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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is characterized by genetic-environmental interplay leading to diffuse changes in the entire colonic mucosa (field carcinogenesis or field of injury) and to a pro-neoplastic genetic/epigenetic/physiological milieu. The clinical consequences are increased risk of synchronous and metachronous neoplasia. Factors such as genetics, race, ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic status are thought to influence neoplasia development. Here, we explore the potential improvement to CRC screening through exploiting field carcinogenesis, with particular focus on racial disparities and chemoprevention strategies. Also, we discuss future directions for field carcinogenesis/risk stratification using molecular and novel biophotonic techniques for personalized CRC screening.
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Su X, Yuan T, Wang Z, Song K, Li R, Yuan C, Kong B. Two-Dimensional Light Scattering Anisotropy Cytometry for Label-Free Classification of Ovarian Cancer Cells via Machine Learning. Cytometry A 2019; 97:24-30. [PMID: 31313517 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We develop a single-mode fiber-based cytometer for the obtaining of two-dimensional (2D) light scattering patterns from static single cells. Anisotropy of the 2D light scattering patterns of single cells from ovarian cancer and normal cell lines is investigated by histograms of oriented gradients (HOG) method. By analyzing the HOG descriptors with support vector machine, an accuracy rate of 92.84% is achieved for the automatic classification of these two kinds of label-free cells. The 2D light scattering anisotropy cytometry combined with machine learning may provide a label-free, automatic method for screening of ovarian cancer cells, and other types of cells. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuantao Su
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Kun Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Rongrong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Cunzhong Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Beihua Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
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3
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Lee HJ, Zhang L, Zhang S, Yi J. Detection of Malignancy in Ocular Surface Lesions by Inverse Spectroscopic Optical Coherence Tomography and Two-Photon Autofluorescence. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:16. [PMID: 31114716 PMCID: PMC6506202 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.3.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Advanced imaging is increasingly important in the diagnosis of ocular surface malignancy. Inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (ISOCT) and two-photon autofluorescence microscopy (2P-AF) are emerging techniques capable of quantifying ultrastructural and metabolic changes, respectively. We aimed to detect malignancy in ocular surface lesions using ISOCT and 2P-AF. Methods Portions of excised specimens from patients undergoing conjunctival biopsy at Boston Medical Center were imaged by ISOCT and/or 2P-AF, and submitted for histologic diagnosis. Lesions were categorized as malignant, premalignant (with dysplasia) or benign. ISOCT and 2P-AF findings were compared between categories. Results Fourteen specimens from 13 patients were collected. The IS-OCT marker D was 2.2-fold higher in combined malignant and premalignant (4.27 ± 0.28, n = 3) versus benign (1.92 ± 0.26, n = 11) lesions (P = 9 × 10−4). ISOCT markers μs and μb were not significantly different. By 2P-AF, the redox ratio was 0.24-fold lower in premalignant (0.11 ± 0.004, n = 2) versus benign (0.45 ± 0.04, n = 9) lesions (P = 1.08 × 10−5). Conclusions Conjunctival lesions with higher malignant potential had higher D and lower redox ratios. Higher D can correlate with ultrastructural changes associated with malignancy, similar to what has been seen in cancers of the gut mucosa. Lower redox ratios can suggest the presence of the Warburg effect, which is associated with tumorigenesis. Translational Relevance IS-OCT and 2P-AF can potentially be applied to the detection of malignancy or malignant potential in ocular surface lesions. ISOCT allows for the detection of nanoscale ultrastructural changes that are not resolvable by conventional OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoo Jean Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Section, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sui Zhang
- Dana Faber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ji Yi
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Section, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Zhou X, Gladstein S, Almassalha LM, Li Y, Eshein A, Cherkezyan L, Viswanathan P, Subramanian H, Szleifer I, Backman V. Preservation of cellular nano-architecture by the process of chemical fixation for nanopathology. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219006. [PMID: 31329606 PMCID: PMC6645510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformation in chromatin organization is one of the most universal markers of carcinogenesis. Microscale chromatin alterations have been a staple of histopathological diagnosis of neoplasia, and nanoscale alterations have emerged as a promising marker for cancer prognostication and the detection of predysplastic changes. While numerous methods have been developed to detect these alterations, most methods for sample preparation remain largely validated via conventional microscopy and have not been examined with nanoscale sensitive imaging techniques. For these nanoscale sensitive techniques to become standard of care screening tools, new histological protocols must be developed that preserve nanoscale information. Partial Wave Spectroscopic (PWS) microscopy has recently emerged as a novel imaging technique sensitive to length scales ranging between 20 and 200 nanometers. As a label-free, high-throughput, and non-invasive imaging technique, PWS microscopy is an ideal tool to quantify structural information during sample preparation. Therefore, in this work we applied PWS microscopy to systematically evaluate the effects of cytological preparation on the nanoscales changes of chromatin using two live cell models: a drug-based model of Hela cells differentially treated with daunorubicin and a cell line comparison model of two cells lines with inherently distinct chromatin organizations. Notably, we show that existing cytological preparation can be modified in order to maintain clinically relevant nanoscopic differences, paving the way for the emerging field of nanopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Scott Gladstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Luay M. Almassalha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Adam Eshein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Lusik Cherkezyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Parvathi Viswanathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Hariharan Subramanian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Igal Szleifer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Almabadi HM, Nagesh PKB, Sahay P, Bhandari S, Eckstein EC, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC, Yallapu MM, Pradhan P. Optical study of chemotherapy efficiency in cancer treatment via intracellular structural disorder analysis using partial wave spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201800056. [PMID: 29869394 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As cancer progresses, macromolecules, such as DNA, RNA or lipids, inside cells undergo spatial structural rearrangements and alterations. Mesoscopic light transport-based optical partial wave spectroscopy (PWS) was recently introduced to quantify changes in the nanoscale structural disorder in biological cells. The PWS measurement is performed using a parameter termed as "disorder strength" (L d ), which represents the degree of nanoscale structural disorder inside the cells. It was shown that cancerous cells have higher disorder strength than normal cells. In this work, we first used the PWS to analyze the hierarchy of different types of prostate cancer cells, namely, C4-2, DU-145 and PC-3, by quantifying their average disorder strengths. Results expectedly showed that L d values increases in accordance with the increasing aggressiveness/tumorigenicity levels of these cells. Using the L d parameter, we then analyzed the chemoresistance properties of these prostate cancer cells to docetaxel drug compared to their chemosensitivity. Results show that chemoresistant cancer cells have increased L d values, that is, higher disorder strength, relative to chemosensitive cancer cells. Thus, use of the L d metric can be effective in determining the efficacy of particular chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda M Almabadi
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, BioNanoPhotonics Laboratory, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Prashanth K B Nagesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Peeyush Sahay
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, BioNanoPhotonics Laboratory, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Shiva Bhandari
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, BioNanoPhotonics Laboratory, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Prabhakar Pradhan
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, BioNanoPhotonics Laboratory, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
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Bugter O, Hardillo JA, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, Amelink A, Robinson DJ. Optical pre-screening for laryngeal cancer using reflectance spectroscopy of the buccal mucosa. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:4665-4678. [PMID: 30319894 PMCID: PMC6179391 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.004665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A new approach in early cancer detection focuses on detecting field cancerization (FC) instead of the tumor itself. The aim of the current study is to investigate whether reflectance spectroscopy can detect FC in the buccal mucosa of patients with laryngeal cancer. The optical properties of the buccal mucosa of patients were measured with multidiameter single-fiber reflectance spectroscopy. The blood oxygen saturation and blood volume fraction were significantly lower in the buccal mucosa of laryngeal cancer patients than in non-oncologic controls. The data of these two parameters were combined to form a single 'biomarker α', which optimally discriminates these two groups. Alpha was lower in the laryngeal cancer group (0.28) than the control group (0.30, p = 0.007). Alpha could identify oncologic patients with a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 74%. These results might be the first step toward optical pre-screening for laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisín Bugter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jose A. Hardillo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert J. Baatenburg de Jong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arjen Amelink
- Department of Optics, the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Stieltjesweg 1, 2628 CK Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Dominic J. Robinson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Bugter O, Spaander MCW, Bruno MJ, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, Amelink A, Robinson DJ. Optical detection of field cancerization in the buccal mucosa of patients with esophageal cancer. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2018; 9:152. [PMID: 29712897 PMCID: PMC5928160 DOI: 10.1038/s41424-018-0023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Esophageal cancer is an increasingly common type of neoplasm with a very poor prognosis. This prognosis could improve with more early tumor detection. We have previously shown that we can use an optical spectroscopy to detect field cancerization in the buccal mucosa of patients with laryngeal cancer. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate whether we could detect field cancerization of buccal mucosa of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Methods Optical measurements were performed in vivo using a novel optical technique: multidiameter single-fiber reflectance (MDSFR) spectroscopy. MDSFR spectra were acquired by a handheld probe incorporating three fiber diameters. Multiple absorption and scattering parameters that are related to the physiological and ultrastructural properties of the buccal mucosa were derived from these spectra. A linear discriminant analysis of the parameters was performed to create a combined biomarker σ to discriminate oncologic from non-oncologic patients. Results Twelve ESCC, 12 EAC, and 24 control patients were included in the study. The median value of our biomarker σ was significantly higher in patients with ESCC (2.07 [1.93–2.10]) than control patients (1.86 [1.73–1.95], p = 0.022). After cross-validation σ was able to identify ESCC patients with a sensitivity of 66.7% and a specificity of 70.8%. There were no significant differences between the EAC group and the control group. Conclusion Field cancerization in the buccal mucosa can be detected using optical spectroscopy in ESCC patients. This may be the first step towards non-invasive ESCC cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisín Bugter
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands. .,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Manon C W Spaander
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Baatenburg de Jong
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Amelink
- Department of Optics, TNO, Stieltjesweg 1, Delft, 2628 CK, The Netherlands
| | - Dominic J Robinson
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Kandel ME, Sridharan S, Liang J, Luo Z, Han K, Macias V, Shah A, Patel R, Tangella K, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Guzman G, Popescu G. Label-free tissue scanner for colorectal cancer screening. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:66016. [PMID: 28655054 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.6.066016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The current practice of surgical pathology relies on external contrast agents to reveal tissue architecture, which is then qualitatively examined by a trained pathologist. The diagnosis is based on the comparison with standardized empirical, qualitative assessments of limited objectivity. We propose an approach to pathology based on interferometric imaging of “unstained” biopsies, which provides unique capabilities for quantitative diagnosis and automation. We developed a label-free tissue scanner based on “quantitative phase imaging,” which maps out optical path length at each point in the field of view and, thus, yields images that are sensitive to the “nanoscale” tissue architecture. Unlike analysis of stained tissue, which is qualitative in nature and affected by color balance, staining strength and imaging conditions, optical path length measurements are intrinsically quantitative, i.e., images can be compared across different instruments and clinical sites. These critical features allow us to automate the diagnosis process. We paired our interferometric optical system with highly parallelized, dedicated software algorithms for data acquisition, allowing us to image at a throughput comparable to that of commercial tissue scanners while maintaining the nanoscale sensitivity to morphology. Based on the measured phase information, we implemented software tools for autofocusing during imaging, as well as image archiving and data access. To illustrate the potential of our technology for large volume pathology screening, we established an “intrinsic marker” for colorectal disease that detects tissue with dysplasia or colorectal cancer and flags specific areas for further examination, potentially improving the efficiency of existing pathology workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail E Kandel
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois, United StatesbUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Shamira Sridharan
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois, United StatescUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United StatesdUniversity of California, Biomedical Engineering Department, Davis, California, United States
| | - Jon Liang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Zelun Luo
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Kevin Han
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Virgilia Macias
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Pathology, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Anish Shah
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Pathology, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Roshan Patel
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Pathology, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Andre Kajdacsy-Balla
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Pathology, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Grace Guzman
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Pathology, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Gabriel Popescu
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois, United StatesbUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United StatescUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
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Bailey MJ, Verma N, Fradkin L, Lam S, MacAulay C, Poh C, Markey MK, Sokolov K. Detection of precancerous lesions in the oral cavity using oblique polarized reflectance spectroscopy: a clinical feasibility study. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:65002. [PMID: 28609512 PMCID: PMC5469421 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.6.065002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We developed a multifiber optical probe for oblique polarized reflectance spectroscopy (OPRS) in vivo and evaluated its performance in detection of dysplasia in the oral cavity. The probe design allows the implementation of a number of methods to enable depth resolved spectroscopic measurements including polarization gating, source–detector separation, and differential spectroscopy; this combination was evaluated in carrying out binary classification tasks between four major diagnostic categories: normal, benign, mild dysplasia (MD), and severe dysplasia (SD). Multifiber OPRS showed excellent performance in the discrimination of normal from benign, MD, SD, and MD plus SD yielding sensitivity/specificity values of 100%/93%, 96%/95%, 100%/98%, and 100%/100%, respectively. The classification of benign versus dysplastic lesions was more challenging with sensitivity and specificity values of 80%/93%, 71%/93%, and 74%/80% in discriminating benign from SD, MD, and SD plus MD categories, respectively; this challenge is most likely associated with a strong and highly variable scattering from a keratin layer that was found in these sites. Classification based on multiple fibers was significantly better than that based on any single detection pair for tasks dealing with benign versus dysplastic sites. This result indicates that the multifiber probe can perform better in the detection of dysplasia in keratinized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Bailey
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Imaging Physics, Houston, Texas, United States
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Nishant Verma
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Leonid Fradkin
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Sylvia Lam
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Integrative Oncology Department, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Calum MacAulay
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Integrative Oncology Department, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Catherine Poh
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Integrative Oncology Department, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mia K. Markey
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Imaging Physics, Houston, Texas, United States
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Konstantin Sokolov
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Imaging Physics, Houston, Texas, United States
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston, Texas, United States
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10
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The transformation of the nuclear nanoarchitecture in human field carcinogenesis. Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO206. [PMID: 28884003 PMCID: PMC5583697 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological alterations of the nuclear texture are a hallmark of carcinogenesis. At later stages of disease, these changes are well characterized and detectable by light microscopy. Evidence suggests that similar albeit nanoscopic alterations develop at the predysplastic stages of carcinogenesis. Using the novel optical technique partial wave spectroscopic microscopy, we identified profound changes in the nanoscale chromatin topology in microscopically normal tissue as a common event in the field carcinogenesis of many cancers. In particular, higher-order chromatin structure at supranucleosomal length scales (20-200 nm) becomes exceedingly heterogeneous, a measure we quantify using the disorder strength (Ld ) of the spatial arrangement of chromatin density. Here, we review partial wave spectroscopic nanocytology clinical studies and the technology's promise as an early cancer screening technology.
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11
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Tontini GE, Rath T, Pastorelli L, Vecchi M, Neumann H. Surveillance strategies for colitis-associated cancer: state of the art and future perspectives. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11:427-437. [PMID: 28276810 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1297705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) represents a concrete risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with long lasting inflammatory bowel diseases. Surveillance colonoscopy is a rapidly evolving research field with profound changes from the traditional approach based on scheduled controls and random biopsy protocols. Areas covered: A literature search was performed using PubMed/Embase to review the latest evidence supporting the need for surveillance colonoscopy. By focusing on the most promising recent advances in this field, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the current gold standards for the diagnosis and management of colitis-associated dysplasia. Expert commentary: Evidence-based and emerging data have questioned the efficacy and effectiveness of both standard surveillance colonoscopy and random biopsy protocols. The latest guidelines endorse early initiation of surveillance programs, risk-profiling assessment of colonoscopy intervals and standardized use of advanced imaging modalities to detect early dysplasia. Current trends clearly reveal increased attention to direct visualization and endoscopic management of visible dysplastic lesions, even in patients with longstanding colitis. Emerging technological advances in gastrointestinal endoscopy are expected to change the endoscopic surveillance protocols in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Eugenio Tontini
- a Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit , IRCCS Policlinico San Donato , San Donato Milanese , Italy
| | - Timo Rath
- b Department of Medicine I , University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Luca Pastorelli
- a Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit , IRCCS Policlinico San Donato , San Donato Milanese , Italy.,c Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , University of Milan , Milano , Italy
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- a Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit , IRCCS Policlinico San Donato , San Donato Milanese , Italy.,c Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , University of Milan , Milano , Italy
| | - Helmut Neumann
- b Department of Medicine I , University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
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12
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Cherkezyan L, Zhang D, Subramanian H, Capoglu I, Taflove A, Backman V. Review of interferometric spectroscopy of scattered light for the quantification of subdiffractional structure of biomaterials. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:30901. [PMID: 28290596 PMCID: PMC5348632 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.3.030901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Optical microscopy is the staple technique in the examination of microscale material structure in basic science and applied research. Of particular importance to biology and medical research is the visualization and analysis of the weakly scattering biological cells and tissues. However, the resolution of optical microscopy is limited to ? 200 ?? nm due to the fundamental diffraction limit of light. We review one distinct form of the spectroscopic microscopy (SM) method, which is founded in the analysis of the second-order spectral statistic of a wavelength-dependent bright-field far-zone reflected-light microscope image. This technique offers clear advantages for biomedical research by alleviating two notorious challenges of the optical evaluation of biomaterials: the diffraction limit of light and the lack of sensitivity to biological, optically transparent structures. Addressing the first issue, it has been shown that the spectroscopic content of a bright-field microscope image quantifies structural composition of samples at arbitrarily small length scales, limited by the signal-to-noise ratio of the detector, without necessarily resolving them. Addressing the second issue, SM utilizes a reference arm, sample arm interference scheme, which allows us to elevate the weak scattering signal from biomaterials above the instrument noise floor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusik Cherkezyan
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Di Zhang
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Hariharan Subramanian
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Ilker Capoglu
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Allen Taflove
- Northwestern University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Vadim Backman
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Vadim Backman, E-mail:
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Roy HK, Turzhitsky V, Wali R, Radosevich AJ, Jovanovic B, Della'Zanna G, Umar A, Rubin DT, Goldberg MJ, Bianchi L, De La Cruz M, Bogojevic A, Helenowski IB, Rodriguez L, Chatterton R, Skripkauskas S, Page K, Weber CR, Huang X, Richmond E, Bergan RC, Backman V. Spectral biomarkers for chemoprevention of colonic neoplasia: a placebo-controlled double-blinded trial with aspirin. Gut 2017; 66:285-292. [PMID: 26503631 PMCID: PMC5108693 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A major impediment to translating chemoprevention to clinical practice has been lack of intermediate biomarkers. We previously reported that rectal interrogation with low-coherence enhanced backscattering spectroscopy (LEBS) detected microarchitectural manifestations of field carcinogenesis. We now wanted to ascertain if reversion of two LEBS markers spectral slope (SPEC) and fractal dimension (FRAC) could serve as a marker for chemopreventive efficacy. DESIGN We conducted a multicentre, prospective, randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled, clinical trial in subjects with a history of colonic neoplasia who manifested altered SPEC/FRAC in histologically normal colonic mucosa. Subjects (n=79) were randomised to 325 mg aspirin or placebo. The primary endpoint changed in FRAC and SPEC spectral markers after 3 months. Mucosal levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)1A6 genotypes were planned secondary endpoints. RESULTS At 3 months, the aspirin group manifested alterations in SPEC (48.9%, p=0.055) and FRAC (55.4%, p=0.200) with the direction towards non-neoplastic status. As a measure of aspirin's pharmacological efficacy, we assessed changes in rectal PGE2 levels and noted that it correlated with SPEC and FRAC alterations (R=-0.55, p=0.01 and R=0.57, p=0.009, respectively) whereas there was no significant correlation in placebo specimens. While UGT1A6 subgroup analysis did not achieve statistical significance, the changes in SPEC and FRAC to a less neoplastic direction occurred only in the variant consonant with epidemiological evidence of chemoprevention. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first proof of concept, albeit somewhat underpowered, that spectral markers reversion mirrors antineoplastic efficacy providing a potential modality for titration of agent type/dose to optimise chemopreventive strategies in clinical practice. TRIAL NUMBER NCT00468910.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant K Roy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vladimir Turzhitsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ramesh Wali
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew J Radosevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Borko Jovanovic
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gary Della'Zanna
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Asad Umar
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David T Rubin
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University Health Systems, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Laura Bianchi
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University Health Systems, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Mart De La Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrej Bogojevic
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University Health Systems, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Irene B Helenowski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Luz Rodriguez
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Chatterton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Silvia Skripkauskas
- Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Katherine Page
- Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher R Weber
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiaoke Huang
- Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ellen Richmond
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Raymond C Bergan
- Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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14
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Giannios P, Koutsoumpos S, Toutouzas KG, Matiatou M, Zografos GC, Moutzouris K. Complex refractive index of normal and malignant human colorectal tissue in the visible and near-infrared. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:303-310. [PMID: 27091794 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A multi-wavelength prism coupling refractometer is utilized to measure the angular reflectance of freshly excised human intestinal tissue specimens. Based on reflectance data, the real and imaginary part of the refractive index is calculated via Fresnel analysis for three visible (blue, green, red) and two near-infrared (963 nm and 1551 nm) wavelengths. Averaged values of the complex refractive index and corresponding Cauchy dispersion fits are given for the mucosa, submucosa and serosa layers of the colorectal wall at the normal state. The refractive constants of tumorous and normal mucosa are then cross-compared for the indicative cases of one patient diagnosed with a benign polyp and three patients diagnosed with adenocarcinomas of different phenotype. Significant index contrast exists between the normal and diseased states, indicating the potential use of refractive index as a marker of colorectal dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Giannios
- Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Materials, Department of Electronic Engineering, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, 12210, Greece
| | - Spyridon Koutsoumpos
- Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Materials, Department of Electronic Engineering, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, 12210, Greece
| | - Konstantinos G Toutouzas
- First Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Hippocration Hospital, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 11525, Greece
| | - Maria Matiatou
- First Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Hippocration Hospital, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 11525, Greece
| | - George C Zografos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Hippocration Hospital, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 11525, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Moutzouris
- Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Materials, Department of Electronic Engineering, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, 12210, Greece
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15
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Yi J, Stypula-Cyrus Y, Blaha CS, Roy HK, Backman V. Fractal Characterization of Chromatin Decompaction in Live Cells. Biophys J 2016; 109:2218-26. [PMID: 26636933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin organization has a fundamental impact on the whole spectrum of genomic functions. Quantitative characterization of the chromatin structure, particularly at submicron length scales where chromatin fractal globules are formed, is critical to understanding this structure-function relationship. Such analysis is currently challenging due to the diffraction-limited resolution of conventional light microscopy. We herein present an optical approach termed inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography to characterize the mass density fractality of chromatin, and we apply the technique to observe chromatin decompaction in live cells. The technique makes it possible for the first time, to our knowledge, to sense intracellular morphology with length-scale sensitivity from ∼30 to 450 nm, thus primarily probing the higher-order chromatin structure, without resolving the actual structures. We used chromatin decompaction due to inhibition of histone deacytelases and measured the subsequent changes in the fractal dimension of the intracellular structure. The results were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Catherine S Blaha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Hemant K Roy
- Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
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16
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Tontini GE, Pastorelli L, Ishaq S, Neumann H. Advances in endoscopic imaging in ulcerative colitis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 9:1393-405. [PMID: 26365308 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2015.1087848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Modern strategies for the treatment of ulcerative colitis require more accurate tools for gastrointestinal imaging to better assess mucosal disease activity and long-term prognostic clinical outcomes. Recent advances in gastrointestinal luminal endoscopy are radically changing the role of endoscopy in every-day clinical practice and research trials. Advanced endoscopic imaging techniques including high-definition endoscopes, optical magnification endoscopy, and various chromoendoscopy techniques have remarkably improved endoscopic assessment of ulcerative colitis. More recently, optical biopsy techniques with either endocytoscopy or confocal laser endomicroscopy have shown great potential in predicting several histological changes in real time during ongoing endoscopy. Here, we review current applications of advanced endoscopic imaging techniques in ulcerative colitis and present the most promising upcoming headways in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Eugenio Tontini
- a 1 Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Luca Pastorelli
- a 1 Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy.,b 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Sauid Ishaq
- c 3 Department of Gastroenterology, Dudley Group Hospitals, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK.,d 4 Department of Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Helmut Neumann
- e 5 Department of Medicine I, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Swain TD, DuBois E, Gomes A, Stoyneva VP, Radosevich AJ, Henss J, Wagner ME, Derbas J, Grooms HW, Velazquez EM, Traub J, Kennedy BJ, Grigorescu AA, Westneat MW, Sanborn K, Levine S, Schick M, Parsons G, Biggs BC, Rogers JD, Backman V, Marcelino LA. Skeletal light-scattering accelerates bleaching response in reef-building corals. BMC Ecol 2016; 16:10. [PMID: 26996922 PMCID: PMC4800776 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-016-0061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background At the forefront of ecosystems adversely affected by climate change, coral reefs are sensitive to anomalously high temperatures which disassociate (bleaching) photosynthetic symbionts (Symbiodinium) from coral hosts and cause increasingly frequent and severe mass mortality events. Susceptibility to bleaching and mortality is variable among corals, and is determined by unknown proportions of environmental history and the synergy of Symbiodinium- and coral-specific properties. Symbiodinium live within host tissues overlaying the coral skeleton, which increases light availability through multiple light-scattering, forming one of the most efficient biological collectors of solar radiation. Light-transport in the upper ~200 μm layer of corals skeletons (measured as ‘microscopic’ reduced-scattering coefficient, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \mu ^{\prime}_{{S,m}} $$\end{document}μS,m′), has been identified as a determinant of excess light increase during bleaching and is therefore a potential determinant of the differential rate and severity of bleaching response among coral species. Results Here we experimentally demonstrate (in ten coral species) that, under thermal stress alone or combined thermal and light stress, low-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \mu ^{\prime}_{{S,m}} $$\end{document}μS,m′ corals bleach at higher rate and severity than high-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \mu ^{\prime}_{{S,m}} $$\end{document}μS,m′ corals and the Symbiodinium associated with low-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \mu ^{\prime}_{{S,m}} $$\end{document}μS,m′ corals experience twice the decrease in photochemical efficiency. We further modelled the light absorbed by Symbiodinium due to skeletal-scattering and show that the estimated skeleton-dependent light absorbed by Symbiodinium (per unit of photosynthetic pigment) and the temporal rate of increase in absorbed light during bleaching are several fold higher in low-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \mu ^{\prime}_{{S,m}} $$\end{document}μS,m′ corals. Conclusions While symbionts associated with low-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \mu ^{\prime}_{{S,m}} $$\end{document}μS,m′ corals receive less total light from the skeleton, they experience a higher rate of light increase once bleaching is initiated and absorbing bodies are lost; further precipitating the bleaching response. Because microscopic skeletal light-scattering is a robust predictor of light-dependent bleaching among the corals assessed here, this work establishes \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \mu ^{\prime}_{{S,m}} $$\end{document}μS,m′ as one of the key determinants of differential bleaching response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12898-016-0061-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Swain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Emily DuBois
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Andrew Gomes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Valentina P Stoyneva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Andrew J Radosevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jillian Henss
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Michelle E Wagner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Justin Derbas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hannah W Grooms
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Velazquez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Joshua Traub
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Brian J Kennedy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Arabela A Grigorescu
- Keck Biophysics Facility, Northwestern University, 633 Clark Street, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mark W Westneat
- Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Kevin Sanborn
- Fishes Department, John G. Shedd Aquarium, 1200 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Shoshana Levine
- Fishes Department, John G. Shedd Aquarium, 1200 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Mark Schick
- Fishes Department, John G. Shedd Aquarium, 1200 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - George Parsons
- Fishes Department, John G. Shedd Aquarium, 1200 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Brendan C Biggs
- Division of Water Resource Management, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 2600 Blair Stone Road, Tallahassee, 32399, USA
| | - Jeremy D Rogers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Luisa A Marcelino
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA. .,Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) has become one of the most commonly used drugs, given its role as an analgesic, antipyretic and agent for cardiovascular prophylaxis. Several decades of research have provided considerable evidence demonstrating its potential for the prevention of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer. Broader clinical recommendations for aspirin-based chemoprevention strategies have recently been established; however, given the known hazards of long-term aspirin use, larger-scale adoption of an aspirin chemoprevention strategy is likely to require improved identification of individuals for whom the protective benefits outweigh the harms. Such a precision medicine approach may emerge through further clarification of aspirin's mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Drew
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, 55 Fruit Street, Bartlett Ext. 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Yin Cao
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, 55 Fruit Street, Bartlett Ext. 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, GRJ-825C, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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19
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Radosevich AJ, Mutyal NN, Eshein A, Nguyen TQ, Gould B, Rogers JD, Goldberg MJ, Bianchi LK, Yen EF, Konda V, Rex DK, Van Dam J, Backman V, Roy HK. Rectal Optical Markers for In Vivo Risk Stratification of Premalignant Colorectal Lesions. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4347-4355. [PMID: 25991816 PMCID: PMC4592390 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States despite being eminently preventable by colonoscopy via removal of premalignant adenomas. In order to more effectively reduce colorectal cancer mortality, improved screening paradigms are needed. Our group pioneered the use of low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) spectroscopy to detect the presence of adenomas throughout the colon via optical interrogation of the rectal mucosa. In a previous ex vivo biopsy study of 219 patients, LEBS demonstrated excellent diagnostic potential with 89.5% accuracy for advanced adenomas. The objective of the current cross-sectional study is to assess the viability of rectal LEBS in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Measurements from 619 patients were taken using a minimally invasive 3.4-mm diameter LEBS probe introduced into the rectum via anoscope or direct insertion, requiring approximately 1 minute from probe insertion to withdrawal. The diagnostic LEBS marker was formed as a logistic regression of the optical reduced scattering coefficient [Formula: see text] and mass density distribution factor D. RESULTS The rectal LEBS marker was significantly altered in patients harboring advanced adenomas and multiple non-advanced adenomas throughout the colon. Blinded and cross-validated test performance characteristics showed 88% sensitivity to advanced adenomas, 71% sensitivity to multiple non-advanced adenomas, and 72% specificity in the validation set. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the viability of in vivo LEBS measurement of histologically normal rectal mucosa to predict the presence of clinically relevant adenomas throughout the colon. The current work represents the next step in the development of rectal LEBS as a tool for colorectal cancer risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikhil N. Mutyal
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Il
| | - Adam Eshein
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Il
| | - The-Quyen Nguyen
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Il
| | - Bradley Gould
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Il
| | - Jeremy D. Rogers
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michael J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston, Il
| | - Laura K Bianchi
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston, Il
| | - Eugene F. Yen
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston, Il
| | - Vani Konda
- Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Douglas K. Rex
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jacques Van Dam
- Advanced Digestive Health Center, University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Il
| | - Hemant K. Roy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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20
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Mutyal NN, Radosevich AJ, Bajaj S, Konda V, Siddiqui UD, Waxman I, Goldberg MJ, Rogers JD, Gould B, Eshein A, Upadhye S, Koons A, Gonzalez-Haba Ruiz M, Roy HK, Backman V. In vivo risk analysis of pancreatic cancer through optical characterization of duodenal mucosa. Pancreas 2015; 44:735-41. [PMID: 25906443 PMCID: PMC4464933 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To reduce pancreatic cancer mortality, a paradigm shift in cancer screening is needed. Our group pioneered the use of low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) spectroscopy to predict the presence of pancreatic cancer by interrogating the duodenal mucosa. A previous ex vivo study (n = 203) demonstrated excellent diagnostic potential: sensitivity, 95%; specificity, 71%; and accuracy, 85%. The objective of the current case-control study was to evaluate this approach in vivo. METHODS We developed a novel endoscope-compatible fiber-optic probe to measure LEBS in the periampullary duodenum of 41 patients undergoing upper endoscopy. This approach enables minimally invasive detection of the ultrastructural consequences of pancreatic field carcinogenesis. RESULTS The LEBS parameters and optical properties were significantly altered in patients harboring adenocarcinomas (including early-stage) throughout the pancreas relative to healthy controls. Test performance characteristics were excellent with sensitivity = 78%, specificity = 85%, and accuracy = 81%. Moreover, the LEBS prediction rule was not confounded by patients' demographics. CONCLUSION We demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo measurement of histologically normal duodenal mucosa to predict the presence of adenocarcinoma throughout the pancreas. This represents the next step in establishing duodenal LEBS analysis as a prescreening technique that identifies clinically asymptomatic patients who are at elevated risk of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil N. Mutyal
- From the *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University; †Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston; ‡Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; and §Department of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew J. Radosevich
- From the *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University; †Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston; ‡Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; and §Department of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Shailesh Bajaj
- From the *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University; †Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston; ‡Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; and §Department of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Vani Konda
- From the *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University; †Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston; ‡Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; and §Department of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Uzma D. Siddiqui
- From the *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University; †Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston; ‡Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; and §Department of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Irving Waxman
- From the *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University; †Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston; ‡Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; and §Department of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Michael J. Goldberg
- From the *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University; †Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston; ‡Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; and §Department of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Jeremy D. Rogers
- From the *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University; †Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston; ‡Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; and §Department of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Bradley Gould
- From the *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University; †Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston; ‡Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; and §Department of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Adam Eshein
- From the *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University; †Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston; ‡Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; and §Department of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Sudeep Upadhye
- From the *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University; †Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston; ‡Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; and §Department of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Ann Koons
- From the *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University; †Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston; ‡Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; and §Department of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Mariano Gonzalez-Haba Ruiz
- From the *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University; †Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston; ‡Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; and §Department of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Hemant K. Roy
- From the *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University; †Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston; ‡Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; and §Department of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Vadim Backman
- From the *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University; †Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston; ‡Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; and §Department of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
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Patel A, Tripathi G, Gopalakrishnan K, Williams N, Arasaradnam RP. Field cancerisation in colorectal cancer: A new frontier or pastures past? World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:3763-3772. [PMID: 25852261 PMCID: PMC4385523 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i13.3763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable advances in our understanding of cancer biology, early diagnosis of colorectal cancer remains elusive. Based on the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, cancer develops through the progressive accumulation of mutations in key genes that regulate cell growth. However, recent mathematical modelling suggests that some of these genetic events occur prior to the development of any discernible histological abnormality. Cells acquire pro-tumourigenic mutations that are not able to produce morphological change but predispose to cancer formation. These cells can grow to form large patches of mucosa from which a cancer arises. This process has been termed “field cancerisation”. It has received little attention in the scientific literature until recently. Several studies have now demonstrated cellular, genetic and epigenetic alterations in the macroscopically normal mucosa of colorectal cancer patients. In some reports, these changes were effectively utilised to identify patients with a neoplastic lesion suggesting potential application in the clinical setting. In this article, we present the scientific evidence to support field cancerisation in colorectal cancer and discuss important limitations that require further investigation. Characterisation of the field defect is necessary to enable early diagnosis of colorectal cancer and identify molecular targets for chemoprevention. Field cancerisation offers a promising prospect for experimental cancer research and has potential to improve patient outcomes in the clinical setting.
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22
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Lochhead P, Chan AT, Nishihara R, Fuchs CS, Beck AH, Giovannucci E, Ogino S. Etiologic field effect: reappraisal of the field effect concept in cancer predisposition and progression. Mod Pathol 2015; 28:14-29. [PMID: 24925058 PMCID: PMC4265316 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The term 'field effect' (also known as field defect, field cancerization, or field carcinogenesis) has been used to describe a field of cellular and molecular alteration, which predisposes to the development of neoplasms within that territory. We explore an expanded, integrative concept, 'etiologic field effect', which asserts that various etiologic factors (the exposome including dietary, lifestyle, environmental, microbial, hormonal, and genetic factors) and their interactions (the interactome) contribute to a tissue microenvironmental milieu that constitutes a 'field of susceptibility' to neoplasia initiation, evolution, and progression. Importantly, etiological fields predate the acquisition of molecular aberrations commonly considered to indicate presence of filed effect. Inspired by molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) research, which examines the influence of etiologic factors on cellular and molecular alterations during disease course, an etiologically focused approach to field effect can: (1) broaden the horizons of our inquiry into cancer susceptibility and progression at molecular, cellular, and environmental levels, during all stages of tumor evolution; (2) embrace host-environment-tumor interactions (including gene-environment interactions) occurring in the tumor microenvironment; and, (3) help explain intriguing observations, such as shared molecular features between bilateral primary breast carcinomas, and between synchronous colorectal cancers, where similar molecular changes are absent from intervening normal colon. MPE research has identified a number of endogenous and environmental exposures which can influence not only molecular signatures in the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and interactome, but also host immunity and tumor behavior. We anticipate that future technological advances will allow the development of in vivo biosensors capable of detecting and quantifying 'etiologic field effect' as abnormal network pathology patterns of cellular and microenvironmental responses to endogenous and exogenous exposures. Through an 'etiologic field effect' paradigm, and holistic systems pathology (systems biology) approaches to cancer biology, we can improve personalized prevention and treatment strategies for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lochhead
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Andrew T Chan
- 1] Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [2] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [2] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- 1] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [2] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew H Beck
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- 1] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [2] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA [3] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [2] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA [3] Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Buccal spectral markers for lung cancer risk stratification. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110157. [PMID: 25299667 PMCID: PMC4192585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths in the US with >150,000 deaths per year. In order to more effectively reduce lung cancer mortality, more sophisticated screening paradigms are needed. Previously, our group demonstrated the use of low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) spectroscopy to detect and quantify the micro/nano-architectural correlates of colorectal and pancreatic field carcinogenesis. In the lung, the buccal (cheek) mucosa has been suggested as an excellent surrogate site in the “field of injury”. We, therefore, wanted to assess whether LEBS could similarly sense the presence of lung. To this end, we applied a fiber-optic LEBS probe to a dataset of 27 smokers without diagnosed lung cancer (controls) and 46 with lung cancer (cases), which was divided into a training and a blinded validation set (32 and 41 subjects, respectively). LEBS readings of the buccal mucosa were taken from the oral cavity applying gentle contact. The diagnostic LEBS marker was notably altered in patients harboring lung cancer compared to smoking controls. The prediction rule developed on training set data provided excellent diagnostics with 94% sensitivity, 80% specificity, and 95% accuracy. Applying the same threshold to the blinded validation set yielded 79% sensitivity and 83% specificity. These results were not confounded by patient demographics or impacted by cancer type or location. Moreover, the prediction rule was robust across all stages of cancer including stage I. We envision the use of LEBS as the first part of a two-step paradigm shift in lung cancer screening in which patients with high LEBS risk markers are funnelled into more invasive screening for confirmation.
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24
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Boppart SA, Richards-Kortum R. Point-of-care and point-of-procedure optical imaging technologies for primary care and global health. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:253rv2. [PMID: 25210062 PMCID: PMC4370289 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leveraging advances in consumer electronics and wireless telecommunications, low-cost, portable optical imaging devices have the potential to improve screening and detection of disease at the point of care in primary health care settings in both low- and high-resource countries. Similarly, real-time optical imaging technologies can improve diagnosis and treatment at the point of procedure by circumventing the need for biopsy and analysis by expert pathologists, who are scarce in developing countries. Although many optical imaging technologies have been translated from bench to bedside, industry support is needed to commercialize and broadly disseminate these from the patient level to the population level to transform the standard of care. This review provides an overview of promising optical imaging technologies, the infrastructure needed to integrate them into widespread clinical use, and the challenges that must be addressed to harness the potential of these technologies to improve health care systems around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Rebecca Richards-Kortum
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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25
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Cherkezyan L, Stypula-Cyrus Y, Subramanian H, White C, Dela Cruz M, Wali RK, Goldberg MJ, Bianchi LK, Roy HK, Backman V. Nanoscale changes in chromatin organization represent the initial steps of tumorigenesis: a transmission electron microscopy study. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:189. [PMID: 24629088 PMCID: PMC3995586 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear alterations are a well-known manifestation of cancer. However, little is known about the early, microscopically-undetectable stages of malignant transformation. Based on the phenomenon of field cancerization, the tissue in the field of a tumor can be used to identify and study the initiating events of carcinogenesis. Morphological changes in nuclear organization have been implicated in the field of colorectal cancer (CRC), and we hypothesize that characterization of chromatin alterations in the early stages of CRC will provide insight into cancer progression, as well as serve as a biomarker for early detection, risk stratification and prevention. Methods For this study we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of nuclei harboring pre-neoplastic CRC alterations in two models: a carcinogen-treated animal model of early CRC, and microscopically normal-appearing tissue in the field of human CRC. We quantify the chromatin arrangement using approaches with two levels of complexity: 1) binary, where chromatin is separated into areas of dense heterochromatin and loose euchromatin, and 2) grey-scale, where the statistics of continuous mass-density distribution within the nucleus is quantified by its spatial correlation function. Results We established an increase in heterochromatin content and clump size, as well as a loss of its characteristic peripheral positioning in microscopically normal pre-neoplastic cell nuclei. Additionally, the analysis of chromatin density showed that its spatial distribution is altered from a fractal to a stretched exponential. Conclusions We characterize quantitatively and qualitatively the nanoscale structural alterations preceding cancer development, which may allow for the establishment of promising new biomarkers for cancer risk stratification and diagnosis. The findings of this study confirm that ultrastructural changes of chromatin in field carcinogenesis represent early neoplastic events leading to the development of well-documented, microscopically detectable hallmarks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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26
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Yi J, Radosevich AJ, Stypula-Cyrus Y, Mutyal NN, Azarin SM, Horcher E, Goldberg MJ, Bianchi LK, Bajaj S, Roy HK, Backman V. Spatially resolved optical and ultrastructural properties of colorectal and pancreatic field carcinogenesis observed by inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:36013. [PMID: 24643530 PMCID: PMC4019430 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.3.036013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Field carcinogenesis is the initial stage of cancer progression. Understanding field carcinogenesis is valuable for both cancer biology and clinical medicine. Here, we used inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography to study colorectal cancer (CRC) and pancreatic cancer (PC) field carcinogenesis. Depth-resolved optical and ultrastructural properties of the mucosa were quantified from histologically normal rectal biopsies from patients with and without colon adenomas (n=85) as well as from histologically normal peri-ampullary duodenal biopsies from patients with and without PC (n=22). Changes in the epithelium and stroma in CRC field carcinogenesis were separately quantified. In both compartments, optical and ultra-structural alterations were consistent. Optical alterations included lower backscattering (μb) and reduced scattering (μs') coefficients and higher anisotropy factor g. Ultrastructurally pronounced alterations were observed at length scales up to ∼450 nm, with the shape of the mass density correlation function having a higher shape factor D, thus implying a shift to larger length scales. Similar alterations were found in the PC field carcinogenesis despite the difference in genetic pathways and etiologies. We further verified that the chromatin clumping in epithelial cells and collagen cross-linking caused D to increase in vitro and could be among the mechanisms responsible for the observed changes in epithelium and stroma, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yi
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Andrew J. Radosevich
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Yolanda Stypula-Cyrus
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Nikhil N. Mutyal
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Samira Michelle Azarin
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Elizabeth Horcher
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Michael J. Goldberg
- NorthShore University Health Systems, Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Laura K. Bianchi
- NorthShore University Health Systems, Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Shailesh Bajaj
- NorthShore University Health Systems, Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Hemant K. Roy
- Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Vadim Backman
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
- Address all correspondence to: Vadim Backman, E-mail:
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27
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Stypula-Cyrus Y, Mutyal NN, Dela Cruz M, Kunte DP, Radosevich AJ, Wali R, Roy HK, Backman V. End-binding protein 1 (EB1) up-regulation is an early event in colorectal carcinogenesis. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:829-35. [PMID: 24492008 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
End-binding protein (EB1) is a microtubule protein that binds to the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). While EB1 is implicated as a potential oncogene, its role in cancer progression is unknown. Therefore, we analyzed EB1/APC expression at the earliest stages of colorectal carcinogenesis and in the uninvolved mucosa ("field effect") of human and animal tissue. We also performed siRNA-knockdown in colon cancer cell lines. EB1 is up-regulated in early and field carcinogenesis in the colon, and the cellular/nano-architectural effect of EB1 knockdown depended on the genetic context. Thus, dysregulation of EB1 is an important early event in colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Stypula-Cyrus
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Nikhil N Mutyal
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Mart Dela Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Dhananjay P Kunte
- Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Andrew J Radosevich
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ramesh Wali
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hemant K Roy
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Vadim Backman
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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28
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Damania D, Subramanian H, Backman V, Anderson EC, Wong MH, McCarty OJT, Phillips KG. Network signatures of nuclear and cytoplasmic density alterations in a model of pre and postmetastatic colorectal cancer. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:16016. [PMID: 24441943 PMCID: PMC4019418 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.1.016016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cells contributing to the pathogenesis of cancer possess cytoplasmic and nuclear structural alterations that accompany their aberrant genetic, epigenetic, and molecular perturbations. Although it is known that architectural changes in primary and metastatic tumor cells can be quantified through variations in cellular density at the nanometer and micrometer spatial scales, the interdependent relationships among nuclear and cytoplasmic density as a function of tumorigenic potential has not been thoroughly investigated. We present a combined optical approach utilizing quantitative phase microscopy and partial wave spectroscopic microscopy to perform parallel structural characterizations of cellular architecture. Using the isogenic SW480 and SW620 cell lines as a model of pre and postmetastatic transition in colorectal cancer, we demonstrate that nuclear and cytoplasmic nanoscale disorder, micron-scale dry mass content, mean dry mass density, and shape metrics of the dry mass density histogram are uniquely correlated within and across different cellular compartments for a given cell type. The correlations of these physical parameters can be interpreted as networks whose nodal importance and level of connection independence differ according to disease stage. This work demonstrates how optically derived biophysical parameters are linked within and across different cellular compartments during the architectural orchestration of the metastatic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhwanil Damania
- Northwestern University, Biomedical Engineering Department, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Hariharan Subramanian
- Northwestern University, Biomedical Engineering Department, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Vadim Backman
- Northwestern University, Biomedical Engineering Department, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Eric C. Anderson
- Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Melissa H. Wong
- Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Owen J. T. McCarty
- Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Kevin G. Phillips
- Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Address all correspondence to: Kevin Phillips, E-mail:
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29
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Enhanced imaging in the GI tract: spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography. Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 78:568-73. [PMID: 24054739 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Radosevich AJ, Mutyal NN, Yi J, Stypula-Cyrus Y, Rogers JD, Goldberg MJ, Bianchi LK, Bajaj S, Roy HK, Backman V. Ultrastructural alterations in field carcinogenesis measured by enhanced backscattering spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2013; 18:097002. [PMID: 24008865 PMCID: PMC3764252 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.9.097002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Optical characterization of biological tissue in field carcinogenesis offers a method with which to study the mechanisms behind early cancer development and the potential to perform clinical diagnosis. Previously, low-coherence enhanced backscattering spectroscopy (LEBS) has demonstrated the ability to discriminate between normal and diseased organs based on measurements of histologically normal-appearing tissue in the field of colorectal (CRC) and pancreatic (PC) cancers. Here, we implement the more comprehensive enhanced backscattering (EBS) spectroscopy to better understand the structural and optical changes which lead to the previous findings. EBS provides high-resolution measurement of the spatial reflectance profile P(rs) between 30 microns and 2.7 mm, where information about nanoscale mass density fluctuations in the mucosa can be quantified. A demonstration of the length-scales at which P(rs) is optimally altered in CRC and PC field carcinogenesis is given and subsequently these changes are related to the tissue's structural composition. Three main conclusions are made. First, the most significant changes in P(rs) occur at short length-scales corresponding to the superficial mucosal layer. Second, these changes are predominantly attributable to a reduction in the presence of subdiffractional structures. Third, similar trends are seen for both cancer types, suggesting a common progression of structural alterations in each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Radosevich
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tech E310, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Nikhil N. Mutyal
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tech E310, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Ji Yi
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tech E310, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Yolanda Stypula-Cyrus
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tech E310, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Jeremy D. Rogers
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tech E310, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Michael J. Goldberg
- NorthShore University Healthsystems, Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Laura K. Bianchi
- NorthShore University Healthsystems, Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Shailesh Bajaj
- NorthShore University Healthsystems, Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Hemant K. Roy
- Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Vadim Backman
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tech E310, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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31
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Modulation of light-enhancement to symbiotic algae by light-scattering in corals and evolutionary trends in bleaching. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61492. [PMID: 23630594 PMCID: PMC3632607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium carbonate skeletons of scleractinian corals amplify light availability to their algal symbionts by diffuse scattering, optimizing photosynthetic energy acquisition. However, the mechanism of scattering and its role in coral evolution and dissolution of algal symbioses during “bleaching” events are largely unknown. Here we show that differences in skeletal fractal architecture at nano/micro-lengthscales within 96 coral taxa result in an 8-fold variation in light-scattering and considerably alter the algal light environment. We identified a continuum of properties that fall between two extremes: (1) corals with low skeletal fractality that are efficient at transporting and redistributing light throughout the colony with low scatter but are at higher risk of bleaching and (2) corals with high skeletal fractality that are inefficient at transporting and redistributing light with high scatter and are at lower risk of bleaching. While levels of excess light derived from the coral skeleton is similar in both groups, the low-scatter corals have a higher rate of light-amplification increase when symbiont concentration is reduced during bleaching, thus creating a positive feedback-loop between symbiont concentration and light-amplification that exposes the remaining symbionts to increasingly higher light intensities. By placing our findings in an evolutionary framework, in conjunction with a novel empirical index of coral bleaching susceptibility, we find significant correlations between bleaching susceptibility and light-scattering despite rich homoplasy in both characters; suggesting that the cost of enhancing light-amplification to the algae is revealed in decreased resilience of the partnership to stress.
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32
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Backman V, Roy HK. Advances in biophotonics detection of field carcinogenesis for colon cancer risk stratification. J Cancer 2013; 4:251-61. [PMID: 23459690 PMCID: PMC3584838 DOI: 10.7150/jca.5838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of neoplastic transformation of the colon involves a progression through hyperproliferative epithelium through the aberrant crypt foci→small adenoma→large adenoma→invasive cancer→metastatic disease. These are orchestrated by sequential genetic and epigenetic events which provide the underpinnings of cellular alterations such as early induction in proliferation/suppression of apoptosis, along with the late stage increase in invasiveness. Colorectal cancer (CRC) averages 49-111 mutations per tumor encompassing 10-15 critical signaling pathways[1]. Accumulating such a high number of mutations requires a fertile mutational field, which is the hallmark of colon carcinogenesis. While genetic susceptibility to colorectal cancer is well-known, at least half of the risk is believed to be due to exogeneous factors (e.g., obesity, diet, exercise). Understanding these risk factors represents a promising mode of tailoring screening modality and intensity. However, previous attempts using these factors (i.e., NCI risk calculator) have only been modestly successful with an area under receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC) of just 0.61. One of the most important concepts is that risk is the interaction between these genetic and environmental components and is driven by the variety of polymorphisms. Thus, predicting risk is difficult given the complexity. On the other hand, the colonic mucosa represents the end product of the complex interplay between these multiple factors. The power of field carcinogenesis is that it reflects this interplay between genetics and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Backman
- 1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Mutyal NN, Radosevich A, Tiwari AK, Stypula Y, Wali R, Kunte D, Roy HK, Backman V. Biological mechanisms underlying structural changes induced by colorectal field carcinogenesis measured with low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) spectroscopy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57206. [PMID: 23431406 PMCID: PMC3576387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the utility of Low-Coherence Enhanced Backscattering (LEBS) Spectroscopy in detecting optical changes in uninvolved rectal mucosa, changes that are indicative of the presence of advanced colorectal adenomas elsewhere in the colon (field carcinogenesis). We hypothesized that the alterations in optical signatures are due to structural changes in colonocytes. To elucidate those colonocyte changes, we used LEBS and an early time point in an animal model of colorectal field carcinogenesis – rats treated with azoxymethane (AOM). Changes in LEBS markers in intact mucosa from AOM-treated rats could be at least partially attributed to changes in colonocytes. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the colonocyte abnormalities in premalignant colon, we took a candidate approach. We compared expression profiles of genes implicated directly or indirectly in cytoskeletal dysregulation in colorectal tissues from saline-treated versus AOM-treated rats. Our data suggest that a number of genes known to affect colon tumorigenesis are up-regulated in colonocytes, and genes previously reported to be tumor suppressors in metastatic cancer are down-regulated in colonocytes, despite the colonocytes being histologically normal. To further understand the role of the cytoskeleton in generating changes in optical markers of cells, we used pharmacological disruption (using colchicine) of the cytoskeleton. We found that differences in optical markers (between AOM- and control-treated rats) were negated by the disruption, suggesting cytoskeletal involvement in the optical changes. These studies provide significant insights into the micro-architectural alterations in early colon carcinogenesis, and may enable optimization of both bio-photonic and molecular risk stratification techniques to personalize colorectal cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil N. Mutyal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrew Radosevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ashish K. Tiwari
- Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University Healthsystems, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yolanda Stypula
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ramesh Wali
- Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University Healthsystems, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dhananjay Kunte
- Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University Healthsystems, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hemant K. Roy
- Department of Internal Medicine, NorthShore University Healthsystems, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
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Roy HK, Backman V. Spectroscopic applications in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10:1335-41. [PMID: 23059052 PMCID: PMC3756813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the major frontiers in biomedical optics has been as an adjunct to gastrointestinal endoscopy. In particular, spectroscopy of elastic light scattering has the potential of addressing many of the vexing challenges confronting endoscopists. This review discusses the principles of spectroscopy and critically evaluates performance in clinically significant scenarios. One of the best established applications is optical biopsy (in situ histological determination), and a number of techniques such as elastic scattering spectroscopy have demonstrated the ability to discriminate between neoplastic and non-neoplastic polyps. For flat dysplasia detection in Barrett's esophagus, some of the most promising spectroscopic technologies are angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry and endoscopic polarized scanning spectroscopy (the next generation light scattering spectroscopy). A new and exciting biological approach involves optical detection of field carcinogenesis. This can be exploited to reduce colonoscopic adenoma miss rate by assessing microcirculatory augmentation in the mucosa in the vicinity of the polyp using polarization-gatedspectroscopy. Furthermore, there are nano/micro-architectural correlates with diffuse field carcinogenesis throughout the colon. Indeed, technologies such as low coherence enhanced backscattering spectroscopy and partial wave spectroscopic microscopy have demonstrated that the detection of the nano-architectural alterations in the rectal mucosa can accurately sense advanced adenomas elsewhere in the colon. This may lend itself to a minimally intrusive risk stratification to identify patients who are most likely to harbor neoplasia and thus benefit from colonoscopy. Bridging these advances into the endoscopy suite requires pragmatic future development. Future studies need to focus on efficacy, cost, practicality (time required, etc), and particularly developing the paradigms that will impact upon clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant K Roy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer represents one of the leading malignancies worldwide. Early endoscopic detection and removal of its precursor lesions, adenomas, and serrated hyperplastic polyps results in a decrease of colon cancer-related death. However, miss rates in adenoma detection up to 26% underline the need for high compliance to basic measures and further improvement in methodology and technology. Basic parameters affecting adenoma detection rates include sufficient training and awareness of the endoscopist, use of high-definition endoscopes, careful examination behind folds, cleansing the colon wall, accurate distention of the colon, and adequate withdrawal time. Advanced imaging techniques, introduced to further improve adenoma detection, have yielded mixed results. These include wide-angle colonoscopes, cap-assisted colonoscopy, and retroscopic methods which may add new obstacles to colonoscopy. Moreover, chromoendoscopy either 'virtual' or by topically applied dyes has been suggested to enhance the detection of colonic neoplasia. Yet, studies on patients with average cancer risk have failed to reproduce promising initial results. Similarly, although autofluorescence has not enhanced the diagnostic yield in screening a population at average risk, it may be useful in patients at increased cancer risk. Recently, technical feasibility of molecular imaging employing 'biomarkers' has been demonstrated, but needs further evaluation. The newest developments, employing light-scattering spectroscopy, suggest the existence of a 'field effect' of colonic carcinogenesis and may enable detection of the earliest neoplastic events and distant adenomas even when applied to normal-appearing mucosa. Upon confirmation, these technologies may result in a substantial change in patient management and risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Anders
- Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Radosevich AJ, Rogers JD, Capoğlu IR, Mutyal NN, Pradhan P, Backman V. Open source software for electric field Monte Carlo simulation of coherent backscattering in biological media containing birefringence. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:115001. [PMID: 23123973 PMCID: PMC3487050 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.11.115001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT. We present an open source electric field tracking Monte Carlo program to model backscattering in biological media containing birefringence, with computation of the coherent backscattering phenomenon as an example. These simulations enable the modeling of tissue scattering as a statistically homogeneous continuous random media under the Whittle-Matérn model, which includes the Henyey-Greenstein phase function as a special case, or as a composition of discrete spherical scatterers under Mie theory. The calculation of the amplitude scattering matrix for the above two cases as well as the implementation of birefringence using the Jones N-matrix formalism is presented. For ease of operator use and data processing, our simulation incorporates a graphical user interface written in MATLAB to interact with the underlying C code. Additionally, an increase in computational speed is achieved through implementation of message passing interface and the semi-analytical approach. Finally, we provide demonstrations of the results of our simulation for purely scattering media and scattering media containing linear birefringence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Radosevich
- Northwestern University, Biomedical Engineering Department, Tech E310, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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Mutyal NN, Radosevich A, Gould B, Rogers JD, Gomes A, Turzhitsky V, Backman V. A fiber optic probe design to measure depth-limited optical properties in-vivo with low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:19643-57. [PMID: 23037017 PMCID: PMC3635466 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.019643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) spectroscopy is an angular resolved backscattering technique that is sensitive to sub-diffusion light transport length scales in which information about scattering phase function is preserved. Our group has shown the ability to measure the spatial backscattering impulse response function along with depth-selective optical properties in tissue ex-vivo using LEBS. Here we report the design and implementation of a lens-free fiber optic LEBS probe capable of providing depth-limited measurements of the reduced scattering coefficient in-vivo. Experimental measurements combined with Monte Carlo simulation of scattering phantoms consisting of polystyrene microspheres in water are used to validate the performance of the probe. Additionally, depth-limited capabilities are demonstrated using Monte Carlo modeling and experimental measurements from a two-layered phantom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil N. Mutyal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208, USA
| | - Andrew Radosevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208, USA
| | - Bradley Gould
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208, USA
| | - Jeremy D. Rogers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208, USA
| | - Andrew Gomes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208, USA
| | - Vladimir Turzhitsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208, USA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208, USA
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Radosevich AJ, Rogers JD, Turzhitsky V, Mutyal NN, Yi J, Roy HK, Backman V. Polarized Enhanced Backscattering Spectroscopy for Characterization of Biological Tissues at Subdiffusion Length-scales. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2012; 18:1313-1325. [PMID: 24163574 PMCID: PMC3806115 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2011.2173659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 1980's, the enhanced backscattering (EBS) phenomenon has been well-studied in a large variety of non-biological materials. Yet, until recently the use of conventional EBS for the characterization of biological tissue has been fairly limited. In this work we detail the unique ability of EBS to provide spectroscopic, polarimetric, and depth-resolved characterization of biological tissue using a simple backscattering instrument. We first explain the experimental and numerical procedures used to accurately measure and model the full azimuthal EBS peak shape in biological tissue. Next we explore the peak shape and height dependencies for different polarization channels and spatial coherence of illumination. We then illustrate the extraordinary sensitivity of EBS to the shape of the scattering phase function using suspensions of latex microspheres. Finally, we apply EBS to biological tissue samples in order to measure optical properties and observe the spatial length-scales at which backscattering is altered in early colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Radosevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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Gomes AJ, Ruderman S, DelaCruz M, Wali RK, Roy HK, Backman V. In vivo measurement of the shape of the tissue-refractive-index correlation function and its application to detection of colorectal field carcinogenesis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:047005. [PMID: 22559696 PMCID: PMC3382344 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.4.047005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polarization-gated spectroscopy is an established method to depth-selectively interrogate the structural properties of biological tissue. We employ this method in vivo in the azoxymethane (AOM)-treated rat model to monitor the morphological changes that occur in the field of a tumor during early carcinogenesis. The results demonstrate a statistically significant change in the shape of the refractive-index correlation function for AOM-treated rats versus saline-treated controls. Since refractive index is linearly proportional to mass density, these refractive-index changes can be directly linked to alterations in the spatial distribution patterns of macromolecular density. Furthermore, we found that alterations in the shape of the refractive-index correlation function shape were an indicator of both present and future risk of tumor development. These results suggest that noninvasive measurement of the shape of the refractive-index correlation function could be a promising marker of early cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Gomes
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60218
| | - Sarah Ruderman
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60218
| | - Mart DelaCruz
- NorthShore University Health System, Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60218
| | - Ramesh K. Wali
- NorthShore University Health System, Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60218
| | - Hemant K. Roy
- NorthShore University Health System, Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60218
| | - Vadim Backman
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60218
- Address all correspondence to: Vadim Backman, Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, BME-E310, Evanston, Illinois 60218. Tel: +847 4913536; Fax: +847 4914928; E-mail:
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Kwon YS, Cho YS, Yoon TJ, Kim HS, Choi MG. Recent advances in targeted endoscopic imaging: Early detection of gastrointestinal neoplasms. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 4:57-64. [PMID: 22442742 PMCID: PMC3309894 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v4.i3.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging has emerged as a new discipline in gastrointestinal endoscopy. This technology encompasses modalities that can visualize disease-specific morphological or functional tissue changes based on the molecular signature of individual cells. Molecular imaging has several advantages including minimal damage to tissues, repetitive visualization, and utility for conducting quantitative analyses. Advancements in basic science coupled with endoscopy have made early detection of gastrointestinal cancer possible. Molecular imaging during gastrointestinal endoscopy requires the development of safe biomarkers and exogenous probes to detect molecular changes in cells with high specificity anda high signal-to-background ratio. Additionally, a high-resolution endoscope with an accurate wide-field viewing capability must be developed. Targeted endoscopic imaging is expected to improve early diagnosis and individual therapy of gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Soo Kwon
- Yong-Soo Kwon, Tae-Jong Yoon, Department of Applied Bioscience, CHA University, Seoul 135081, South Korea
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Turzhitsky V, Mutyal NN, Radosevich AJ, Backman V. Multiple scattering model for the penetration depth of low-coherence enhanced backscattering. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:097006. [PMID: 21950941 PMCID: PMC3188644 DOI: 10.1117/1.3625402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) is a depth-selective self-interference phenomenon that originates from light traveling time-reversed paths in a scattering medium. The depth selectivity of LEBS and its sensitivity to optical properties of the scattering medium has made it a promising technique for probing the structure of biological tissue with applications to disease diagnosis and, in particular, precancerous conditions. The ability to accurately predict the penetration depth of the LEBS signal is important in targeting an optimal tissue depth for detecting precancerous cells. This prediction is further complicated by the variation in optical properties of different tissue types. In this paper, the effects of the reduced scattering coefficient (μ(s)'), the phase function and the instrument spatial coherence length (L(sc)) on the LEBS penetration depth are quantified. It is determined that the LEBS penetration depth is primarily dependent on L(sc), μ(s)', and the anisotropy factor (g), but has minimal dependence on higher moments of the phase function. An empirical expression, having a similar form as the double scattering approximation for LEBS, is found to accurately predict the average penetration depth in the multiple scattering regime. The expression is shown to be accurate for a broad range of experimentally relevant optical properties and spatial coherence lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Turzhitsky
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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Roy HK, Goldberg MJ, Bajaj S, Backman V. Colonoscopy and optical biopsy: bridging technological advances to clinical practice. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:1863-7. [PMID: 21521641 PMCID: PMC3557924 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hemant K. Roy
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University Health Systems, Evanston IL 60201
| | - Michael J. Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University Health Systems, Evanston IL 60201
| | - Shailesh Bajaj
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University Health Systems, Evanston IL 60201
| | - Vadim Backman
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208
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Turzhitsky V, Radosevich AJ, Rogers JD, Mutyal NN, Backman V. Measurement of optical scattering properties with low-coherence enhanced backscattering spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:067007. [PMID: 21721828 PMCID: PMC3138801 DOI: 10.1117/1.3589349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) is a depth selective technique that allows noninvasive characterization of turbid media such as biological tissue. LEBS provides a spectral measurement of the tissue reflectance distribution as a function of distance between incident and reflected ray pairs through the use of partial spatial coherence broadband illumination. We present LEBS as a new depth-selective technique to measure optical properties of tissue in situ. Because LEBS enables measurements of reflectance due to initial scattering events, LEBS is sensitive to the shape of the phase function in addition to the reduced scattering coefficient (μ(s) (*)). We introduce a simulation of LEBS that implements a two parameter phase function based on the Whittle-Matérn refractive index correlation function model. We show that the LEBS enhancement factor (E) primarily depends on μ(s) (*), the normalized spectral dependence of E (S(n)) depends on one of the two parameters of the phase function that also defines the functional type of the refractive index correlation function (m), and the LEBS peak width depends on both the anisotropy factor (g) and m. Three inverse models for calculating these optical properties are described and the calculations are validated with an experimental measurement from a tissue phantom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Turzhitsky
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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Tiwari AK, Crawford SE, Radosevich A, Wali RK, Stypula Y, Kunte DP, Mutyal N, Ruderman S, Gomes A, Cornwell ML, De La Cruz M, Brasky J, Gibson TP, Backman V, Roy HK. Neo-angiogenesis and the premalignant micro-circulatory augmentation of early colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2011; 306:205-13. [PMID: 21493000 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopic techniques have demonstrated that in the microscopically normal mucosa, there is an increase in mucosal micro-circulation in patients harboring neoplasia elsewhere in the colon (i.e. marker of field carcinogenesis). However, the physiological and molecular basis of this early increase in blood supply (EIBS) has not been elucidated. We, therefore, investigated the microvessel density (MVD) and angiogenic gene expression in the premalignant colonic mucosa from the well-validated azoxymethane (AOM)-treated rat experimental model of colon carcinogenesis. Fisher 344 rats were treated with AOM (15 mg/kg i.p.) or saline and euthanized 14 weeks later (a time-point that precedes carcinoma development). Colon sections were studied for MVD via immunohistochemical assessment for CD31 and location was compared with optical assessment of mucosal hemoglobin with low-coherence enhanced backscattering spectroscopy (LEBS). Finally, we performed a pilot real-time PCR angiogenesis microarray (84 genes) from the microscopically normal colonic mucosa of AOM and age-matched saline treated rats. AOM treatment increased MVD in both the mucosa and submucosa of the rats (125% increase in mucosa; p<0.007, and 96% increase in submucosa; p<0.02) but the increase was most pronounced at the cryptal base consistent with the LEBS data showing maximal hemoglobin augmentation at 200-225 μm depth. Microarray analysis showed striking dysregulation of angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. We demonstrate, for the first time, that neo-angiogenesis occurs in the microscopically normal colonic mucosa and was accentuated at the bottom of the crypt. This finding has potential implications as a biomarker for risk-stratification and target for chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Tiwari
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
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Backman V, Roy HK. Light-scattering technologies for field carcinogenesis detection: a modality for endoscopic prescreening. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:35-41. [PMID: 21078318 PMCID: PMC3319699 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colonoscopy has revolutionized colorectal cancer (CRC) screening resulting in a decrease in both CRC mortality and incidence. Despite this, CRC still ranks as the second leading cause of cancer deaths among Americans underscoring the need to both increase availability and accuracy of colonoscopy. The latter considerations provide the impetus for much of the current research into adjunctive imaging technologies. Recent advances in improving detection of dysplasia that have translated into clinical practice include high-definition scopes, narrow-band imaging, and chromo-endoscopy. Another major direction of research into improving endoscopy is determining histology of lesions in situ (“optical biopsy”) with confocal endomicroscopy, fluorescence and elastic scattering spectroscopy. All these techniques are of great promise in improving delivery of endoscopy but, to date, have not addressed the potentially more important hurdle associated with logistic challenges of providing accurate CRC screening for the entire at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Backman
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
| | - Hemant K. Roy
- Section of Gastroenterology, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston IL
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Wang KK, Okoro N, Prasad G, WongKeeSong M, Buttar NS, Tian J. Endoscopic evaluation and advanced imaging of Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2011; 21:39-51. [PMID: 21112496 PMCID: PMC3762455 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced visualization techniques are available for Barrett's esophagus and have promise in the detection of dysplasia and cancer. Several of these techniques, such as narrow band imaging and chromoendoscopy, are being applied clinically. These techniques will allow the endoscopist to screen the surface of the Barrett's esophagus to detect areas of neoplasia. Once detected, it is hoped that either magnification techniques, such as confocal laser endomicroscopy, or spectroscopic techniques can be of value in allowing in vivo real-time diagnostic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Abstract
Optical contrast based on elastic scattering interactions between light and matter can be used to probe cellular structure, cellular dynamics, and image tissue architecture. The quantitative nature and high sensitivity of light scattering signals to subtle alterations in tissue morphology, as well as the ability to visualize unstained tissue in vivo, has recently generated significant interest in optical-scatter-based biosensing and imaging. Here we review the fundamental methodologies used to acquire and interpret optical scatter data. We report on recent findings in this field and present current advances in optical scatter techniques and computational methods. Cellular and tissue data enabled by current advances in optical scatter spectroscopy and imaging stand to impact a variety of biomedical applications including clinical tissue diagnosis, in vivo imaging, drug discovery, and basic cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada N. Boustany
- Corresponding Author: Rutgers University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, Tel: (732) 445-4500 x6320,
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Depts. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bioengineering, Medicine, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, Tel: (217) 244-7479
| | - Vadim Backman
- Northwestern University, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208, Tel: (847) 491-3536
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Advances in endoscopic imaging of colorectal neoplasia. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:2140-50. [PMID: 20420951 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer screening is arguably the most important activity performed by gastroenterologists. Recent decreases in rates of death from colorectal cancer indicate that screening methods such as colonoscopy have a positive impact. There is still room for improvement, however, particularly in prevention of right-sided colon cancer. Practice issues, such as making colonoscopy more comfortable, safer, and less costly, are keys to continued success in cancer prevention. Colonoscopy techniques, technologies, and quality control measures have advanced to improve detection, classification, and removal of early neoplasias. In particular, slow, careful inspection of the colon by gastroenterologists who have been trained in lesion recognition has improved rates of detection of polypoid and flat neoplasias. Image enhancement methods such as chromoendoscopy have greatly improved neoplasia detection in patients with chronic colitis, but are not widely used because they are perceived as inconvenient. More convenient methods, such as "digital" chromoendoscopy, show promise but have had mixed results. Ultra-high magnification systems, including optical magnification and confocal endomicroscopy, can be used during the colonoscopy examination to evaluate small polyps, allowing physicians to make immediate diagnoses and decisions about whether to remove polyps. In patients with inflammatory bowel disease, improved imaging techniques could eliminate the needs for analysis of randomly selected biopsy samples and resection of all (neoplastic and non-neoplastic) polyps. It is important to maintain high standards of quality for colonoscopy examination, detection, and removal of high-risk lesions, as well as to make colon cancer screening more widely accepted and affordable for the entire at-risk population.
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Abstract
It has become increasingly evident that the study of DNA is inadequate to explain many, if not most, aspects of the development and progression of neoplastic lesions from pre-invasive lesions to metastasis. Thus, the term "genetic" can no longer refer to just the study of the genome. Much of the action in genetic research now shifts to the methods by which the pre-mRNA from one gene is processed to yield multiple different proteins, different quantities of the same protein as well as other forms of regulating RNA. Thus, the age of post-transcriptional processing and epigenetic control of the transfer of information from the genome has arrived. The mechanisms of post-transcriptional processing and epigenetic control that must be characterized in greater detail including alternate splicing, regulation of mRNA degradation, RNA regulatory factors including those factors which extensively edit mRNAs, control of translation, and control of protein stability and degradation. This chapter reviews many of the processes that control information from the genome to proteins and how these factors lead from less than 40,000 genes to more than an order of magnitude increase more proteins which actually control the phenotypes of cells - normal or neoplastic. It is usually the products of genes (e.g., mRNA, microRNA and proteins) that are the molecular markers that will control translational research and ultimately, individualized (personal) medical approaches to disease. This chapter emphasizes how the process of neoplasia "hijacks" the normal processes of cellular operations, especially those processes that are important in the normal development of the organisms - including proliferation, cellular death, angiogenesis, cellular mobility and invasion, and immunoregulation to ensure neoplastic development, survival and progression. This chapter reviews the wide range of processes controlling the information that flows from the genome to proteins and emphasizes how molecular steps in pure processes can be used as biomarkers to study prevention, treatment and/or management of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Srivastava
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA.
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Turzhitsky V, Rogers JD, Mutyal NN, Roy HK, Backman V. Characterization of light transport in scattering media at sub-diffusion length scales with Low-coherence Enhanced Backscattering. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2010; 16:619-626. [PMID: 21037980 PMCID: PMC2964859 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2009.2032666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) is a technique that has recently shown promise for tissue characterization and the detection of early pre-cancer. Although several Monte Carlo models of LEBS have been described, these models have not been accurate enough to predict all of the experimentally observed LEBS features. We present an appropriate Monte Carlo model to simulate LEBS peak properties from polystyrene microsphere suspensions in water. Results show that the choice of the phase function greatly impacts the accuracy of the simulation when the transport mean free path (ls*) is much greater than the spatial coherence length (L(SC)). When ls* < L(SC), a diffusion approximation based model of LEBS is sufficiently accurate. We also use the Monte Carlo model to validate that LEBS can be used to measure the radial scattering probability distribution (radial point spread function), p(r), at small length scales and demonstrate LEBS measurements of p(r) from biological tissue. In particular, we show that pre-cancerous and benign mucosal tissues have different small length scale light transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Turzhitsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA (Phone: 847-491-7167; fax: 847-491-4928; )
| | - Jeremy D. Rogers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 ()
| | - Nikhil N. Mutyal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 ()
| | - Hemant K. Roy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Northshore University HealthSystems, Evanston, IL 60201 (h-roy @northwestern.edu)
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 ()
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