Division of Oncology, Radio-oncology Department, Vaudois University Hospital Centre (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Radio-Oncology Research Laboratory, Vaudois University Hospital Centre (CHUV), Epalinges, Switzerland.,Radiation Oncology Department, Hôpital Neuchâtelois, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | - Khalil Zaman
- Department of Oncology, Breast Center, Vaudois University Hospital Centre (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Martin Lluesma
- Department of Oncology, Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurene Cagnon
- Department of Oncology, Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lana Kandalaft
- Department of Oncology, Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Radio-Oncology Research Laboratory, Vaudois University Hospital Centre (CHUV), Epalinges, Switzerland
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44
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Lobachevsky PN, Ventura J, Giannakandropoulou L, Forrester H, Palazzolo JS, Haynes NM, Stevenson AW, Hall CJ, Mason J, Pollakis G, Pateras IS, Gorgoulis V, Terzoudi GI, Hamilton JA, Sprung CN, Georgakilas AG, Martin OA. A Functional Immune System Is Required for the Systemic Genotoxic Effects of Localized Irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 103:1184-1193. [PMID: 30529375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nontargeted effects of ionizing radiation, by which unirradiated cells and tissues are also damaged, are a relatively new paradigm in radiobiology. We recently reported radiation-induced abscopal effects (RIAEs) in normal tissues; namely, DNA damage, apoptosis, and activation of the local and systemic immune responses in C57BL6/J mice after irradiation of a small region of the body. High-dose-rate, synchrotron-generated broad beam or multiplanar x-ray microbeam radiation therapy was used with various field sizes and doses. This study explores components of the immune system involved in the generation of these abscopal effects. METHODS AND MATERIALS The following mice with various immune deficiencies were irradiated with the microbeam radiation therapy beam: (1) SCID/IL2γR-/- (NOD SCID gamma, NSG) mice, (2) wild-type C57BL6/J mice treated with an antibody-blocking macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, which depletes and alters the function of macrophages, and (3) chemokine ligand 2/monocyte chemotactic protein 1 null mice. Complex DNA damage (ie, DNA double-strand breaks), oxidatively induced clustered DNA lesions, and apoptotic cells in tissues distant from the irradiation site were measured as RIAE endpoints and compared with those in wild-type C57BL6/J mice. RESULTS Wild-type mice accumulated double-strand breaks, oxidatively induced clustered DNA lesions, and apoptosis, enforcing our RIAE model. However, these effects were completely or partially abrogated in mice with immune disruption, highlighting the pivotal role of the immune system in propagation of systemic genotoxic effects after localized irradiation. CONCLUSIONS These results underline the importance of not only delineating the best strategies for tumor control but also mitigating systemic radiation toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel N Lobachevsky
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica Ventura
- University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Royal Women's Hospital
| | - Lina Giannakandropoulou
- School of Applied Mathematical & Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Forrester
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason S Palazzolo
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole M Haynes
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew W Stevenson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Joel Mason
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerasimos Pollakis
- School of Applied Mathematical & Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Pateras
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Institute for Cancer Sciences and Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia I Terzoudi
- Laboratory of Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece
| | - John A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carl N Sprung
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- School of Applied Mathematical & Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga A Martin
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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45
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Soloviev AI, Kizub IV. Mechanisms of vascular dysfunction evoked by ionizing radiation and possible targets for its pharmacological correction. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 159:121-139. [PMID: 30508525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) leads to a variety of the cardiovascular diseases, including the arterial hypertension. A number of studies have demonstrated that blood vessels represent important target for IR, and the endothelium is one of the most vulnerable components of the vascular wall. IR causes an inhibition of nitric oxide (NO)-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and generation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species trigger this process. Inhibition of NO-mediated vasodilatation could be due to endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) down-regulation, inactivation of endothelium-derived NO, and abnormalities in diffusion of NO from the endothelial cells (ECs) leading to a decrease in NO bioavailability. Beside this, IR suppresses endothelial large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa) activity, which control NO synthesis. IR also leads to inhibition of the BKCa current in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) which is mediated by protein kinase C (PKC). On the other hand, IR-evoked enhanced vascular contractility may result from PKC-mediated increase in SMCs myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. Also, IR evokes vascular wall inflammation and atherosclerosis development. Vascular function damaged by IR can be effectively restored by quercetin-filled phosphatidylcholine liposomes and mesenchymal stem cells injection. Using RNA-interference technique targeted to different PKC isoforms can also be a perspective approach for pharmacological treatment of IR-induced vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly I Soloviev
- Department of Pharmacology of Cellular Signaling Systems and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 14 Eugene Pottier Street, Kiev 03068, Ukraine
| | - Igor V Kizub
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla 10595, NY, United States.
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46
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Ariyoshi K, Miura T, Kasai K, Akifumi N, Fujishima Y, Yoshida MA. Age Dependence of Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability in Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Radiat Res 2018; 190:623. [PMID: 30311845 DOI: 10.1667/rr15113.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Age at exposure is a critical factor that influences the risk of radiation-induced leukemia. Accumulating evidence suggests that ionizing radiation can induce genomic instability and promote leukemogenesis in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs); however, the influence of age on this phenomenon has not been elucidated. In this study, infant (1-week-old) or adult (14-week-old) C3H/He mice received sham or 4 Gy whole-body irradiation, and bone marrow cells were transplanted to recipients at day 1 or 60 postirradiation. Twelve days after bone marrow transplant, we analyzed the radiation-induced genomic instability by scoring the frequency of DNA damage and micronucleus formation in colony-forming units-spleen (CFU-Ss). We observed significant increases in DNA damage and micronucleus formation in CFU-Ss of the 4 Gy irradiated adult cells transplanted at day 1 or 60 postirradiation. However, the frequency of DNA damage focus and micronucleus formation in CFU-Ss of 4 Gy irradiated infant cells transplanted at day 1 or 60 postirradiation was relatively decreased. Quantitative differences in the reactive oxygen species and cells expressing inducible nitric oxide synthase in CFU-Ss suggested that age-dependent radiation-induced genomic instability may result from chronic oxidative stress by pro-inflammatory states in HSC descendants after radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ariyoshi
- a Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Tomisato Miura
- b Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kasai
- b Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Nakata Akifumi
- c Department of Basic Pharmacy, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Otaru, 047-0264, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujishima
- b Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki A Yoshida
- a Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
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47
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Burdak-Rothkamm S, Rothkamm K. Radiation-induced bystander and systemic effects serve as a unifying model system for genotoxic stress responses. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 778:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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48
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McKelvey KJ, Hudson AL, Back M, Eade T, Diakos CI. Radiation, inflammation and the immune response in cancer. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:843-865. [PMID: 30178305 PMCID: PMC6267675 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Radiation is an important component of cancer treatment with more than half of all patients receive radiotherapy during their cancer experience. While the impact of radiation on tumour morphology is routinely examined in the pre-clinical and clinical setting, the impact of radiation on the tumour microenvironment and more specifically the inflammatory/immune response is less well characterised. Inflammation is a key contributor to short- and long-term cancer eradication, with significant tumour and normal tissue consequences. Therefore, the role of radiation in modulating the inflammatory response is highly topical given the current wave of targeted and immuno-therapeutic treatments for cancer. This review provides a general overview of how radiation modulates the inflammatory and immune response—(i) how radiation induces the inflammatory/immune system, (ii) the cellular changes that take place, (iii) how radiation dose delivery affects the immune response, and (iv) a discussion on research directions to improve patient survival, reduce side effects, improve quality of life, and reduce financial costs in the immediate future. Harnessing the benefits of radiation on the immune response will enhance its maximal therapeutic benefit and reduce radiation-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J McKelvey
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Northern Sydney Local Health District Research and the Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia. .,Sydney Neuro-Oncology Group, North Shore Private Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia. .,Sydney Vital Translational Research Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
| | - Amanda L Hudson
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Northern Sydney Local Health District Research and the Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Neuro-Oncology Group, North Shore Private Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Vital Translational Research Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Michael Back
- Sydney Neuro-Oncology Group, North Shore Private Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Tom Eade
- Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Connie I Diakos
- Sydney Vital Translational Research Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
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49
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Ariyoshi K, Miura T, Kasai K, Akifumi N, Fujishima Y, Yoshida MA. Radiation-induced bystander effect in large Japanese field mouse (Apodemus speciosus) embryonic cells. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2018; 57:223-231. [PMID: 29785486 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-018-0743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although evidence suggests that ionizing radiation can induce the bystander effect (radiation-induced bystander effect: RIBE) in cultured cells or mouse models, it is unclear whether the effect occurs in cells of wild animals. We investigated medium-mediated bystander micronucleus (MN) formation and DNA damage in un-irradiated cells from a large Japanese field mouse (Apodemus speciosus). We isolated four clones of A. speciosus embryonic fibroblasts (A603-1, A603-2, A603-3, and A603-4) derived from the same mother, and examined their radiation sensitivity using the colony-forming assay. A603-3 and A603-4 were similar, and A603-1 and A603-2 were highly sensitive compared with A603-3 and A603-4. We examined RIBE in the four clones in autologous medium from cell cultures exposed to 2 Gy X-ray radiation (irradiated cell conditioned medium: ICCM). We only observed increased MN prevalence and induction of DNA damage foci in A603-1 and A603-3 cells after ICCM transfer. The ICCM of A603-3 (RIBE-induced) was able to induce MN in A603-4 (not RIBE-induced). To assess the possible contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or nitric oxide (NO) in medium-mediated RIBE, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; a ROS scavenger) or 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (c-PTIO; an NO scavenger) were added to the medium. A suppressive effect was observed after adding DMSO, but there was no effect after treatment with c-PTIO. These results suggest that an enhanced radiosensitivity may not be directly related to the induction of medium-mediated RIBE. Moreover, ROS are involved in the transduction of the RIBE signal in A. speciosus cells, but NO is not. In conclusion, our results suggest that RIBE may be conserved in wild animals. The results contribute to better knowledge of radiation effects on wild, non-human species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ariyoshi
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan.
| | - Tomisato Miura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kasai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Nakata Akifumi
- Department of Basic Pharmacy, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru, Hokkaido, 047-0264, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujishima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki A Yoshida
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan.
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50
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Hopp L, Loeffler-Wirth H, Nersisyan L, Arakelyan A, Binder H. Footprints of Sepsis Framed Within Community Acquired Pneumonia in the Blood Transcriptome. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1620. [PMID: 30065722 PMCID: PMC6056630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the blood transcriptome of sepsis framed within community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and characterized its molecular and cellular heterogeneity in terms of functional modules of co-regulated genes with impact for the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Our results showed that CAP severity is associated with immune suppression owing to T-cell exhaustion and HLA and chemokine receptor deactivation, endotoxin tolerance, macrophage polarization, and metabolic conversion from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. We also found footprints of host's response to viruses and bacteria, altered levels of mRNA from erythrocytes and platelets indicating coagulopathy that parallel severity of sepsis and survival. Finally, our data demonstrated chromatin re-modeling associated with extensive transcriptional deregulation of chromatin modifying enzymes, which suggests the extensive changes of DNA methylation with potential impact for marker selection and functional characterization. Based on the molecular footprints identified, we propose a novel stratification of CAP cases into six groups differing in the transcriptomic scores of CAP severity, interferon response, and erythrocyte mRNA expression with impact for prognosis. Our analysis increases the resolution of transcriptomic footprints of CAP and reveals opportunities for selecting sets of transcriptomic markers with impact for translation of omics research in terms of patient stratification schemes and sets of signature genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Hopp
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henry Loeffler-Wirth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lilit Nersisyan
- Group of Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Arsen Arakelyan
- Group of Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Hans Binder
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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