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López Malizia A, Merlotti A, Bonte PE, Sager M, Arribas De Sandoval Y, Goudot C, Erra Díaz F, Pereyra-Gerber P, Ceballos A, Amigorena S, Geffner J, Sabatte J. Clusterin protects mature dendritic cells from reactive oxygen species mediated cell death. Oncoimmunology 2023; 13:2294564. [PMID: 38125724 PMCID: PMC10730137 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2294564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the induction of the adaptive immune response. They capture antigens in peripheral tissues and prime naïve T lymphocytes, triggering the adaptive immune response. In the course of inflammatory processes DCs face stressful conditions including hypoxia, low pH and high concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), among others. How DCs survive under these adverse conditions remain poorly understood. Clusterin is a protein highly expressed by tumors and usually associated with bad prognosis. It promotes cancer cell survival by different mechanisms such as apoptosis inhibition and promotion of autophagy. Here, we show that, upon maturation, human monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) up-regulate clusterin expression. Clusterin protects MoDCs from ROS-mediated toxicity, enhancing DC survival and promoting their ability to induce T cell activation. In line with these results, we found that clusterin is expressed by a population of mature LAMP3+ DCs, called mregDCs, but not by immature DCs in human cancer. The expression of clusterin by intratumoral DCs was shown to be associated with a transcriptomic profile indicative of cellular response to stress. These results uncover an important role for clusterin in DC physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro López Malizia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires University, School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Melina Sager
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires University, School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Christel Goudot
- Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Fernando Erra Díaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires University, School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pehuén Pereyra-Gerber
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ana Ceballos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires University, School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Jorge Geffner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires University, School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Sabatte
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires University, School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Davoodvandi A, Rafiyan M, Asemi Z, Matini SA. An epigenetic modulator with promising therapeutic impacts against gastrointestinal cancers: A mechanistic review on microRNA-195. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154680. [PMID: 37467635 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to their high prevalence, gastrointestinal cancers are one of the key causes of cancer-related death globally. The development of drug-resistant cancer cell populations is a major factor in the high mortality rate, and it affects about half of all cancer patients. Because of advances in our understanding of cancer molecular biology, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as critical factors in the initiation and development of gastrointestinal cancers. Gene expression can be controlled in several ways by ncRNAs, including through epigenetic changes, interactions between microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and proteins, and the function of lncRNAs as miRNA precursors or pseudogenes. As lncRNAs may be detected in the blood, circulating ncRNAs have emerged as a promising new class of non-invasive cancer biomarkers for use in the detection, staging, and prognosis of gastrointestinal cancers, as well as in the prediction of therapy efficacy. In this review, we assessed the role lncRNAs play in the progression, and maintenance of colorectal cancer, and how they might be used as therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Davoodvandi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran.
| | - Mahdi Rafiyan
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran.
| | - Seyed Amirhassan Matini
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran.
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3
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Evaluation of the Small Heat Shock Protein Family Members HSPB2 and HSPB3 in Bladder Cancer Prognosis and Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032609. [PMID: 36768927 PMCID: PMC9917356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BlCa) represents the sixth most commonly diagnosed type of male malignancy. Due to the clinical heterogeneity of BlCa, novel markers would optimize treatment efficacy and improve prognosis. The small heat shock proteins (sHSP) family is one of the major groups of molecular chaperones responsible for the maintenance of proteome functionality and stability. However, the role of sHSPs in BlCa remains largely unknown. The present study aimed to examine the association between HSPB2 and HSPB3 expression and BlCa progression in patients, and to investigate their role in BlCa cells. For this purpose, a series of experiments including reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, Western blotting, MTT assay and flow cytometry were performed. Initial analyses revealed increased vs. human transitional carcinoma cells, expression levels of the HSPB2 and HSPB3 genes and proteins in high grade BlCa cell lines. Therefore, we then evaluated the clinical significance of the HSPB2 and HSPB3 genes expression levels in bladder tumor samples and matched adjusted normal bladder specimens. Total RNA from 100 bladder tumor samples and 49 paired non-cancerous bladder specimens were isolated, and an accurate SYBR-Green based real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) protocol was developed to quantify HSPB2 and HSPB3 mRNA levels in the two cohorts of specimens. A significant downregulation of the HSPB2 and HSPB3 genes expression was observed in bladder tumors as compared to matched normal urothelium; yet, increased HSPB2 and HSPB3 levels were noted in muscle-invasive (T2-T4) vs. superficial tumors (TaT1), as well as in high-grade vs. low-grade tumors. Survival analyses highlighted the significantly higher risk for post-treatment disease relapse in TaT1 patients poorly expressing HSPB2 and HSPB3 genes; this effect tended to be inverted in advanced disease stages (muscle-invasive tumors) indicating the biphasic impact of HSPB2, HSPB3 genes in BlCa progression. The pro-survival role of HSPB2 and HSPB3 in advanced tumor cells was also evident by our finding that HSPB2, HSPB3 genes expression silencing in high grade BlCa cells enhanced doxorubicin toxicity. These findings indicate that the HSPB2, HSPB3 chaperone genes have a likely pro-survival role in advanced BlCa; thus, they can be targeted as novel molecular markers to optimize treatment efficacy in BlCa and to limit unnecessary interventions.
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The Nuclear Transporter Importin 13 Can Regulate Stress-Induced Cell Death through the Clusterin/KU70 Axis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020279. [PMID: 36672214 PMCID: PMC9857240 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular response to environmental stresses, such as heat and oxidative stress, is dependent on extensive trafficking of stress-signalling molecules between the cytoplasm and nucleus, which potentiates stress-activated signalling pathways, eventually resulting in cell repair or death. Although Ran-dependent nucleocytoplasmic transport mediated by members of the importin (IPO) super family of nuclear transporters is believed to be responsible for nearly all macromolecular transit between nucleus and cytoplasm, it is paradoxically known to be significantly impaired under conditions of stress. Importin 13 (IPO13) is a unique bidirectional transporter that binds to and releases cargo in a Ran-dependent manner, but in some cases, cargo release from IPO13 is affected by loading of another cargo. To investigate IPO13's role in stress-activated pathways, we performed cell-based screens to identify a multitude of binding partners of IPO13 from human brain, lung, and testes. Analysis of the IPO13 interactome intriguingly indicated more than half of the candidate binding partners to be annotated for roles in stress responses; these included the pro-apoptotic protein nuclear clusterin (nCLU), as well as the nCLU-interacting DNA repair protein KU70. Here, we show, for the first time, that unlike other IPOs which are mislocalised and non-functional, IPO13 continues to translocate between the nucleus and cytoplasm under stress, retaining the capacity to import certain cargoes, such as nCLU, but not export others, such as KU70, as shown by analysis using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Importantly, depletion of IPO13 reduces stress-induced import of nCLU and protects against stress-induced cell death, with concomitant protection from DNA damage during stress. Overexpression/FACS experiments demonstrate that nCLU is dependent on IPO13 to trigger stress-induced cell death via apoptosis. Taken together, these results implicate IPO13 as a novel functional nuclear transporter in cellular stress, with a key role thereby in cell fate decision.
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Yang S, Tang W, Azizian A, Gaedcke J, Ströbel P, Wang L, Cawley H, Ohara Y, Valenzuela P, Zhang L, Lal T, Sinha S, Rupin E, Hanna N, Ghadimi BM, Hussain SP. Dysregulation of HNF1B/Clusterin axis enhances disease progression in a highly aggressive subset of pancreatic cancer patients. Carcinogenesis 2022; 43:1198-1210. [PMID: 36426859 PMCID: PMC10122429 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal malignancy and is largely refractory to available treatments. Identifying key pathways associated with disease aggressiveness and therapeutic resistance may characterize candidate targets to improve patient outcomes. We used a strategy of examining the tumors from a subset of PDAC patient cohorts with the worst survival to understand the underlying mechanisms of aggressive disease progression and to identify candidate molecular targets with potential therapeutic significance. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) clustering, using gene expression profile, revealed three patient subsets. A 142-gene signature specific to the subset with the worst patient survival, predicted prognosis and stratified patients with significantly different survival in the test and validation cohorts. Gene-network and pathway analysis of the 142-gene signature revealed dysregulation of Clusterin (CLU) in the most aggressive patient subset in our patient cohort. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 b (HNF1B) positively regulated CLU, and a lower expression of HNF1B and CLU was associated with poor patient survival. Mechanistic and functional analyses revealed that CLU inhibits proliferation, 3D spheroid growth, invasiveness and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, CLU enhanced proteasomal degradation of EMT-regulator, ZEB1. In addition, orthotopic transplant of CLU-expressing pancreatic cancer cells reduced tumor growth in mice. Furthermore, CLU enhanced sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells representing aggressive patient subset, to the chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine. Taken together, HNF1B/CLU axis negatively regulates pancreatic cancer progression and may potentially be useful in designing novel strategies to attenuate disease progression in PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhui Yang
- Pancreatic Cancer Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Azadeh Azizian
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Gaedcke
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Limin Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Helen Cawley
- Pancreatic Cancer Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuuki Ohara
- Pancreatic Cancer Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paloma Valenzuela
- Pancreatic Cancer Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Pancreatic Cancer Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Trisha Lal
- Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sanju Sinha
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eythan Rupin
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nader Hanna
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - B Michael Ghadimi
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Perwez Hussain
- Pancreatic Cancer Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Cytoplasmic Clusterin Suppresses Lung Cancer Metastasis by Inhibiting the ROCK1-ERK Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102463. [PMID: 35626071 PMCID: PMC9140019 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We show that CLU, especially cytoplasmic precursor CLU, is downregulated in lung cancer and correlates with poor survival. The silencing of CLU promotes lung cancer cell migration and invasion, while the overexpression of CLU potently inhibits these phenomena. Interestingly, secretory CLU proteins are slightly decreased in lung cancer tissue and fail to exert similar anti-metastatic effects like cytoplasmic precursor CLU, demonstrating that cytoplasmic precursor CLU is the primary functional isoform of CLU, which exerts the anti-metastatic effects of lung cancer. Mechanistically, cytoplasmic precursor CLU binds ROCK1 to decrease phosphorylation of ERK1/2 by inhibiting the kinase activity of ROCK1, leading to an anti-metastatic effect in lung cancer cells. These findings reveal a novel insight into the function and regulation of cytoplasmic CLU in lung cancer, which might be a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of metastatic lung cancer. Abstract Clusterin (CLU) is a heterodimeric glycoprotein that has been detected in diverse human tissues and implicated in many cellular processes. Accumulating evidence indicates that the expression of secreted CLU correlates with the progression of cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its tumor-suppressive roles are incompletely uncovered. In this study, we demonstrate that precursor CLU is widely downregulated in lung cancer tissue, in which secretory CLU proteins are slightly decreased. Impressively, overexpressing CLU potently inhibits the migration, invasion and metastasis of lung cancer cells, whereas silencing CLU promotes this behavior; however, it appears that secretory CLU fails to exert similar anti-metastatic effects. Interestingly, the cytoplasmic precursor CLU binds ROCK1 to abrogate the interaction between ROCK1 and ERK and impair ERK activity, leading to the suppression of lung cancer invasiveness. Meanwhile, the expression of CLU was remarkably diminished in lung cancer bone metastasis loci when compared with subcutaneous tumors in the mouse model and hardly detected in the bone metastasis loci of lung cancer patients when compared with the primary. These findings reveal a novel insight into the function and regulation of cytoplasmic CLU in lung cancer, which might be a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of metastatic lung cancer.
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Wilson MR, Satapathy S, Jeong S, Fini ME. Clusterin, other extracellular chaperones, and eye disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 89:101032. [PMID: 34896599 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteostasis refers to all the processes that maintain the correct expression level, location, folding and turnover of proteins, essential to organismal survival. Both inside cells and in body fluids, molecular chaperones play key roles in maintaining proteostasis. In this article, we focus on clusterin, the first-recognized extracellular mammalian chaperone, and its role in diseases of the eye. Clusterin binds to and inhibits the aggregation of proteins that are misfolded due to mutations or stresses, clears these aggregating proteins from extracellular spaces, and facilitates their degradation. Clusterin exhibits three main homeostatic activities: proteostasis, cytoprotection, and anti-inflammation. The so-called "protein misfolding diseases" are caused by aggregation of misfolded proteins that accumulate pathologically as deposits in tissues; we discuss several such diseases that occur in the eye. Clusterin is typically found in these deposits, which is interpreted to mean that its capacity as a molecular chaperone to maintain proteostasis is overwhelmed in the disease state. Nevertheless, the role of clusterin in diseases involving such deposits needs to be better defined before therapeutic approaches can be entertained. A more straightforward case can be made for therapeutic use of clusterin based on its proteostatic role as a proteinase inhibitor, as well as its cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. It is likely that clusterin works together in this way with other extracellular chaperones to protect the eye from disease, and we discuss several examples. We end this article by predicting future steps that may lead to development of clusterin as a biological drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Wilson
- Molecular Horizons and the School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia.
| | - Sandeep Satapathy
- Molecular Horizons and the School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia.
| | - Shinwu Jeong
- USC Roski Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Street., Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - M Elizabeth Fini
- New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine; Program in Pharmacology & Drug Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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Mu L, Yang F, Guo D, Li P, Zhang M. Overexpression of secretory clusterin (sCLU) induces chemotherapy resistance in human gastric cancer cells by targeting miR-195-5p. Bioengineered 2021; 11:472-483. [PMID: 32250192 PMCID: PMC7161562 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1747825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent focus has turned to secretory clusterin (sCLU) as a key contributor to chemoresistance of anticancer agents, but the role of sCLU on chemotherapy drug response to gastric cancer cells is not fully understood. Previous research found that sCLU was overexpressed in the induced multidrug-resistant MGC-803/5-FU cell line, suggesting that sCLU upregulation was closely related to chemoresistance to anticancer agents. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the role and mechanisms of sCLU in regulating the chemoresistance of gastric cancer cells. Cell apoptosis and cell viability were evaluated by annexin V/propidium iodide staining and CCK8. Expression of sCLU and miR-195-5P was detected using quantitative RT-PCR assays. The expression of sCLU in gastric cancer tissues was detected by RT-PCR assays. Upregulating or downregulating sCLU or miR-195-5P in gastric cancer cells was used to evaluate the mechanisms of chemoresistance. We found that sCLU was significantly elevated in the MGC-803/5-FU and SGC-7901 cells, and the downregulating sCLU sensitized MGC-803/5-FU and SGC-7901 cells to cisplatin and Docetaxel by upregulation of miR-195-5P. Upregulating sCLU in MGC-803 and HGC-27 cells was resistant to cisplatin and Docetaxel by downregulating miR-195-5p. Targeting miR-195-5P reduced the sensitivity of MGC-803 cells to 5-FU, and miR-195-5P overexpression enhanced the sensitivity of MGC-803/5-FU cells to 5-FU. The overexpression of sCLU in gastric cancer tissues was associated with chemoresistance. Our findings suggest that overexpression of sCLU induced chemoresistance in gastric cancer cells by downregulating miR-195-5p, thus providing a potential target for the development of agents that targeting sCLU for gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Mu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fengxia Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Maoshen Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Delfin L, Mete O, Asa SL. Follicular cells in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. Hum Pathol 2021; 114:1-8. [PMID: 33991528 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Follicular cells (FCs) are thought to be agranular, non-hormone-producing stellate cells distributed throughout the adenohypophysis, occasionally arranged around colloid-filled follicles, and thought to be more prominent in the vicinity of necrosis and apoptotic cells. A distinct but similar cell type, the folliculostellate cell (FSC), is a sustentacular cell that is negative for keratins and stains for S100, GFAP, and SOX10. While several studies have examined FSCs in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs), the distribution and derivation of FCs in these lesions is unclear. We examined the presence and distribution of FCs in 104 PitNETs obtained by trans-sphenoidal surgery, using immunohistochemistry for keratins as well as the full complement of immunohistochemical stains for tumor characterization. The tumors included 9 somatotroph, 5 mammosomatotroph, 7 lactotroph, 7 immature PIT1-lineage, 2 acidophil stem cell, 17 corticotroph, 53 gonadotroph, 2 null cell, and 2 unusual plurihormonal tumors. CK-positive FCs were only identified in gonadotroph PitNETs and were found in 12 (23%) of those tumors; all other tumor types were negative for FCs. FCs express keratins identified by CAM5.2, AE1/AE3, CK18, and CK19 antibodies. FCs were identified scattered singly among hormone-producing neuroendocrine cells, in small clusters of 3-5 cells and surrounding colloid-filled follicles, as well as linearly along intratumoral blood vessels. Sequential stains showed that FCs express nuclear SF1 and GATA3, transcription factors of gonadotrophs, and multiplex immunohistochemistry confirmed colocalization of SF1 in the nucleus of keratin-positive FCs. In this series, FCs were exclusively found in gonadotroph PitNETs and occurred in 23% of those tumors. Co-expression of gonadotroph transcription factors in FCs supports the concept of cellular plasticity and transformation of neoplastic hormone-producing neuroendocrine cells to FCs. Further studies are required to determine if and why gonadotrophs alone undergo this transformation, the function of these cells and whether they have prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luvy Delfin
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ozgur Mete
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Sylvia L Asa
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Cheimonidi C, Grivas IN, Sesti F, Kavrochorianou N, Gianniou DD, Taoufik E, Badounas F, Papassideri I, Rizzi F, Tsitsilonis OE, Haralambous S, Trougakos IP. Clusterin overexpression in mice exacerbates diabetic phenotypes but suppresses tumor progression in a mouse melanoma model. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:6485-6505. [PMID: 33744871 PMCID: PMC7993736 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Clusterin (CLU) is an ATP-independent small heat shock protein-like chaperone, which functions both intra- and extra-cellularly. Consequently, it has been functionally involved in several physiological (including aging), as well as in pathological conditions and most age-related diseases, e.g., cancer, neurodegeneration, and metabolic syndrome. To address CLU function at an in vivo model we established CLU transgenic (Tg) mice bearing ubiquitous or pancreas-targeted CLU overexpression (OE). Our downstream analyses in established Tg lines showed that ubiquitous or pancreas-targeted CLU OE in mice affected antioxidant, proteostatic and metabolic pathways. Targeted OE of CLU in the pancreas, which also resulted in CLU upregulation in the liver likely via systemic effects, increased basal glucose levels in the circulation and exacerbated diabetic phenotypes. Furthermore, by establishing a syngeneic melanoma mouse tumor model we found that ubiquitous CLU OE suppressed melanoma cells growth, indicating a likely tumor suppressor function in early phases of tumorigenesis. Our observations provide in vivo evidence corroborating the notion that CLU is a potential modulator of metabolic and/or proteostatic pathways playing an important role in diabetes and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Cheimonidi
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Ioannis N. Grivas
- Inflammation Research Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Transgenic Technology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 11521, Greece
| | - Fabiola Sesti
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Nadia Kavrochorianou
- Inflammation Research Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Transgenic Technology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 11521, Greece
| | - Despoina D. Gianniou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Era Taoufik
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 11521, Greece
| | - Fotis Badounas
- Inflammation Research Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Transgenic Technology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 11521, Greece
| | - Issidora Papassideri
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universita di Parma, Parma 43125, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (I.N.B.B.), Roma 00136, Italy
| | - Ourania E. Tsitsilonis
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Sylva Haralambous
- Inflammation Research Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Transgenic Technology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 11521, Greece
| | - Ioannis P. Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
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Wittwer J, Bradley D. Clusterin and Its Role in Insulin Resistance and the Cardiometabolic Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:612496. [PMID: 33717095 PMCID: PMC7946829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.612496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiometabolic syndrome involves a clustering of metabolic and cardiovascular factors which increase the risk of patients developing both Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and cardio/cerebrovascular disease. Although the mechanistic underpinnings of this link remain uncertain, key factors include insulin resistance, excess visceral adiposity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and endothelial dysfunction. Of these, a state of resistance to insulin action in overweight/obese patients appears to be central to the pathophysiologic process. Given the increasing prevalence of obesity-related Type 2 Diabetes, coupled with the fact that cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of mortality in this patient population, a more thorough understanding of the cardiometabolic syndrome and potential options to mitigate its risk is imperative. Inherent in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance is an underlying state of chronic inflammation, at least partly in response to excess adiposity. Within obese adipose tissue, an immunomodulatory shift occurs, involving a preponderance of pro-inflammatory immune cells and cytokines/adipokines, along with antigen presentation by adipocytes. Therefore, various adipokines differentially expressed by obese adipocytes may have a significant effect on cardiometabolism. Clusterin is a molecular chaperone that is widely produced by many tissues throughout the body, but is also preferentially overexpressed by obese compared lean adipocytes and relates strongly to multiple components of the cardiometabolic syndrome. Herein, we summarize the known and potential roles of circulating and adipocyte-specific clusterin in cardiometabolism and discuss potential further investigations to determine if clusterin is a viable target to attenuate both metabolic and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wittwer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - David Bradley
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Mosca L, Ilari A, Fazi F, Assaraf YG, Colotti G. Taxanes in cancer treatment: Activity, chemoresistance and its overcoming. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 54:100742. [PMID: 33429249 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since 1984, when paclitaxel was approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced ovarian carcinoma, taxanes have been widely used as microtubule-targeting antitumor agents. However, their historic classification as antimitotics does not describe all their functions. Indeed, taxanes act in a complex manner, altering multiple cellular oncogenic processes including mitosis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, inflammatory response, and ROS production. On the one hand, identification of the diverse effects of taxanes on oncogenic signaling pathways provides opportunities to apply these cytotoxic drugs in a more rational manner. On the other hand, this may facilitate the development of novel treatment modalities to surmount anticancer drug resistance. In the latter respect, chemoresistance remains a major impediment which limits the efficacy of antitumor chemotherapy. Taxanes have shown impact on key molecular mechanisms including disruption of mitotic spindle, mitosis slippage and inhibition of angiogenesis. Furthermore, there is an emerging contribution of cellular processes including autophagy, oxidative stress, epigenetic alterations and microRNAs deregulation to the acquisition of taxane resistance. Hence, these two lines of findings are currently promoting a more rational and efficacious taxane application as well as development of novel molecular strategies to enhance the efficacy of taxane-based cancer treatment while overcoming drug resistance. This review provides a general and comprehensive picture on the use of taxanes in cancer treatment. In particular, we describe the history of application of taxanes in anticancer therapeutics, the synthesis of the different drugs belonging to this class of cytotoxic compounds, their features and the differences between them. We further dissect the molecular mechanisms of action of taxanes and the molecular basis underlying the onset of taxane resistance. We further delineate the possible modalities to overcome chemoresistance to taxanes, such as increasing drug solubility, delivery and pharmacokinetics, overcoming microtubule alterations or mitotic slippage, inhibiting drug efflux pumps or drug metabolism, targeting redox metabolism, immune response, and other cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Fazi
- Dept. Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopedic Sciences, Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University, Via A. Scarpa 14-16, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Lab, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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13
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Yao M, Sai W, Zheng W, Wang L, Dong Z, Yao D. Secretory Clusterin as a Novel Molecular-targeted Therapy for Inhibiting Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:3290-3301. [PMID: 31232234 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190624161158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although secretory clusterin (sCLU) plays a crucial role in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) cells proliferation, Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR), metastasis and so on, its targeted effects and exact mechanism are still unknown. This review summarizes some new progress in sCLU as a molecular-targeted therapy in the treatment of HCC. METHODS A systematic review of the published English-language literature about sCLU and HCC has been performed using the PubMed and bibliographic databases. Some valuable studies on sCLU in HCC progression were searched for relevant articles with the keywords: HCC, diagnosis, MDR, as molecular-targeted in treatment, and so on. RESULTS The incidence of the positive rate of sCLU was significantly higher in HCC tissues as compared to the surrounding tissues at mRNA or protein level, gradually increasing with tumor-nodemetastasis staging (P<0.05). Also, the abnormal level of sCLU was related to poor differentiation degree, and considered as a useful marker for HCC diagnosis or independent prognosis for patients. Hepatic sCLU could be silenced at mRNA level by specific sCLU-shRNA or by OGX-011 to inhibit cancer cell proliferation with an increase in apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, reversal MDR, alteration of cell migration or invasion behaviors, and a decrease in GSK-3β or AKT phosphorylation in vitro, as well as significant suppression of the xenograft growth by down-regulating β-catenin, p-GSK3β, and cyclinD1 expression in vivo. CONCLUSION Abnormal hepatic sCLU expression should not only be a new diagnostic biomarker but also a novel promising target for inhibiting HCC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yao
- Medical School of Nantong University, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenli Sai
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Wang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhizhen Dong
- Department of Diagnostics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dengfu Yao
- Medical School of Nantong University, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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14
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Zheng W, Yao M, Wu M, Yang J, Yao D, Wang L. Secretory clusterin promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by facilitating cancer stem cell properties via AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin axis. J Transl Med 2020; 18:81. [PMID: 32059741 PMCID: PMC7023808 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the modulatory effects and mechanism of secretory clusterin (sCLU) on cancer stem cell (CSC) properties in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods The effects of sCLU repression or overexpression on chemoresistance, migration, invasion, and tumor growth were detected by MTT, wound healing, transwell assays, and xenograft assay, respectively. The tumor sphere assay was performed to evaluate the self-renewal ability of HCC cells. In addition, the molecular regulation between sCLU and AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin axis in HCC cells were discovered by western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and immunofluorescence. The expression status of sCLU and β-catenin in HCC tissues were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Results Knockdown or overexpressing sCLU remarkably inhibited or promoted the chemoresistance against sorafenib/doxorubicin, metastasis, and tumor growth of HCC cells, respectively. HepG2 and HCCLM3-derived spheroids showed higher expression of sCLU than that in attached cells. Additionally, repressing sCLU impaired the self-renewal capacity of HCC cells and CSC-related chemoresistance while overexpression of sCLU enhanced these CSC properties. Knockdown or overexpression of sCLU inhibited or increased the expressions of β-catenin, cyclinD1, MMP-2 and MMP-9, and the phosphorylation of AKT or GSK3β signaling, respectively. However, LiCl or LY294002 abrogated the effects mediated by sCLU silencing or overexpression on chemoresistance, metastasis, and CSC phenotype. Furthermore, co-expression of sCLU and β-catenin in HCC tissues indicated poor prognosis of HCC patients. Conclusions Taken together, the oncogenic sCLU might promote CSC phenotype via activating AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin axis, suggesting that sCLU was a potential molecular-target for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zheng
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.,Medical School of Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Yao
- Medical School of Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengna Wu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junling Yang
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dengfu Yao
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Medical School of Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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15
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Artemaki PI, Sklirou AD, Kontos CK, Liosi AA, Gianniou DD, Papadopoulos IN, Trougakos IP, Scorilas A. High clusterin (CLU) mRNA expression levels in tumors of colorectal cancer patients predict a poor prognostic outcome. Clin Biochem 2020; 75:62-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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McNaught KA, Morris JS, McLaughlin M. Preliminary assessment of serum clusterin as a potential biomarker for canine lymphoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:292-302. [PMID: 31654603 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clusterin (CLU), also known as apolipoprotein J, is a widely expressed, heterodimeric, glycoprotein, important in tumourigenesis, apoptosis and immunoregulation. In humans, CLU expression has been associated with anaplastic large cell and Hodgkin's lymphoma. In this study, serum CLU levels in dogs with multicentric lymphoma (MLSA) were compared with healthy control dogs, using both western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Western blot confirmed the presence of CLU in dog sera at the predicted molecular weight and the relative levels detected correlated with the levels detected by ELISA. CLU level analysis by ELISA found treatment naïve dogs with MLSA had a significantly (P < .001) lower serum CLU level compared with healthy controls. However, there was no significant difference between MLSA dogs prior to treatment and in complete remission. The wide variation in serum CLU levels may limit its potential as a single candidate biomarker for MLSA, although any prognostic predictive value of serum CLU concentrations has yet to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A McNaught
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joanna S Morris
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark McLaughlin
- Department of Veterinary Science and Education, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Xiong Z, Li X, Yang Q. PTTG has a Dual Role of Promotion-Inhibition in the Development of Pituitary Adenomas. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:800-818. [PMID: 37020362 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190722145449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary Tumor Transforming Gene (PTTG) of human is known as a checkpoint gene in the middle and late stages of mitosis, and is also a proto-oncogene that promotes cell cycle progression. In the nucleus, PTTG works as securin in controlling the mid-term segregation of sister chromatids. Overexpression of PTTG, entering the nucleus with the help of PBF in pituitary adenomas, participates in the regulation of cell cycle, interferes with DNA repair, induces genetic instability, transactivates FGF-2 and VEGF and promotes angiogenesis and tumor invasion. Simultaneously, overexpression of PTTG induces tumor cell senescence through the DNA damage pathway, making pituitary adenoma possessing the potential self-limiting ability. To elucidate the mechanism of PTTG in the regulation of pituitary adenomas, we focus on both the positive and negative function of PTTG and find out key factors interacted with PTTG in pituitary adenomas. Furthermore, we discuss other possible mechanisms correlate with PTTG in pituitary adenoma initiation and development and the potential value of PTTG in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zujian Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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18
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What sustains the multidrug resistance phenotype beyond ABC efflux transporters? Looking beyond the tip of the iceberg. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 46:100643. [PMID: 31493711 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Identification of multidrug (MDR) efflux transporters that belong to the ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily, represented an important breakthrough for understanding cancer multidrug resistance (MDR) and its possible overcoming. However, recent data indicate that drug resistant cells have a complex intracellular physiology that involves constant changes in energetic and oxidative-reductive metabolic pathways, as well as in the molecular circuitries connecting mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lysosomes. The aim of this review is to discuss the key molecular mechanisms of cellular reprogramming that induce and maintain MDR, beyond the presence of MDR efflux transporters. We specifically highlight how cancer cells characterized by high metabolic plasticity - i.e. cells able to shift the energy metabolism between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, to survive both the normoxic and hypoxic conditions, to modify the cytosolic and mitochondrial oxidative-reductive metabolism, are more prone to adapt to exogenous stressors such as anti-cancer drugs and acquire a MDR phenotype. Similarly, we discuss how changes in mitochondria dynamics and mitophagy rates, changes in proteome stability ensuring non-oncogenic proteostatic mechanisms, changes in ubiquitin/proteasome- and autophagy/lysosome-related pathways, promote the cellular survival under stress conditions, along with the acquisition or maintenance of MDR. After dissecting the complex intracellular crosstalk that takes place during the development of MDR, we suggest that mapping the specific adaptation pathways underlying cell survival in response to stress and targeting these pathways with potent pharmacologic agents may be a new approach to enhance therapeutic efficacy against MDR tumors.
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Tan S, Khumalo N, Bayat A. Understanding Keloid Pathobiology From a Quasi-Neoplastic Perspective: Less of a Scar and More of a Chronic Inflammatory Disease With Cancer-Like Tendencies. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1810. [PMID: 31440236 PMCID: PMC6692789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloids are considered as benign fibroproliferative skin tumors growing beyond the site of the original dermal injury. Although traditionally viewed as a form of skin scarring, keloids display many cancer-like characteristics such as progressive uncontrolled growth, lack of spontaneous regression and extremely high rates of recurrence. Phenotypically, keloids are consistent with non-malignant dermal tumors that are due to the excessive overproduction of collagen which never metastasize. Within the remit of keloid pathobiology, there is increasing evidence for the various interplay of neoplastic-promoting and suppressing factors, which may explain its aggressive clinical behavior. Amongst the most compelling parallels between keloids and cancer are their shared cellular bioenergetics, epigenetic methylation profiles and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition amongst other disease biological (genotypic and phenotypic) behaviors. This review explores the quasi-neoplastic or cancer-like properties of keloids and highlights areas for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvian Tan
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, Centre for Dermatology Research, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nonhlanhla Khumalo
- Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, Centre for Dermatology Research, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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20
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Bouaouiche S, Magadoux L, Dondaine L, Reveneau S, Isambert N, Bettaieb A, Jeannin JF, Laurens V, Plenchette S. Glyceryl trinitrate‑induced cytotoxicity of docetaxel‑resistant prostatic cancer cells is associated with differential regulation of clusterin. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1446-1456. [PMID: 30720069 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) relapse due to acquired resistance to chemotherapy, such as docetaxel, remains a major threat to patient survival. Resistance of mCRPC to docetaxel can be associated with elevated levels of soluble clusterin (sCLU) and growth differentiation factor‑15 (GDF‑15). Any strategies aiming to modulate sCLU and/or GDF‑15 in docetaxel‑resistant prostate cancer cells present a therapeutic interest. The present study reports the cytotoxic effect of a nitric oxide donor, glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), on docetaxel‑resistant mCRPC human cell lines and demonstrates that GTN displays greater inhibition of cell viability toward docetaxel‑resistant mCRPC cells than on mCRPC cells. It is also demonstrated that GTN modulates the level of expression of clusterin (CLU) which is dependent of GDF‑15, two markers associated with docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer. The results indicate that GTN represses the level of expression of the cytoprotective isoform of CLU (sCLU) and can increase the level of expression of the cytotoxic isoform (nuclear CLU) in docetaxel resistant cells. Furthermore, it was observed that GTN differentially regulates the level of the precursor form of GDF‑15 between resistant and parental cells, and that recombinant GDF‑15 can modulate the expression of CLU isoforms and counteract GTN‑induced cytotoxicity in resistant cells. A link was established between GDF‑15 and the expression of CLU isoforms. The present study thus revealed GTN as a potential therapeutic strategy to overcome docetaxel‑resistant mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Bouaouiche
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, F‑75000 Paris, France
| | - Lea Magadoux
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, F‑75000 Paris, France
| | - Lucile Dondaine
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, F‑75000 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Reveneau
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, F‑75000 Paris, France
| | | | - Ali Bettaieb
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, F‑75000 Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Jeannin
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, F‑75000 Paris, France
| | - Veronique Laurens
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, F‑75000 Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Plenchette
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, F‑75000 Paris, France
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Xiong J, Wang S, Chen T, Shu X, Mo X, Chang G, Chen JJ, Li C, Luo H, Lee JD. Verteporfin blocks Clusterin which is required for survival of gastric cancer stem cell by modulating HSP90 function. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:312-324. [PMID: 30745823 PMCID: PMC6367548 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.29135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer stem cell (GCSC) is implicated in gastric cancer relapse, metastasis and drug resistance. However, the key molecule(s) involved in GCSC survival and the targeting drugs are poorly understood. We discovered increased secreted clusterin (S-Clu) protein expression during the sphere-forming growth of GCSC via mass spectrometry. Overexpression of clusterin was detected in 69/90 (77%) of primary GC tissues and significantly associated with T stage, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage. Depletion of clusterin (Clu, the full-length intracellular clusterin) led to the declustering of GCSC tumorspheres and apoptosis of GCSC. Subsequently, we found clusterin was in complex with heat shock protein 90 beta (HSP90) and involved in regulating the cellular level of HSP90 client proteins. Furthermore, by screening a collection of drugs/inhibitors, we found that verteporfin (VP), a phototherapy drug, blocked clusterin gene expression, decreased the HSP90 client proteins and caused cell death of GCSC. VP treatment is more effective in eradicating GCSCs than in killing GC cells. Both clusterin silencing or VP treatment deterred tumor growth in human GCSC xenografts. These findings collectively suggest that GC patients can promptly benefit from clusterin-targeted therapy as well as VP treatment in combination with or subsequent to conventional chemotherapy for reducing mortality of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixian Xiong
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Shenzhen University International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shaoxiang Wang
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tie Chen
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xingsheng Shu
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xianming Mo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gang Chang
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jia-Jie Chen
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chenyang Li
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hui Luo
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiing-Dwan Lee
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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22
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The Reelin Receptors Apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and VLDL Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103090. [PMID: 30304853 PMCID: PMC6213145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and VLDL receptor belong to the low density lipoprotein receptor family and bind apolipoprotein E. These receptors interact with the clathrin machinery to mediate endocytosis of macromolecules but also interact with other adapter proteins to perform as signal transduction receptors. The best characterized signaling pathway in which ApoER2 and VLDL receptor (VLDLR) are involved is the Reelin pathway. This pathway plays a pivotal role in the development of laminated structures of the brain and in synaptic plasticity of the adult brain. Since Reelin and apolipoprotein E, are ligands of ApoER2 and VLDLR, these receptors are of interest with respect to Alzheimer’s disease. We will focus this review on the complex structure of ApoER2 and VLDLR and a recently characterized ligand, namely clusterin.
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Padhy B, Hayat B, Nanda GG, Mohanty PP, Alone DP. Pseudoexfoliation and Alzheimer's associated CLU risk variant, rs2279590, lies within an enhancer element and regulates CLU, EPHX2 and PTK2B gene expression. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:4519-4529. [PMID: 28973302 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants at PTK2B-CLU locus pose as high-risk factors for many age-related disorders. However, the role of these variants in disease progression is less characterized. In this study, we aimed to investigate the functional significance of a clusterin intronic SNP, rs2279590, that has been associated with pseudoexfoliation, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes. We have previously shown that the alleles at rs2279590 differentially regulate clusterin (CLU) gene expression in lens capsule tissues. This polymorphism resides in an active regulatory region marked by H3K27Ac and DNase I hypersensitive site and is an eQTL for CLU expression. Here, we report the presence of an enhancer element in surrounding region of rs2279590. Deletion of a 115 bp intronic region flanking the rs2279590 variant through CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in HEK293 cells demonstrated a decreased clusterin gene expression. Electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays show that rs2279590 with allele 'A' constitutes a transcription factor binding site for heat shock factor-1 (HSF1) but not with allele 'G'. By binding to allele 'A', HSF1 abrogates the enhancer effect of the locus as validated by reporter assays. Interestingly, rs2279590 locus has a widespread enhancer effect on two nearby genes, protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta (PTK2B) and epoxide hydrolase-2 (EPHX2); both of which have been previously associated with AD as risk factors. To summarize, our study unveils a mechanistic role of the common variant rs2279590 that can affect a variety of aging disorders by regulating the expression of a specific set of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Padhy
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, P.O. Jatni, Khurda, 752050, India, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training school complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Bushra Hayat
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, P.O. Jatni, Khurda, 752050, India, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training school complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Gargi Gouranga Nanda
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, P.O. Jatni, Khurda, 752050, India, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training school complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | | | - Debasmita Pankaj Alone
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, P.O. Jatni, Khurda, 752050, India, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training school complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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Zhong J, Yu X, Dong X, Lu H, Zhou W, Li L, Li Z, Sun P, Shi X. Downregulation of secreted clusterin potentiates the lethality of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma in association with the inhibition of ERK1/2 signals. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2893-2900. [PMID: 29436591 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory clusterin (sCLU) is overexpressed in cancer and is associated with resistance to chemotherapy in several types of cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sorafenib (SOR), a multikinase inhibitor of Raf/mitogen‑activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK) signaling and the receptor tyrosine kinase, is recognized as the standard therapeutic strategy for patients with advanced HCC. However, the role of sCLU in the resistance of HCC to SOR remains to be fully elucidated. In the present study, sCLU was silenced by CLU short hairpin (sh)RNA in Bel‑7402 and SMMC‑7721 cell lines, following which the cells were treated with SOR. Cell proliferation was determined using a CCK‑8 assay. Apoptosis was quantified using flow cytometry. The production of sCLU, B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2), Bcl‑2‑associated X sprotein and phosphorylated (p)ERK1/2 was analyzed using western blot analysis. The results showed that sCLU was overexpressed in three HCC cell lines. The downregulation of sCLU by CLU shRNA synergistically increased SOR sensitivity in the Bel‑7402 and SMMC‑7721 cells, and potentiated SOR‑induced cell apoptosis. In addition, silencing sCLU or combination with PD98059 decreased the SOR‑induced activation of pERK1/2. These findings indicate a novel treatment strategy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250031, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Dong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Wuyuan Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Zhongchao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Xuetao Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
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Bae CH, Na HG, Choi YS, Song SY, Kim YD. Clusterin Induces MUC5AC Expression via Activation of NF-κB in Human Airway Epithelial Cells. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 11:124-132. [PMID: 29316784 PMCID: PMC5951062 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2017.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Clusterin (CLU) is known as apolipoprotein J, and has three isoforms with different biological functions. CLU is associated with various diseases such as Alzheimer disease, atherosclerosis, and some malignancies. Recent studies report an association of CLU with inflammation and immune response in inflammatory airway diseases. However, the effect of CLU on mucin secretion of airway epithelial cells has not yet been understood. Therefore, the effect and brief signaling pathway of CLU on MUC5AC (as a major secreted mucin) expression were investigated in human airway epithelial cells. Methods In the tissues of nasal polyp and normal inferior turbinate, the presence of MUC5AC and CLU was investigated using immunohistochemical stain and Western blot analysis. In mucin-producing human NCI-H292 airway epithelial cells and primary cultures of normal nasal epithelial cells, the effect and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway of CLU on MUC5AC expression were investigated using immunohistochemical stain, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme immunoassay, and Western blot analysis. Results In the nasal polyps, MUC5AC and CLU were abundantly present in the epithelium on immunohistochemical stain, and nuclear CLU (nCLU) was strongly detected on Western blot analysis. In human NCI-H292 airway epithelial cells or the primary cultures of normal nasal epithelial cells, recombinant nCLU increased MUC5AC expression, and significantly activated phosphorylation of NF-κB. And BAY 11-7085 (a specific NF-κB inhibitor) and knockdown of NF-κB by NF-κB siRNA (small interfering RNA) significantly attenuated recombinant nCLU-induced MUC5AC expression. Conclusion These results suggest that nCLU induces MUC5AC expression via the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in human airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Bae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyung Gyun Na
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Si-Youn Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong-Dae Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.,Regional Center for Respiratory Diseases, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
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26
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Wąsik N, Sokół B, Hołysz M, Mańko W, Juszkat R, Jagodziński PP, Jankowski R. Clusterin, a New Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarker in Severe Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Pilot Study. World Neurosurg 2017; 107:424-428. [PMID: 28803177 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) involves numerous mediators with biomarker properties. Preliminary studies indicated that clusterin, a multifunctional chaperon protein, was a potential biomarker in SAH. We aimed to clarify the status of clusterin in SAH. METHODS From 27 patients with severe SAH, 47 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected 0-3, 5-7, and 10-14 days after SAH. Control CSF was collected from 25 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects undergoing spinal anesthesia for minor surgery. Clusterin concentrations were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared with inflammatory markers, imaging findings, and treatment outcome. RESULTS In healthy control subjects, mean CSF clusterin level (1908.5 ng/mL ± 36.0) was significantly higher than in the patient group (P < 0.001). In the patient group, mean clusterin level was 741.1 ng/mL ± 759.2 0-3 days, 601.6 ng/mL ± 507.2 5-7 days, and 639.2 ng/mL ± 446.8 10-14 days after SAH. Clusterin level failed to differentiate between good (Glasgow Outcome Scale 4-5) and poor (Glasgow Outcome Scale 1-3) outcomes 0-3 days and 10-14 days after SAH (P = 0.238 and P = 0.225), but significantly higher levels of CSF clusterin were found 5-7 days after SAH in patients with good outcome (P = 0.017). There was a significant correlation between CSF clusterin level 5-7 days after SAH and Glasgow Outcome Scale at 3 months (correlation coefficient = 0.633). The best correlation was found for World Federation of Neurological Societies scale (correlation coefficient = -0.741). CONCLUSIONS SAH is associated with immediate decrease in CSF clusterin concentrations. Clusterin level at one point was a good predictor of outcome, and it may serve as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Wąsik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Sokół
- Department of Neurosurgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Hołysz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Witold Mańko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Robert Juszkat
- Department of Neurosurgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of General and Interventional Radiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Paweł Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Roman Jankowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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27
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eIF3f reduces tumor growth by directly interrupting clusterin with anti-apoptotic property in cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:18541-57. [PMID: 26988917 PMCID: PMC4951308 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clusterin is a secretory heterodimeric glycoprotein and the overexpression of secretory clusterin (sCLU) promotes cancer cell proliferation and reduces chemosensitivity. Therefore, sCLU might be an effective target for anticancer therapy. In the current study, we identified eIF3f as a novel CLU-interacting protein and demonstrated its novel function as a CLU inhibitor. The overexpression of eIF3f retarded cancer cell growth significantly and induced apoptosis. In addition, eIF3f interacted with the α-chain (1–227) of sCLU. This interaction blocked modification of psCLU, thereby decreasing the expression and secretion of α/β CLU. Consequently, the overexpression of eIF3f suppressed Akt and ERK signaling and subsequently depleted CLU expression. In addition, eIF3F stabilized p53, which increased the expression of p21 and Bax. Interestingly, the expression of Bax was increased without the activation of p53. eIF3f injected into a xenograft model of human cervical cancer in nude mice markedly inhibited tumor growth. The identification of this novel function of eIF3f as a sCLU inhibitor might open novel avenues for developing improved strategies for CLU-targeted anti-cancer therapies.
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28
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Zheng W, Yao M, Qian Q, Sai W, Qiu L, Yang J, Wu W, Dong Z, Yao D. Oncogenic secretory clusterin in hepatocellular carcinoma: Expression at early staging and emerging molecular target. Oncotarget 2016; 8:52321-52332. [PMID: 28881732 PMCID: PMC5581031 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory clusterin (sCLU) is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression by contributing to angiogenesis, chemoresistance, cell survival, and metastasis. However, the sCLU expression at early stage of HCC progression remains to be clarified. In this study, the alteration of sCLU oncogenicity was firstly evaluated in HCC- and their para-cancerous- tissues. The incidence of sCLU expression in HCC was significantly higher than that in their non-tumorous tissues at message RNA (mRNA) or protein level, gradually increasing with tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging. Abnormal sCLU expression was associated with the poor differentiation, TNM stage, and considered as an independent prognostic factor for HCC patients. Furthermore, silencing sCLU gene transcription inhibited the colony formation and proliferation of HCC cells, with decreasing phosphorylation level of AKT and GSK-3β in HCCLM3 cells in vitro and significantly suppressed the HCC xenograft growth in vivo, suggesting that sCLU with oncogenicity should be not only an early indicator but also novel potential molecular-targeted therapy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zheng
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Immunology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi Qian
- Department of Oncology, Yancheng 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng 224005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenli Sai
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liwei Qiu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junling Yang
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhizhen Dong
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Diagnostics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dengfu Yao
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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Shapiro B, Tocci P, Haase G, Gavert N, Ben-Ze'ev A. Clusterin, a gene enriched in intestinal stem cells, is required for L1-mediated colon cancer metastasis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:34389-401. [PMID: 26399194 PMCID: PMC4741460 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperactive Wnt signaling is a common feature in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. A central question is the identification and role of Wnt/β-catenin target genes in CRC and their relationship to genes enriched in colonic stem cells, since Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells were suggested to be the cell of CRC origin. Previously, we identified the neural immunoglobulin-like adhesion receptor L1 as a Wnt/β-catenin target gene localized in cells at the invasive front of CRC tissue and showed that L1 expression in CRC cells confers enhanced motility and liver metastasis. Here, we identified the clusterin (CLU) gene that is also enriched in Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells, as a gene induced during L1-mediated CRC metastasis. The increase in CLU levels by L1 in CRC cells resulted from transactivation of CLU by STAT-1. CLU overexpression in CRC cells enhanced their motility and the reduction in CLU levels in L1 overexpressing cells suppressed the ability of L1 to confer increased tumorigenesis and liver metastasis. Genes induced during L1-mediated CRC cell metastasis and enriched in intestinal stem cells might be important for both CRC progression and colonic epithelium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beny Shapiro
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Piera Tocci
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Gal Haase
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Nancy Gavert
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Avri Ben-Ze'ev
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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30
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Fini ME, Bauskar A, Jeong S, Wilson MR. Clusterin in the eye: An old dog with new tricks at the ocular surface. Exp Eye Res 2016; 147:57-71. [PMID: 27131907 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional protein clusterin (CLU) was first described in 1983 as a secreted glycoprotein present in ram rete testis fluid that enhanced aggregation ('clustering') of a variety of cells in vitro. It was also independently discovered in a number of other systems. By the early 1990s, CLU was known under many names and its expression had been demonstrated throughout the body, including in the eye. Its homeostatic activities in proteostasis, cytoprotection, and anti-inflammation have been well documented, however its roles in health and disease are still not well understood. CLU is prominent at fluid-tissue interfaces, and in 1996 it was demonstrated to be the most highly expressed transcript in the human cornea, the protein product being localized to the apical layers of the mucosal epithelia of the cornea and conjunctiva. CLU protein is also present in human tears. Using a preclinical mouse model for desiccating stress that mimics human dry eye disease, the authors recently demonstrated that CLU prevents and ameliorates ocular surface barrier disruption by a remarkable sealing mechanism dependent on attainment of a critical all-or-none concentration in the tears. When the CLU level drops below the critical all-or-none threshold, the barrier becomes vulnerable to desiccating stress. CLU binds selectively to the ocular surface subjected to desiccating stress in vivo, and in vitro to LGALS3 (galectin-3), a key barrier component. Positioned in this way, CLU not only physically seals the ocular surface barrier, but it also protects the barrier cells and prevents further damage to barrier structure. CLU depletion from the ocular surface epithelia is seen in a variety of inflammatory conditions in humans and mice that lead to squamous metaplasia and a keratinized epithelium. This suggests that CLU might have a specific role in maintaining mucosal epithelial differentiation, an idea that can now be tested using the mouse model for desiccating stress. Most excitingly, the new findings suggest that CLU could serve as a novel biotherapeutic for dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elizabeth Fini
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine and Departments of Cell & Neurobiology and Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcatraz St., Suite 240, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9037, USA.
| | - Aditi Bauskar
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate Program in Medical Biology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcatraz St., Suite 240, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9037, USA.
| | - Shinwu Jeong
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine and Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcatraz St., Suite 240, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9037, USA.
| | - Mark R Wilson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522 Australia.
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31
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Yang N, Qin Q. Apolipoprotein J: A New Predictor and Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Disease? Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 128:2530-4. [PMID: 26365974 PMCID: PMC4725565 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.164983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To review the functional mechanism of apolipoprotein J (apoJ) in the process of atherosclerosis and the feasibility of apoJ as a therapeutic endpoint. Data Sources: Relevant articles published in English from 1983 to present were selected from PubMed. The terms of “atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein J, clusterin (CLU), oxidative stress, and inflammation” were used for searching. Study Selection: Articles studying the role of apoJ with atherosclerosis and restenosis after injury were reviewed. Articles focusing on the intrinsic determinants of atherosclerosis were selected. The exclusion criteria of articles were that the studies on immunologic vasculitis. Results: ApoJ, involved in numerous physiological process important for lipid transportation and vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation, including apoptotic cell death, cell-cycle regulation, cell adhesion, tissue remodeling, immune system regulation, and oxidative stress, plays a role in the development of clinical atherosclerosis. In the process of relieving atherosclerosis, apoJ can promote cholesterol and phospholipid export from macrophage-foam cells, and exhibit cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory actions by interacting with lots of known inflammatory proteins which may predict the onset of clinical cardiovascular events and may actually play a causal role in mediating atherosclerotic disease such as C-reactive protein, paraoxonase, and leptin. As known as CLU, apoJ has been identified to play central roles in the process of vascular smooth cells migration, adhesion, and proliferation, which can contribute significantly to restenosis after vascular injury. Conclusions: Intense effort and substantial progress have been made to identify the apoJ that relieves atherosclerosis and vascular restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention. More work is needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms of and the interrelationship between the actions of apoJ and to successfully achieve regression of atherosclerosis by regarding it as a therapeutic endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300222, China
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32
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Zheng W, Yao M, Sai W, Qian Q, Pan L, Qiu L, Huang J, Wu W, Yao D. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of secretory clusterin expression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:999-1008. [PMID: 26264614 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The upregulation of secretory clusterin (sCLU) is associated with tumor progression by contributing to angiogenesis, chemo-resistance, cell survival, and metastasis. However, its diagnostic or prognostic values for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still remain to be clarified. The average serum sCLU level analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in HCC patients than that in any of cases with cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, or healthy control. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve and diagnostic sensitivity were 0.75 and 74.7 % in sCLU, and 0.74 and 58.7 % in α-fetoprotein (AFP), respectively. The combining detections of sCLU and AFP rose up to 90.7 % for HCC diagnosis. In liver, sCLU by immunohistochemistry was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the HCC (77.3 %) group than that in their para-cancerous group (33.3 %). Abnormal serum or tissue sCLU expression was closely associated with tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification of malignant tumors and lymph node metastasis, as an independent prognosis factor (hazard ratio, 2.287; 95 % confidence interval, 1.044-5.007; P = 0.039), and higher sCLU expression significantly correlated (χ (2) = 4.252, P = 0.039) with poor survival of HCC patients analyzed by multivariate Cox regression or Kaplan-Meier method, suggesting that abnormal sCLU expression associated with tumor progression could be a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zheng
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 West Temple Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Immunology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenli Sai
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 West Temple Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Qian
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liuhong Pan
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liwei Qiu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 West Temple Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianfei Huang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 West Temple Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dengfu Yao
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 West Temple Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Mayado A, Teodosio C, Garcia-Montero AC, Matito A, Rodriguez-Caballero A, Morgado JM, Muñiz C, Jara-Acevedo M, Álvarez-Twose I, Sanchez-Muñoz L, Matarraz S, Caldas C, Muñoz-González JI, Escribano L, Orfao A. Increased IL6 plasma levels in indolent systemic mastocytosis patients are associated with high risk of disease progression. Leukemia 2015; 30:124-30. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ma G, Cai H, Gao L, Wang M, Wang H. sCLU regulates cisplatin chemosensitivity of lung cancer cells in vivo. World J Surg Oncol 2015; 13:80. [PMID: 25884382 PMCID: PMC4358856 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-015-0501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous analysis using a lung cancer cell line model, we have found that therapies directed against secreted clusterin (sCLU) and its downstream signaling targets pAkt and pERK1/2 may have the potential to enhance the efficacy of cisplatin (DDP)-based chemotherapy in vitro. Here, we investigated the therapies directed against sCLU on the DDP-based chemotherapy in vivo and explored the mechanism. METHODS Using lung cancer cell lines, A549 cells and DDP-resistant A549 cells (A549(DDP)), we determined the effect of sCLU silencing using short interfering double-stranded RNA (siRNA) on chemosensitivity in immunocompromised mice bearing A549(DDP) tumors. We then determined the effect of sCLU overexpression via stable sCLU transfection on chemosensitivity in immunocompromised mice bearing A549 tumors. The effect of sCLU silencing or overexpression on pAkt and pERK1/2 expression and chemosensitivity in vivo was detected by Western blot assay. RESULTS The results showed sCLU silencing increased the chemosensitivity of A549(DDP) cells to DDP in vivo via downregulation of pAkt and pERK1/2 expression. And sCLU overexpression decreased the chemosensitivity of A549 cells to DDP in vivo via upregulation of pAkt and pERK1/2 expression. CONCLUSIONS We therefore concluded that the DDP-induced sCLU activation, which involved induction of pAkt and pERK1/2 activation that confer DDP resistance in immunocompromised mice and alteration of this balance, allows sensitization to the antitumor activity of cisplatin chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Ma
- Department of Clinical Lab, People's Hospital of Laiwu, Laiwu, China.
| | - Hengjuan Cai
- Department of neurology, People's Hospital of Zhangqiu, Zhangqiu, China.
| | - Lizhen Gao
- Department of Clinical Lab, People's Hospital of Zhangqiu, Zhangqiu, China.
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Clinical Lab, People's Hospital of Zhangqiu, Zhangqiu, China.
| | - Haixia Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Weifang, China.
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Zheng W, Sai W, Yao M, Gu H, Yao Y, Qian Q, Yao D. Silencing clusterin gene transcription on effects of multidrug resistance reversing of human hepatoma HepG2/ADM cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3995-4003. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Zheng W, Sai W, Yao M, Gu H, Yao Y, Qian Q, Yao D. Silencing clusterin gene transcription on effects of multidrug resistance reversing of human hepatoma HepG2/ADM cells. Tumour Biol 2015. [PMID: 25600802 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal clusterin (CLU) expression is associated with multidrug resistance (MDR) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, the CLU expression was analyzed in human hepatoma cells and chemoresistant counterpart HepG2/ADM cells. Compared with L02 cells, the overexpression of cellular CLU was identified in HepG2, HepG2/ADM, SMMC7721, Hep3B ,and PLC cells and relatively lower expression in Bel-7404, SNU-739, and MHCC97H cells. Specific short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) to silence CLU gene transcription were designed, and the most effective sequences were screened. After the HepG2/ADM cells transfected with shRNA-1, the inhibition of CLU expression was 73.68 % at messenger RNA (mRNA) level by real-time quantitative RT-PCR with obvious enhancement in cell chemosensitivity, increasing apoptosis induced by doxorubicin using fluorescence kit, and Rh-123 retention qualified with flow cytometry. Knockdown CLU also significantly decreased the drug efflux pump activity through the depression of MDR1/P-glycoprotein (q = 11.739, P < 0.001). Moreover, silencing CLU led to downregulation of β-catenin (q = 13.544, P = 0.001), suggesting that downregulation of CLU might be a key point to reverse multidrug resistance of HepG2/ADM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zheng
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 West Temple Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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Jablonska E, Vinceti M. Selenium and Human Health: Witnessing a Copernican Revolution? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2015; 33:328-68. [PMID: 26074278 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2015.1055163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In humans, selenium was hypothesized to lower the risk of several chronic diseases, mainly due to the antioxidant activity of selenium-containing proteins. Recent epidemiologic and laboratory studies, however, are changing our perception of the biological effects of this nutritionally essential trace element. We reviewed the most recent epidemiologic and biochemical literature on selenium, synthesizing the findings from these studies into a unifying view. Randomized trials have shown that selenium did not protect against cancer and other chronic diseases, but even increased the risk of specific neoplasms such as advanced prostate cancer and skin cancer, in addition to type 2 diabetes. Biochemical studies indicate that selenium may exert a broad pattern of toxic effects at unexpectedly low concentrations. Furthermore, its upregulation of antioxidant proteins (selenium-dependent and selenium-independent) may be a manifestation of self-induced oxidative stress. In conclusion, toxic effects of selenium species occur at lower concentrations than previously believed. Those effects may include a large range of proteomic changes and adverse health effects in humans. Since the effects of environmental exposure to this element on human health still remain partially unknown, but are potentially serious, the toxicity of selenium exposure should be further investigated and considered as a public health priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jablonska
- a Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis , Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine , Lodz , Poland
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Bonacini M, Coletta M, Ramazzina I, Naponelli V, Modernelli A, Davalli P, Bettuzzi S, Rizzi F. Distinct promoters, subjected to epigenetic regulation, drive the expression of two clusterin mRNAs in prostate cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:44-54. [PMID: 25464035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The human clusterin (CLU) gene codes for several mRNAs characterized by different sequences at their 5' end. We investigated the expression of two CLU mRNAs, called CLU 1 and CLU 2, in immortalized (PNT1a) and tumorigenic (PC3 and DU145) prostate epithelial cells, as well as in normal fetal fibroblasts (WI38) following the administration of the epigenetic drugs 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AZDC) and trichostatin A (TSA) given either as single or combined treatment (AZDC-TSA). Our experimental evidences show that: a) CLU 1 is the most abundant transcript variant. b) CLU 2 is expressed at a low level in normal fibroblasts and virtually absent in prostate cancer cells. c) CLU 1, and to a greater extent CLU 2 expression, increased by AZDC-TSA treatment in prostate cancer cells. d) Both CLU 1 and CLU 2 encode for secreted CLU. e) P2, a novel promoter that overlaps the CLU 2 Transcription Start Site (TSS), drives CLU 2 expression. f) A CpG island, methylated in prostate cancer cells and not in normal fibroblasts, is responsible for long-term heritable regulation of CLU 1 expression. g) ChIP assay of histone tail modifications at CLU promoters (P1 and P2) shows that treatment of prostate cancer cells with AZDC-TSA causes enrichment of Histone3(Lys9)acetylated (H3K9ac) and reduction of Histone3(Lys27)trimethylated (H3K27me3), inducing active transcription of both CLU variants. In conclusion, we show for the first time that the expression of CLU 2 mRNA is driven by a novel promoter, P2, whose activity responds to epigenetic drugs treatment through changes in histone modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bonacini
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Mariangela Coletta
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Ileana Ramazzina
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy; Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Naponelli
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy; Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Modernelli
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Pierpaola Davalli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Saverio Bettuzzi
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy; Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy; Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy
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Downregulating sCLU enhances the sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells to gemcitabine by activating the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:1798-809. [PMID: 24671452 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the therapeutic activity of gemcitabine (GCB) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) could be increased by the down-regulation of secretory clusterin (sCLU), a glycoprotein that is considered to play a cytoprotective role in the resistance to chemotherapy. METHODS The expression of sCLU was detected in HCC tumor tissues and cell lines. A cell viability and apoptosis assay were performed in parental HCC cells or the same cells transfected with sCLU shRNA and treated with or without GCB. The potential downstream pathways were investigated using the Human Apoptosis RT(2) Profiler™ PCR Array. RESULTS The expression levels of sCLU in HCC tissues were significantly higher than in adjacent non-tumor liver tissues and were associated with the histological grade and transarterial chemoembolization. sCLU overexpression was also found in three HCC cell lines and hepatocytes. The depletion of sCLU synergistically increased GCB sensitivity in Bel7402 and SMMC7721 cells and induced cell apoptosis. Based on the PCR array analysis, sCLU depletion also resulted in the up-regulation of BNIP1, GADD45A, TNFRSF10A, and TRADD and down-regulation of AKT1 in Bel7402 and SMMC7721 cells compared with the parental controls. These results were further supported by a Western blot analysis, which showed increased GADD45a protein expression and the decreased expression of phosphorylated AKT. GADD45a overexpression also increased the sensitivity to GCB in the Bel7402 and SMMC7721 cells. CONCLUSION Targeting sCLU may be a useful method to enhance the cytotoxic effect of GCB in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Sansanwal P, Li L, Sarwal MM. Inhibition of intracellular clusterin attenuates cell death in nephropathic cystinosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:612-25. [PMID: 25071085 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013060577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephropathic cystinosis, characterized by accumulation of cystine in the lysosomes, is caused by mutations in CTNS. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying proximal tubular dysfunction and progressive renal failure in nephropathic cystinosis are largely unclear, and increasing evidence supports the notion that cystine accumulation alone is not responsible for the end organ injury in cystinosis. We previously identified clusterin as potentially involved in nephropathic cystinosis. Here, we studied the expression of clusterin in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells obtained from patients with nephropathic cystinosis. The cytoprotective secretory form of clusterin, as evaluated by Western blot analysis, was low or absent in cystinosis cells compared with normal primary cells. Confocal microscopy revealed elevated levels of intracellular clusterin in cystinosis cells. Clusterin in cystinosis cells localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm and showed a filamentous and punctate aggresome-like pattern compared with diffuse cytoplasmic staining in normal cells. In kidney biopsy samples from patients with nephropathic cystinosis, clusterin protein expression was mainly limited to the proximal tubular cells. Furthermore, expression of clusterin overlapped with the expression of apoptotic proteins (apoptosis-inducing factor and cleaved caspase-3) and autophagy proteins (LC3 II and p62). Silencing of the clusterin gene resulted in a significant increase in cell viability and attenuation of apoptosis in cystinosis cells. Results of this study identify clusterin as a pivotal factor in the cell injury mechanism of nephropathic cystinosis and provide evidence linking cellular stress and injury to Fanconi syndrome and progressive renal injury in nephropathic cystinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sansanwal
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California;
| | - Li Li
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York; and
| | - Minnie M Sarwal
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California; Department of Surgery, Univeristy of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
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Afanasyeva MA, Britanova LV, Korneev KV, Mitkin NA, Kuchmiy AA, Kuprash DV. Clusterin is a potential lymphotoxin beta receptor target that is upregulated and accumulates in germinal centers of mouse spleen during immune response. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98349. [PMID: 24865838 PMCID: PMC4035297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clusterin is a multifunctional protein that participates in tissue remodeling, apoptosis, lipid transport, complement-mediated cell lysis and serves as an extracellular chaperone. The role of clusterin in cancer and neurodegeneration has been extensively studied, however little is known about its functions in the immune system. Using expression profiling we found that clusterin mRNA is considerably down-regulated in mouse spleen stroma upon knock-out of lymphotoxin β receptor which plays pivotal role in secondary lymphoid organ development, maintenance and function. Using immunohistochemistry and western blot we studied clusterin protein level and distribution in mouse spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes in steady state and upon immunization with sheep red blood cells. We showed that clusterin protein, represented mainly by the secreted heterodimeric form, is present in all stromal compartments of secondary lymphoid organs except for marginal reticular cells. Clusterin protein level rose after immunization and accumulated in light zones of germinal centers in spleen--the effect that was not observed in lymph nodes. Regulation of clusterin expression by the lymphotoxin beta signaling pathway and its protein dynamics during immune response suggest a specific role of this enigmatic protein in the immune system that needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Afanasyeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liudmila V. Britanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill V. Korneev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita A. Mitkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A. Kuchmiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Kuprash
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Clusterin is a heterodimeric disulfide-linked glycoprotein (449 amino acids) isolated in the rat prostate after castration. It is widely distributed in different tissues and highly conserved in species. There are two isoforms (1 and 2) with antagonistic actions regarding apoptosis. Clusterin is implicated in a number of biological processes, including lipid transport, membrane recycling, cell adhesion, programmed cell death, and complement cascade, representing a truly multifunctional protein. Isoform 2 is overexpressed under cellular stress conditions and protects cells from apoptosis by impeding Bax actions on the mitochondrial membrane and exerts other protumor activities, like phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway activation, modulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling and matrix metallopeptidase-9 expression, increased angiogenesis, modulation of the nuclear factor kappa B pathway, among others. Its overexpression should be considered as a nonspecific cellular response to a wide variety of tissue insults like cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiation, excess of free oxygen radicals, androgen or estrogen deprivation, etc. A review of the recent literature strongly suggests potential roles for custirsen in particular, and proapoptosis treatments in general, as novel modalities in cancer management. Inhibition of clusterin is known to increase the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents, and custirsen, a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide that blocks clusterin, is being tested in a Phase III clinical trial after successful results were achieved in Phase II studies. A major issue in cancer evolution that remains unanswered is whether clusterin represents a driving force of tumorigenesis or a late phenomenon after chemotherapy. This review presents preclinical data that encourages trials in various types of cancer other than advanced castration-resistance prostate cancer and discusses briefly the appropriate timing for clusterin inhibition in the clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Koltai
- Gerencia de Efectores Sanitarios Propios, Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social para Jubilados y Pensionados, Buenos Aires, República Argentina
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Niforou K, Cheimonidou C, Trougakos IP. Molecular chaperones and proteostasis regulation during redox imbalance. Redox Biol 2014; 2:323-32. [PMID: 24563850 PMCID: PMC3926111 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Free radicals originate from both exogenous environmental sources and as by-products of the respiratory chain and cellular oxygen metabolism. Sustained accumulation of free radicals, beyond a physiological level, induces oxidative stress that is harmful for the cellular homeodynamics as it promotes the oxidative damage and stochastic modification of all cellular biomolecules including proteins. In relation to proteome stability and maintenance, the increased concentration of oxidants disrupts the functionality of cellular protein machines resulting eventually in proteotoxic stress and the deregulation of the proteostasis (homeostasis of the proteome) network (PN). PN curates the proteome in the various cellular compartments and the extracellular milieu by modulating protein synthesis and protein machines assembly, protein recycling and stress responses, as well as refolding or degradation of damaged proteins. Molecular chaperones are key players of the PN since they facilitate folding of nascent polypeptides, as well as holding, folding, and/or degradation of unfolded, misfolded, or non-native proteins. Therefore, the expression and the activity of the molecular chaperones are tightly regulated at both the transcriptional and post-translational level at organismal states of increased oxidative and, consequently, proteotoxic stress, including ageing and various age-related diseases (e.g. degenerative diseases and cancer). In the current review we present a synopsis of the various classes of intra- and extracellular chaperones, the effects of oxidants on cellular homeodynamics and diseases and the redox regulation of chaperones. Free radicals originate from various sources and at physiological concentrations are essential for the modulation of cell signalling pathways. Abnormally high levels of free radicals induce oxidative stress and damage all cellular biomolecules, including proteins. Molecular chaperones facilitate folding of nascent polypeptides, as well as holding, folding, and/or degradation of damaged proteins. The expression and the activity of chaperones during oxidative stress are regulated at both the transcriptional and post-translational level.
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Key Words
- AGEs, Advanced Glycation End Products
- ALS, Autophagy Lysosome System
- AP-1, Activator Protein-1
- CLU, apolipoprotein J/Clusterin
- Chaperones
- Diseases
- EPMs, Enzymatic Protein Modifications
- ER, Endoplasmic Reticulum
- ERAD, ER-Associated protein Degradation
- Free radicals
- GPx7, Glutathione Peroxidase 7
- GRP78, Glucose Regulated Protein of 78 kDa
- HSF1, Heat Shock transcription Factor-1
- HSP, Heat Shock Protein
- Hb, Haemoglobin
- Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- NADH, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
- NEPMs, Non-Enzymatic Protein Modifications
- NOS, Nitric Oxide Synthase
- NOx, NAD(P)H Oxidase
- Nrf2, NF-E2-related factor 2
- Oxidative stress
- PDI, Protein Disulfide Isomerase
- PDR, Proteome Damage Responses
- PN, Proteostasis Network
- Proteome
- RNS, Reactive Nitrogen Species
- ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species
- Redox signalling
- UPR, Unfolded Protein Response
- UPS, Ubiquitin Proteasome System
- α(2)M, α(2)-Macroglobulin
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Niforou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Christina Cheimonidou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Ioannis P Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15784, Greece
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Fujimoto N, Shiota M, Kubo T, Matsumoto T. Novel therapeutic strategies following docetaxel-based chemotherapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 3:785-95. [DOI: 10.1586/ecp.10.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Chun YJ. Knockdown of clusterin expression increases the in vitro sensitivity of human prostate cancer cells to paclitaxel. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:1443-1450. [PMID: 25343293 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.951760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Clusterin/apolipoprotein J is a secreted heterodimeric glycoprotein that is implicated in several pathophysiological processes, including tissue remodeling, reproduction, lipid transport, and apoptosis. Although previous studies demonstrated that clusterin is able to protect against apoptosis, the role of the clusterin in cellular proliferation remains elusive. To determine whether clusterin plays an important role in cellular proliferation, the function of clusterin was examined using a small interfering RNA (siRNA) in PC3 human prostate cancer cells. Transient transfection with clusterin siRNA resulted in significant suppression of clusterin mRNA and protein expression. Clusterin knockdown resulted in a decrease in protein expression of phospho-Akt and an increase in expression of proteins phosphatase type 2AC (PP2AC) and phosphorylation of p38. However, treatment with PP2AC siRNA exerted minimal effects on clusterin expression. Interestingly, clusterin mRNA expression was reduced in paclitaxel-treated cells, and the cytotoxic effect of paclitaxel was more potent when cells were incubated with clusterin siRNA. In addition, co-treatment with paclitaxel and clusterin siRNA significantly enhanced PP2AC levels. Taken together, these results indicate that clusterin plays a crucial role in PC3 cell proliferation and that clusterin depletion may contribute to enhanced sensitivity of PC3 cells to anticancer agents such as paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Chun
- a College of Pharmacy , Chung-Ang University , Seoul , Korea
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Leeb C, Eresheim C, Nimpf J. Clusterin is a ligand for apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and signals via the Reelin-signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:4161-72. [PMID: 24381170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.529271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clusterin, also known as apolipoprotein J, is a multifunctional glycoprotein with the capacity to interact with a wide range of molecules. Although clusterin has been implicated in a broad spectrum of physiological and pathological processes, such as Alzheimer disease or cancer, its precise functions remain elusive. Here we report, that clusterin binds to apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and is internalized by cells expressing either one of these receptors. Binding of clusterin to these receptors triggers a Reelin-like signal in cells expressing disabled-1 (Dab1). It induces phosphorylation of Dab1, which leads to activation of PI3K/Akt and n-cofilin. Cell proliferation and neuroblast chain formation in subventricular zone (SVZ) explants are compromised when clusterin, which is present in the subventricular zone, is blocked in vitro. These data suggest that in the subventricular zone where Reelin is not present but ApoER2, VLDLR, and Dab1, clusterin might be involved in maintaining neurogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Leeb
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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47
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Mydlarz W, Uemura M, Ahn S, Hennessey P, Chang S, Demokan S, Sun W, Shao C, Bishop J, Krosting J, Mambo E, Westra W, Ha P, Sidransky D, Califano J. Clusterin is a gene-specific target of microRNA-21 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:868-77. [PMID: 24327270 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE MicroRNA-21 (miRNA-21) has proto-oncogenic properties, although no miRNA-21-specific targets have been found in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Further study of miRNA-21 and its specific targets is essential to understanding HNSCC biology. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN miRNA expression profiles of 10 HNSCCs and 10 normal mucosa samples were investigated using a custom miRNA microarray. Thirteen HNSCCs and five normal mucosa primary tissue specimens underwent mRNA expression microarray analysis. To identify miRNA-21 downstream targets, oral keratinocyte cells were subjected to microarray analysis after miRNA-21 transient transfection. miRNA and mRNA expression were validated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in a separate cohort of 16 HNSCCs and 15 normal mucosal samples. Microarray and bioinformatics analyses were integrated to identify potential gene targets. In vitro assays looked at the function and interaction of miRNA-21 and its specific gene targets. RESULTS miRNA-21 was upregulated in HNSCCs and stimulated cell growth. Integrated analyses identified Clusterin (CLU) as a potential miRNA-21 gene target. CLU was downregulated after forced expression of miRNA-21 in normal and HNSCC cell lines. The activity of a luciferase construct containing the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of CLU was repressed by the ectopic expression of miRNA-21. CLU was also downregulated in primary HNSCCs and correlated with miRNA-21 overexpression. CLU variant 1 (CLU-1) was the predominant splice variant in HNSCCs and showed growth suppression function that was reversed by miRNA-21 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS CLU is a specific, functional target of oncogenic miRNA-21 in HNSCCs. CLU-1 isoform is the predominant growth-suppressive variant targeted by miRNA-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Mydlarz
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions; The Milton J Dance, Jr. Head and Neck Center, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Basic Oncology, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; and Asuragen, Inc. Austin, Texas
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Non-secreted clusterin isoforms are translated in rare amounts from distinct human mRNA variants and do not affect Bax-mediated apoptosis or the NF-κB signaling pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75303. [PMID: 24073260 PMCID: PMC3779157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clusterin, also known as apolipoprotein J, is expressed from a variety of tissues and implicated in pathological disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, ischemia and cancer. In contrast to secretory clusterin (sCLU), which acts as an extracellular chaperone, the synthesis, subcellular localization and function(s) of intracellular CLU isoforms is currently a matter of intense discussion. By investigating human CLU mRNAs we here unravel mechanisms leading to the synthesis of distinct CLU protein isoforms and analyze their subcellular localization and their impact on apoptosis and on NF-κB-activity. Quantitative PCR-analyses revealed the expression of four different stress-inducible CLU mRNA variants in non-cancer and cancer cell lines. In all cell lines variant 1 represents the most abundant mRNA, whereas all other variants collectively account for no more than 0.34% of total CLU mRNA, even under stressed conditions. Overexpression of CLU cDNAs combined with in vitro mutagenesis revealed distinct translational start sites including a so far uncharacterized non-canonical CUG start codon. We show that all exon 2-containing mRNAs encode sCLU and at least three non-glycosylated intracellular isoforms, CLU1‑449, CLU21‑449 and CLU34‑449, which all reside in the cytosol of unstressed and stressed HEK‑293 cells. The latter is the only form expressed from an alternatively spliced mRNA variant lacking exon 2. Functional analysis revealed that none of these cytosolic CLU forms modulate caspase-mediated intrinsic apoptosis or significantly affects TNF-α-induced NF-κB-activity. Therefore our data challenge some of the current ideas regarding the physiological functions of CLU isoforms in pathologies.
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Wu K, Xie D, Zou Y, Zhang T, Pong RC, Xiao G, Fazli L, Gleave M, He D, Boothman DA, Hsieh JT. The mechanism of DAB2IP in chemoresistance of prostate cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4740-9. [PMID: 23838317 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The docetaxel-based chemotherapy is the standard of care for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), inevitably, patients develop resistance and decease. Until now, the mechanism and predictive marker for chemoresistance are poorly understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immortalized normal prostate and cancer cell lines stably manipulated with different DAB2IP expression levels were used and treated with chemotherapeutic drugs commonly used in prostate cancer therapy. Cell proliferation was measured using MTT assay; Western blot, quantitative PCR, and luciferase reporter assays were used to analyze Clusterin gene regulation by DAB2IP. Immunohistochemical analysis was conducted for evaluating DAB2IP, Clusterin and Egr-1 expression in human prostate cancer tissue. RESULTS DAB2IP Knockdown (KD) cells exhibited resistance to several chemotherapeutic drugs, whereas increased DAB2IP in C4-2 cells restored the drug sensitivity. Parallel, DAB2IP KD cells exhibited higher expression of Clusterin, an antiapoptotic factor, whereas elevated DAB2IP in C4-2 cells decreased Clusterin expression. Functionally, knocking down Clusterin by short-hairpin RNA or antisense oligonucleotide OGX-011 decreased drug resistance, whereas overexpressing Clusterin in C4-2 D2 enhanced drug resistance. Mechanistically, DAB2IP blocked the cross-talk between Wnt/β-catenin and IGF-I signaling, leading to the suppression of Egr-1 that is responsible for Clusterin expression. A similar result was observed in the prostate of DAB2IP knockout animals. In addition, we observed a significantly inverse correlation between DAB2IP and Egr-1 or Clusterin expression from clinical tissue microarray. CONCLUSIONS This study unveils a new regulation of the Egr-1/Clusterin signaling network by DAB2IP. Loss of DAB2IP expression in CRPC cells signifies their chemoresistance. Clusterin is a key target for developing more effective CRPC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Khan QES, Sehic A, Khuu C, Risnes S, Osmundsen H. Expression of Clu and Tgfb1 during murine tooth development: effects of in-vivo transfection with anti-miR-214. Eur J Oral Sci 2013; 121:303-12. [PMID: 23841781 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Expression of clusterin (Clu) in the murine first molar tooth germ was markedly increased at postnatal developmental stages. The time-course of expression of this gene paralleled those of other genes encoding proteins involved during the secretory phase of odontogenesis, as described previously. Immunohistochemical studies of clusterin in murine molar tooth germs suggested this protein to be located in outer enamel epithelium, regressing enamel organ, secretory ameloblasts, and the dental epithelium connecting the tooth to the oral epithelium at an early eruptive stage. Immunolabelling of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) revealed it to be located close to clusterin. The levels of expression of Clu and Tgfb1 were markedly decreased following in-vivo transfection with anti-miR-214. In contrast, the expression of several genes associated with regulation of growth and development were increased by this treatment. We suggest that clusterin has functions during secretory odontogenesis and the early eruptive phase. Bioinformatic analysis after treatment with anti-miR-214 suggested that, whilst cellular activities associated with tooth mineralization and eruption were inhibited, activities associated with an alternative developmental activity (i.e. biosynthesis of contractile proteins) appeared to be stimulated. These changes probably occur through regulation mediated by a common cluster of transcription factors and support suggestions that microRNAs (miRNAs) are highly significant as regulators of differentiation during odontogenesis.
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