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Scheele CLGJ, Herrmann D, Yamashita E, Celso CL, Jenne CN, Oktay MH, Entenberg D, Friedl P, Weigert R, Meijboom FLB, Ishii M, Timpson P, van Rheenen J. Multiphoton intravital microscopy of rodents. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2022; 2:89. [PMID: 37621948 PMCID: PMC10449057 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00168-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Tissues are heterogeneous with respect to cellular and non-cellular components and in the dynamic interactions between these elements. To study the behaviour and fate of individual cells in these complex tissues, intravital microscopy (IVM) techniques such as multiphoton microscopy have been developed to visualize intact and live tissues at cellular and subcellular resolution. IVM experiments have revealed unique insights into the dynamic interplay between different cell types and their local environment, and how this drives morphogenesis and homeostasis of tissues, inflammation and immune responses, and the development of various diseases. This Primer introduces researchers to IVM technologies, with a focus on multiphoton microscopy of rodents, and discusses challenges, solutions and practical tips on how to perform IVM. To illustrate the unique potential of IVM, several examples of results are highlighted. Finally, we discuss data reproducibility and how to handle big imaging data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colinda L. G. J. Scheele
- Laboratory for Intravital Imaging and Dynamics of Tumor Progression, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Herrmann
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Department, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erika Yamashita
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Cristina Lo Celso
- Department of Life Sciences and Centre for Hematology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Sir Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Craig N. Jenne
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maja H. Oktay
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - David Entenberg
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Franck L. B. Meijboom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Sustainable Animal Stewardship, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Faculty of Humanities, Ethics Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Paul Timpson
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Department, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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2
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Lang L, Shay C, Xiong Y, Thakkar P, Chemmalakuzhy R, Wang X, Teng Y. Combating head and neck cancer metastases by targeting Src using multifunctional nanoparticle-based saracatinib. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:85. [PMID: 29925404 PMCID: PMC6011403 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most important challenges in cancer treatment. Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, has been implicated as a key promoter in tumor progression and metastasis of HNSCC. However, Src therapy for HNSCC is limited by lack of efficient in vivo delivery and underlying mechanisms remain elusive. METHODS Src knockdown cells were achieved by lentiviral-mediated interference. Cell migration and invasion were examined by wound healing and Transwell assays. Protein levels were determined by Western blot and/or immunohistochemistry. The Src inhibitor saracatinib was loaded into self-assembling nanoparticles by the solvent evaporation method. An experimental metastasis mouse model was generated to investigate the drug efficacy in metastasis. RESULTS Blockade of Src kinase activity by saracatinib effectively suppressed invasion and metastasis of HNSCC. Mechanistic assessment of the drug effects in HNSCC cells showed that saracatinib induced suppression of Src-dependent invasion/metastasis through downregulating the expression levels of Vimentin and Snail proteins. In tests in mice, saracatinib loaded into the novel multifunctional nanoparticles exhibited superior effects on suppression of HNSCC metastasis compared with the free drug, which is mainly attributed to highly specific and efficient tumor-targeted drug delivery system. CONCLUSIONS These findings and advances are of great importance to the development of Src-targeted nanomedicine as a more effective therapy for metastatic HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Lang
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Chloe Shay
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Children’s Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Yuanping Xiong
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Parth Thakkar
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Ron Chemmalakuzhy
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Xuli Wang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Utah, 201 Presidents Cir, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging and Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
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3
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Spatial and temporal organization of cadherin in punctate adherens junctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E4406-E4415. [PMID: 29691319 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720826115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) play a fundamental role in tissue integrity; however, the organization and dynamics of the key AJ transmembrane protein, E-cadherin, both inside and outside of AJs, remain controversial. Here we have studied the distribution and motility of E-cadherin in punctate AJs (pAJs) of A431 cells. Using single-molecule localization microscopy, we show that pAJs in these cells reach more than 1 μm in length and consist of several cadherin clusters with crystal-like density interspersed within sparser cadherin regions. Notably, extrajunctional cadherin appears to be monomeric, and its density is almost four orders of magnitude less than observed in the pAJ regions. Two alternative strategies of tracking cadherin motion within individual junctions show that pAJs undergo actin-dependent rapid-on the order of seconds-internal reorganizations, during which dense clusters disassemble and their cadherins are immediately reused for new clusters. Our results thus modify the classical view of AJs by depicting them as mosaics of cadherin clusters, the short lifetimes of which enable stable overall morphology combined with rapid internal rearrangements.
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4
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Nobis M, Warren SC, Lucas MC, Murphy KJ, Herrmann D, Timpson P. Molecular mobility and activity in an intravital imaging setting - implications for cancer progression and targeting. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/5/jcs206995. [PMID: 29511095 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.206995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mobility, localisation and spatiotemporal activity are at the core of cell biological processes and deregulation of these dynamic events can underpin disease development and progression. Recent advances in intravital imaging techniques in mice are providing new avenues to study real-time molecular behaviour in intact tissues within a live organism and to gain exciting insights into the intricate regulation of live cell biology at the microscale level. The monitoring of fluorescently labelled proteins and agents can be combined with autofluorescent properties of the microenvironment to provide a comprehensive snapshot of in vivo cell biology. In this Review, we summarise recent intravital microscopy approaches in mice, in processes ranging from normal development and homeostasis to disease progression and treatment in cancer, where we emphasise the utility of intravital imaging to observe dynamic and transient events in vivo We also highlight the recent integration of advanced subcellular imaging techniques into the intravital imaging pipeline, which can provide in-depth biological information beyond the single-cell level. We conclude with an outlook of ongoing developments in intravital microscopy towards imaging in humans, as well as provide an overview of the challenges the intravital imaging community currently faces and outline potential ways for overcoming these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kendelle J Murphy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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5
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Sasidharan S, Borinskaya S, Patel F, Bernadskaya Y, Mandalapu S, Agapito M, Soto MC. WAVE regulates Cadherin junction assembly and turnover during epithelial polarization. Dev Biol 2017; 434:133-148. [PMID: 29223862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Actin is an integral component of epithelial apical junctions, yet the interactions of branched actin regulators with apical junction components are still not clear. Biochemical data have shown that α-catenin inhibits Arp2/3-dependent branched actin. These results suggested that branched actin is only needed at earliest stages of apical junction development. We use live imaging in developing C. elegans embryos to test models for how WAVE-induced branched actin collaborates with other apical junction proteins during the essential process of junction formation and maturation. We uncover both early and late essential roles for WAVE in apical junction formation. Early, as the C. elegans intestinal epithelium becomes polarized, we find that WAVE components become enriched concurrently with the Cadherin components and before the DLG-1 apical accumulation. Live imaging of F-actin accumulation in polarizing intestine supports that the Cadherin complex components and branched actin regulators work together for apical actin enrichment. Later in junction development, the apical accumulation of WAVE and Cadherin components is shown to be interdependent: Cadherin complex loss alters WAVE accumulation, and WAVE complex loss increases Cadherin accumulation. To determine why Cadherin levels rise when WVE-1 is depleted, we use FRAP to analyze Cadherin dynamics and find that loss of WAVE as well as of the trafficking protein EHD-1/RME-1 increases Cadherin dynamics. EM studies in adults depleted of branched actin regulators support that WVE-1 maintains established junctions, presumably through its trafficking effect on Cadherin. Thus we propose a developmental model for junction formation where branched actin regulators are tightly interconnected with Cadherin junctions through their previously unappreciated role in Cadherin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashikala Sasidharan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sofya Borinskaya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Falshruti Patel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yelena Bernadskaya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sailaja Mandalapu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Maria Agapito
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Martha C Soto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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6
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Advedissian T, Proux-Gillardeaux V, Nkosi R, Peyret G, Nguyen T, Poirier F, Viguier M, Deshayes F. E-cadherin dynamics is regulated by galectin-7 at epithelial cell surface. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17086. [PMID: 29213102 PMCID: PMC5719072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Re-epithelialisation of wounded epidermis is ensured by collective cell migration of keratinocytes. Efficient collective migration requires the maintenance of intercellular adhesion, notably through adherens junctions, to favour cell communication, support tension forces and coordinated movement . Galectin-7, a soluble lectin expressed in stratified epithelia, has been previously implicated in cell migration and intercellular adhesion. Here, we revealed a new function of galectin-7 in the control of directionality and collective behaviour in migrating keratinocytes. Consistently, we identified galectin-7 as a direct partner of E-cadherin, a key component of adherens junctions. Unexpectedly, this interaction does not require glycosylation motifs. Focusing on the underlying mechanisms, we showed that galectin-7 stabilizes E-cadherin at the plasma membrane, restraining its endocytosis. Interestingly, galectin-7 silencing decreases E-cadherin-mediated intercellular adhesion. Consequently, this study not only identifies a new stabilizer of adherens junctions but also emphasises the importance of the interplay between E-cadherin turnover and intercellular adhesion strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Advedissian
- Team Morphogenesis, Homeostasis and Pathologies, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Proux-Gillardeaux
- Team Morphogenesis, Homeostasis and Pathologies, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France.,Team Membrane Traffic in Health & Disease, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Nkosi
- Team Morphogenesis, Homeostasis and Pathologies, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Peyret
- Team Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Team Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Poirier
- Team Morphogenesis, Homeostasis and Pathologies, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Mireille Viguier
- Team Morphogenesis, Homeostasis and Pathologies, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Frédérique Deshayes
- Team Morphogenesis, Homeostasis and Pathologies, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France.
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7
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Benthani FA, Herrmann D, Tran PN, Pangon L, Lucas MC, Allam AH, Currey N, Al-Sohaily S, Giry-Laterriere M, Warusavitarne J, Timpson P, Kohonen-Corish MRJ. 'MCC' protein interacts with E-cadherin and β-catenin strengthening cell-cell adhesion of HCT116 colon cancer cells. Oncogene 2017; 37:663-672. [PMID: 29035389 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
E-cadherin and β-catenin are key proteins that are essential in the formation of the epithelial cell layer in the colon but their regulatory pathways that are disrupted in cancer metastasis are not completely understood. Mutated in colorectal cancer (MCC) is a tumour suppressor gene that is silenced by promoter methylation in colorectal cancer and particularly in patients with increased lymph node metastasis. Here, we show that MCC methylation is found in 45% of colon and 24% of rectal cancers and is associated with proximal colon, poorly differentiated, circumferential and mucinous tumours as well as increasing T stage and larger tumour size. Knockdown of MCC in HCT116 colon cancer cells caused a reduction in E-cadherin protein level, which is a hallmark of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer, and consequently diminished the E-cadherin/β-catenin complex. MCC knockdown disrupted cell-cell adhesive strength and integrity in the dispase and transepithelial electrical resistance assays, enhanced hepatocyte growth factor-induced cell scatter and increased tumour cell invasiveness in an organotypic assay. The Src/Abl inhibitor dasatinib, a candidate anti-invasive drug, abrogated the invasive properties induced by MCC deficiency. Mechanistically, we establish that MCC interacts with the E-cadherin/β-catenin complex. These data provide a significant advance in the current understanding of cell-cell adhesion in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Benthani
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D Herrmann
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P N Tran
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L Pangon
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M C Lucas
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A H Allam
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - N Currey
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S Al-Sohaily
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Giry-Laterriere
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Warusavitarne
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Timpson
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M R J Kohonen-Corish
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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8
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Conway JRW, Warren SC, Timpson P. Context-dependent intravital imaging of therapeutic response using intramolecular FRET biosensors. Methods 2017; 128:78-94. [PMID: 28435000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy represents a more physiologically relevant method for assessing therapeutic response. However, the movement into an in vivo setting brings with it several additional considerations, the primary being the context in which drug activity is assessed. Microenvironmental factors, such as hypoxia, pH, fibrosis, immune infiltration and stromal interactions have all been shown to have pronounced effects on drug activity in a more complex setting, which is often lost in simpler two- or three-dimensional assays. Here we present a practical guide for the application of intravital microscopy, looking at the available fluorescent reporters and their respective expression systems and analysis considerations. Moving in vivo, we also discuss the microscopy set up and methods available for overlaying microenvironmental context to the experimental readouts. This enables a smooth transition into applying higher fidelity intravital imaging to improve the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R W Conway
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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9
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Ren K, Lu X, Yao N, Chen Y, Yang A, Chen H, Zhang J, Wu S, Shi X, Wang C, Sun X. Focal adhesion kinase overexpression and its impact on human osteosarcoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31085-103. [PMID: 26393679 PMCID: PMC4741590 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has been implicated in tumorigenesis in various malignancies. We sought to examine the expression patterns of FAK and the activated form, phosphorylated FAK (pFAK), in human osteosarcoma and to investigate the correlation of FAK expression with clinicopathologic parameters and prognosis. In addition, the functional consequence of manipulating the FAK protein level was investigated in human osteosarcoma cell lines. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect FAK and pFAK in pathologic archived materials from 113 patients with primary osteosarcoma. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the prognoses. The role of FAK in the cytological behavior of MG63 and 143B human osteosarcoma cell lines was studied via FAK protein knock down with siRNA. Cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness and apoptosis were assessed using the CCK8, Transwell and Annexin V/PI staining methods. Both FAK and pFAK were overexpressed in osteosarcoma. There were significant differences in overall survival between the FAK-/pFAK- and FAK+/pFAK- groups (P = 0.016), the FAK+/pFAK- and FAK+/pFAK+ groups (P = 0.012) and the FAK-/pFAK- and FAK+/pFAK+ groups (P < 0.001). There were similar differences in metastasis-free survival between groups. The Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that the FAK expression profile was an independent indicator of both overall and metastasis-free survival. SiRNA-based knockdown of FAK not only dramatically reduced the migration and invasion of MG63 and 143B cells, but also had a distinct effect on osteosarcoma cell proliferation and apoptosis. These results collectively suggest that FAK overexpression and phosphorylation might predict more aggressive biologic behavior in osteosarcoma and may be an independent predictor of poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu Province, P.R.China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R.China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Center Laboratory of Cancer Center, The Jingdu Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, P.R.China
| | - Nan Yao
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R.China
| | - Yong Chen
- Jinling Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, P.R.China
| | - Aizhen Yang
- Center Laboratory of Cancer Center, The Jingdu Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, P.R.China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R.China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R.China
| | - Sujia Wu
- Jinling Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, P.R.China
| | - Xin Shi
- Jinling Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, P.R.China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R.China
| | - Xiaoliang Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu Province, P.R.China
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10
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Strup-Perrot C, Vozenin MC, Monceau V, Pouzoulet F, Petit B, Holler V, Perrot S, Desquibert L, Fouquet S, Souquere S, Pierron G, Rousset M, Thenet S, Cardot P, Benderitter M, Deutsch E, Aigueperse J. PrP(c) deficiency and dasatinib protect mouse intestines against radiation injury by inhibiting of c-Src. Radiother Oncol 2016; 120:175-83. [PMID: 27406443 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Despite extensive study of the contribution of cell death and apoptosis to radiation-induced acute intestinal injury, our knowledge of the signaling mechanisms involved in epithelial barrier dysfunction remains inadequate. Because PrP(c) plays a key role in intestinal homeostasis by renewing epithelia, we sought to study its role in epithelial barrier function after irradiation. DESIGN Histology, morphometry and plasma FD-4 levels were used to examine ileal architecture, wound healing, and intestinal leakage in PrP(c)-deficient (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice after total-body irradiation. Impairment of the PrP(c) Src pathway after irradiation was explored by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, with Caco-2/Tc7 cells. Lastly, dasatinib treatment was used to switch off the Src pathway in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The decrease in radiation-induced lethality, improved intestinal wound healing, and reduced intestinal leakage promoted by PrP(c) deficiency demonstrate its involvement in acute intestinal damage. Irradiation of Cacao2/Tc7 cells induced PrP(c) to target the nuclei associated with Src activation. Finally, the protective effect triggered by dasatinib confirmed Src involvement in radiation-induced acute intestinal toxicity. CONCLUSION Our data are the first to show a role for the PrP(c)-Src pathway in acute intestinal response to radiation injury and offer a novel therapeutic opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Strup-Perrot
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PRP-HOM, SRBE, Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Régénération des tissus sains Irradiés, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Inserm U1030, Radiotherapie experimentale, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Laboratoire de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Monceau
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PRP-HOM, SRBE, Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Régénération des tissus sains Irradiés, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Inserm U1030, Radiotherapie experimentale, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Frederic Pouzoulet
- Institut Curie, Translational Research Department, Hopital St Louis, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Petit
- Laboratoire de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service Commun d'Expérimentation Animale, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Valérie Holler
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PRP-HOM, SRBE, Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Régénération des tissus sains Irradiés, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sébastien Perrot
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Institut de Recherche Clinique Animale, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Loïc Desquibert
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Institut de Recherche Clinique Animale, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Fouquet
- Stéphane FOUQUET, Centre de Recherche Institut de la Vision, UMR_S968 Inserm/UPMC/CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | | | - Gérard Pierron
- CNRS, UMR-8122, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Monique Rousset
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 872, France; INSERM, U 872, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes-Paris 5, UMR S 872, France
| | - Sophie Thenet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 872, France; INSERM, U 872, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes-Paris 5, UMR S 872, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Cardot
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 872, France; INSERM, U 872, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes-Paris 5, UMR S 872, France
| | - Marc Benderitter
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PRP-HOM, SRBE, Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Régénération des tissus sains Irradiés, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Eric Deutsch
- Inserm U1030, Radiotherapie experimentale, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jocelyne Aigueperse
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PRP-HOM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Erami Z, Herrmann D, Warren SC, Nobis M, McGhee EJ, Lucas MC, Leung W, Reischmann N, Mrowinska A, Schwarz JP, Kadir S, Conway JRW, Vennin C, Karim SA, Campbell AD, Gallego-Ortega D, Magenau A, Murphy KJ, Ridgway RA, Law AM, Walters SN, Grey ST, Croucher DR, Zhang L, Herzog H, Hardeman EC, Gunning PW, Ormandy CJ, Evans TRJ, Strathdee D, Sansom OJ, Morton JP, Anderson KI, Timpson P. Intravital FRAP Imaging using an E-cadherin-GFP Mouse Reveals Disease- and Drug-Dependent Dynamic Regulation of Cell-Cell Junctions in Live Tissue. Cell Rep 2016; 14:152-167. [PMID: 26725115 PMCID: PMC4709331 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell junctions play a prominent role in maintaining the epithelial architecture. The disruption or deregulation of these adhesions in cancer can lead to the collapse of tumor epithelia that precedes invasion and subsequent metastasis. Here we generated an E-cadherin-GFP mouse that enables intravital photobleaching and quantification of E-cadherin mobility in live tissue without affecting normal biology. We demonstrate the broad applications of this mouse by examining E-cadherin regulation in multiple tissues, including mammary, brain, liver, and kidney tissue, while specifically monitoring E-cadherin mobility during disease progression in the pancreas. We assess E-cadherin stability in native pancreatic tissue upon genetic manipulation involving Kras and p53 or in response to anti-invasive drug treatment and gain insights into the dynamic remodeling of E-cadherin during in situ cancer progression. FRAP in the E-cadherin-GFP mouse, therefore, promises to be a valuable tool to fundamentally expand our understanding of E-cadherin-mediated events in native microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Erami
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Max Nobis
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Wilfred Leung
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Nadine Reischmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Agata Mrowinska
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Juliane P Schwarz
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Shereen Kadir
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - James R W Conway
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Claire Vennin
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Saadia A Karim
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Andrew D Campbell
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David Gallego-Ortega
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Astrid Magenau
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kendelle J Murphy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Rachel A Ridgway
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Andrew M Law
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Stacey N Walters
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Shane T Grey
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David R Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Edna C Hardeman
- Neuromuscular and Regenerative Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Peter W Gunning
- Oncology Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher J Ormandy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - T R Jeffry Evans
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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12
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Erami Z, Timpson P, Yao W, Zaidel-Bar R, Anderson KI. There are four dynamically and functionally distinct populations of E-cadherin in cell junctions. Biol Open 2015; 4:1481-9. [PMID: 26471767 PMCID: PMC4728362 DOI: 10.1242/bio.014159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin is a trans-membrane tumor suppressor responsible for epithelial cell adhesion. E-cadherin forms adhesive clusters through combined extra-cellular cis- and trans-interactions and intracellular interaction with the actin cytoskeleton. Here we identify four populations of E-cadherin within cell junctions based on the molecular interactions which determine their mobility and adhesive properties. Adhesive and non-adhesive populations of E-cadherin each consist of mobile and immobile fractions. Up to half of the E-cadherin immobilized in cell junctions is non-adhesive. Incorporation of E-cadherin into functional adhesions require all three adhesive interactions, with deletion of any one resulting in loss of effective cell-cell adhesion. Interestingly, the only interaction which could independently slow the diffusion of E-cadherin was the tail-mediated intra-cellular interaction. The adhesive and non-adhesive mobile fractions of E-cadherin can be distinguished by their sensitivity to chemical cross-linking with adhesive clusters. Our data define the size, mobility, and adhesive properties of four distinct populations of E-cadherin within cell junctions, and support association with the actin cytoskeleton as the first step in adhesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Erami
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G11 7DU, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G11 7DU, UK
| | - Wu Yao
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
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13
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Morris HT, Machesky LM. Actin cytoskeletal control during epithelial to mesenchymal transition: focus on the pancreas and intestinal tract. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:613-20. [PMID: 25611303 PMCID: PMC4333498 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of epithelial tissues allows organisms to specialise and form tissues with diverse functions and compartmentalised environments. The tight controls on cell growth and migration required to maintain epithelia can present problems such as the development and spread of cancer when normal pathways are disrupted. By attaining a deeper understanding of how cell migration is suppressed to maintain the epithelial organisation and how it is reactivated when epithelial tissues become mesenchymal, new insights into both cancer and development can be gained. Here we discuss recent developments in our understanding of epithelial and mesenchymal regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in normal and cancerous tissue, with a focus on the pancreas and intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Morris
- The CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research and University of Glasgow College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - L M Machesky
- The CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research and University of Glasgow College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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14
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Lee M, Downes A, Chau YY, Serrels B, Hastie N, Elfick A, Brunton V, Frame M, Serrels A. In vivo imaging of the tumor and its associated microenvironment using combined CARS / 2-photon microscopy. INTRAVITAL 2015; 4:e1055430. [PMID: 28243514 PMCID: PMC5226011 DOI: 10.1080/21659087.2015.1055430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The use of confocal and multi-photon microscopy for intra-vital cancer imaging has impacted on our understanding of cancer cell behavior and interaction with the surrounding tumor microenvironment in vivo. However, many studies to-date rely on the use fluorescent dyes or genetically encoded probes that enable visualization of a structure or cell population of interest, but do not illuminate the complexity of the surrounding tumor microenvironment. Here, we show that multi-modal microscopy combining 2-photon fluorescence with CARS can begin to address this deficit, enabling detailed imaging of the tumor niche without the need for additional labeling. This can be performed on live tumor-bearing animals through optical observation windows, permitting real-time and longitudinal imaging of dynamic processes within the tumor niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lee
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Center; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Downes
- School of Engineering; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - You-Ying Chau
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Serrels
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Center; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Hastie
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Elfick
- School of Engineering; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Center; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Frame
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Center; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Serrels
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Center; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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15
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Masedunskas A, Appaduray M, Hardeman EC, Gunning PW. What makes a model system great? INTRAVITAL 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/intv.26287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Ritsma L, Ponsioen B, van Rheenen J. Intravital imaging of cell signaling in mice. INTRAVITAL 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/intv.20802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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FAK signaling in human cancer as a target for therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 146:132-49. [PMID: 25316657 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a key regulator of growth factor receptor- and integrin-mediated signals, governing fundamental processes in normal and cancer cells through its kinase activity and scaffolding function. Increased FAK expression and activity occurs in primary and metastatic cancers of many tissue origins, and is often associated with poor clinical outcome, highlighting FAK as a potential determinant of tumor development and metastasis. Indeed, data from cell culture and animal models of cancer provide strong lines of evidence that FAK promotes malignancy by regulating tumorigenic and metastatic potential through highly-coordinated signaling networks that orchestrate a diverse range of cellular processes, such as cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis and regulation of cancer stem cell activities. Such an integral role in governing malignant characteristics indicates that FAK represents a potential target for cancer therapeutics. While pharmacologic targeting of FAK scaffold function is still at an early stage of development, a number of small molecule-based FAK tyrosine kinase inhibitors are currently undergoing pre-clinical and clinical testing. In particular, PF-00562271, VS-4718 and VS-6063 show promising clinical activities in patients with selected solid cancers. Clinical testing of rationally designed FAK-targeting agents with implementation of predictive response biomarkers, such as merlin deficiency for VS-4718 in mesothelioma, may help improve clinical outcome for cancer patients. In this article, we have reviewed the current knowledge regarding FAK signaling in human cancer, and recent developments in the generation and clinical application of FAK-targeting pharmacologic agents.
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18
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Lo Re D, Zhou Y, Nobis M, Anderson KI, Murphy PV. Synthesis of Migrastatin and its Macroketone Analogue and In Vivo FRAP Analysis of the Macroketone on E-Cadherin Dynamics. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1459-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
To comprehend the complexity of cancer, the biological characteristics acquired during the initiation and progression of tumours were classified as the 'hallmarks of cancer'. Intravital microscopy techniques have been developed to study individual cells that acquire these crucial traits, by visualizing tissues with cellular or subcellular resolution in living animals. In this Review, we highlight the latest intravital microscopy techniques that have been used in living animals (predominantly mice) to unravel fundamental and dynamic aspects of various hallmarks of cancer. In addition, we discuss the application of intravital microscopy techniques to cancer therapy, as well as limitations and future perspectives for these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia I J Ellenbroek
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands-Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands-Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Conway JRW, Carragher NO, Timpson P. Developments in preclinical cancer imaging: innovating the discovery of therapeutics. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:314-28. [PMID: 24739578 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Integrating biological imaging into early stages of the drug discovery process can provide invaluable readouts of drug activity within complex disease settings, such as cancer. Iterating this approach from initial lead compound identification in vitro to proof-of-principle in vivo analysis represents a key challenge in the drug discovery field. By embracing more complex and informative models in drug discovery, imaging can improve the fidelity and statistical robustness of preclinical cancer studies. In this Review, we highlight how combining advanced imaging with three-dimensional systems and intravital mouse models can provide more informative and disease-relevant platforms for cancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R W Conway
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2010, Sydney, Australia
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2010, Sydney, Australia
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21
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Kapus A, Janmey P. Plasma membrane--cortical cytoskeleton interactions: a cell biology approach with biophysical considerations. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:1231-81. [PMID: 23897686 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
From a biophysical standpoint, the interface between the cell membrane and the cytoskeleton is an intriguing site where a "two-dimensional fluid" interacts with an exceedingly complex three-dimensional protein meshwork. The membrane is a key regulator of the cytoskeleton, which not only provides docking sites for cytoskeletal elements through transmembrane proteins, lipid binding-based, and electrostatic interactions, but also serves as the source of the signaling events and molecules that control cytoskeletal organization and remolding. Conversely, the cytoskeleton is a key determinant of the biophysical and biochemical properties of the membrane, including its shape, tension, movement, composition, as well as the mobility, partitioning, and recycling of its constituents. From a cell biological standpoint, the membrane-cytoskeleton interplay underlies--as a central executor and/or regulator--a multitude of complex processes including chemical and mechanical signal transduction, motility/migration, endo-/exo-/phagocytosis, and other forms of membrane traffic, cell-cell, and cell-matrix adhesion. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the tight structural and functional coupling between the membrane and the cytoskeleton. As biophysical approaches, both theoretical and experimental, proved to be instrumental for our understanding of the membrane/cytoskeleton interplay, this review will "oscillate" between the cell biological phenomena and the corresponding biophysical principles and considerations. After describing the types of connections between the membrane and the cytoskeleton, we will focus on a few key physical parameters and processes (force generation, curvature, tension, and surface charge) and will discuss how these contribute to a variety of fundamental cell biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Kapus
- Keenan Research Center, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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22
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Nobis M, Carragher NO, McGhee EJ, Morton JP, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, Timpson P. Advanced intravital subcellular imaging reveals vital three-dimensional signalling events driving cancer cell behaviour and drug responses in live tissue. FEBS J 2013; 280:5177-97. [PMID: 23678945 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The integration of signal transduction pathways plays a fundamental role in governing disease initiation, progression and outcome. It is therefore necessary to understand disease at the signalling level to enable effective treatment and to intervene in its progression. The recent extension of in vitro subcellular image-based analysis to live in vivo modelling of disease is providing a more complete picture of real-time, dynamic signalling processes or drug responses in live tissue. Intravital imaging offers alternative strategies for studying disease and embraces the biological complexities that govern disease progression. In the present review, we highlight how three-dimensional or live intravital imaging has uncovered novel insights into biological mechanisms or modes of drug action. Furthermore, we offer a prospective view of how imaging applications may be integrated further with the aim of understanding disease in a more physiological and functional manner within the framework of the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
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23
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Fein MR, Egeblad M. Caught in the act: revealing the metastatic process by live imaging. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:580-93. [PMID: 23616077 PMCID: PMC3634643 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.009282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of metastatic cancer in patients is poor. Interfering with metastatic spread is therefore important for achieving better survival from cancer. Metastatic disease is established through a series of steps, including breaching of the basement membrane, intravasation and survival in lymphatic or blood vessels, extravasation, and growth at distant sites. Yet, although we know the steps involved in metastasis, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of dissemination and colonization of distant organs are incompletely understood. Here, we review the important insights into the metastatic process that have been gained specifically through the use of imaging technologies in murine, chicken embryo and zebrafish model systems, including high-resolution two-photon microscopy and bioluminescence. We further discuss how imaging technologies are beginning to allow researchers to address the role of regional activation of specific molecular pathways in the metastatic process. These technologies are shedding light, literally, on almost every step of the metastatic process, particularly with regards to the dynamics and plasticity of the disseminating cancer cells and the active participation of the microenvironment in the processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam R Fein
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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Ivanov AI, Naydenov NG. Dynamics and regulation of epithelial adherens junctions: recent discoveries and controversies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 303:27-99. [PMID: 23445808 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407697-6.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) are evolutionarily conserved plasma-membrane structures that mediate cell-cell adhesions in multicellular organisms. They are organized by several types of adhesive integral membrane proteins, most notably cadherins and nectins that are clustered and stabilized by a number of cytoplasmic scaffolds. AJs are key regulators of tissue architecture and dynamics via control of cell proliferation, polarity, shape, motility, and survival. They are absolutely critical for normal tissue morphogenesis and their disruption results in pathological abnormalities in different tissues. Although the field of adherens-junction research dramatically progressed in recent years, a number of important questions remain controversial and poorly understood. This review outlines basic principles that regulate organization of AJs in mammalian epithelia and discusses recent advances and standing controversies in the field. A special attention is paid to the regulation of AJs by vesicle trafficking and the intracellular cytoskeleton as well as roles and mechanisms of adherens-junction disruption during tumor progression and tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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25
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Nobis M, McGhee EJ, Morton JP, Schwarz JP, Karim SA, Quinn J, Edward M, Campbell AD, McGarry LC, Evans TRJ, Brunton VG, Frame MC, Carragher NO, Wang Y, Sansom OJ, Timpson P, Anderson KI. Intravital FLIM-FRET imaging reveals dasatinib-induced spatial control of src in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4674-86. [PMID: 23749641 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer invasion and metastasis occur in a complex three-dimensional (3D) environment, with reciprocal feedback from the surrounding host tissue and vasculature-governing behavior. In this study, we used a novel intravital method that revealed spatiotemporal regulation of Src activity in response to the anti-invasive Src inhibitor dasatinib. A fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy-fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FLIM-FRET) Src biosensor was used to monitor drug-targeting efficacy in a transgenic p53-mutant mouse model of pancreatic cancer. In contrast to conventional techniques, FLIM-FRET analysis allowed for accurate, time-dependent, live monitoring of drug efficacy and clearance in live tumors. In 3D organotypic cultures, we showed that a spatially distinct gradient of Src activity exists within invading tumor cells, governed by the depth of penetration into complex matrices. In parallel, this gradient was also found to exist within live tumors, where Src activity is enhanced at the invasive border relative to the tumor cortex. Upon treatment with dasatinib, we observed a switch in activity at the invasive borders, correlating with impaired metastatic capacity in vivo. Src regulation was governed by the proximity of cells to the host vasculature, as cells distal to the vasculature were regulated differentially in response to drug treatment compared with cells proximal to the vasculature. Overall, our results in live tumors revealed that a threshold of drug penetrance exists in vivo and that this can be used to map areas of poor drug-targeting efficiency within specific tumor microenvironments. We propose that using FLIM-FRET in this capacity could provide a useful preclinical tool in animal models before clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow; Section of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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26
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Karim SA, Creedon H, Patel H, Carragher NO, Morton JP, Muller WJ, Evans TR, Gusterson B, Sansom OJ, Brunton VG. Dasatinib inhibits mammary tumour development in a genetically engineered mouse model. J Pathol 2013; 230:430-40. [PMID: 23616343 DOI: 10.1002/path.4202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Src family kinase activity is elevated in a number of human cancers including breast cancer. This increased activity has been associated with aggressive disease and poor prognosis. Src inhibitors are currently in clinical development with a number of trials currently assessing their activity in breast cancer. However, the results to date have been disappointing and a further evaluation of the preclinical effects of Src inhibitors is required to help establish whether these agents will be useful in the treatment of breast cancer. In this study we investigate the effects of dasatinib, which is a potent inhibitor of Src family kinases, on the initiation and development of breast cancer in a genetically engineered model of the disease. The mouse model utilized is driven by expression of activated ErbB-2 under the transcriptional control of its endogenous promoter coupled with conditional loss of Pten under the control of Cre recombinase expressed by the BLG promoter. We show that daily oral administration of dasatinib delays tumour onset and increases overall survival but does not inhibit the proliferation of established tumours. The striking difference between the dasatinib-treated group of tumours and the vehicle controls was the prominent squamous metaplasia that was seen in six out of 11 dasatinib-treated tumours. This was accompanied by a dramatic up-regulation of both E-cadherin and β-catenin and down-regulation of ErbB-2 in the dasatinib-treated tumours. Dasatinib also inhibited both the migration and the invasion of tumour-derived cell lines in vitro. Together these data support the argument that benefits of Src inhibitors may predominate in early or even pre-invasive disease.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dasatinib
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, erbB-2
- Integrases/genetics
- Integrases/metabolism
- Lactoglobulins/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/enzymology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/deficiency
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Thiazoles/administration & dosage
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- beta Catenin/genetics
- beta Catenin/metabolism
- src-Family Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadia A Karim
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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27
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Alexander S, Weigelin B, Winkler F, Friedl P. Preclinical intravital microscopy of the tumour-stroma interface: invasion, metastasis, and therapy response. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:659-71. [PMID: 23896198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Key steps of cancer progression and therapy response depend upon interactions between cancer cells with the reactive tumour microenvironment. Intravital microscopy enables multi-modal and multi-scale monitoring of cancer progression as a dynamic step-wise process within anatomic and functional niches provided by the microenvironment. These niches deliver cell-derived and matrix-derived signals that enable cell subsets or single cancer cells to survive, migrate, grow, undergo dormancy, and escape immune surveillance. Beyond basic research, intravital microscopy has reached preclinical application to identify mechanisms of tumour-stroma interactions and outcome. We here summarise how n-dimensional 'dynamic histopathology' of tumours by intravital microscopy shapes mechanistic insight into cell-cell and cell-tissue interactions that underlie single-cell and collective cancer invasion, metastatic seeding at distant sites, immune evasion, and therapy responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Alexander
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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28
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Myelin membrane assembly is driven by a phase transition of myelin basic proteins into a cohesive protein meshwork. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001577. [PMID: 23762018 PMCID: PMC3676292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid conduction of nerve impulses requires coating of axons by myelin. To function as an electrical insulator, myelin is generated as a tightly packed, lipid-rich multilayered membrane sheath. Knowledge about the mechanisms that govern myelin membrane biogenesis is required to understand myelin disassembly as it occurs in diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Here, we show that myelin basic protein drives myelin biogenesis using weak forces arising from its inherent capacity to phase separate. The association of myelin basic protein molecules to the inner leaflet of the membrane bilayer induces a phase transition into a cohesive mesh-like protein network. The formation of this protein network shares features with amyloid fibril formation. The process is driven by phenylalanine-mediated hydrophobic and amyloid-like interactions that provide the molecular basis for protein extrusion and myelin membrane zippering. These findings uncover a physicochemical mechanism of how a cytosolic protein regulates the morphology of a complex membrane architecture. These results provide a key mechanism in myelin membrane biogenesis with implications for disabling demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system.
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29
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Canel M, Serrels A, Frame MC, Brunton VG. E-cadherin-integrin crosstalk in cancer invasion and metastasis. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:393-401. [PMID: 23525005 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin is a single-pass transmembrane protein that mediates homophilic cell-cell interactions. Tumour progression is often associated with the loss of E-cadherin function and the transition to a more motile and invasive phenotype. This requires the coordinated regulation of both E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesions and integrin-mediated adhesions that contact the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Regulation of both types of adhesion is dynamic as cells respond to external cues from the tumour microenvironment that regulate polarity, directional migration and invasion. Here, we review the mechanisms by which tumour cells control the cross-regulation between dynamic E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesions and integrin-mediated cell-matrix contacts, which govern the invasive and metastatic potential of tumours. In particular, we will discuss the role of the adhesion-linked kinases Src, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and integrin-linked kinase (ILK), and the Rho family of GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canel
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
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30
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Yu X, Zech T, McDonald L, Gonzalez EG, Li A, Macpherson I, Schwarz JP, Spence H, Futó K, Timpson P, Nixon C, Ma Y, Anton IM, Visegrády B, Insall RH, Oien K, Blyth K, Norman JC, Machesky LM. N-WASP coordinates the delivery and F-actin-mediated capture of MT1-MMP at invasive pseudopods. J Cell Biol 2012; 199:527-44. [PMID: 23091069 PMCID: PMC3483131 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201203025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasizing tumor cells use matrix metalloproteases, such as the transmembrane collagenase MT1-MMP, together with actin-based protrusions, to break through extracellular matrix barriers and migrate in dense matrix. Here we show that the actin nucleation-promoting protein N-WASP (Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) is up-regulated in breast cancer, and has a pivotal role in mediating the assembly of elongated pseudopodia that are instrumental in matrix degradation. Although a role for N-WASP in invadopodia was known, we now show how N-WASP regulates invasive protrusion in 3D matrices. In actively invading cells, N-WASP promoted trafficking of MT1-MMP into invasive pseudopodia, primarily from late endosomes, from which it was delivered to the plasma membrane. Upon MT1-MMP's arrival at the plasma membrane in pseudopodia, N-WASP stabilized MT1-MMP via direct tethering of its cytoplasmic tail to F-actin. Thus, N-WASP is crucial for extension of invasive pseudopods into which MT1-MMP traffics and for providing the correct cytoskeletal framework to couple matrix remodeling with protrusive invasion.
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MESH Headings
- Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Actins/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Breast/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Female
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 14/metabolism
- Mice
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Protein Multimerization
- Protein Transport
- Pseudopodia/metabolism
- Pseudopodia/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Neuronal/antagonists & inhibitors
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Neuronal/genetics
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Neuronal/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzi Yu
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Tobias Zech
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Laura McDonald
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Esther Garcia Gonzalez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC) Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ang Li
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Iain Macpherson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Juliane P. Schwarz
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Heather Spence
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Kinga Futó
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Colin Nixon
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Yafeng Ma
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Ines M. Anton
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC) Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Balázs Visegrády
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Robert H. Insall
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Karin Oien
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Jim C. Norman
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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31
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Abstract
Most invasive solid tumours display predominantly collective invasion, in which groups of cells invade the peritumoral stroma while maintaining cell-cell contacts. As the concepts and experimental models for functional analysis of collective cancer cell invasion are rapidly developing, we propose a framework for addressing potential mechanisms, experimental strategies and technical challenges to study this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology, NCMLS, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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32
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Jayo A, Parsons M. Imaging of cell adhesion events in 3D matrix environments. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:824-33. [PMID: 22705211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion plays an essential role in development and homeostasis, but is also a key regulator of many diseases such as cancer and immune dysfunction. Numerous studies over the past three decades have revealed a wealth of information detailing signalling molecules required for cell adhesion to two-dimensional surfaces. However, in vivo many cells are completely surrounded by matrix and this will very likely influence the size, composition and dynamics of adhesive structures. The study of adhesion in cells within three-dimensional environments is still in its infancy, thus the role and regulation of adhesions in these complex environments remains unclear. The recent development of new experimental models coupled with significant advances in cell imaging approaches have provided platforms for researchers to begin to dissect adhesion signalling in cells in 3D matrices. Here we summarise the recent insights in cell adhesion formation and regulation in 3D model systems and the imaging approaches used to analyse these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Jayo
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guys Campus, UK
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33
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Ganesan A, Zhang J. How cells process information: quantification of spatiotemporal signaling dynamics. Protein Sci 2012; 21:918-28. [PMID: 22573643 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Arguably, one of the foremost distinctions between life and non-living matter is the ability to sense environmental changes and respond appropriately--an ability that is invested in every living cell. Within a single cell, this function is largely carried out by networks of signaling molecules. However, the details of how signaling networks help cells make complicated decisions are still not clear. For instance, how do cells read graded, analog stress signals but convert them into digital live-or-die responses? The answer to such questions may originate from the fact that signaling molecules are not static but dynamic entities, changing in numbers and activity over time and space. In the past two decades, researchers have been able to experimentally monitor signaling dynamics and use mathematical techniques to quantify and abstract general principles of how cells process information. In this review, the authors first introduce and discuss various experimental and computational methodologies that have been used to study signaling dynamics. The authors then discuss the different types of temporal dynamics such as oscillations and bistability that can be exhibited by signaling systems and highlight studies that have investigated such dynamics in physiological settings. Finally, the authors illustrate the role of spatial compartmentalization in regulating cellular responses with examples of second-messenger signaling in cardiac myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambhighainath Ganesan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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34
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DLC1 interaction with α-catenin stabilizes adherens junctions and enhances DLC1 antioncogenic activity. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:2145-59. [PMID: 22473989 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06580-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The DLC1 (for deleted in liver cancer 1) tumor suppressor gene encodes a RhoGAP protein that inactivates Rho GTPases, which are implicated in regulation of the cytoskeleton and adherens junctions (AJs), a cell-cell adhesion protein complex associated with the actin cytoskeleton. Malignant transformation and tumor progression to metastasis are often associated with changes in cytoskeletal organization and cell-cell adhesion. Here we have established in human cells that the AJ-associated protein α-catenin is a new binding partner of DLC1. Their binding was mediated by the N-terminal amino acids 340 to 435 of DLC1 and the N-terminal amino acids 117 to 161 of α-catenin. These proteins colocalized in the cytosol and in the plasma membrane, where together they associated with E-cadherin and β-catenin, constitutive AJ proteins. Binding of DLC1 to α-catenin led to their accumulation at the plasma membrane and required DLC1 GAP activity. Knocking down α-catenin in DLC1-positive cells diminished DLC1 localization at the membrane. The DLC1-α-catenin complex reduced the Rho GTP level at the plasma membrane, increased E-cadherin's mobility, affected actin organization, and stabilized AJs. This process eventually contributed to a robust oncosuppressive effect of DLC1 in metastatic prostate carcinoma cells. Together, these results unravel a new mechanism through which DLC1 exerts its strong oncosuppressive function by positively influencing AJ stability.
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35
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Cao L, Kobayakawa S, Yoshiki A, Abe K. High resolution intravital imaging of subcellular structures of mouse abdominal organs using a microstage device. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33876. [PMID: 22479464 PMCID: PMC3313950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital imaging of brain and bone marrow cells in the skull with subcellular resolution has revolutionized neurobiology, immunology and hematology. However, the application of this powerful technology in studies of abdominal organs has long been impeded by organ motion caused by breathing and heartbeat. Here we describe for the first time a simple device designated ‘microstage’ that effectively reduces organ motions without causing tissue lesions. Combining this microstage device with an upright intravital laser scanning microscope equipped with a unique stick-type objective lens, the system enables subcellular-level imaging of abdominal organs in live mice. We demonstrate that this technique allows for the quantitative analysis of subcellular structures and gene expressions in cells, the tracking of intracellular processes in real-time as well as three-dimensional image construction in the pancreas and liver of the live mouse. As the aforementioned analyses based on subcellular imaging could be extended to other intraperitoneal organs, the technique should offer great potential for investigation of physiological and disease-specific events of abdominal organs. The microstage approach adds an exciting new technique to the in vivo imaging toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Cao
- Technology and Development Team for Mammalian Cellular Dynamics, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Japan Biological Informatics Consortium, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Kobayakawa
- Technology and Development Team for Mammalian Cellular Dynamics, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshiki
- Experimental Animal Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kuniya Abe
- Technology and Development Team for Mammalian Cellular Dynamics, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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36
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Timpson P, McGhee EJ, Anderson KI. Imaging molecular dynamics in vivo--from cell biology to animal models. J Cell Sci 2012; 124:2877-90. [PMID: 21878495 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.085191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in fluorescence microscopy have enabled the study of membrane diffusion, cell adhesion and signal transduction at the molecular level in living cells grown in culture. By contrast, imaging in living organisms has primarily been restricted to the localization and dynamics of cells in tissues. Now, imaging of molecular dynamics is on the cusp of progressing from cell culture to living tissue. This transition has been driven by the understanding that the microenvironment critically determines many developmental and pathological processes. Here, we review recent progress in fluorescent protein imaging in vivo by drawing primarily on cancer-related studies in mice. We emphasize the need for techniques that can be easily combined with genetic models and complement fluorescent protein imaging by providing contextual information about the cellular environment. In this Commentary we will consider differences between in vitro and in vivo experimental design and argue for an approach to in vivo imaging that is built upon the use of intermediate systems, such as 3-D and explant culture models, which offer flexibility and control that is not always available in vivo. Collectively, these methods present a paradigm shift towards the molecular-level investigation of disease and therapy in animal models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Timpson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G611BD, UK
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37
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New Insights into the Regulation of E-cadherin Distribution by Endocytosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 295:63-108. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394306-4.00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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38
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39
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Timpson P, McGhee EJ, Erami Z, Nobis M, Quinn JA, Edward M, Anderson KI. Organotypic collagen I assay: a malleable platform to assess cell behaviour in a 3-dimensional context. J Vis Exp 2011:e3089. [PMID: 22025017 PMCID: PMC3227204 DOI: 10.3791/3089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is fundamental to many aspects of biology, including development, wound healing, the cellular responses of the immune system, and metastasis of tumor cells. Migration has been studied on glass coverslips in order to make cellular dynamics amenable to investigation by light microscopy. However, it has become clear that many aspects of cell migration depend on features of the local environment including its elasticity, protein composition, and pore size, which are not faithfully represented by rigid two dimensional substrates such as glass and plastic 1. Furthermore, interaction with other cell types, including stromal fibroblasts 2 and immune cells 3, has been shown to play a critical role in promoting the invasion of cancer cells. Investigation at the molecular level has increasingly shown that molecular dynamics, including response to drug treatment, of identical cells are significantly different when compared in vitro and in vivo4. Ideally, it would be best to study cell migration in its naturally occurring context in living organisms, however this is not always possible. Intermediate tissue culture systems, such as cell derived matrix, matrigel, organotypic culture (described here) tissue explants, organoids, and xenografts, are therefore important experimental intermediates. These systems approximate certain aspects of an in vivo environment but are more amenable to experimental manipulation such as use of stably transfected cell lines, drug treatment regimes, long term and high-resolution imaging. Such intermediate systems are especially useful as proving grounds to validate probes and establish parameters required to image the dynamic response of cells and fluorescent reporters prior to undertaking imaging in vivo 5. As such, they can serve an important role in reducing the need for experiments on living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Timpson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Glasgow
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40
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CAR modulates E-cadherin dynamics in the presence of adenovirus type 5. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23056. [PMID: 21850251 PMCID: PMC3151283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) serotype 5 (Ad5) fiber competitively binds to the coxsackievirus and Ad receptor (CAR) to attach Ad5 to target cells and also disrupts cell junctions and facilitates virus escape at a late stage in Ad5 infection. Here we demonstrate that paracellular permeability in MCF7 and CAR overexpressing MCF7 (FLCARMCF7) cells is increased within minutes following the addition of Ad5 to cells. This is brought about, at least in part, by altering the molecular dynamics of E-cadherin, a key component of the cell-cell adhesion complex. We also demonstrate that the increase in E-cadherin mobility is constitutively altered by the presence of CAR at FLCARMCF7 cell junctions. As increased paracellular permeability was observed early after the addition of Ad5 to cells, we postulate that this may represent a mechanism by which Ad5 could disrupt cell junctions to facilitate further access to its cell receptors.
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41
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Beerling E, Ritsma L, Vrisekoop N, Derksen PWB, van Rheenen J. Intravital microscopy: new insights into metastasis of tumors. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:299-310. [PMID: 21242309 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.072728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis, the process by which cells spread from the primary tumor to a distant site to form secondary tumors, is still not fully understood. Although histological techniques have provided important information, they give only a static image and thus compromise interpretation of this dynamic process. New advances in intravital microscopy (IVM), such as two-photon microscopy, imaging chambers, and multicolor and fluorescent resonance energy transfer imaging, have recently been used to visualize the behavior of single metastasizing cells at subcellular resolution over several days, yielding new and unexpected insights into this process. For example, IVM studies showed that tumor cells can switch between multiple invasion strategies in response to various densities of extracellular matrix. Moreover, other IVM studies showed that tumor cell migration and blood entry take place not only at the invasive front, but also within the tumor mass at tumor-associated vessels that lack an intact basement membrane. In this Commentary, we will give an overview of the recent advances in high-resolution IVM techniques and discuss some of the latest insights in the metastasis field obtained with IVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Beerling
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584CT, The Netherlands
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McGhee EJ, Morton JP, Von Kriegsheim A, Schwarz JP, Karim SA, Carragher NO, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, Timpson P. FLIM-FRET imaging in vivo reveals 3D-environment spatially regulates RhoGTPase activity during cancer cell invasion. Small GTPases 2011; 2:239-244. [PMID: 22145098 PMCID: PMC3225915 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.2.4.17275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many conceptual advances in biology have been achieved by experimental studies using planar two-dimensional cell culture systems. Recent adaptations of molecular techniques to three-dimensional model systems are bridging the gap in our understanding of biological events in vitro and in vivo in the study of disease progression. Recently, in vitro studies using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) have shown that the prototypical RhoGTPases Cdc42, Rac and RhoA are temporally and spatially synchronized during cell migration, with initial RhoA activity inducing protrusion prior to activation of Rac. This simultaneous FRET approach illustrates the tight control and dynamic regulation of RhoGTPase activity necessary for coordinated cell migration in vitro. Here, we discuss our recent work using FLIM-FRET analysis in a three-dimensional setting to reveal another layer of regulation in which RhoA activity is governed by the extracellular microenvironment. We demonstrate that RhoA is spatially regulated into discrete fractions of activity at the leading edge and rear of cells during invasion in vivo or within three-dimensional matrices. Significantly, this spatial regulation of RhoA was absent in two-dimensional in vitro settings. This distinct sub-cellular regulation of RhoA at the poles of invading cells in three-dimensions sets a precedent that other RhoGTPases or signaling proteins may also be differentially regulated in a con-text-dependent manner during key biological processes such as invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan J McGhee
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Glasgow; Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Saadia A Karim
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Glasgow; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Glasgow; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Glasgow; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Glasgow; Edinburgh, UK
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Morton PE, Parsons M. Dissecting cell adhesion architecture using advanced imaging techniques. Cell Adh Migr 2011; 5:351-9. [PMID: 21785274 DOI: 10.4161/cam.5.4.16915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins or to other cells is essential for the control of embryonic development, tissue integrity, immune function and wound healing. Adhesions are tightly spatially regulated structures containing over a hundred different proteins that co-ordinate both dynamics and signalling events at these sites. Extensive biochemical and morphological analysis of adhesion types over the past three decades has greatly improved understanding of individual protein contributions to adhesion signalling and, in some cases, dynamics. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that these diverse macromolecular complexes contain a variety of protein sub-networks, as well as distinct sub-domains that likely play important roles in regulating adhesion behaviour. Until recently, resolving these structures, which are often less than a micron in size, was hampered by the limitations of conventional light microscopy. However recent advances in optical techniques and imaging methods have revealed exciting insight into the intricate control of adhesion structure and assembly. Here we provide an overview of the recent data arising from such studies of cell:matrix and cell:cell contact and an overview of the imaging strategies that have been applied to study the intricacies and hierarchy of proteins within adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny E Morton
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
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Serrels A, Canel M, Brunton VG, Frame MC. Src/FAK-mediated regulation of E-cadherin as a mechanism for controlling collective cell movement: insights from in vivo imaging. Cell Adh Migr 2011; 5:360-5. [PMID: 21836391 DOI: 10.4161/cam.5.4.17290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in confocal and multi-photon microscopy, together with fluorescent probe development, have enabled cancer biology studies to go beyond the culture dish and interrogate cancer-associated processes in the complex in vivo environment. Regulation of the tumor suppressor protein E-cadherin plays an important role in cancer development and progression and may contribute to the decision between 'single cell' and 'collective invasion' in vivo. Mounting evidence from in vitro and in vivo experiments places the two non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases Src and Focal Adhesion Kinase, at the heart of E-cadherin regulation, and the crosstalk between integrins and cadherins. Here we discuss recent insights, attained using high resolution fluorescent in vivo imaging, into the regulation of E-cadherin and collective invasion. We focus on the regulatory crosstalk between the Src/FAK signaling axis and E-cadherin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Serrels
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Canel M, Serrels A, Anderson KI, Frame MC, Brunton VG. Use of photoactivation and photobleaching to monitor the dynamic regulation of E-cadherin at the plasma membrane. Cell Adh Migr 2011; 4:491-501. [PMID: 20595808 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.4.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic control of E-cadherin is critical for establishing and maintaining cell-cell junctions in epithelial cells. The concentration of E-cadherin molecules at adherens junctions (AJs) is regulated by lateral movement of E-cadherin within the plasma membrane and endocytosis. Here we set out to study the interplay between these processes and their contribution to E-cadherin dynamics. Using photoactivation (PA) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) we were able to monitor the fate of E-cadherin molecules within the plasma membrane. Our results suggest that the motility of E-cadherin within, and away from, the cell surface are not exclusive or independent mechanisms and there is a fine balance between the two which when perturbed can have dramatic effects on the regulation of AJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canel
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Abstract
Adhesion is fundamental to the survival and function of many different cell types, and regulates basic events such as mitosis, cell survival and migration, in both embryonic and adult organisms. Cell-matrix adhesion also regulates the dynamic interplay between cells and surrounding tissues during processes such as immune cell recruitment, wound healing and cancer cell metastasis. The study of cell adhesion has gained momentum in recent years, in large part because of the emergence of imaging techniques that have facilitated detailed analysis of the molecular composition and dynamics of the structures involved. In this Commentary, we discuss the recent application of different imaging techniques to study cell-matrix adhesions, emphasising common strategies used for the analysis of adhesion dynamics both in cells in culture and in whole organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Worth
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Live cell in vitro and in vivo imaging applications: accelerating drug discovery. Pharmaceutics 2011; 3:141-70. [PMID: 24310493 PMCID: PMC3864231 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of specific molecular processes and cellular phenotypes in live cell systems reveal unique insights into cell fate and drug pharmacology that are not gained from traditional fixed endpoint assays. Recent advances in microscopic imaging platform technology combined with the development of novel optical biosensors and sophisticated image analysis solutions have increased the scope of live cell imaging applications in drug discovery. We highlight recent literature examples where live cell imaging has uncovered novel insight into biological mechanism or drug mode-of-action. We survey distinct types of optical biosensors and associated analytical methods for monitoring molecular dynamics, in vitro and in vivo. We describe the recent expansion of live cell imaging into automated target validation and drug screening activities through the development of dedicated brightfield and fluorescence kinetic imaging platforms. We provide specific examples of how temporal profiling of phenotypic response signatures using such kinetic imaging platforms can increase the value of in vitro high-content screening. Finally, we offer a prospective view of how further application and development of live cell imaging technology and reagents can accelerate preclinical lead optimization cycles and enhance the in vitro to in vivo translation of drug candidates.
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Timpson P, McGhee EJ, Morton JP, von Kriegsheim A, Schwarz JP, Karim SA, Doyle B, Quinn JA, Carragher NO, Edward M, Olson MF, Frame MC, Brunton VG, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI. Spatial regulation of RhoA activity during pancreatic cancer cell invasion driven by mutant p53. Cancer Res 2011; 71:747-57. [PMID: 21266354 PMCID: PMC3033324 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability to observe changes in molecular behavior during cancer cell invasion in vivo remains a major challenge to our understanding of the metastatic process. Here, we demonstrate for the first time, an analysis of RhoA activity at a subcellular level using FLIM-FRET (fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy-fluorescence resonance energy transfer) imaging in a live animal model of pancreatic cancer. In invasive mouse pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells driven by mutant p53 (p53(R172H)), we observed a discrete fraction of high RhoA activity at both the leading edge and rear of cells in vivo which was absent in two-dimensional in vitro cultures. Notably, this pool of active RhoA was absent in noninvasive p53(fl) knockout PDAC cells, correlating with their poor invasive potential in vivo. We used dasatanib, a clinically approved anti-invasive agent that is active in this model, to illustrate the functional importance of spatially regulated RhoA. Dasatanib inhibited the activity of RhoA at the poles of p53(R172H) cells in vivo and this effect was independent of basal RhoA activity within the cell body. Taken together, quantitative in vivo fluorescence lifetime imaging illustrated that RhoA is not only necessary for invasion, but also that subcellular spatial regulation of RhoA activity, as opposed to its global activity, is likely to govern invasion efficiency in vivo. Our findings reveal the utility of FLIM-FRET in analyzing dynamic biomarkers during drug treatment in living animals, and they also show how discrete intracellular molecular pools might be differentially manipulated by future anti-invasive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Timpson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Canel M, Serrels A, Miller D, Timpson P, Serrels B, Frame MC, Brunton VG. Quantitative in vivo imaging of the effects of inhibiting integrin signaling via Src and FAK on cancer cell movement: effects on E-cadherin dynamics. Cancer Res 2010; 70:9413-22. [PMID: 21045155 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Most cancer-related deaths are due to the development of metastatic disease, and several new molecularly targeted agents in clinical development have the potential to prevent disease progression. However, it remains difficult to assess the efficacy of antimetastatic agents in the clinical setting, and an increased understanding of how such agents work at different stages of the metastatic cascade is important in guiding their clinical use. We used optical window chambers combined with photobleaching, photoactivation, and photoswitching to quantitatively measure (a) tumor cell movement and proliferation by tracking small groups of cells in the context of the whole tumor, and (b) E-cadherin molecular dynamics in vivo following perturbation of integrin signaling by inhibiting focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src. We show that inhibition of Src and FAK suppresses E-cadherin-dependent collective cell movement in a complex three-dimensional tumor environment, and modulates cell-cell adhesion strength and endocytosis in vitro. This shows a novel role for integrin signaling in the regulation of E-cadherin internalization, which is linked to regulation of collective cancer cell movement. This work highlights the power of fluorescent, direct, in vivo imaging approaches in the preclinical evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents, and shows that inhibition of the Src/FAK signaling axis may provide a strategy to prevent tumor cell spread by deregulating E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canel
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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