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Wang N, Hua J, Fu Y, An J, Chen X, Wang C, Zheng Y, Wang F, Ji Y, Li Q. Updated perspective of EPAS1 and the role in pulmonary hypertension. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1125723. [PMID: 36923253 PMCID: PMC10008962 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1125723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a group of syndromes characterized by irreversible vascular remodeling and persistent elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure, leading to ultimately right heart failure and even death. Current therapeutic strategies mainly focus on symptoms alleviation by stimulating pulmonary vessel dilation. Unfortunately, the mechanism and interventional management of vascular remodeling are still yet unrevealed. Hypoxia plays a central role in the pathogenesis of PH and numerous studies have shown the relationship between PH and hypoxia-inducible factors family. EPAS1, known as hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2α), functions as a transcription factor participating in various cellular pathways. However, the detailed mechanism of EPAS1 has not been fully and systematically described. This article exhibited a comprehensive summary of EPAS1 including the molecular structure, biological function and regulatory network in PH and other relevant cardiovascular diseases, and furthermore, provided theoretical reference for the potential novel target for future PH intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated by Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Hua
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated by Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhua Fu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Central Hospital of Jiading District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun An
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated by Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuancui Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanghong Zheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated by Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feilong Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated by Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingqun Ji
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated by Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated by Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Rengachar P, Bhatt AN, Polavarapu S, Veeramani S, Krishnan A, Sadananda M, Das UN. Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) Protects against Ionizing Radiation-Induced Damage: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Biomolecules 2022; 12:797. [PMID: 35740923 PMCID: PMC9221136 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation is pro-inflammatory in nature in view of its ability to induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors with associated inflammatory cells. Cells are efficient in repairing radiation-induced DNA damage; however, exactly how this happens is not clear. In the present study, GLA reduced DNA damage (as evidenced by micronuclei formation) and enhanced metabolic viability, which led to an increase in the number of surviving RAW 264.7 cells in vitro by reducing ROS generation, and restoring the activities of desaturases, COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX enzymes, TNF-α/TGF-β, NF-kB/IkB, and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and iNOS, AIM-2, and caspases 1 and 3, to near normal. These in vitro beneficial actions were confirmed by in vivo studies, which revealed that the survival of female C57BL/6J mice exposed to lethal radiation (survival~20%) is significantly enhanced (to ~80%) by GLA treatment by restoring altered levels of duodenal HMGB1, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 concentrations, as well as the expression of NF-kB, IkB, Bcl-2, Bax, delta-6-desaturase, COX-2, and 5-LOX genes, and pro- and anti-oxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, glutathione), to near normal. These in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that GLA protects cells/tissues from lethal doses of radiation by producing appropriate changes in inflammation and its resolution in a timely fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorani Rengachar
- BioScience Research Centre, Department of Medicine, GVP Medical College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam 530048, India; (P.R.); (S.P.)
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Delhi 110054, India;
| | - Anant Narayan Bhatt
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Delhi 110054, India;
| | - Sailaja Polavarapu
- BioScience Research Centre, Department of Medicine, GVP Medical College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam 530048, India; (P.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Senthil Veeramani
- Quality Assurance Laboratory, Ship Building Centre, Vishakhapatnam 530014, India;
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Department of Radiotherapy, Queen’s NRI Hospital, Vishakhapatnam 530013, India;
| | - Monika Sadananda
- Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalore 574199, India;
| | - Undurti N. Das
- BioScience Research Centre, Department of Medicine, GVP Medical College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam 530048, India; (P.R.); (S.P.)
- Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalore 574199, India;
- UND Life Sciences, 2221 NW 5th St., Battle Ground, WA 98604, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Sangareddy 502284, India
- Department of Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai 600116, India
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3
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Recent advances in drug repurposing using machine learning. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 65:74-84. [PMID: 34274565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug repurposing aims to find new uses for already existing and approved drugs. We now provide a brief overview of recent developments in drug repurposing using machine learning alongside other computational approaches for comparison. We also highlight several applications for cancer using kinase inhibitors, Alzheimer's disease as well as COVID-19.
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4
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Ivanova IG, Park CV, Kenneth NS. Translating the Hypoxic Response-the Role of HIF Protein Translation in the Cellular Response to Low Oxygen. Cells 2019; 8:E114. [PMID: 30717305 PMCID: PMC6406544 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-Inducible Factors (HIFs) play essential roles in the physiological response to low oxygen in all multicellular organisms, while their deregulation is associated with human diseases. HIF levels and activity are primarily controlled by the availability of the oxygen-sensitive HIFα subunits, which is mediated by rapid alterations to the rates of HIFα protein production and degradation. While the pathways that control HIFα degradation are understood in great detail, much less is known about the targeted control of HIFα protein synthesis and what role this has in controlling HIF activity during the hypoxic response. This review will focus on the signalling pathways and RNA binding proteins that modulate HIFα mRNA half-life and/or translation rate, and their contribution to hypoxia-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iglika G Ivanova
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Catherine V Park
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Niall S Kenneth
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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5
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Befani C, Liakos P. The role of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐2 alpha in angiogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:9087-9098. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Befani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly Larissa Greece
| | - Panagiotis Liakos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly Larissa Greece
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6
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Yu J, Silva JM. Bayesian Network to Infer Drug-Induced Apoptosis Circuits from Connectivity Map Data. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1783:361-378. [PMID: 29767372 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7834-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Connectivity Map (CMAP) project profiled human cancer cell lines exposed to a library of anticancer compounds with the goal of connecting cancer with underlying genes and potential treatments. As most targeted anticancer therapeutics aim to induce tumor-selective apoptosis, it is critical to understand the specific cell death pathways triggered by drugs. This can help to better understand the mechanism of how cancer cells respond to chemical stimulations and improve the treatment of human tumors. In this study, using Connectivity MAP microarray-based gene expression data, we applied a Bayesian network modeling approach and identified apoptosis as a major drug-induced cellular pathway. We focused on 13 apoptotic genes that showed significant differential expression across all drug-perturbed samples to reconstruct the apoptosis network. In our predicted subnetwork, 9 out of 15 high-confidence interactions were validated in literature, and our inferred network captured two major cell death pathways by identifying BCL2L11 and PMAIP1 as key interacting players for the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, and TAXBP1 and TNFAIP3 for the extrinsic apoptosis pathway. Our inferred apoptosis network also suggested the role of BCL2L11 and TNFAIP3 as "gateway" genes in the drug-induced intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyang Yu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Jose M Silva
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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Turato C, Kent P, Sebastiani G, Cannito S, Morello E, Terrin L, Biasiolo A, Simonato D, Parola M, Pantopoulos K, Pontisso P. Serpinb3 is overexpressed in the liver in presence of iron overload. J Investig Med 2017; 66:32-38. [PMID: 28935635 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2017-000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload results in cellular toxicity, tissue injury, organ fibrosis and increased risk of neoplastic transformation. SerpinB3 is a serine protease inhibitor overexpressed in the liver in oxidative stress conditions, able to induce fibrosis and increased risk of malignant transformation. Aim of the present study was to assess the effect of iron overload on SerpinB3 expression in the liver using in vivo and in vitro models.The expression of Serpinb3 was assessed in the liver of hemojuvelin knockout mice (Hjv-/-), an established model of hereditary hemochromatosis, and of wild type control mice, following dietary or pharmacological iron manipulation. To assess the direct effect of iron in vitro, cell lines were treated with different concentration of hemin or with an iron chelator.Hepatic Serpinb3 mRNA and protein were highly expressed in Hjv-/- mice, but not in wild type controls fed with a standard diet. Serpinb3 became detectable in wild type mice fed with a high iron diet or injected with iron dextran; these treatments further induced Serpinb3 expression in Hjv-/- mice. Livers expressing Serpinb3 showed a positive staining also for HIF-2α in the same areas. Hemin promoted induction of SerpinB3 mRNA in HeLa and HA22T/VGH cells, but a mild stimulation of SerpinB3 promoter activity in HeLa and Huh7 cells. In conclusion, Serpinb3 is strongly induced by iron in the mouse liver. The molecular link between iron, ROS and SerpinB3 seems to be HIF-2α, which is induced by iron overload and was previously found capable of up-regulating SerpinB3 at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefania Cannito
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Morello
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Liliana Terrin
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Maurizio Parola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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8
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Jing T, Wang P, Liu Y, Zhao J, Niu X, Wang X. Pathological changes in Sertoli cells and dysregulation of divalent metal transporter 1 with iron responsive element in the testes of idiopathic azoospermia patients. Andrologia 2017; 50. [PMID: 28762519 DOI: 10.1111/and.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for rapidly dividing spermatocytes during normal mammalian spermatogenesis. Decreased transferrin and transferrin receptor levels were observed in seminal plasma from idiopathic azoospermia (IA) patients, suggesting disturbed iron metabolism in IA testes. However, how Sertoli cells (SCs) contribute to the iron homoeostasis in IA is still unclear. In this study, we analysed 30 IA and 30 age-matched obstructive azoospermia (OA) patients undergoing testicular sperm aspiration (TESA). SCs hyperplasia was indicated by higher SC density and Ki-67 labelling index in the IA TESA specimens. The attenuated expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) suggested an impaired antioxidative capacity in IA testes. We further detected increased levels of iron importer divalent metal transporter 1 with iron responsive element (DMT1 + IRE) in IA testes, whereas the increasing trend of iron exporter ferroportin 1 (FPN1) was not statistically significant. Next, we demonstrated that iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which can potentially bind to the IRE and hypoxia-responsive element in the DMT1 + IRE mRNA, were both up-regulated in IA testes. Unexpectedly, HIF-2α was down-regulated in IA testes. These results indicate that there is a dysregulation of DMT1 + IRE in IA testes, which might due to the up-regulation of IRP1 and HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jing
- Department of Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - P Wang
- Department of Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Reproduction, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - J Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - X Niu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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9
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Hypoxia Inducible Factor-2 Alpha and Prolinhydroxylase 2 Polymorphisms in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061266. [PMID: 28613249 PMCID: PMC5486088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible-factor-2α (HIF-2α) and HIF-2 degrading prolyl-hydroxylases (PHD) are key regulators of adaptive hypoxic responses i.e., in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Specifically, functionally active genetic variants of HIF-2α (single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) [ch2:46441523(hg18)]) and PHD2 (C/T; SNP rs516651 and T/C; SNP rs480902) are associated with improved adaptation to hypoxia i.e., in high-altitude residents. However, little is known about these SNPs' prevalence in Caucasians and impact on ARDS-outcome. Thus, we tested the hypotheses that in Caucasian ARDS patients SNPs in HIF-2α or PHD2 genes are (1) common, and (2) independent risk factors for 30-day mortality. After ethics-committee approval, 272 ARDS patients were prospectively included, genotyped for PHD2 (Taqman SNP Genotyping Assay) and HIF-2α-polymorphism (restriction digest + agarose-gel visualization), and genotype dependent 30-day mortality was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier-plots and multivariate Cox-regression analyses. Frequencies were 99.62% for homozygous HIF-2α CC-carriers (CG: 0.38%; GG: 0%), 2.3% for homozygous PHD2 SNP rs516651 TT-carriers (CT: 18.9%; CC: 78.8%), and 3.7% for homozygous PHD2 SNP rs480902 TT-carriers (CT: 43.9%; CC: 52.4%). PHD2 rs516651 TT-genotype in ARDS was independently associated with a 3.34 times greater mortality risk (OR 3.34, CI 1.09-10.22; p = 0.034) within 30-days, whereas the other SNPs had no significant impact (p = ns). The homozygous HIF-2α GG-genotype was not present in our Caucasian ARDS cohort; however PHD2 SNPs exist in Caucasians, and PHD2 rs516651 TT-genotype was associated with an increased 30-day mortality suggesting a relevance for adaptive responses in ARDS.
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10
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De Abrew KN, Kainkaryam RM, Shan YK, Overmann GJ, Settivari RS, Wang X, Xu J, Adams RL, Tiesman JP, Carney EW, Naciff JM, Daston GP. Grouping 34 Chemicals Based on Mode of Action Using Connectivity Mapping. Toxicol Sci 2016; 151:447-61. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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11
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Srinivasan R, Ricketts CJ, Sourbier C, Linehan WM. New strategies in renal cell carcinoma: targeting the genetic and metabolic basis of disease. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:10-7. [PMID: 25564569 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of new forms of treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma over the past two decades has been primarily focused on targeting the VHL/HIF pathway. The recent identification of mutations of chromatin-remodeling genes in clear-cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC), of genomic heterogeneity, and of a Warburg-like metabolic phenotype in advanced disease has had a profound effect on our understanding of the evolution of ccRCC and on potential approaches to personalized therapy. Early approaches to therapy for patients with advanced type I papillary RCC that have centered around the MET/HGF pathway will expand as more genomic information becomes available. Sporadic and familial type II papillary renal cell carcinoma are characterized by enhanced aerobic glycolysis and share an antioxidant response phenotype. In fumarate hydratase-deficient RCC, fumarate-induced succination of KEAP1 activates Nrf2 signaling. CUL3 and Nrf2 mutations as well as an Nrf2 activation phenotype are found in sporadic type II papillary RCC. Therapeutic approaches designed to target the Nrf2 pathway as well as to impair blood flow and glucose delivery in these cancers that are highly dependent on a robust tumor vasculature and on ready availability of glucose for energy production and glycolysis are in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaprasad Srinivasan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christopher J Ricketts
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carole Sourbier
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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12
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Faria CC, Agnihotri S, Mack SC, Golbourn BJ, Diaz RJ, Olsen S, Bryant M, Bebenek M, Wang X, Bertrand KC, Kushida M, Head R, Clark I, Dirks P, Smith CA, Taylor MD, Rutka JT. Identification of alsterpaullone as a novel small molecule inhibitor to target group 3 medulloblastoma. Oncotarget 2015; 6:21718-29. [PMID: 26061748 PMCID: PMC4673298 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the molecular biology of medulloblastoma revealed four genetically and clinically distinct subgroups. Group 3 medulloblastomas are characterized by frequent amplifications of the oncogene MYC, a high incidence of metastasis, and poor prognosis despite aggressive therapy. We investigated several potential small molecule inhibitors to target Group 3 medulloblastomas based on gene expression data using an in silico drug screen. The Connectivity Map (C-MAP) analysis identified piperlongumine as the top candidate drug for non-WNT medulloblastomas and the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor alsterpaullone as the compound predicted to have specific antitumor activity against Group 3 medulloblastomas. To validate our findings we used these inhibitors against established Group 3 medulloblastoma cell lines. The C-MAP predicted drugs reduced cell proliferation in vitro and increased survival in Group 3 medulloblastoma xenografts. Alsterpaullone had the highest efficacy in Group 3 medulloblastoma cells. Genomic profiling of Group 3 medulloblastoma cells treated with alsterpaullone confirmed inhibition of cell cycle-related genes, and down-regulation of MYC. Our results demonstrate the preclinical efficacy of using a targeted therapy approach for Group 3 medulloblastomas. Specifically, we provide rationale for advancing alsterpaullone as a targeted therapy in Group 3 medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C. Faria
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Program in Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, EPE, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sameer Agnihotri
- Program in Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephen C. Mack
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brian J. Golbourn
- Program in Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roberto J. Diaz
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Program in Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Samantha Olsen
- Program in Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Melissa Bryant
- Program in Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Matthew Bebenek
- Program in Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xin Wang
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kelsey C. Bertrand
- Program in Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michelle Kushida
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Renee Head
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ian Clark
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter Dirks
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christian A. Smith
- Program in Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael D. Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - James T. Rutka
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Program in Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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13
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Bae WJ, Shin MR, Kang SK, Zhang-Jun, Kim JY, Lee SC, Kim EC. HIF-2 Inhibition Supresses Inflammatory Responses and Osteoclastic Differentiation in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:1241-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jung Bae
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC); School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Ran Shin
- Department of Prosthodontics; Dongatn Sacred Heart Hospital; Hallym University; Dongtan South Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Kang
- Department of Oral Medicine; School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Zhang-Jun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC); School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Yeol Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC); School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Cheon Lee
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering; School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC); School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Republic of Korea
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14
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Zhao J, Du F, Luo Y, Shen G, Zheng F, Xu B. The emerging role of hypoxia-inducible factor-2 involved in chemo/radioresistance in solid tumors. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:623-33. [PMID: 25981453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxic condition is a common feature that negatively impacts the efficacy of radio- and chemotherapy in solid tumors. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1, 2, 3) predominantly regulate the adaptation to hypoxia at the cellular or organismal level. HIF-2 is one of the three known alpha subunits of HIF transcription factors. Previous studies have shown that HIF-1 is associated with chemotherapy failure. Accumulating evidence in recent years suggests that HIF-2 also contributes to chemo/radioresistance in solid tumors. Despite sharing similar structures, HIF-1α and HIF-2α had highly divergent and even opposing roles in solid tumors under hypoxic conditions. Recent studies have also implied that HIF-2α had a role in chemo/radioresistance through different mechanisms, at least partly, compared to HIF-1α. The present paper summarizes the function of HIF-2 in chemo/radioresistance in solid tumors as well as some of its novel mechanisms that contributed to this pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuda Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute & Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China; Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Feng Du
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute & Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute & Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Guoshuang Shen
- Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Fangchao Zheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Binghe Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute & Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
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15
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Recovering drug-induced apoptosis subnetwork from Connectivity Map data. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:708563. [PMID: 25883971 PMCID: PMC4389823 DOI: 10.1155/2015/708563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Connectivity Map (CMAP) project profiled human cancer cell lines exposed to a library of anticancer compounds with the goal of connecting cancer with underlying genes and potential treatments. Since the therapeutic goal of most anticancer drugs is to induce tumor-selective apoptosis, it is critical to understand the specific cell death pathways triggered by drugs. This can help to better understand the mechanism of how cancer cells respond to chemical stimulations and improve the treatment of human tumors. In this study, using CMAP microarray data from breast cancer cell line MCF7, we applied a Gaussian Bayesian network modeling approach and identified apoptosis as a major drug-induced cellular-pathway. We then focused on 13 apoptotic genes that showed significant differential expression across all drug-perturbed samples to reconstruct the apoptosis network. In our predicted subnetwork, 9 out of 15 high-confidence interactions were validated in the literature, and our inferred network captured two major cell death pathways by identifying BCL2L11 and PMAIP1 as key interacting players for the intrinsic apoptosis pathway and TAXBP1 and TNFAIP3 for the extrinsic apoptosis pathway. Our inferred apoptosis network also suggested the role of BCL2L11 and TNFAIP3 as "gateway" genes in the drug-induced intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways.
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16
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Khan SA, Virtanen S, Kallioniemi OP, Wennerberg K, Poso A, Kaski S. Identification of structural features in chemicals associated with cancer drug response: a systematic data-driven analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 30:i497-504. [PMID: 25161239 PMCID: PMC4147909 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Motivation: Analysis of relationships of drug structure to biological response is key to understanding off-target and unexpected drug effects, and for developing hypotheses on how to tailor drug therapies. New methods are required for integrated analyses of a large number of chemical features of drugs against the corresponding genome-wide responses of multiple cell models. Results: In this article, we present the first comprehensive multi-set analysis on how the chemical structure of drugs impacts on genome-wide gene expression across several cancer cell lines [Connectivity Map (CMap) database]. The task is formulated as searching for drug response components across multiple cancers to reveal shared effects of drugs and the chemical features that may be responsible. The components can be computed with an extension of a recent approach called Group Factor Analysis. We identify 11 components that link the structural descriptors of drugs with specific gene expression responses observed in the three cell lines and identify structural groups that may be responsible for the responses. Our method quantitatively outperforms the limited earlier methods on CMap and identifies both the previously reported associations and several interesting novel findings, by taking into account multiple cell lines and advanced 3D structural descriptors. The novel observations include: previously unknown similarities in the effects induced by 15-delta prostaglandin J2 and HSP90 inhibitors, which are linked to the 3D descriptors of the drugs; and the induction by simvastatin of leukemia-specific response, resembling the effects of corticosteroids. Availability and implementation: Source Code implementing the method is available at: http://research.ics.aalto.fi/mi/software/GFAsparse Contact:suleiman.khan@aalto.fi or samuel.kaski@aalto.fi Supplementary Information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman A Khan
- Department of Information and Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio and Department of Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, University Of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Virtanen
- Department of Information and Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio and Department of Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, University Of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli P Kallioniemi
- Department of Information and Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio and Department of Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, University Of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Krister Wennerberg
- Department of Information and Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio and Department of Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, University Of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Poso
- Department of Information and Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio and Department of Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, University Of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland Department of Information and Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio and Department of Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, University Of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuel Kaski
- Department of Information and Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio and Department of Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, University Of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland Department of Information and Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio and Department of Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, University Of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Zhdanov AV, Waters AHC, Golubeva AV, Papkovsky DB. Differential contribution of key metabolic substrates and cellular oxygen in HIF signalling. Exp Cell Res 2014; 330:13-28. [PMID: 25447307 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Changes in availability and utilisation of O2 and metabolic substrates are common in ischemia and cancer. We examined effects of substrate deprivation on HIF signalling in PC12 cells exposed to different atmospheric O2. Upon 2-4h moderate hypoxia, HIF-α protein levels were dictated by the availability of glutamine and glucose, essential for deep cell deoxygenation and glycolytic ATP flux. Nuclear accumulation of HIF-1α dramatically decreased upon inhibition of glutaminolysis or glutamine deprivation. Elevation of HIF-2α levels was transcription-independent and associated with the activation of Akt and Erk1/2. Upon 2h anoxia, HIF-2α levels strongly correlated with cellular ATP, produced exclusively via glycolysis. Without glucose, HIF signalling was suppressed, giving way to other regulators of cell adaptation to energy crisis, e.g. AMPK. Consequently, viability of cells deprived of O2 and glucose decreased upon inhibition of AMPK with dorsomorphin. The capacity of cells to accumulate HIF-2α decreased after 24h glucose deprivation. This effect, associated with increased AMPKα phosphorylation, was sensitive to dorsomorphin. In chronically hypoxic cells, glutamine played no major role in HIF-2α accumulation, which became mainly glucose-dependent. Overall, the availability of O2 and metabolic substrates intricately regulates HIF signalling by affecting cell oxygenation, ATP levels and pathways involved in production of HIF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Zhdanov
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, College Road, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Alicia H C Waters
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V Golubeva
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Bioscience Institute, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dmitri B Papkovsky
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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18
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Yen CC, Hsiao CD, Chen WM, Wen YS, Lin YC, Chang TW, Yao FY, Hung SC, Wang JY, Chiu JH, Wang HW, Lin CH, Chen TH, Chen PCH, Liu CL, Tzeng CH, Fletcher JA. Cytotoxic effects of 15d-PGJ2 against osteosarcoma through ROS-mediated AKT and cell cycle inhibition. Oncotarget 2014; 5:716-25. [PMID: 24566468 PMCID: PMC3996657 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a critical cell cycle regulator, has been identified as a potential target in osteosarcoma (OS). 15-deoxy-Δ12, 14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), a prostaglandin derivative, has shown its anti-tumor activity by inducing apoptosis through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated inactivation of v-akt, a murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog, (AKT) in cancer cells. In the study analyzing its effects on arthritis, 15d-PGJ2 mediated shear-induced chondrocyte apoptosis via protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent regulation of PLK1. In this study, the cytotoxic effect and mechanism underlying 15d-PGJ2 effects against OS were explored using OS cell lines. 15d-PGJ2 induced significant G2/M arrest, and exerted time- and dose-dependent cytotoxic effects against all OS cell lines. Western blot analysis showed that both AKT and PKA-PLK1 were down-regulated in OS cell lines after treatment with 15d-PGJ2. In addition, transfection of constitutively active AKT or PLK1 partially rescued cells from 15d-PGJ2-induced apoptosis, suggesting crucial roles for both pathways in the anti-cancer effects of 15d-PGJ2. Moreover, ROS generation was found treatment with 15d-PGJ2, and its cytotoxic effect could be reversed with N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Furthermore, inhibition of JNK partially rescued 15d-PGJ2 cytotoxicity. Thus, ROS-mediated JNK activation may contribute to apoptosis through down-regulation of the p-Akt and PKA-PLK1 pathways. 15d-PGJ2 is a potential therapeutic agent for OS, exerting cytotoxicity mediated through both AKT and PKA-PLK1 inhibition, and these results form the basis for further analysis of its role in animal studies and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chueh-Chuan Yen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Epidermal Stem Cell Lab, Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ming Chen
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shan Wen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chan Lin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wei Chang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yi Yao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Hung
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jir-You Wang
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hwey Chiu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and Department of Surgery, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsei-Wei Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, and Cancer Research Center & Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Lin
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, and Cancer Research Center & Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tain-Hsiung Chen
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Paul Chih-Hsueh Chen
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lin Liu
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hwai Tzeng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Montero-Melendez T, Perretti M. Connections in pharmacology: innovation serving translational medicine. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:820-3. [PMID: 24316023 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a paucity of molecules that progress through the drug development pipeline, making the drug discovery process expensive and frustrating. Innovative approaches to drug development are therefore required to maximise opportunities. Strategies such as the Connectivity Map (CMap), which compares >7000 gene expression signatures generated from more than 1000 drugs, can produce associations between currently unrelated therapeutics, unveiling new mechanisms of action and favouring drug repositioning. Here, we discuss these opportunities that could aid the drug development process and propose rigorous publication of 'omics data with open access and data sharing. We, pharmacologists of the third millennium, must aim towards maximising knowledge in an unbiased and cost-effective manner, to deliver new drugs for the global benefit of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad Montero-Melendez
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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20
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Hypoxia-induced signaling and its relevance in discovering biomarkers for cancer research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bgm.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Potts MB, Kim HS, Fisher KW, Hu Y, Carrasco YP, Bulut GB, Ou YH, Herrera-Herrera ML, Cubillos F, Mendiratta S, Xiao G, Hofree M, Ideker T, Xie Y, Huang LJS, Lewis RE, MacMillan JB, White MA. Using functional signature ontology (FUSION) to identify mechanisms of action for natural products. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra90. [PMID: 24129700 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A challenge for biomedical research is the development of pharmaceuticals that appropriately target disease mechanisms. Natural products can be a rich source of bioactive chemicals for medicinal applications but can act through unknown mechanisms and can be difficult to produce or obtain. To address these challenges, we developed a new marine-derived, renewable natural products resource and a method for linking bioactive derivatives of this library to the proteins and biological processes that they target in cells. We used cell-based screening and computational analysis to match gene expression signatures produced by natural products to those produced by small interfering RNA (siRNA) and synthetic microRNA (miRNA) libraries. With this strategy, we matched proteins and miRNAs with diverse biological processes and also identified putative protein targets and mechanisms of action for several previously undescribed marine-derived natural products. We confirmed mechanistic relationships for selected siRNAs, miRNAs, and compounds with functional roles in autophagy, chemotaxis mediated by discoidin domain receptor 2, or activation of the kinase AKT. Thus, this approach may be an effective method for screening new drugs while simultaneously identifying their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malia B Potts
- 1Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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22
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Zhang X, Zhang W, Ma SF, Miasniakova G, Sergueeva A, Ammosova T, Xu M, Nekhai S, Nourai M, Wade MS, Prchal JT, Garcia JGN, Machado RF, Gordeuk VR. Iron deficiency modifies gene expression variation induced by augmented hypoxia sensing. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2013; 52:35-45. [PMID: 23993337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In congenital Chuvash polycythemia (CP), VHL(R200W) homozygosity leads to elevated hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) levels at normoxia. CP is often treated by phlebotomy resulting in iron deficiency, permitting us to examine the separate and synergistic effects of iron deficiency and HIF signaling on gene expression. We compared peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression profiles of eight VHL(R200W) homozygotes with 17 wildtype individuals with normal iron status and found 812 up-regulated and 2120 down-regulated genes at false discovery rate of 0.05. Among differential genes we identified three major gene regulation modules involving induction of innate immune responses, alteration of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and down-regulation of cell proliferation, stress-induced apoptosis and T-cell activation. These observations suggest molecular mechanisms for previous observations in CP of lower blood sugar without increased insulin and low oncogenic potential. Studies including 16 additional VHL(R200W) homozygotes with low ferritin indicated that iron deficiency enhanced the induction effect of VHL(R200W) for 50 genes including hemoglobin synthesis loci but suppressed the effect for 107 genes enriched for HIF-2 targets. This pattern is consistent with potentiation of HIF-1α protein stability by iron deficiency but a trend for down-regulation of HIF-2α translation by iron deficiency overriding an increase in HIF-2α protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shwu-Fan Ma
- Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Galina Miasniakova
- Chuvash Republic Clinical Hospital 2, Cheboksary, Russian Federation, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Adelina Sergueeva
- Cheboksary Children's Hospital, Cheboksary, Russian Federation, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Tatiana Ammosova
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Min Xu
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Sergei Nekhai
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Mehdi Nourai
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Michael S Wade
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Josef T Prchal
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Genetics, University of Utah and VAH
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Roberto F Machado
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victor R Gordeuk
- Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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23
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Chronic hypoxia leads to a glycolytic phenotype and suppressed HIF-2 signaling in PC12 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3553-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Anderson SA, Nizzi CP, Chang YI, Deck KM, Schmidt PJ, Galy B, Damnernsawad A, Broman AT, Kendziorski C, Hentze MW, Fleming MD, Zhang J, Eisenstein RS. The IRP1-HIF-2α axis coordinates iron and oxygen sensing with erythropoiesis and iron absorption. Cell Metab 2013; 17:282-90. [PMID: 23395174 PMCID: PMC3612289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cell production is a finely tuned process that requires coordinated oxygen- and iron-dependent regulation of cell differentiation and iron metabolism. Here, we show that translational regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) synthesis by iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) is critical for controlling erythrocyte number. IRP1-null (Irp1(-/-)) mice display a marked transient polycythemia. HIF-2α messenger RNA (mRNA) is derepressed in kidneys of Irp1(-/-) mice but not in kidneys of Irp2(-/-) mice, leading to increased renal erythropoietin (Epo) mRNA and inappropriately elevated serum Epo levels. Expression of the iron transport genes DCytb, Dmt1, and ferroportin, as well as other HIF-2α targets, is enhanced in Irp1(-/-) duodenum. Analysis of mRNA translation state in the liver revealed IRP1-dependent dysregulation of HIF-2α mRNA translation, whereas IRP2 deficiency derepressed translation of all other known 5' iron response element (IRE)-containing mRNAs expressed in the liver. These results uncover separable physiological roles of each IRP and identify IRP1 as a therapeutic target for manipulating HIF-2α action in hematologic, oncologic, and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A. Anderson
- Dept. of Nutritional Sciences, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Christopher P. Nizzi
- Dept. of Nutritional Sciences, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yuan-I Chang
- McCardle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Deck
- Dept. of Nutritional Sciences, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Paul J. Schmidt
- Dept. of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 320 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruno Galy
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alisa Damnernsawad
- McCardle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Aimee T. Broman
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Christina Kendziorski
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Matthias W. Hentze
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark D. Fleming
- Dept. of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 320 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- McCardle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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25
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GAO YAN, LU XUECHUN, YANG HONGYING, LIU XIANFENG, CAO JIAN, FAN LI. The molecular mechanism of the anticancer effect of atorvastatin: DNA microarray and bioinformatic analyses. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:765-74. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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26
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Shen C, Kaelin WG. The VHL/HIF axis in clear cell renal carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 23:18-25. [PMID: 22705278 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of the VHL tumor suppressor protein (pVHL) is a common event in clear cell renal carcinoma, which is the most common form of kidney cancer. pVHL performs many functions, including serving as the substrate recognition module of an ubiquitin ligase complex that targets the alpha subunits of the heterodimeric HIF transcription factor for proteasomal degradation. Deregulation of HIF2α appears to be a driving force in pVHL-defective clear cell renal carcinomas. In contrast, genetic and functional studies suggest that HIF1α serves as a tumor suppressor and is a likely target of the 14q deletions that are characteristic of this tumor type. Drugs that inhibit HIF2α, or its downstream targets such as VEGF, are in various stages of clinical testing. Indeed, clear cell renal carcinomas are exquisitely sensitive to VEGF deprivation and four VEGF inhibitors have now been approved for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Shen
- Howard Hughes Medical Insititute, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
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27
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Hajjo R, Setola V, Roth BL, Tropsha A. Chemocentric informatics approach to drug discovery: identification and experimental validation of selective estrogen receptor modulators as ligands of 5-hydroxytryptamine-6 receptors and as potential cognition enhancers. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5704-19. [PMID: 22537153 DOI: 10.1021/jm2011657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have devised a chemocentric informatics methodology for drug discovery integrating independent approaches to mining biomolecular databases. As a proof of concept, we have searched for novel putative cognition enhancers. First, we generated Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models of compounds binding to 5-hydroxytryptamine-6 receptor (5-HT(6)R), a known target for cognition enhancers, and employed these models for virtual screening to identify putative 5-HT(6)R actives. Second, we queried chemogenomics data from the Connectivity Map ( http://www.broad.mit.edu/cmap/ ) with the gene expression profile signatures of Alzheimer's disease patients to identify compounds putatively linked to the disease. Thirteen common hits were tested in 5-HT(6)R radioligand binding assays and ten were confirmed as actives. Four of them were known selective estrogen receptor modulators that were never reported as 5-HT(6)R ligands. Furthermore, nine of the confirmed actives were reported elsewhere to have memory-enhancing effects. The approaches discussed herein can be used broadly to identify novel drug-target-disease associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Hajjo
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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28
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Anderson CP, Shen M, Eisenstein RS, Leibold EA. Mammalian iron metabolism and its control by iron regulatory proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1468-83. [PMID: 22610083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular iron homeostasis is maintained by iron regulatory proteins 1 and 2 (IRP1 and IRP2). IRPs bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs) located in the untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding protein involved in iron uptake, storage, utilization and export. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in understanding how IRPs are regulated by iron-dependent and iron-independent mechanisms and the pathological consequences of IRP2 deficiency in mice. The identification of novel IREs involved in diverse cellular pathways has revealed that the IRP-IRE network extends to processes other than iron homeostasis. A mechanistic understanding of IRP regulation will likely yield important insights into the basis of disorders of iron metabolism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cell Biology of Metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole P Anderson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, 15 N. 2030 E., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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29
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Ray PD, Huang BW, Tsuji Y. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and redox regulation in cellular signaling. Cell Signal 2012. [PMID: 22286106 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.01.008.reactive] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion. Oxidative stress refers to the imbalance due to excess ROS or oxidants over the capability of the cell to mount an effective antioxidant response. Oxidative stress results in macromolecular damage and is implicated in various disease states such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, cancer, neurodegeneration, and aging. Paradoxically, accumulating evidence indicates that ROS also serve as critical signaling molecules in cell proliferation and survival. While there is a large body of research demonstrating the general effect of oxidative stress on signaling pathways, less is known about the initial and direct regulation of signaling molecules by ROS, or what we term the "oxidative interface." Cellular ROS sensing and metabolism are tightly regulated by a variety of proteins involved in the redox (reduction/oxidation) mechanism. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms through which ROS directly interact with critical signaling molecules to initiate signaling in a broad variety of cellular processes, such as proliferation and survival (MAP kinases, PI3 kinase, PTEN, and protein tyrosine phosphatases), ROS homeostasis and antioxidant gene regulation (thioredoxin, peroxiredoxin, Ref-1, and Nrf-2), mitochondrial oxidative stress, apoptosis, and aging (p66Shc), iron homeostasis through iron-sulfur cluster proteins (IRE-IRP), and ATM-regulated DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Ray
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7633, Raleigh, NC 27695-7633, USA
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30
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van Patot MCT, Gassmann M. Hypoxia: adapting to high altitude by mutating EPAS-1, the gene encoding HIF-2α. High Alt Med Biol 2012; 12:157-67. [PMID: 21718164 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2010.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Living at high altitude is demanding and thus drives adaptational mechanisms. The Tibetan population has had a longer evolutionary period to adapt to high altitude than other mountain populations such as Andeans. As a result, some Tibetans living at high altitudes do not show markedly elevated red blood cell production as compared to South American high altitude natives such as Quechuas or Aymaras, thereby avoiding high blood viscosity creating cardiovascular risk. Unexpectedly, the responsible mutation(s) reducing red blood cell production do not involve either the gene encoding the blood hormone erythropoietin (Epo), or the corresponding regulatory sequences flanking the Epo gene. Similarly, functional mutations in the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1α (HIF-1α) gene that represents the oxygen-dependent subunit of the HIF-1 heterodimer, the latter being the main regulator of over 100 hypoxia-inducible genes, have not been described so far. It was not until very recently that three independent groups showed that the gene encoding HIF-2α, EPAS-1 (Wenger et al. 1997), represents a key gene mutated in Tibetan populations adapted to living at high altitudes (Beall et al. 2010 , Yi et al. 2010 , Simonson et al. 2010). Hypoxia-inducible transcription factors were first identified by the description of HIF-1 (Semenza et al. 1991 , 1992), which was subsequently found to enhance transcription of multiple genes that encode proteins necessary for rescuing from hypoxic exposure, including erythropoietic, angiogenic and glycolytic proteins. Then HIF-2 was identified (Ema et al. 1997 ; Flamme et al. 1997 ; Hogenesch et al. 1997 ; and Tian et al. 1997) and although it is highly similar to HIF-1 and has the potential to bind (Camenisch et al. 2001) and mediate (Mole et al. 2009) many of the same genes as HIF-1, its biological actions in response to hypoxia are distinct from those of HIF-1 (reviewed by Loboda et al. 2010). By now, several of these HIF-2 mediated processes have been implicated in the human response to high altitude exposure including erythropoiesis (Kapitsinou et al. 2010), iron homeostasis (Peyssonnaux et al. 2008), metabolism (Shohet et al. 2007; Tormos et al. 2010; Biswas et al. 2010 ; Rankin et al. 2009) and vascular permeability (Chen et al. 2009; Tanaka et al. 2005), among others. Clearly, mutation of EPAS-1 has the potential to bring far more advantage when adapting to high altitude than solely mutating the Epo gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha C Tissot van Patot
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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31
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and redox regulation in cellular signaling. Cell Signal 2012; 24:981-90. [PMID: 22286106 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2869] [Impact Index Per Article: 239.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion. Oxidative stress refers to the imbalance due to excess ROS or oxidants over the capability of the cell to mount an effective antioxidant response. Oxidative stress results in macromolecular damage and is implicated in various disease states such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, cancer, neurodegeneration, and aging. Paradoxically, accumulating evidence indicates that ROS also serve as critical signaling molecules in cell proliferation and survival. While there is a large body of research demonstrating the general effect of oxidative stress on signaling pathways, less is known about the initial and direct regulation of signaling molecules by ROS, or what we term the "oxidative interface." Cellular ROS sensing and metabolism are tightly regulated by a variety of proteins involved in the redox (reduction/oxidation) mechanism. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms through which ROS directly interact with critical signaling molecules to initiate signaling in a broad variety of cellular processes, such as proliferation and survival (MAP kinases, PI3 kinase, PTEN, and protein tyrosine phosphatases), ROS homeostasis and antioxidant gene regulation (thioredoxin, peroxiredoxin, Ref-1, and Nrf-2), mitochondrial oxidative stress, apoptosis, and aging (p66Shc), iron homeostasis through iron-sulfur cluster proteins (IRE-IRP), and ATM-regulated DNA damage response.
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32
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Abstract
Iron is an essential but potentially hazardous biometal. Mammalian cells require sufficient amounts of iron to satisfy metabolic needs or to accomplish specialized functions. Iron is delivered to tissues by circulating transferrin, a transporter that captures iron released into the plasma mainly from intestinal enterocytes or reticuloendothelial macrophages. The binding of iron-laden transferrin to the cell-surface transferrin receptor 1 results in endocytosis and uptake of the metal cargo. Internalized iron is transported to mitochondria for the synthesis of haem or iron–sulfur clusters, which are integral parts of several metalloproteins, and excess iron is stored and detoxified in cytosolic ferritin. Iron metabolism is controlled at different levels and by diverse mechanisms. The present review summarizes basic concepts of iron transport, use and storage and focuses on the IRE (iron-responsive element)/IRP (iron-regulatory protein) system, a well known post-transcriptional regulatory circuit that not only maintains iron homoeostasis in various cell types, but also contributes to systemic iron balance.
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33
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Palchaudhuri R, Hergenrother PJ. Transcript profiling and RNA interference as tools to identify small molecule mechanisms and therapeutic potential. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:21-33. [PMID: 21105689 DOI: 10.1021/cb100310h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The identification of the mechanism of action and therapeutic potential of bioactive small molecules remains a considerable challenge in the field of drug discovery and chemical biology. Apart from traditional target identification techniques, new tools have emerged that can significantly aid mechanism elucidation efforts. The development of pattern matching algorithms that compare transcription profile data to analogous data on compounds with known cellular targets allows for mechanistic insights without the need to synthesize chemically modified probes. In addition, such methods can be used to connect small molecules to particular disease states, thus aiding the rational identification of candidate therapeutics. Another method with considerable potential is whole-genome RNAi screening, a technique that can identify critical upstream proteins involved in a small molecule's mechanism of action. Several proof-of-concept studies using compounds with known cellular targets suggest this tool will enable mechanistic characterization of bioactive small molecules with unknown mechanisms. This Review highlights recent successes in using these pattern matching and chemical genetic tools, with the goal of uncovering small molecule mechanisms and identifying therapeutic candidates for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Palchaudhuri
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Dudley JT, Schadt E, Sirota M, Butte AJ, Ashley E. Drug discovery in a multidimensional world: systems, patterns, and networks. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2010; 3:438-47. [PMID: 20677029 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-010-9214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite great strides in revealing and understanding the physiological and molecular bases of cardiovascular disease, efforts to translate this understanding into needed therapeutic interventions continue to lag far behind the initial discoveries. Although pharmaceutical companies continue to increase investments into research and development, the number of drugs gaining federal approval is in decline. Many factors underlie these trends, and a vast number of technological and scientific innovations are being sought through efforts to reinvigorate drug discovery pipelines. Recent advances in molecular profiling technologies and development of sophisticated computational approaches for analyzing these data are providing new, systems-oriented approaches towards drug discovery. Unlike the traditional approach to drug discovery which is typified by a one-drug-one-target mindset, systems-oriented approaches to drug discovery leverage the parallelism and high-dimensionality of the molecular data to construct more comprehensive molecular models that aim to model broader bimolecular systems. These models offer a means to explore complex molecular states (e.g., disease) where thousands to millions of molecular entities comprising multiple molecular data types (e.g., proteomics and gene expression) can be evaluated simultaneously as components of a cohesive biomolecular system. In this paper, we discuss emerging approaches towards systems-oriented drug discovery and contrast these efforts with the traditional, unidimensional approach to drug discovery. We also highlight several applications of these system-oriented approaches across various aspects of drug discovery, including target discovery, drug repositioning and drug toxicity. When available, specific applications to cardiovascular drug discovery are highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Dudley
- Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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