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Kumar N, Shukla A, Kumar S, Ulasov I, Singh RK, Kumar S, Patel A, Yadav L, Tiwari R, Paswan R, Mohanta SP, Kaushalendra, Antil J, Acharya A. FNC (4'-azido-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro(arbino)cytidine) as an Effective Therapeutic Agent for NHL: ROS Generation, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptosis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:623-639. [PMID: 38253918 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Cytotoxic nucleoside analogs (NAs) hold great promise in cancer therapeutics by mimicking endogenous nucleosides and interfering with crucial cellular processes. Here, we investigate the potential of the novel cytidine analog, 4'-azido-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro(arbino)cytidine (FNC), as a therapeutic agent for Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) using Dalton's lymphoma (DL) as a T-cell lymphoma model. FNC demonstrated dose- and time-dependent inhibition of DL cell growth and proliferation. IC-50 values of FNC were measured at 1 µM, 0.5 µM, and 0.1 µM after 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Further elucidation of FNC's mechanism of action uncovers its role in inducing apoptosis in DL cells. Notable DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation point to activated apoptotic pathways. FNC-induced apoptosis was concomitant with changes in cellular membranes, characterized by membrane rupture and altered morphology. The robust anticancer effects of FNC are linked to its capacity to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, prompting oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis. Additionally, FNC disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, further promoting apoptosis. Dysregulation of apoptotic genes, with upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, implicates the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis pathway. Furthermore, FNC-induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest was mediated through modulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p21. Overall, this study highlights the potential of FNC as a promising therapeutic agent for NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ilya Ulasov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kaushalendra
- Pachhunga University College Campus, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India
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2
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Rancu A, Chen CX, Price H, Wax A. Multiscale optical phase fluctuations link disorder strength and fractal dimension of cell structure. Biophys J 2023; 122:1390-1399. [PMID: 36872604 PMCID: PMC10111344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical methods for examining cellular structure based on endogenous contrast rely on analysis of refractive index changes to discriminate cell phenotype. These changes can be visualized using techniques such as phase contrast microscopy, detected by light scattering, or analyzed numerically using quantitative phase imaging. The statistical variations of refractive index at the nanoscale can be quantified using disorder strength, a metric seen to increase with neoplastic change. In contrast, the spatial organization of these variations is typically characterized using a fractal dimension, which is also seen to increase with cancer progression. Here, we seek to link these two measurements using multiscale measurements of optical phase to calculate disorder strength and in turn to determine the fractal dimension of the structures. First, quantitative phase images are analyzed to show that the disorder strength metric changes with resolution. The trend of disorder strength with length scales is analyzed to determine the fractal dimension of the cellular structures. Comparison of these metrics is presented for different cell lines with varying phenotypes including MCF10A, MCF7, BT474, HT-29, A431, and A549 cell lines, in addition to three cell populations with modified phenotypes. Our results show that disorder strength and fractal dimension can both be obtained with quantitative phase imaging and that these metrics can independently distinguish between different cell lines. Furthermore, their combined use presents a new approach for better understanding cellular restructuring during different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Rancu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Cindy X Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Hillel Price
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Adam Wax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
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3
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Pleskow DK, Zhang L, Turzhitsky V, Coughlan MF, Khan U, Zhang X, Sheil CJ, Glyavina M, Chen L, Shinagare S, Zakharov YN, Vitkin E, Itzkan I, Perelman LT, Qiu L. Coherent confocal light scattering spectroscopic microscopy evaluates cancer progression and aggressiveness in live cells and tissue. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:2050-2059. [PMID: 34485615 PMCID: PMC8411902 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The observation of biological structures in live cells beyond the diffraction limit with super-resolution fluorescence microscopy is limited by the ability of fluorescence probes to permeate live cells and the effect of these probes, which are often toxic, on cellular behavior. Here we present a coherent confocal light scattering and absorption spectroscopic microscopy that for the first time enables the use of large numerical aperture optics to characterize structures in live cells down to 10 nm spatial scales, well beyond the diffraction limit. Not only does this new capability allow high resolution microscopy with light scattering contrast, but it can also be used with almost any light scattering spectroscopic application which employs lenses. We demonstrate that the coherent light scattering contrast based technique allows continuous temporal tracking of the transition from non-cancerous to an early cancerous state in live cells, without exogenous markers. We also use the technique to sense differences in the aggressiveness of cancer in live cells and for label free identification of different grades of cancer in resected tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas K. Pleskow
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging and Photonics, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University
- Center for Advanced Endoscopy, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging and Photonics, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University
| | - Vladimir Turzhitsky
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging and Photonics, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University
| | - Mark F. Coughlan
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging and Photonics, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University
| | - Umar Khan
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging and Photonics, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging and Photonics, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University
| | - Conor J. Sheil
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging and Photonics, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University
| | - Maria Glyavina
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging and Photonics, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University
| | - Liming Chen
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging and Photonics, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University
| | - Shweta Shinagare
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University
| | - Yuri N. Zakharov
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging and Photonics, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University
| | - Edward Vitkin
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging and Photonics, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University
| | - Irving Itzkan
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging and Photonics, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University
| | - Lev T. Perelman
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging and Photonics, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Harvard University
| | - Le Qiu
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging and Photonics, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University
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Refractive index of biological tissues: Review, measurement techniques, and applications. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 33:102192. [PMID: 33508501 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Refractive index (RI) is a characteristic optical variable that controls the propagation of light in the medium (e.g., biological tissues). Basic research with the aim to investigate the RI of biological tissues is of paramount importance for biomedical optics and associated applications. Herein, we reviewed and summarized the RI data of biological tissues and the associated insights. Different techniques for the measurement of RI of biological tissues are also discussed. Moreover, several examples of the RI applications from basic research, clinics and optics industry are outlined. This study may provide a comprehensive reference for RI data of biological tissues for the biomedical research and beyond.
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Gul B, Ashraf S, Khan S, Nisar H, Ahmad I. Cell refractive index: Models, insights, applications and future perspectives. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 33:102096. [PMID: 33188939 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell refractive index (RI) is an intrinsic optical parameter that governs the propagation of light (i.e., scattering and absorption) in the cell matrix. The RI of cell is sensitively correlated with its mass distribution and thereby has the capability to provide important insights for diverse biological models. Herein, we review the cell refractive index and the fundamental models for measurement of cell RI, summarize the published RI data of cell and cell organelles and discuss the associated insights. Illustrative applications of cell RI in cell biology are also outlined. Finally, future research trends and applications of cell RI, including novel imaging techniques, reshaping flow cytometry and microfluidic platforms for single cell manipulation are discussed. The rapid technological advances in optical imaging integrated with microfluidic regime seems to enable deeper understanding of subcellular dynamics with high spatio-temporal resolution in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banat Gul
- Department of Basic Sciences, Military College of Engineering, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sumara Ashraf
- Department of Physics, The Women University Multan, Pakistan
| | - Shamim Khan
- Department of Physics, Islamia College Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hasan Nisar
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM), Peshawar, Pakistan.
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6
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Multimodal Coherent Imaging of Retinal Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease in a Mouse Model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7912. [PMID: 32404941 PMCID: PMC7220911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We acquired depth-resolved light scattering measurements from the retinas of triple transgenic Alzheimer’s Disease (3xTg-AD) mice and wild type (WT) age-matched controls using co-registered angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry (a/LCI) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Angle-resolved light scattering measurements were acquired from the nerve fiber layer, outer plexiform layer, and retinal pigmented epithelium using image guidance and segmented thicknesses provided by co-registered OCT B-scans. Analysis of the OCT images showed a statistically significant thinning of the nerve fiber layer in AD mouse retinas compared to WT controls. The a/LCI scattering measurements provided complementary information that distinguishes AD mice by quantitatively characterizing tissue heterogeneity. The AD mouse retinas demonstrated higher mean and variance in nerve fiber layer light scattering intensity compared to WT controls. Further, the difference in tissue heterogeneity was observed through short-range spatial correlations that show greater slopes at all layers of interest for AD mouse retinas compared to WT controls. A greater slope indicates a faster loss of spatial correlation, suggesting a loss of tissue self-similarity characteristic of heterogeneity consistent with AD pathology. Use of this combined modality introduces unique tissue texture characterization to complement development of future AD biomarker analysis.
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7
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Hyperoxia Alters Ultrastructure and Induces Apoptosis in Leukemia Cell Lines. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020282. [PMID: 32059539 PMCID: PMC7072400 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygenation conditions are crucial for growth and tumor progression. Recent data suggests a decrease in cancer cell proliferation occurring after exposure to normobaric hyperoxia. Those changes are associated with fractal dimension. The purpose of this research was to study the impact of hyperoxia on apoptosis and morphology of leukemia cell lines. Two hematopoietic lymphoid cancer cell lines (a T-lymphoblastoid line, JURKAT and a B lymphoid line, CCRF-SB) were tested under conditions of normobaric hyperoxia (FiO2 > 60%, ± 18h) and compared to a standard group (FiO2 = 21%). We tested for apoptosis using a caspase-3 assay. Cell morphology was evaluated by cytospin, microphotography after coloration, and analysis by a fractal dimension calculation software. Our results showed that exposure of cell cultures to transient normobaric hyperoxia induced apoptosis (elevated caspase-3) as well as significant and precocious modifications in cell complexity, as highlighted by increased fractal dimensions in both cell lines. These features are associated with changes in structure (pycnotic nucleus and apoptosis) recorded by microscopic analysis. Such morphological alterations could be due to several molecular mechanisms and rearrangements in the cancer cell, leading to cell cycle inhibition and apoptosis as shown by caspase-3 activity. T cells seem less resistant to hyperoxia than B cells.
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Ozaki Y, Yamada H, Kikuchi H, Hirotsu A, Murakami T, Matsumoto T, Kawabata T, Hiramatsu Y, Kamiya K, Yamauchi T, Goto K, Ueda Y, Okazaki S, Kitagawa M, Takeuchi H, Konno H. Label-free classification of cells based on supervised machine learning of subcellular structures. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211347. [PMID: 30695059 PMCID: PMC6350988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It is demonstrated that cells can be classified by pattern recognition of the subcellular structure of non-stained live cells, and the pattern recognition was performed by machine learning. Human white blood cells and five types of cancer cell lines were imaged by quantitative phase microscopy, which provides morphological information without staining quantitatively in terms of optical thickness of cells. Subcellular features were then extracted from the obtained images as training data sets for the machine learning. The built classifier successfully classified WBCs from cell lines (area under ROC curve = 0.996). This label-free, non-cytotoxic cell classification based on the subcellular structure of QPM images has the potential to serve as an automated diagnosis of single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ozaki
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hidenao Yamada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hirotoshi Kikuchi
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Amane Hirotsu
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Murakami
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsumoto
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kawabata
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hiramatsu
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kinji Kamiya
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toyohiko Yamauchi
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Goto
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yukio Ueda
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Okazaki
- Department of Medical Spectroscopy, Institute for Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kitagawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
- Laboratory Animal Facilities and Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroya Takeuchi
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Konno
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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Eldridge WJ, Hoballah J, Wax A. Molecular and biophysical analysis of apoptosis using a combined quantitative phase imaging and fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscope. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201800126. [PMID: 29896886 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic mechanisms are often dysregulated in cancerous phenotypes. Additionally, many anticancer treatments induce apoptosis and necrosis, and the monitoring of this apoptotic activity can allow researchers to identify therapeutic efficiency. Here, we introduce a microscope which combines quantitative phase imaging (QPI) with the ability to detect molecular events via fluorescence (or Förster) resonance energy transfer (FRET). The system was applied to study cells undergoing apoptosis to correlate the onset of apoptotic enzyme activity as observed using a FRET-based apoptosis sensor with whole cell morphological changes analyzed via QPI. The QPI data showed changes in cell disorder strength during the initiation of apoptotic enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J Eldridge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jawad Hoballah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Adam Wax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Mugnano M, Memmolo P, Miccio L, Grilli S, Merola F, Calabuig A, Bramanti A, Mazzon E, Ferraro P. In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of cadmium by label-free holographic microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201800099. [PMID: 30079614 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Among all environmental pollutants, the toxic heavy metal cadmium is considered as a human carcinogen. Cadmium may induce cell death by apoptosis in various cell types, although the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In this paper we show how a label-free digital holography (DH)-based technique is able to quantify the evolution of key biophysical parameters of cells during the exposure to cadmium for the first time. Murine embryonic fibroblasts NIH 3T3 are chosen here as cellular model for studying the cadmium effects. The results demonstrate that DH is able to retrieve the temporal evolution of different key parameters such as cell volume, projected area, cell thickness and dry mass, thus providing a full quantitative characterization of the cell physical behaviour during cadmium exposure. Our results show that the label-free character of the technique would allow biologists to perform systematic and reliable studies on cell death process induced by cadmium and we believe that more in general this can be easily extended to others heavy metals, thus avoiding the time-consuming, expensive and invasive label-based procedures used nowadays in the field. In fact, pollution by heavy metals is severe issue that needs rapid and reliable methods to be settled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Mugnano
- Department of Physical Sciences and Technologies of Matter (DSFTM), CNR, Institute of Applied Science & Intelligent Systems (CNR-ISASI), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Pasquale Memmolo
- Department of Physical Sciences and Technologies of Matter (DSFTM), CNR, Institute of Applied Science & Intelligent Systems (CNR-ISASI), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Lisa Miccio
- Department of Physical Sciences and Technologies of Matter (DSFTM), CNR, Institute of Applied Science & Intelligent Systems (CNR-ISASI), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Simonetta Grilli
- Department of Physical Sciences and Technologies of Matter (DSFTM), CNR, Institute of Applied Science & Intelligent Systems (CNR-ISASI), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Merola
- Department of Physical Sciences and Technologies of Matter (DSFTM), CNR, Institute of Applied Science & Intelligent Systems (CNR-ISASI), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Alejandro Calabuig
- Department of Physical Sciences and Technologies of Matter (DSFTM), CNR, Institute of Applied Science & Intelligent Systems (CNR-ISASI), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Alessia Bramanti
- Department of Physical Sciences and Technologies of Matter (DSFTM), CNR, Institute of Applied Science & Intelligent Systems (CNR-ISASI), Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Physical Sciences and Technologies of Matter (DSFTM), IRCCS Centre for Neuroscience Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- Department of Physical Sciences and Technologies of Matter (DSFTM), IRCCS Centre for Neuroscience Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy
| | - Pietro Ferraro
- Department of Physical Sciences and Technologies of Matter (DSFTM), CNR, Institute of Applied Science & Intelligent Systems (CNR-ISASI), Pozzuoli, Italy
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Kobayashi H, Lei C, Wu Y, Mao A, Jiang Y, Guo B, Ozeki Y, Goda K. Label-free detection of cellular drug responses by high-throughput bright-field imaging and machine learning. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28963483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598‐017‐12378‐4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, high-content screening based on multivariate single-cell imaging has been proven effective in drug discovery to evaluate drug-induced phenotypic variations. Unfortunately, this method inherently requires fluorescent labeling which has several drawbacks. Here we present a label-free method for evaluating cellular drug responses only by high-throughput bright-field imaging with the aid of machine learning algorithms. Specifically, we performed high-throughput bright-field imaging of numerous drug-treated and -untreated cells (N = ~240,000) by optofluidic time-stretch microscopy with high throughput up to 10,000 cells/s and applied machine learning to the cell images to identify their morphological variations which are too subtle for human eyes to detect. Consequently, we achieved a high accuracy of 92% in distinguishing drug-treated and -untreated cells without the need for labeling. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that dose-dependent, drug-induced morphological change from different experiments can be inferred from the classification accuracy of a single classification model. Our work lays the groundwork for label-free drug screening in pharmaceutical science and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Ailin Mao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yiyue Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Baoshan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ozeki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan. .,Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.
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12
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Kobayashi H, Lei C, Wu Y, Mao A, Jiang Y, Guo B, Ozeki Y, Goda K. Label-free detection of cellular drug responses by high-throughput bright-field imaging and machine learning. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12454. [PMID: 28963483 PMCID: PMC5622112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, high-content screening based on multivariate single-cell imaging has been proven effective in drug discovery to evaluate drug-induced phenotypic variations. Unfortunately, this method inherently requires fluorescent labeling which has several drawbacks. Here we present a label-free method for evaluating cellular drug responses only by high-throughput bright-field imaging with the aid of machine learning algorithms. Specifically, we performed high-throughput bright-field imaging of numerous drug-treated and -untreated cells (N = ~240,000) by optofluidic time-stretch microscopy with high throughput up to 10,000 cells/s and applied machine learning to the cell images to identify their morphological variations which are too subtle for human eyes to detect. Consequently, we achieved a high accuracy of 92% in distinguishing drug-treated and -untreated cells without the need for labeling. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that dose-dependent, drug-induced morphological change from different experiments can be inferred from the classification accuracy of a single classification model. Our work lays the groundwork for label-free drug screening in pharmaceutical science and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Ailin Mao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yiyue Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Baoshan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ozeki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan. .,Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.
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13
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Calabuig A, Mugnano M, Miccio L, Grilli S, Ferraro P. Investigating fibroblast cells under "safe" and "injurious" blue-light exposure by holographic microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:919-927. [PMID: 27088256 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to visible light has been shown to exert various biological effects, such as erythema and retinal degeneration. However, the phototoxicity mechanisms in living cells are still not well understood. Here we report a study on the temporal evolution of cell morphology and volume during blue light exposure. Blue laser irradiation is switched during the operation of a digital holography (DH) microscope between what we call here "safe" and "injurious" exposure (SE & IE). The results reveal a behaviour that is typical of necrotic cells, with early swelling and successive leakage of the intracellular liquids when the laser is set in the "injurious" operation. In the phototoxicity investigation reported here the light dose modulation is performed through the very same laser light source adopted for monitoring the cell's behaviour by digital holographic microscope. We believe the approach may open the route to a deep investigation of light-cell interactions, with information about death pathways and threshold conditions between healthy and damaged cells when subjected to light-exposure. 3D Morphology and quantitative phase information from late stage of necrosis cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Calabuig
- National Council of Research, Institute of Applied Science & Intelligent Systems (ISASI) 'E. Caianiello', Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Martina Mugnano
- National Council of Research, Institute of Applied Science & Intelligent Systems (ISASI) 'E. Caianiello', Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lisa Miccio
- National Council of Research, Institute of Applied Science & Intelligent Systems (ISASI) 'E. Caianiello', Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Simonetta Grilli
- National Council of Research, Institute of Applied Science & Intelligent Systems (ISASI) 'E. Caianiello', Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Pietro Ferraro
- National Council of Research, Institute of Applied Science & Intelligent Systems (ISASI) 'E. Caianiello', Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
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14
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Yi J, Puyang Z, Feng L, Duan L, Liang P, Backman V, Liu X, Zhang HF. Optical Detection of Early Damage in Retinal Ganglion Cells in a Mouse Model of Partial Optic Nerve Crush Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:5665-5671. [PMID: 27784071 PMCID: PMC5089219 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Elastic light backscattering spectroscopy (ELBS) has exquisite sensitivity to the ultrastructural properties of tissue and thus has been applied to detect various diseases associated with ultrastructural alterations in their early stages. This study aims to test whether ELBS can detect early damage in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Methods We used a mouse model of partial optic nerve crush (pONC) to induce rapid RGC death. We confirmed RGC loss by axon counting and characterized the changes in retinal morphology by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and in retinal function by full-field electroretinogram (ERG), respectively. To quantify the ultrastructural properties, elastic backscattering spectroscopic analysis was implemented in the wavelength-dependent images recorded by reflectance confocal microscopy. Results At 3 days post-pONC injury, no significant change was found in the thickness of the RGC layer or in the mean amplitude of the oscillatory potentials measured by OCT and ERG, respectively; however, we did observe a significantly decreased number of axons compared with the controls. At 3 days post-pONC, we used ELBS to calculate the ultrastructural marker (D), the shape factor quantifying the shape of the local mass density correlation functions. It was significantly reduced in the crushed eyes compared with the controls, indicating the ultrastructural fragmentation in the crushed eyes. Conclusions Elastic light backscattering spectroscopy detected ultrastructural neuronal damage in RGCs following the pONC injury when OCT and ERG tests appeared normal. Our study suggests a potential clinical method for detecting early neuronal damage prior to anatomical alterations in the nerve fiber and ganglion cell layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Zhen Puyang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 3Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Liang Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Lian Duan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Peiji Liang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States 4Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Hao F Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States 3Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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15
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Roitshtain D, Wolbromsky L, Bal E, Greenspan H, Satterwhite LL, Shaked NT. Quantitative phase microscopy spatial signatures of cancer cells. Cytometry A 2017; 91:482-493. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darina Roitshtain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Lauren Wolbromsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Evgeny Bal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Hayit Greenspan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Lisa L. Satterwhite
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Duke University; Durham North Carolina 27708
| | - Natan T. Shaked
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
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16
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Yi J, Stypula-Cyrus Y, Blaha CS, Roy HK, Backman V. Fractal Characterization of Chromatin Decompaction in Live Cells. Biophys J 2016; 109:2218-26. [PMID: 26636933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin organization has a fundamental impact on the whole spectrum of genomic functions. Quantitative characterization of the chromatin structure, particularly at submicron length scales where chromatin fractal globules are formed, is critical to understanding this structure-function relationship. Such analysis is currently challenging due to the diffraction-limited resolution of conventional light microscopy. We herein present an optical approach termed inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography to characterize the mass density fractality of chromatin, and we apply the technique to observe chromatin decompaction in live cells. The technique makes it possible for the first time, to our knowledge, to sense intracellular morphology with length-scale sensitivity from ∼30 to 450 nm, thus primarily probing the higher-order chromatin structure, without resolving the actual structures. We used chromatin decompaction due to inhibition of histone deacytelases and measured the subsequent changes in the fractal dimension of the intracellular structure. The results were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Catherine S Blaha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Hemant K Roy
- Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
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17
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de Bruin DM, Broekgaarden M, van Gemert MJC, Heger M, de la Rosette JJ, Van Leeuwen TG, Faber DJ. Assesment of apoptosis induced changes in scattering using optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:913-923. [PMID: 26564260 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify changes in scattering with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and relate these measurements with mitochondrial changes during the initiation of apoptosis. Human retinal pigment epithelial cells were cultured and apoptosis was induced using 10% alcohol. Using the attenuation coefficient and backscattering, changes were measured during cell death in a cell-pellet and monolayer respectively. To confirm apoptosis, fluorescent activated cell sorting was used. Mitochondrial activity during apoptosis was assessed using an oxidative stress assay and fluorescent confocal microscopy. Pelleted apoptotic cells measured with OCT showed a clear rise while untreated cells showed a very small increase in attenuation coefficient. Monolayered apoptotic cells displayed a distinct increase, while untreated cells showed a small increase in the backscattering. Apoptosis was confirmed by FACS experiments. Mitochondrial changes during the onset of apoptosis were also measured. The results demonstrate that apoptotic cell death could be monitored in real-time by OCT. Changes in the scattering after induction of apoptosis are likely to be related to changes in the intracellular morphology. Oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial swelling could be responsible for the initial increase, while cell blebbing and secondary necrosis subsequently for the observed decrease in scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M de Bruin
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Urology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Mans Broekgaarden
- Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin J C van Gemert
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michal Heger
- Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jean J de la Rosette
- Urology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ton G Van Leeuwen
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Faber
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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18
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Huang XR, Knighton RW, Feuer WJ, Qiao J. Retinal nerve fiber layer reflectometry must consider directional reflectance. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:22-33. [PMID: 26819814 PMCID: PMC4722906 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies reveal that measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) reflectance provide more sensitive detection of glaucomatous damage than RNFL thickness, but most do not consider directional reflectance of the RNFL, an important source of variability. This study quantitatively compared RNFL directional reflectance, represented by an angular spread function (ASF), measured at different scattering angles, different wavelengths and different distances from the optic nerve head (ONH) and for bundles with different thicknesses (T). An ASF was characterized by its amplitude (A) and width (W). Internal reflectance of a bundle was expressed as A/T. The study found that A varied significantly with scattering angle and wavelength and that A/T was different among bundles but constant along the same bundle, indicating that the internal structure of axons may vary among bundles but does not change with distance. This study also found that W was larger near the ONH and at longer wavelengths, but did not depend on scattering angle or T. Because a 4.3° change in incident angle can change reflected intensity by a factor of 2.7, accounting for directional reflectance should improve the accuracy and reproducibility of RNFL reflectance measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Run Huang
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Robert W. Knighton
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - William J. Feuer
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jianzhong Qiao
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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19
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Halaney DL, Zahedivash A, Phipps JE, Wang T, Dwelle J, Saux CJL, Asmis R, Milner TE, Feldman MD. Differences in forward angular light scattering distributions between M1 and M2 macrophages. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:115002. [PMID: 26538329 PMCID: PMC4881287 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.11.115002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability to distinguish macrophage subtypes noninvasively could have diagnostic potential in cancer, atherosclerosis, and diabetes, where polarized M1 and M2 macrophages play critical and often opposing roles. Current methods to distinguish macrophage subtypes rely on tissue biopsy. Optical imaging techniques based on light scattering are of interest as they can be translated into biopsy-free strategies. Because mitochondria are relatively strong subcellular light scattering centers, and M2 macrophages are known to have enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis compared to M1, we hypothesized that M1 and M2 macrophages may have different angular light scattering profiles. To test this, we developed an in vitro angle-resolved forward light scattering measurement system. We found that M1 and M2 macrophage monolayers scatter relatively unequal amounts of light in the forward direction between 1.6 deg and 3.2 deg with M2 forward scattering significantly more light than M1 at increasing angles. The ratio of forward scattering can be used to identify the polarization state of macrophage populations in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Halaney
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, 7400 Merton Minter, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - Aydin Zahedivash
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 University Station C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Phipps
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - Tianyi Wang
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 University Station C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jordan Dwelle
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, 7400 Merton Minter, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 University Station C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Claude Jourdan Le Saux
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - Reto Asmis
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Departments of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Biochemistry, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - Thomas E. Milner
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 University Station C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Marc D. Feldman
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, 7400 Merton Minter, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Marc D. Feldman, E-mail:
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20
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Farhat G, Giles A, Kolios MC, Czarnota GJ. Optical coherence tomography spectral analysis for detecting apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:126001. [PMID: 26641199 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.126001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death characterized by a series of predictable morphological changes at the subcellular level, which modify the light-scattering properties of cells. We present a spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique to detect changes in subcellular morphology related to apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. OCT data were acquired from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells treated with cisplatin over a 48-h period. The backscatter spectrum of the OCT signal acquired from the cell samples was characterized by calculating its in vitro integrated backscatter (IB) and spectral slope (SS). The IB increased with treatment duration, while the SS decreased, with the most significant changes occurring after 24 to 48 h of treatment. These changes coincided with striking morphological transformations in the cells and their nuclei. Similar trends in the spectral parameter values were observed in vivo in solid tumors grown from AML cells in mice, which were treated with chemotherapy and radiation. Our results provide a strong foundation from which future experiments may be designed to further understand the effect of cellular morphology and kinetics of apoptosis on the OCT signal and demonstrate the feasibility of using this technique in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Farhat
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto M4N 3M5, CanadabSunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto M4N 3M5, CanadacSunnybrook Health Sci
| | - Anoja Giles
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto M4N 3M5, CanadacSunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Radiation Oncology, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Michael C Kolios
- Ryerson University, Department of Physics, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Gregory J Czarnota
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto M4N 3M5, CanadabSunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto M4N 3M5, CanadacSunnybrook Health Sci
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21
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Fabrizii M, Moinfar F, Jelinek HF, Karperien A, Ahammer H. Fractal analysis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108457. [PMID: 25302712 PMCID: PMC4193757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN) represent precursor lesions of cervical cancer. These neoplastic lesions are traditionally subdivided into three categories CIN 1, CIN 2, and CIN 3, using microscopical criteria. The relation between grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and its fractal dimension was investigated to establish a basis for an objective diagnosis using the method proposed. METHODS Classical evaluation of the tissue samples was performed by an experienced gynecologic pathologist. Tissue samples were scanned and saved as digital images using Aperio scanner and software. After image segmentation the box counting method as well as multifractal methods were applied to determine the relation between fractal dimension and grades of CIN. A total of 46 images were used to compare the pathologist's neoplasia grades with the predicted groups obtained by fractal methods. RESULTS Significant or highly significant differences between all grades of CIN could be found. The confusion matrix, comparing between pathologist's grading and predicted group by fractal methods showed a match of 87.1%. Multifractal spectra were able to differentiate between normal epithelium and low grade as well as high grade neoplasia. CONCLUSION Fractal dimension can be considered to be an objective parameter to grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Fabrizii
- Institute of Biophysics, Centre for Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Farid Moinfar
- Unit of Breast and Gynaecologic Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pathology, Hospital of the Sisters of Charity, Linz, Austria
| | - Herbert F Jelinek
- Centre for Research in Complex Systems, Charles Sturt University, Albury, Australia; School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Albury, Australia
| | - Audrey Karperien
- School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Albury, Australia
| | - Helmut Ahammer
- Institute of Biophysics, Centre for Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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22
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Kim HC, Al-Mahrouki A, Gorjizadeh A, Sadeghi-Naini A, Karshafian R, Czarnota GJ. Quantitative ultrasound characterization of tumor cell death: ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles for radiation enhancement. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102343. [PMID: 25051356 PMCID: PMC4106764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of quantitative ultrasound imaging in characterizing cancer cell death caused by enhanced radiation treatments. This investigation focused on developing this ultrasound modality as an imaging-based non-invasive method that can be used to monitor therapeutic ultrasound and radiation effects. High-frequency (25 MHz) ultrasound was used to image tumor responses caused by ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles in combination with radiation. Human prostate xenografts grown in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice were treated using 8, 80, or 1000 µL/kg of microbubbles stimulated with ultrasound at 250, 570, or 750 kPa, and exposed to 0, 2, or 8 Gy of radiation. Tumors were imaged prior to treatment and 24 hours after treatment. Spectral analysis of images acquired from treated tumors revealed overall increases in ultrasound backscatter intensity and the spectral intercept parameter. The increase in backscatter intensity compared to the control ranged from 1.9±1.6 dB for the clinical imaging dose of microbubbles (8 µL/kg, 250 kPa, 2 Gy) to 7.0±4.1 dB for the most extreme treatment condition (1000 µL/kg, 750 kPa, 8 Gy). In parallel, in situ end-labelling (ISEL) staining, ceramide, and cyclophilin A staining demonstrated increases in cell death due to DNA fragmentation, ceramide-mediated apoptosis, and release of cyclophilin A as a result of cell membrane permeabilization, respectively. Quantitative ultrasound results indicated changes that paralleled increases in cell death observed from histology analyses supporting its use for non-invasive monitoring of cancer treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Christina Kim
- Department of Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Azza Al-Mahrouki
- Department of Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alborz Gorjizadeh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali Sadeghi-Naini
- Department of Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raffi Karshafian
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory J. Czarnota
- Department of Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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23
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Alexandrov SA, Subhash HM, Zam A, Leahy M. Nano-sensitive optical coherence tomography. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:3545-9. [PMID: 24595392 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Depth resolved label-free detection of structural changes with nanoscale sensitivity is an outstanding problem in the biological and physical sciences and has significant applications in both the fundamental research and healthcare diagnostics arenas. Here we experimentally demonstrate a novel label-free depth resolved sensing technique based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) to detect structural changes at the nanoscale. Structural components of the 3D object, spectrally encoded in the remitted light, are transformed from the Fourier domain into each voxel of the 3D OCT image without compromising sensitivity. Spatial distribution of the nanoscale structural changes in the depth direction is visualized in just a single OCT scan. This label free approach provides new possibilities for depth resolved study of pathogenic and physiologically relevant molecules in the body with high sensitivity and specificity. It offers a powerful opportunity for early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Experimental results show the ability of the approach to differentiate structural changes of 30 nm in nanosphere aggregates, located at different depths, from a single OCT scan, and structural changes less than 30 nm in time from two OCT scans. Application for visualization of the structure of human skin in vivo is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Alexandrov
- NBIPI Tissue Optics & Microcirculation Imaging Group, School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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24
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Sung Y, Lue N, Hamza B, Martel J, Irimia D, Dasari RR, Choi W, Yaqoob Z, So P. Three-Dimensional Holographic Refractive-Index Measurement of Continuously Flowing Cells in a Microfluidic Channel. PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED 2014; 1:014002. [PMID: 25419536 PMCID: PMC4236915 DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.1.014002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Refractive index of biological specimens is a source of intrinsic contrast that can be explored without any concerns of photobleaching or harmful effects caused by extra contrast agents. In addition, RI contains rich information related to the metabolism of cells at the cellular and subcellular levels. Here, we report a no-moving parts approach that provides three-dimensional refractive index maps of biological samples continuously flowing in a microfluidic channel. Specifically, we use line illumination and off-axis digital holography to record the angular spectra of light scattered from flowing samples at high speed. Applying the scalar diffraction theory, we obtain accurate RI maps of the samples from the measured spectra. Using this method, we demonstrate label-free 3-D imaging of live RKO human colon cancer cells and RPMI8226 multiple myeloma cells, and obtain the volume, dry mass and density of these cells from the measured 3-D refractive index maps. Our results show that the reported method, alone or in combination with the existing flow cytometry techniques, promises as a quantitative tool for stain-free characterization of large number of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin Sung
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Niyom Lue
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bashar Hamza
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital,
and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Martel
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital,
and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital,
and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ramachandra R. Dasari
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wonshik Choi
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Zahid Yaqoob
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter So
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of
Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,
USA
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25
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Wang B, Yin B, Dwelle J, Rylander HG, Markey MK, Milner TE. Path-length-multiplexed scattering-angle-diverse optical coherence tomography for retinal imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:4374-7. [PMID: 24177097 PMCID: PMC3903005 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.004374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A low-resolution path-length-multiplexed scattering angle diverse optical coherence tomography (PM-SAD-OCT) is constructed to investigate the scattering properties of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). Low-resolution PM-SAD-OCT retinal images acquired from a healthy human subject show the variation of RNFL scattering properties at retinal locations around the optic nerve head. The results are consistent with known retinal ganglion cell neural anatomy and principles of light scattering. Application of PM-SAD-OCT may provide potentially valuable diagnostic information for clinical retinal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Biwei Yin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Jordan Dwelle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - H. Grady Rylander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Mia K. Markey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Thomas E. Milner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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26
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Ekpenyong AE, Man SM, Achouri S, Bryant CE, Guck J, Chalut KJ. Bacterial infection of macrophages induces decrease in refractive index. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:393-7. [PMID: 22887897 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Infection of cells by pathogens leads to both biochemical and structural modifications of the host cell. To study the structural modifications in a label-free manner, we use digital holographic microscopy, DHM, to obtain the integral refractive index distribution of cells. Primary murine bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, undergo highly significant reduction in refractive index, RI, compared to uninfected cells. Infected BMDM cells from genetically modified mice lacking an inflammatory protein that causes cell death, caspase 1, also exhibit similar decrease in RI. These data suggest that any reduction in RI of Salmonella-infected BMDMs is pathogen induced and independent of caspase 1-induced inflammation or cell death. This finding suggests DHM may be useful for general real time monitoring of host cell interactions with infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Ekpenyong
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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27
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Uttam S, Bista RK, Staton K, Alexandrov S, Choi S, Bakkenist CJ, Hartman DJ, Brand RE, Liu Y. Investigation of depth-resolved nanoscale structural changes in regulated cell proliferation and chromatin decondensation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:596-613. [PMID: 23577294 PMCID: PMC3617721 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.000596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present depth-resolved spatial-domain low-coherence quantitative phase microscopy, a simple approach that utilizes coherence gating to construct a depth-resolved structural feature vector quantifying sub-resolution axial structural changes at different optical depths within the sample. We show that this feature vector is independent of sample thickness variation, and identifies nanoscale structural changes in clinically prepared samples. We present numerical simulations and experimental validation to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. We also perform experiments using unstained cells to investigate the nanoscale structural changes in regulated cell proliferation through cell cycle and chromatin decondensation induced by histone acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikhar Uttam
- Biomedical and Optical Imaging Laboratory (BOIL), Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rajan K. Bista
- Biomedical and Optical Imaging Laboratory (BOIL), Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kevin Staton
- Biomedical and Optical Imaging Laboratory (BOIL), Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sergey Alexandrov
- Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Group (TOMI), School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Serah Choi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Christopher J. Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Douglas J. Hartman
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Randall E. Brand
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Biomedical and Optical Imaging Laboratory (BOIL), Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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28
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Uttam S, Alexandrov SA, Bista RK, Liu Y. Tomographic imaging via spectral encoding of spatial frequency. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:7488-504. [PMID: 23546131 PMCID: PMC3635700 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.007488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional optical tomographic imaging plays an important role in biomedical research and clinical applications. We introduce spectral tomographic imaging (STI) via spectral encoding of spatial frequency principle that not only has the capability for visualizing the three-dimensional object at sub-micron resolution but also providing spatially-resolved quantitative characterization of its structure with nanoscale accuracy for any volume of interest within the object. The theoretical basis and the proof-of-concept numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of spectral tomographic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikhar Uttam
- Biomedical and Optical Imaging Laboratory (BOIL), Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA.
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29
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Sierra H, Zheng JY, Rabin B, Boustany NN. Measurement of object structure from size-encoded images generated by optically-implemented Gabor filters. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:28698-28706. [PMID: 23263107 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.028698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We use optical Fourier processing based on two dimensional (2D) Gabor filters to obtain size-encoded images which depict with 20nm sensitivity to size while preserving a 0.36μm spatial resolution, the spatial distribution of structural features within transparent objects. The size of the object feature measured at each pixel in the encoded image is determined by the optimal Gabor filter period, S(max), that maximizes the scattering signal from that location in the object. We show that S(max) (in μm) depends linearly on feature size (also in μm) over a size range from 0.11μm to 2μm. This linear response remains largely unchanged when the refractive index ratio is varied and can be predicted from numerical simulations of Gabor-filtered light scattering. Pixel histograms of the size-encoded images of isolated spheres and diatoms were used to generate highly resolved size distributions ("size spectra") exhibiting sharp peaks characterizing the known major structural features within the studied objects. Dynamic signal associated with changes in selected feature sizes within living cells is also demonstrated. Taken together, our data suggest that a label-free, direct and objective measurement of sample structure is enabled by the size-encoded images and associated pixel histograms generated from a calibrated optical processing microscope based on Gabor filtering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidy Sierra
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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30
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Stain-free quantification of chromosomes in live cells using regularized tomographic phase microscopy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49502. [PMID: 23166689 PMCID: PMC3500303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Refractive index imaging is a label-free technique that enables long-term monitoring of the internal structures and molecular composition in living cells with minimal perturbation. Existing tomographic methods for the refractive index imaging lack 3-D resolution and result in artifacts that prevent accurate refractive index quantification. To overcome these limitations without compromising the capability to observe a sample in its most native condition, we have developed a regularized tomographic phase microscope (RTPM) enabling accurate refractive index imaging of organelles inside intact cells. With the enhanced accuracy, we quantify the mass of chromosomes in intact living cells, and differentiate two human colon cancer lines, HT-29 and T84 cells, solely based on the non-aqueous (dry) mass of chromosomes. In addition, we demonstrate chromosomal imaging using a dual-wavelength RTPM, which shows its potential to determine the molecular composition of cellular organelles in live cells.
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31
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Xylas J, Quinn KP, Hunter M, Georgakoudi I. Improved Fourier-based characterization of intracellular fractal features. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20. [PMID: 23188308 PMCID: PMC3601639 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.023442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel Fourier-based image analysis method for measuring fractal features is presented which can significantly reduce artifacts due to non-fractal edge effects. The technique is broadly applicable to the quantitative characterization of internal morphology (texture) of image features with well-defined borders. In this study, we explore the capacity of this method for quantitative assessment of intracellular fractal morphology of mitochondrial networks in images of normal and diseased (precancerous) epithelial tissues. Using a combination of simulated fractal images and endogenous two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) microscopy, our method is shown to more accurately characterize the exponent of the high-frequency power spectral density (PSD) of these images in the presence of artifacts that arise due to cellular and nuclear borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Xylas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA, 02155,
USA
| | - Kyle P. Quinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA, 02155,
USA
| | - Martin Hunter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA, 02155,
USA
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA, 02155,
USA
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32
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Razandi M, Pedram A, Jordan VC, Fuqua S, Levin ER. Tamoxifen regulates cell fate through mitochondrial estrogen receptor beta in breast cancer. Oncogene 2012; 32:3274-85. [PMID: 22907432 PMCID: PMC3505272 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen has both cytostatic and cytotoxic properties for breast cancer. Tamoxifen engaged mitochondrial estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) as an antagonist in MCF-7 BK cells, increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations from the mitochondria that were required for cytotoxicity. In part this derived from tamoxifen down-regulating manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity through nitrosylating tyrosine 34, thereby increasing ROS. ROS activated protein kinase C delta and c-jun N-terminal kinases, resulting in the mitochondrial translocation of Bax and cytochrome C release. Interestingly, tamoxifen failed to cause high ROS levels or induce cell death in MCF7BK-TR cells due to stimulation of MnSOD activity through agonistic effects at mitochondrial ERβ. In several mouse xenograft models, lentiviral shRNA-induced knockdown of MnSOD caused tumors that grew in the presence of tamoxifen to undergo substantial apoptosis. Tumor MnSOD and mitochondrial ERβ are therefore targets for therapeutic intervention to reverse tamoxifen resistance and enhance a cell death response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Razandi
- Division of Endocrinology, Medical Service 111-I, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
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33
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Dwelle J, Liu S, Wang B, McElroy A, Ho D, Markey MK, Milner T, Rylander HG. Thickness, phase retardation, birefringence, and reflectance of the retinal nerve fiber layer in normal and glaucomatous non-human primates. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:4380-95. [PMID: 22570345 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-9130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We identified candidate optical coherence tomography (OCT) markers for early glaucoma diagnosis. Time variation of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, phase retardation, birefringence, and reflectance using polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) were measured in three non-human primates with induced glaucoma in one eye. We characterized time variation of RNFL thickness, phase retardation, birefringence, and reflectance with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS One eye of each of three non-human primates was laser treated to increase IOP. Each primate was followed for a 30-week period. PS-OCT measurements were recorded at weekly intervals. Reflectance index (RI) is introduced to characterize RNFL reflectance. Associations between elevated IOP and RNFL thickness, phase retardation, birefringence, and reflectance were characterized in seven regions (entire retina, inner and outer rings, and nasal, temporal, superior and inferior quadrants) by linear and non-linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS Elevated IOP was achieved in three non-human primate eyes with an average increase of 13 mm Hg over the study period. Elevated IOP was associated with decreased RNFL thickness in the nasal region (P = 0.0002), decreased RNFL phase retardation in the superior (P = 0.046) and inferior (P = 0.021) regions, decreased RNFL birefringence in the nasal (P = 0.002) and inferior (P = 0.029) regions, and loss of RNFL reflectance in the outer rings (P = 0.018). When averaged over the entire retinal area, only RNFL reflectance showed a significant decrease (P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS Of the measured parameters, decreased RNFL reflectance was the most robust correlate with glaucomatous damage. Candidate cellular mechanisms are considered for decreased RNFL reflectance, including mitochondrial dysfunction and retinal ganglion cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Dwelle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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34
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Bista RK, Uttam S, Hartman DJ, Qiu W, Yu J, Zhang L, Brand RE, Liu Y. Investigation of nuclear nano-morphology marker as a biomarker for cancer risk assessment using a mouse model. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:066014. [PMID: 22734770 PMCID: PMC3382352 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.6.066014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of accurate and clinically applicable tools to assess cancer risk is essential to define candidates to undergo screening for early-stage cancers at a curable stage or provide a novel method to monitor chemoprevention treatments. With the use of our recently developed optical technology--spatial-domain low-coherence quantitative phase microscopy (SL-QPM), we have derived a novel optical biomarker characterized by structure-derived optical path length (OPL) properties from the cell nucleus on the standard histology and cytology specimens, which quantifies the nano-structural alterations within the cell nucleus at the nanoscale sensitivity, referred to as nano-morphology marker. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of the nuclear nano-morphology marker from histologically normal cells, extracted directly from the standard histology specimens, to detect early-stage carcinogenesis, assess cancer risk, and monitor the effect of chemopreventive treatment. We used a well-established mouse model of spontaneous carcinogenesis--Apc(Min) mice, which develop multiple intestinal adenomas (Min) due to a germline mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) gene. We found that the nuclear nano-morphology marker quantified by OPL detects the development of carcinogenesis from histologically normal intestinal epithelial cells, even at an early pre-adenomatous stage (six weeks). It also exhibits a good temporal correlation with the small intestine that parallels the development of carcinogenesis and cancer risk. To further assess its ability to monitor the efficacy of chemopreventive agents, we used an established chemopreventive agent, sulindac. The nuclear nano-morphology marker is reversed toward normal after a prolonged treatment. Therefore, our proof-of-concept study establishes the feasibility of the SL-QPM derived nuclear nano-morphology marker OPL as a promising, simple and clinically applicable biomarker for cancer risk assessment and evaluation of chemopreventive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan K. Bista
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine and Bioengineering, Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Shikhar Uttam
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine and Bioengineering, Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Douglas J. Hartman
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Wei Qiu
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Jian Yu
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Lin Zhang
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Randall E. Brand
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Yang Liu
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine and Bioengineering, Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- Address all correspondence to: Yang Liu, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine and Bioengineering, Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232.; Tel: 412-623-3751; Fax: 412-623-7828; E-mail:
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35
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Alexandrov SA, Uttam S, Bista RK, Zhao C, Liu Y. Real-time quantitative visualization of 3D structural information. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:9203-14. [PMID: 22513632 PMCID: PMC3500094 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.009203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel approach for the real time visualization and quantification of the 3D spatial frequencies in an image domain. Our approach is based on the spectral encoding of spatial frequency principle and permits the formation of an image as a color map in which spatially separated spectral wavelengths correspond to the dominant 3D spatial frequencies of the object. We demonstrate that our approach can visualize and analyze the dominant axial internal structure for each image point in real time and with nanoscale sensitivity to structural changes. Computer modeling and experimental results of instantaneous color visualization and quantification of 3D structures of a model system and biological samples are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Alexandrov
- Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory (BOIL), Department of Medicine, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232,
USA
| | - Shikhar Uttam
- Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory (BOIL), Department of Medicine, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232,
USA
| | - Rajan K. Bista
- Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory (BOIL), Department of Medicine, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232,
USA
| | - Chengquan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Magee-Womens Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,
USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory (BOIL), Department of Medicine, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232,
USA
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36
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Pantic I, Harhaji-Trajkovic L, Pantovic A, Milosevic NT, Trajkovic V. Changes in fractal dimension and lacunarity as early markers of UV-induced apoptosis. J Theor Biol 2012; 303:87-92. [PMID: 22763132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to employ fractal analysis for evaluation of ultrastructural changes during early stages of apoptosis. Apoptosis was induced in U251 human glioma cell line by exposure to UVB light. The cells were visualized by optical phase-contrast microscopy and photographed before the UV treatment, immediately after the treatment, as well as at 30 min intervals during 5h observation period. For each of the 32 cells analyzed, cellular and nuclear fractal dimension, as well as nuclear lacunarity, were determined at each time point. Our data demonstrate that cellular ultrastructural complexity determined by fractal dimension and lacunarity significantly decreases after the UV irradiation, with the nuclear lacunarity being a particularly sensitive parameter in detecting early apoptosis. Importantly, fractal analysis was able to detect cellular apoptotic changes earlier than conventional flow cytometric analysis of phosphatidylserine exposure, DNA fragmentation and cell membrane permeabilization. These results indicate that fractal analysis might be a powerful and affordable method for non-invasive early identification of apoptosis in cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pantic
- Institute of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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37
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Zhu Y, Terry NG, Wax A. Angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry: an optical biopsy technique for clinical detection of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 6:37-41. [PMID: 22149580 PMCID: PMC3292261 DOI: 10.1586/egh.11.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry (a/LCI) is an optical biopsy technique that measures scattered light from tissue to determine nuclear size with submicron-level accuracy. The a/LCI probe can be deployed through the accessory channel of a standard endoscope and provides feedback to physicians to guide physical biopsies. The technique has been validated in animal and ex vivo human studies, and has been used to detect dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus patients in vivo. In a recent clinical study of 46 Barrett's esophagus patients, a/LCI was able to detect dysplasia with 100% sensitivity and 84% specificity. This report reviews the technique and discusses its potential clinical utility.
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38
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Chalut KJ, Ekpenyong AE, Clegg WL, Melhuish IC, Guck J. Quantifying cellular differentiation by physical phenotype using digital holographic microscopy. Integr Biol (Camb) 2012; 4:280-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ib00129b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Mulvey CS, Zhang K, Liu WHB, Waxman DJ, Bigio IJ. Wavelength-dependent backscattering measurements for quantitative monitoring of apoptosis, part 1: early and late spectral changes are indicative of the presence of apoptosis in cell cultures. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:117001. [PMID: 22112133 PMCID: PMC3221717 DOI: 10.1117/1.3644389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death with unique morphological and biochemical features, is dysregulated in cancer and is activated by many cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. Noninvasive assays for apoptosis in cell cultures can aid in screening of new anticancer agents. We have previously demonstrated that elastic scattering spectroscopy can monitor apoptosis in cell cultures. In this report we present data on monitoring the detailed time-course of scattering changes in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and PC-3 prostate cancer cells treated with staurosporine to induce apoptosis. Changes in the backscattering spectrum are detectable within 10 min, and continue to progress up to 48 h after staurosporine treatment, with the magnitude and kinetics of scattering changes dependent on inducer concentration. Similar responses were observed in CHO cells treated with several other apoptosis-inducing protocols. Early and late scattering changes were observed under conditions shown to induce apoptosis via caspase activity assay and were absent under conditions where apoptosis was not induced. Finally, blocking caspase activity and downstream apoptotic morphology changes prevented late scattering changes. These observations demonstrate that early and late changes in wavelength-dependent backscattering correlate with the presence of apoptosis in cell cultures and that the late changes are specific to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S Mulvey
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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40
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Terry N, Zhu Y, Thacker JKM, Migaly J, Guy C, Mantyh CR, Wax A. Detection of intestinal dysplasia using angle-resolved low coherence interferometry. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:106002. [PMID: 22029349 PMCID: PMC3206922 DOI: 10.1117/1.3631799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Angle-resolved low coherence interferometry (a/LCI) is an optical biopsy technique that allows for depth-resolved, label-free measurement of the average size and optical density of cell nuclei in epithelial tissue to assess the tissue health. a/LCI has previously been used clinically to identify the presence of dysplasia in Barrett's Esophagus patients undergoing routine surveillance. We present the results of a pilot, ex vivo study of tissues from 27 patients undergoing partial colonic resection surgery, conducted to evaluate the ability of a/LCI to identify dysplasia. Performance was determined by comparing the nuclear morphology measurements with pathological assessment of co-located physical biopsies. A statistically significant correlation between increased average nuclear size, reduced nuclear density, and the presence of dysplasia was noted at the basal layer of the epithelium, at a depth of 200 to 300 μm beneath the tissue surface. Using a decision line determined from a receiver operating characteristic, a/LCI was able to separate dysplastic from healthy tissues with a sensitivity of 92.9% (13/14), a specificity of 83.6% (56/67), and an overall accuracy of 85.2% (69/81). The study illustrates the extension of the a/LCI technique to the detection of intestinal dysplasia, and demonstrates the need for future in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Terry
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Hudson Hall, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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41
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Zhu Y, Terry NG, Wax A. Development of angle-resolved low coherence interferometry for clinical detection of dysplasia. J Carcinog 2011; 10:19. [PMID: 21886457 PMCID: PMC3162729 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.83935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers the development of angle-resolved low coherence interferometry (a/LCI) from initial development through clinical application. In the first applications, the approach used a time-domain interferometry scheme and was validated using animal models of carcinogenesis to assess the feasibility of detecting dysplasia in situ. Further development of the approach led to Fourier-domain interferometry schemes with higher throughput and endoscope-compatible probes to enable clinical application. These later implementations have been applied to clinical studies of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus tissues, a metaplastic tissue type that is associated with an increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. As an alternative to systematic biopsy, the a/LCI approach offers high sensitivity and specificity for detecting dysplasia in these tissues while avoiding the need for tissue removal or exogenous contrast agents. Here, the various implementations of a/LCI are discussed and the results of the preliminary animal experiments and ex vivo human tissue studies are reviewed. A review of a recent in vivo clinical study is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizheng Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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42
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Nolte DD, An R, Turek J, Jeong K. Holographic tissue dynamics spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:087004. [PMID: 21895331 DOI: 10.1117/1.3615970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tissue dynamics spectroscopy uses digital holography as a coherence gate to extract depth-resolved quasi-elastic dynamic light scattering from inside multicellular tumor spheroids. The temporal speckle contrast provides endogenous dynamical images of proliferating and hypoxic or necrotic tissues. Fluctuation spectroscopy similar to diffusing wave spectroscopy is performed on the dynamic speckle to generate tissue-response spectrograms that track time-resolved changes in intracellular motility in response to environmental perturbations. The spectrograms consist of several frequency bands that range from 0.005 to 5 Hz. The fluctuation spectral density and temporal autocorrelations show the signature of constrained anomalous diffusion, but with large fluctuation amplitudes caused by active processes far from equilibrium. Differences in the tissue-response spectrograms between the proliferating outer shell and the hypoxic inner core differentiate normal from starved conditions. The differential spectrograms provide an initial library of tissue-response signatures to environmental conditions of temperature, osmolarity, pH, and serum growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Nolte
- Purdue University, Department of Physics, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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Chalut KJ, Kulangara K, Wax A, Leong KW. Stem cell differentiation indicated by noninvasive photonic characterization and fractal analysis of subcellular architecture. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:863-7. [PMID: 21695342 DOI: 10.1039/c1ib00003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesised that global structural changes in stem cells would manifest with differentiation, and that these changes would be observable with light scattering microscopy. Analysed with a fractal dimension formalism, we observed significant structural changes in differentiating human mesenchymal stem cells within one day after induction, earlier than could be detected by gene expression profiling. Moreover, light scattering microscopy is entirely non-perturbative, so the same sample could be monitored throughout the differentiation process. We explored one possible mechanism, chromatin remodelling, to account for the changes we observed. Correlating with the staining of HP1α, a heterochromatin protein, we applied novel microscopy methods and fractal analysis to monitor the plastic dynamics of chromatin within stem cell nuclei. We showed that the level of chromatin condensation changed during differentiation, and provide one possible explanation for the changes seen with the light scattering method. These results lend physical insight into stem cell differentiation while providing physics-based methods for non-invasive detection of the differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Chalut
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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Boyde L, Chalut KJ, Guck J. Near- and far-field scattering from arbitrary three-dimensional aggregates of coated spheres using parallel computing. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 83:026701. [PMID: 21405924 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.83.026701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many scientific fields--including astronomy, climatology, and biology, among others--require the calculation of the scattered optical fields from multiparticle distributions. In the present study, we combine the established results for the scattering from clusters of homogeneous spheres and from single core-shell particles into a computationally tractable solution that is valid for irregular configurations of nonidentical, coated particles. The presented multiparticle scattering (MPS) model is based on a generalized Lorenz-Mie theory framework and the vector translation theorems for the vector spherical harmonics. We provide the MPS model in both the near and far fields, and for plane-wave and Gaussian beam illumination. A message-passing-interface protocol is used for the computational implementation of the model in a parallel computer program. The computer model is validated by verifying the accuracy of the vector translation theorems utilized in our theoretical methods and by qualitative comparison to existing multiparticle scattering data. We conclude by presenting the scattering profiles from several examples of particle distributions. This MPS model is a practicable method of calculating the optical fields arising in the scattering from particle aggregates and is straightforwardly extensible to arbitrary illumination and to more complex internal-particle structures, such as stratified spheres. Vital applications of this model include the exact computation of forces exerted on irregular objects in optical traps and the simulation of light propagation through biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Boyde
- Sector for Biological and Soft Systems, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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45
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Pasternack RM, Zheng JY, Boustany NN. Detection of mitochondrial fission with orientation-dependent optical Fourier filters. Cytometry A 2011; 79:137-48. [PMID: 21265007 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.21011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We utilize a recently developed optical imaging method based on Fourier processing with Gabor-like filters to detect changes in light scattering resulting from alterations in mitochondrial structure in endothelial cells undergoing apoptosis. Imaging based on Gabor filters shows a significant decrease in the orientation of subcellular organelles at 60 to 100 minutes following apoptosis induction and concomitant with mitochondrial fragmentation observed by fluorescence. The optical scatter changes can be detected at low resolution at the whole cell level. At high resolution, we combine fluorescence imaging of the mitochondria with optical Fourier-based imaging to demonstrate that the dynamic decrease in organelle orientation measured by optical Gabor filtering is spatially associated with fluorescent mitochondria and remains largely absent from nonfluorescent subcellular regions. These results provide strong evidence that the optical Gabor responses track mitochondrial fission during apoptosis and can be used to provide label-free, rapid monitoring of this morphological process within single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Pasternack
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Zhu Y, Terry NG, Woosley JT, Shaheen NJ, Wax A. Design and validation of an angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry fiber probe for in vivo clinical measurements of depth-resolved nuclear morphology. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:011003. [PMID: 21280890 PMCID: PMC3033872 DOI: 10.1117/1.3520130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel Fourier-domain angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry (a /LCI) fiber probe designed for in vivo clinical application in gastrointestinal endoscopy. The a/LCI technique measures the depth-resolved angular scattering distribution to determine the size distribution and optical density of cell nuclei for assessing the health of epithelial tissues. Clinical application is enabled by an endoscopic fiber-optic probe that employs a 2.3-m-long coherent fiber bundle and is compatible with the standard 2.8-mm-diam biopsy channel of a gastroscope. The probe allows for real-time data acquisition by collecting the scattering from multiple angles in parallel, enabled by the Fourier domain approach. The performance of the probe is characterized through measurement of critical parameters. The depth-resolved sizing capability of the system is demonstrated using single- and double-layer microsphere phantoms with subwavelength sizing precision and accuracy achieved. Initial results from a clinical feasibility test are also presented to show in vivo application in the human esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizheng Zhu
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Hudson Hall, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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47
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Brusnichkin AV, Nedosekin DA, Galanzha EI, Vladimirov YA, Shevtsova EF, Proskurnin MA, Zharov VP. Ultrasensitive label-free photothermal imaging, spectral identification, and quantification of cytochrome c in mitochondria, live cells, and solutions. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2010. [PMID: 20572284 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.v3.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing endogenous cellular proteins, in particular cytochrome c, are used as intrinsic biomarkers for studies of cell biology and environment impacts. To sense cytochrome c against real biological backgrounds, we combined photothermal (PT) thermal-lens single-channel schematic in a back-synchronized measurement mode and a multiplex thermal-lens schematic in a transient high resolution (ca. 350 nm) imaging mode. These multifunctional PT techniques using continuous-wave (cw) Ar+ laser and a nanosecond pulsed optical parametric oscillator in the visible range demonstrated the capability for label-free spectral identification and quantification of trace amounts of cytochrome c in a single mitochondrion alone or within a single live cell. PT imaging data were verified in parallel by molecular targeting and fluorescent imaging of cellular cytochrome c. The detection limit of cytochrome c in a cw mode was 5 x 10(-9) mol/L (80 attomols in the signal-generation zone); that is ca. 10³ lower than conventional absorption spectroscopy. Pulsed fast PT microscopy provided the detection limit for cytochrome c at the level of 13 zmol (13 x 10(-21) mol) in the ultrasmall irradiated volumes limited by optical diffraction effects. For the first time, we demonstrate a combination of high resolution PT imaging with PT spectral identification and ultrasensitive quantitative PT characterization of cytochrome c within individual mitochondria in single live cells. A potential of far-field PT microscopy to sub-zeptomol detection thresholds, resolution beyond diffraction limit, PT Raman spectroscopy, and 3D imaging are further highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V Brusnichkin
- Chemistry Department, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob'evy Hills 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
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48
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Brusnichkin AV, Nedosekin DA, Galanzha EI, Vladimirov YA, Shevtsova EF, Proskurnin MA, Zharov VP. Ultrasensitive label-free photothermal imaging, spectral identification, and quantification of cytochrome c in mitochondria, live cells, and solutions. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2010; 3:791-806. [PMID: 20572284 PMCID: PMC3350104 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing endogenous cellular proteins, in particular cytochrome c, are used as intrinsic biomarkers for studies of cell biology and environment impacts. To sense cytochrome c against real biological backgrounds, we combined photothermal (PT) thermal-lens single-channel schematic in a back-synchronized measurement mode and a multiplex thermal-lens schematic in a transient high resolution (ca. 350 nm) imaging mode. These multifunctional PT techniques using continuous-wave (cw) Ar+ laser and a nanosecond pulsed optical parametric oscillator in the visible range demonstrated the capability for label-free spectral identification and quantification of trace amounts of cytochrome c in a single mitochondrion alone or within a single live cell. PT imaging data were verified in parallel by molecular targeting and fluorescent imaging of cellular cytochrome c. The detection limit of cytochrome c in a cw mode was 5 x 10(-9) mol/L (80 attomols in the signal-generation zone); that is ca. 10³ lower than conventional absorption spectroscopy. Pulsed fast PT microscopy provided the detection limit for cytochrome c at the level of 13 zmol (13 x 10(-21) mol) in the ultrasmall irradiated volumes limited by optical diffraction effects. For the first time, we demonstrate a combination of high resolution PT imaging with PT spectral identification and ultrasensitive quantitative PT characterization of cytochrome c within individual mitochondria in single live cells. A potential of far-field PT microscopy to sub-zeptomol detection thresholds, resolution beyond diffraction limit, PT Raman spectroscopy, and 3D imaging are further highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V. Brusnichkin
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob’evy Hills 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Nedosekin
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob’evy Hills 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Ekaterina I. Galanzha
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Yuri A. Vladimirov
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskii prosp. 31-5, Moscow, 117192, Russia
| | - Elena F. Shevtsova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Substances of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Proskurnin
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob’evy Hills 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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49
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Role of cytoskeleton in controlling the disorder strength of cellular nanoscale architecture. Biophys J 2010; 99:989-96. [PMID: 20682278 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeleton is ubiquitous throughout the cell and is involved in important cellular processes such as cellular transport, signal transduction, gene transcription, cell-division, etc. Partial wave spectroscopic microscopy is a novel optical technique that measures the statistical properties of cell nanoscale organization in terms of the disorder strength. It has been found previously that the increase in the disorder strength of cell nanoarchitecture is one of the earliest events in carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigate the cellular components responsible for the differential disorder strength between two morphologically (and hence microscopically) similar but genetically altered human colon cancer cell lines, HT29 cells and Csk shRNA-transfected HT29 cells that exhibit different degrees of neoplastic aggressiveness. To understand the role of cytoskeleton in nanoarchitectural alterations, we performed selective drug treatment on the specific cytoskeletal components of these cell types and studied the effects of cytoskeletal organization on disorder strength differences. We report that altering the cell nanoarchitecture by disrupting cytoskeletal organization leads to the attenuation of the disorder strength differences between microscopically indistinguishable HT29 and CSK constructs. We therefore demonstrate that cytoskeleton plays a role in the control of cellular nanoscale disorder.
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50
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Su X, Rozmus W, Tsui YY. Wide-angle light-scattering differentiation of organelle-size particle distributions in whole cells. Cytometry A 2010; 77:580-4. [PMID: 20301111 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used to study the multiple scattering from many organelle-size particles distributed in a biological cell. Conventional flow cytometry, where the small-angle forward scatter (FSC) intensity and side scatter (SSC) intensity are used for cell characterizations, may have difficulties to differentiate the organelle distributions in biological cells. Based on the FDTD simulations, a light-scattering methodology is proposed here to overcome such a problem. This method differentiates the dense and sparse distributions of organelle-size particles in a cell, by counting the peak numbers in both large-angle FSC and wide-angle SSC, with the multiple scattering effects being considered. Implemented with a wide-angle microfluidic cytometer, the approach demonstrated in this theoretical study may find potential applications in clinics for label-free cell physiological study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuantao Su
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2V4, Canada.
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