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Gupta AK, Vaishnav Y, Jain SK, Annadurai S, Kumar N. Exploring novel Apalutamide analogues as potential therapeutics for prostate cancer: design, molecular docking investigations and molecular dynamics simulation. Front Chem 2024; 12:1418975. [PMID: 39165335 PMCID: PMC11333239 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1418975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Prostate cancer (PC) ranks as the second most frequent type of cancer in men and is the fourth largest cause of mortality worldwide. Androgenic hormones such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are crucial for the development and progression of the prostate gland. Androgenic hormones bind to androgen receptors (AR) and trigger the synthesis of many genes that stimulate the growth of prostate cells, initiating PC growth. Apalutamide (APL) is a non-steroidal antiandrogen drug used to treat PC; however, it also causes a variety of toxicities and resistance during the treatment. Methods: The purpose of this study was to computationally identify new and safer analogues of APL, focusing on improved pharmacokinetic properties and reduced toxicity. Drug likeness (DL) and drug score (DS) were also calculated. Docking studies on the designed analogues were conducted to predict their binding affinities and compare their orientations with the ligands in the original crystal structure. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of docked ligands was done using Schrödinger suite. Results: We generated a total of 1,415 analogues for different groups of APL using the bioisosteric approach. We selected 80 bioisosteres based on pharmacokinetic profiles, DL and DS score predictions, and found that the designed APL bioisosteres were optimal to good compared to APL. Analogues APL19, APL35, APL43, APL76, and APL80, formed hydrogen bonds with protein (PDB ID: 5T8E) which is similar hydrogen bonding to the standard (APL). The MD simulation result confirmed that APL43 and APL80 complexes were stable during the 100 nS run. Discussion: The results suggest that the APL analogues, particularly APL43 and APL80, are predicted to be potential antiandrogen drugs for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Gupta
- Drug Discovery and Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Yogesh Vaishnav
- Drug Discovery and Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sanmati Kumar Jain
- Drug Discovery and Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sivakumar Annadurai
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bhupal Nobles’ College of Pharmacy, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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2
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Rapuano R, Riccio A, Mercuri A, Madera JR, Dallavalle S, Moricca S, Lupo A. Proliferation and migration of PC-3 prostate cancer cells is counteracted by PPARγ-cladosporol binding-mediated apoptosis and a decreased lipid biosynthesis and accumulation. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116097. [PMID: 38428827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chemoprevention, consisting of the administration of natural and/or synthetic compounds, appears to be an alternative way to common therapeutical approaches to preventing the occurrence of various cancers. Cladosporols, secondary metabolites from Cladosporium tenuissimum, showed a powerful ability in controlling human colon cancer cell proliferation through a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)-mediated modulation of gene expression. Hence, we carried out experiments to verify the anticancer properties of cladosporols in human prostate cancer cells. Prostate cancer represents one of the most widespread tumors in which several risk factors play a role in determining its high mortality rate in men. MATERIALS AND METHODS We assessed, by viability assays, PPARγ silencing and overexpression experiments and western blotting analysis, the anticancer properties of cladosporols in cancer prostate cell lines. RESULTS Cladosporols A and B selectively inhibited the proliferation of human prostate PNT-1A, LNCaP and PC-3 cells and their most impactful antiproliferative ability towards PC-3 prostate cancer cells, was mediated by PPARγ modulation. Moreover, the anticancer ability of cladosporols implied a sustained apoptosis. Finally, cladosporols negatively regulated the expression of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, thus enforcing the relationship between prostate cancer development and lipid metabolism dysregulation. CONCLUSION This is the first work, to our knowledge, in which the role of cladosporols A and B was disclosed in prostate cancer cells. Importantly, the present study highlighted the potential of cladosporols as new therapeutical tools, which, interfering with cell proliferation and lipid pathway dysregulation, may control prostate cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Rapuano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università del Sannio, Via dei Mulini, 42, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Alessio Riccio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università del Sannio, Via dei Mulini, 42, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Antonella Mercuri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università del Sannio, Via dei Mulini, 42, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Jessica Raffaella Madera
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università del Sannio, Via dei Mulini, 42, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Sabrina Dallavalle
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Salvatore Moricca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali (DAGRI), Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Angelo Lupo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università del Sannio, Via dei Mulini, 42, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
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3
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Snaterse G, Taylor AE, Moll JM, O'Neil DM, Teubel WJ, van Weerden WM, Arlt W, Hofland J. Prostate cancer androgen biosynthesis relies solely on CYP17A1 downstream metabolites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 236:106446. [PMID: 38104728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is dependent on androgen receptor (AR) activation by testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Intratumoral androgen accumulation and activation despite systemic androgen deprivation therapy underlies the development of castration-resistant PC (CRPC), but the precise pathways involved remain controversial. Here we investigated the differential contributions of de novo androgen biosynthesis and androgen precursor conversion to androgen accumulation. Steroid flux analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed on (CR)PC cell lines and fresh patient PC tissue slices after incubation with classic and alternative biosynthesis intermediates, alongside quantitative PCR analysis for steroidogenic enzyme expression. Activity of CYP17A1 was undetectable in all PC cell lines and patient PC tissue slices. Instead, steroid flux analysis confirmed the generation of testosterone and DHT from adrenal precursors and reactivation of androgen metabolites. Precursor steroids upstream of DHEA were converted down the first steps of the alternative DHT biosynthesis pathway, but did not proceed through to active androgen generation. Comprehensive steroid flux analysis of (CR)PC cells provides strong evidence against intratumoral de novo androgen biosynthesis and demonstrates that androgen precursor steroids downstream of CYP17A1 activities constitute the major source of intracrine androgen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gido Snaterse
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - J Matthijs Moll
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Donna M O'Neil
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wilma J Teubel
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Hofland
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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4
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Zhao J, Xu N, Zhu S, Nie L, Zhang M, Zheng L, Cai D, Sun X, Chen J, Dai J, Ni Y, Wang Z, Zhang X, Liang J, Chen Y, Hu X, Pan X, Yin X, Liu H, Zhao F, Zhang B, Chen H, Miao J, Qin C, Zhao X, Yao J, Liu Z, Liao B, Wei Q, Li X, Liu J, Gao AC, Huang H, Shen P, Chen N, Zeng H, Sun G. Genomic and Evolutionary Characterization of Concurrent Intraductal Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate. Cancer Res 2024; 84:154-167. [PMID: 37847513 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) is a lethal prostate cancer subtype that generally coexists with invasive high-grade prostate acinar adenocarcinoma (PAC) but exhibits distinct biological features compared with concomitant adenocarcinoma. In this study, we performed whole-exome, RNA, and DNA-methylation sequencing of IDC-P, concurrent invasive high-grade PAC lesions, and adjacent normal prostate tissues isolated from 22 radical prostatectomy specimens. Three evolutionary patterns of concurrent IDC-P and PAC were identified: early divergent, late divergent, and clonally distant. In contrast to those with a late divergent evolutionary pattern, tumors with clonally distant and early divergent evolutionary patterns showed higher genomic, epigenomic, transcriptional, and pathologic heterogeneity between IDC-P and PAC. Compared with coexisting PAC, IDC-P displayed increased expression of adverse prognosis-associated genes. Survival analysis based on an independent cohort of 505 patients with metastatic prostate cancer revealed that IDC-P carriers with lower risk International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade 1-4 adenocarcinoma displayed a castration-resistant free survival as poor as those with the highest risk ISUP grade 5 tumors that lacked concurrent IDC-P. Furthermore, IDC-P exhibited robust cell-cycle progression and androgen receptor activities, characterized by an enrichment of cellular proliferation-associated master regulators and genes involved in intratumoral androgen biosynthesis. Overall, this study provides a molecular groundwork for the aggressive behavior of IDC-P and could help identify potential strategies to improve treatment of IDC-P. SIGNIFICANCE The genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic characterization of concurrent intraductal carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the prostate deepens the biological understanding of this lethal disease and provides a genetic basis for developing targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinge Zhao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Nanwei Xu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Sha Zhu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ling Nie
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Mengni Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Linmao Zheng
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Diming Cai
- Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Sun
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Junru Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jindong Dai
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yuchao Ni
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xingming Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jiayu Liang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yuntian Chen
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xu Hu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyi Pan
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Yin
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Haoyang Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Fengnian Zhao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Bei Zhang
- 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, P.R. China
| | | | - Cong Qin
- 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, P.R. China
| | | | - Jin Yao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Banghua Liao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Haojie Huang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Pengfei Shen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ni Chen
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Guangxi Sun
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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5
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Poutanen M, Hagberg Thulin M, Härkönen P. Targeting sex steroid biosynthesis for breast and prostate cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2023:10.1038/s41568-023-00609-y. [PMID: 37684402 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Poutanen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Turku Center for Disease Modelling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- FICAN West Cancer Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Malin Hagberg Thulin
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pirkko Härkönen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- FICAN West Cancer Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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6
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Marghani BH, Ezz MA, Ateya AI, Fehaid A, Saleh RM, Rezk S. Comparative effects of finasteride and laser-irradiated silver nanoparticles on testicular function and histology in testosterone induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Life Sci 2023; 324:121747. [PMID: 37137466 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to compare the effects of finasteride, a medication used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and laser irradiated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), a potential candidate for BPH therapy (Sanchez-Salas, 2017; Marghani et al., 2022) [1,2], on the sex hormone profiles, sperm quality, steroidogenesis, testicular oxidative stress, and histomorphology changes in BPH rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS BPH was induced in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats via intramuscular (i.m.) injection of 5 mg/kg BW testosterone propionate (TP) for 14 days. Once the BPH model was induced, rats were divided into four groups (n = 6) as follows: the control group; the BPH group; the BPH/Fina group, which received 5 mg/kg BW finasteride by oral gavage daily for 14 days; and the BPH/AgNPs group, which received a daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 50 mg/kg BW AgNPs, followed by 5 min of exposure to a 532 nm NIR laser in the prostatic area for the constitutive 14 days. KEY FINDINGS On day 14, the BPH rats had a significant increase in prostate specific antigen (PSA), dihydrotestosterone, and prostate weights, while testicular weights and sperm quality were significantly lower than in the control rats. On day 28, laser irradiated AgNps treated BPH rats showed improved sex hormone balance, testicular weights, sperm quality, steroidogenesis, and an ameliorative effect on testicular histopathology compared to finasteride. SIGNIFICANCE Surprisingly, these findings suggest that laser irradiated AgNPs can be used as an alternative therapy to finasteride for the treatment of BPH without causing negative effects on the testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma H Marghani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, South of Sinaa 46612, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Aboul Ezz
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Ateya
- Department of Husbandry & Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Alaa Fehaid
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faulty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Rasha M Saleh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Shaymaa Rezk
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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7
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Preclinical models of prostate cancer - modelling androgen dependency and castration resistance in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. Nat Rev Urol 2023:10.1038/s41585-023-00726-1. [PMID: 36788359 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is well known to be dependent on the androgen receptor (AR) for growth and survival. Thus, AR is the main pharmacological target to treat this disease. However, after an initially positive response to AR-targeting therapies, prostate cancer will eventually evolve to castration-resistant prostate cancer, which is often lethal. Tumour growth was initially thought to become androgen-independent following treatments; however, results from molecular studies have shown that most resistance mechanisms involve the reactivation of AR. Consequently, tumour cells become resistant to castration - the blockade of testicular androgens - and not independent of AR per se. However, confusion still remains on how to properly define preclinical models of prostate cancer, including cell lines. Most cell lines were isolated from patients for cell culture after evolution of the tumour to castration-resistant prostate cancer, but not all of these cell lines are described as castration resistant. Moreover, castration refers to the blockade of testosterone production by the testes; thus, even the concept of "castration" in vitro is questionable. To ensure maximal transfer of knowledge from scientific research to the clinic, understanding the limitations and advantages of preclinical models, as well as how these models recapitulate cancer cell androgen dependency and can be used to study castration resistance mechanisms, is essential.
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Palstra AP, Bouwman LJ, Jéhannet P, Kruijt L, Schipper H, Blokland MH, Swinkels W, Heinsbroek LTN, Lokman PM. Steroid implants for the induction of vitellogenesis in feminized European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla L.). Front Genet 2022; 13:969202. [PMID: 36061169 PMCID: PMC9428156 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.969202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assisted propagation of the European eel will lead to a closed production cycle supplying the aquaculture industry with juvenile glass eels. Females require long-term weekly treatment with pituitary extract (PE), which is stressful and causes abnormalities in oogenesis. We tested the effects of 17α-methyltestosterone (17 MT), as potent androgen activating the androgen receptor, and 17β-estradiol (E2), as an inducer of vitellogenesis, to shorten the duration of PE treatment.Four groups of feminized eels were subjected to a simulated migration and subsequent injection with implants containing 17 MT (17 MT-group), E2 (E2-group) or 17 MT plus E2 (17 MT + E2-group) to test for synergistic effects, or without any steroids as controls (C-group). The effects of a 2-months treatment were investigated by determining the eye index (EI), hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic index (HSI and GSI, respectively), plasma steroid concentrations by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS), gonadal histology, expression of androgen receptors a and b (ara, arb); estrogen receptor 1 (esr1); FSH receptor (fshr); vitellogenin receptor (vtgr) and aromatase (cyp19), and the required number of weekly PE injections to fully mature. For many parameters, both the 17 MT and E2 groups showed an increase vs. controls, with the 17 MT + E2 group showing a synergistic effect, as seen for EI, GSI (3.4 for 17 MT and for E2, 6.6 for 17 MT + E2), oocyte diameter and ara, arb and esr1 expression. Concentrations of almost all focal steroids decreased with simulated migration and steroid treatment. Only eels of the 17 MT-group showed increased expression of cyp19 and of fshr, while fshr expression increased 44-fold in the 17 MT + E2 group, highlighting that co-implantation is most effective in raising fshr mRNA levels. Specific for eels of the E2 groups were vitellogenesis-associated changes such as an increase of HSI, plasma E2, and presence of yolk in the oocytes. Steroid treatments reduced the duration of PE treatment, again synergistically for co-implantation. In conclusion, E2 is necessary to start vitellogenesis, but 17 MT has specific effects on cyp19 and fshr expression. The combination is necessary for synergistic effects and as such, steroid implants could be applied in assisted reproduction protocols for European eel to improve oocyte quality leading to the production of more vital larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan P. Palstra
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Arjan P. Palstra,
| | - Lotte J. Bouwman
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Pauline Jéhannet
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Leo Kruijt
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk Schipper
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marco H. Blokland
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Leon T. N. Heinsbroek
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Wageningen Eel Reproduction Experts B.V, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - P. Mark Lokman
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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9
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Park WY, Song G, Park JY, Ahn KS, Kwak HJ, Park J, Lee JH, Um JY. Ellagic acid improves benign prostate hyperplasia by regulating androgen signaling and STAT3. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:554. [PMID: 35715415 PMCID: PMC9205887 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04995-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is an age-related disease in men characterized by the growth of prostate cells and hyperproliferation of prostate tissue. This condition is closely related to chronic inflammation. In this study, we highlight the therapeutic efficacy of ellagic acid (EA) for BPH by focusing on the AR signaling axis and STAT3. To investigate the effect of EA on BPH, we used EA, a phytochemical abundant in fruits and vegetables, to treat testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH rats and RWPE-1 human prostate epithelial cells. The EA treatment reduced prostate weight, prostate epithelial thickness, and serum DHT levels in the TP-induced BPH rat model. In addition, EA improved testicular injury by increasing antioxidant enzymes in testis of the BPH rats. EA reduced the protein levels of AR, 5AR2, and PSA. It also induced apoptosis by regulating Bax, Bcl_xL, cytochrome c, caspase 9, and caspase 3 with increasing mitochondrial dynamics. Furthermore, EA reduced the expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB, as well as phosphorylation of STAT3 and IκBα. These findings were also confirmed in TP-treated RWPE-1 cells. Overall, our data provide evidence of the role of EA in improving BPH through inhibition of AR and the STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Yong Park
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea ,grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gahee Song
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Yeon Park
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Kwak
- grid.411203.50000 0001 0691 2332Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinbong Park
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Um
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea ,grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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Jung H, Jung DM, Lee SS, Kim EM, Yoon K, Kim KK. Mangifera Indica leaf extracts promote hair growth via activation of Wnt signaling pathway in human dermal papilla cells. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2022; 26:129-136. [PMID: 35784391 PMCID: PMC9246026 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2085790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between androgens and Wnt signaling pathways is critical in the hair growth cycle. Therefore, natural products that target these two pathways for the inhibition of hair loss are sought after. In this study, we investigated the effect of water extracts of Mangifera indica leaves (WEML) on hair growth. WEML treatment significantly reduced the expression levels of both dickkopf-1 (DKK1) and type 2 5α-reductase (SRD5A2) involved in Wnt signal suppression activity and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) synthesis, respectively, in human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDP). In addition, WEML treatment effectively upregulated Wnt target genes and downregulated DKK1 expression that was increased by DHT treatment. Degranulation analysis in rat basophilic leukemia mast cell line (RBL-2H3) using β-hexosaminidase release assay confirmed that WEML did not exhibit allergenic activity. Furthermore, hair growth was significantly enhanced in in vivo mice model treated with WEML. These results suggest that M. indica leave extract contains bioactive materials that can be used to treat hair loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haesoo Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Min Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungah Yoon
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Daejeon Health Institute of Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee K. Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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11
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Current Treatment Modalities Targeting Tumor Microenvironment in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34664246 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73119-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is responsible for significant cancer-related morbidity and mortality following local treatment failure in men. The initial stages of PCa are typically managed with a combination of surgical resection and/or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Unfortunately, a significant proportion of PCa continues to progress despite being at castrate levels of testosterone (<50 ng/dl), at which point it is coined castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In recent years, many novel therapeutics and drug combinations have been created for CRPC patients. These include immune checkpoint inhibitors, chemokine receptor antagonists, steroidogenic enzyme inhibition, and novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors as well as combinations of drugs. The selection of the most appropriate therapy depends on several factors like stage of the disease, age of the patient, metastasis, functional status, and response towards previous therapies. Here, we review the current state of the literature regarding treatment modalities, focusing on the treatment recommendations per the American Urological Association (AUA), recent clinical trials, and their limitations. An accurate and reliable overview of the strengths and limitations of PCa therapeutics could also allow personalized therapeutic interventions against PCa.
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12
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Cortés-Benítez F, Roy J, Perreault M, Maltais R, Poirier D. 16-Picolyl-androsterone derivative exhibits potent 17β-HSD3 inhibitory activity, improved metabolic stability and cytotoxic effect on various cancer cells: Synthesis, homology modeling and docking studies. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 210:105846. [PMID: 33609690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new androsterone derivative bearing a 16β-picolyl group (compound 5; FCO-586-119) was synthetized in four steps from the lead compound 1 (RM-532-105). We measured its inhibitory activity on 17β-HSD3 using microsomal fraction of rat testes as well as transfected LNCaP[17β-HSD3] cells. We then assessed its metabolic stability as well as its cytotoxic effect against a panel of cancer cell lines. The addition of a picolyl moiety at C-16 of RM-532-105 steroid core improves the 17β-HSD3 inhibitory activity in the microsomal fraction of rat testes, but not in whole LNCaP[17β-HSD3] cells. Interestingly, this structural modification enhances 3-fold the metabolic stability in conjunction with a significant cytotoxic effect against pancreatic, ovarian, breast, lung, and prostate cancer cells. Because the inhibitory activity data against 17β-HSD3 suggested that both steroid derivatives are non-competitive inhibitors, we performed docking and molecular dynamics simulations using a homology model of this membrane-associated enzyme. The results of these simulations revealed that both RM-532-105 (1) and FCO-586-119 (5) can compete for the cofactor-binding site displaying better binding energy than NADP+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Cortés-Benítez
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU De Québec - Research Center, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada; Laboratory of Synthesis and Isolation of Bioactive Substances, Department of Biological Systems, Biological and Health Sciences Division, Metropolitan Autonomous University- Xochimilco (UAM-X), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Jenny Roy
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU De Québec - Research Center, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Martin Perreault
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU De Québec - Research Center, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - René Maltais
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU De Québec - Research Center, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Donald Poirier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU De Québec - Research Center, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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13
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Yenki P, Adomat HH, Ong CJ. SEMA3C induces androgen synthesis in prostatic stromal cells through paracrine signaling. Prostate 2021; 81:309-317. [PMID: 33503318 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Castration resistant prostate cancer progression is associated with an acquired intratumoral androgen synthesis. Signaling pathways that can upregulate androgen production in prostate tumor microenvironment are not entirely known. In this study, we investigate the potential effect of a secreted signaling protein named semaphorin 3C (SEMA3C) on steroidogenic activities of prostatic stromal cells. METHODS We treated human primary prostate stromal cells (PrSC) with 1uM recombinant SEMA3C protein and androgen precursor named dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) 1.7uM. Also, to test SEMA3C's effect on the conversion of DHEA to androgens, we exposed PrSCs to the conditioned media derived from LNCaP cells that were transduced with a lentiviral vector harboring full length SEMA3C gene or empty vector (CM-LNSEMA3C or CM-LNVector ). Then, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed on steroids isolated from PrSCs media. The messnger RNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes in PrSCs was quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Recombinant SEMA3C had no effect on steroidogenic activities in PrSCs. However, key steroidogenic enzymes expression and androgen synthesis were upregulated in PrSCs treated with CM-LNSEMA3C , compared to those treated with CM-LNVector . These results suggest that steroidogenic activities in PrSCs were upregulated in response to a signaling factor in CM-LNSEMA3C , other than SEMA3C. We hypothesized that SEMA3C overexpression in LNCaP cells affected androgen synthesis in PrSCs through sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway activation in PrSCs. We verified this effect by blocking Shh signaling with smoothened antagonist. CONCLUSION Based on known ability of Shh signaling pathway to activate steroidogenesis in stromal cells, we suggest that SEMA3C overexpression in LNCaP cells can upregulate Shh which in turn is able to stimulate steroidogenic activities in prostatic stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Yenki
- The Vancouver Prostate Center, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hans H Adomat
- The Vancouver Prostate Center, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher J Ong
- The Vancouver Prostate Center, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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14
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Blatt EB, Kopplin N, Kumar S, Mu P, Conzen SD, Raj GV. Overcoming oncogene addiction in breast and prostate cancers: a comparative mechanistic overview. Endocr Relat Cancer 2021; 28:R31-R46. [PMID: 33263560 PMCID: PMC8218927 DOI: 10.1530/erc-20-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) and breast cancer (BCa) are both hormone-dependent cancers that require the androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER, ESR1) for growth and proliferation, respectively. Endocrine therapies that target these nuclear receptors (NRs) provide significant clinical benefit for metastatic patients. However, these therapeutic strategies are seldom curative and therapy resistance is prevalent. Because the vast majority of therapy-resistant PCa and BCa remain dependent on the augmented activity of their primary NR driver, common mechanisms of resistance involve enhanced NR signaling through overexpression, mutation, or alternative splicing of the receptor, coregulator alterations, and increased intracrine hormonal synthesis. In addition, a significant subset of endocrine therapy-resistant tumors become independent of their primary NR and switch to alternative NR or transcriptional drivers. While these hormone-dependent cancers generally employ similar mechanisms of endocrine therapy resistance, distinct differences between the two tumor types have been observed. In this review, we compare and contrast the most frequent mechanisms of antiandrogen and antiestrogen resistance, and provide potential therapeutic strategies for targeting both advanced PCa and BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot B Blatt
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Noa Kopplin
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shourya Kumar
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ping Mu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Suzanne D Conzen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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15
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Chen J, Yang Y, Xu D, Li J, Wu S, Jiang Y, Wang C, Yang Z, Zhao L. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles combined with AKR1C3 siRNA inhibited the growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer by suppressing androgen synthesis in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 540:83-89. [PMID: 33450484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intracrine androgen synthesis plays a critical role in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) is a vital enzyme in the intracrine androgen synthesis pathway. In this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were employed to deliver small interfering RNA targeting AKR1C3 (siAKR1C3) to downregulate AKR1C3 expression in CPRC cells. The optimal weight ratio of MSNs/siAKR1C3 was determined by a gel retardation assay. Prostate cancer cells such as VCaP cells, which intracrinally express AKR1C3, and LNCaP-AKR1C3 cells stably transfected with AKR1C3 were used to investigate the antitumour effect of MSNs-siAKR1C3. Fluorescence detection and Western blot analyses were applied to confirm the entrance of MSNs-siAKR1C3 into the cells. A SRB (Sulforhodamine B) assay was employed to assess the cell viability, and a radioimmunoassay was used to measure the androgen concentration. Moreover, real-time PCR (RT-PCR), Western blot analysis and ELISA were used to determine the transcription and expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), AKR1C3 and androgen receptor (AR). Meanwhile, a reporter gene assay was performed to determine the AR activity. Additionally, a castrated nude mouse xenograft tumour model was produced to verify the inhibitory effect of MSNs-siAKR1C3 in vivo. The results showed that the optimal weight ratio of MSNs/siAKR1C3 was 140:1, and the complex could effectively enter cells, downregulate AKR1C3 expression, reduce the androgen concentration, inhibit AR activation, and inhibit CRPC development both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that decreasing intracrine androgen synthesis and inactivating AR signals by MSNs-siAKR1C3 may be a potential effective method for CRPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Chen
- Nursing School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Yanrong Yang
- Nursing School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Duo Xu
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Basic Medicine School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Shan Wu
- Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China; School of Medicine Women's Hospital of Zhejiang University, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Nursing School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Changshuai Wang
- Nursing School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zhaoyun Yang
- Nursing School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Lijing Zhao
- Nursing School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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16
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Selective targeting of the androgen receptor-DNA binding domain by the novel antiandrogen SBF-1 and inhibition of the growth of prostate cancer cells. Invest New Drugs 2021; 39:442-457. [PMID: 33411211 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-01050-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancers are reliant on androgens for growth and survival. Clinicians and researchers are looking for potent treatments for the resistant forms of prostate cancer; however, a handful of small molecules used in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer have not shown potent effects owing to the mutations in the AR (Androgen Receptor). We used SBF-1, a well-characterized antitumor agent with potent cytotoxic effects against different kinds of cancers and investigated its effect on human prostate cancer. SBF-1 substantially inhibited the proliferation, induced apoptosis, and caused cell cycle arrest in LNCaP and PC3/AR+ prostate cancer cell lines. SBF-1 inhibited the activation of the IGF-1-PNCA pathway, as demonstrated by decreased expression of IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and its downstream Bcl-2 protein. Using microscale thermophoresis (MST) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) assays, we observed a direct binding of SBF-1 to the AR. SBF-1 binds to the AR-DBD (DNA-binding domain) and blocks the transcription of its target gene. SBF-1 demonstrated a potent antitumor effect in vivo; it inhibited AR signaling and suppressed tumor growth in animals. Our study suggests that SBF-1 is an inhibitor of the AR and might be used in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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17
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Penning TM, Asangani IA, Sprenger C, Plymate S. Intracrine androgen biosynthesis and drug resistance. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2020; 3:912-929. [PMID: 35582223 PMCID: PMC8992556 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer is the lethal form of prostate cancer and most commonly remains dependent on androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Current therapies use AR signaling inhibitors (ARSI) exemplified by abiraterone acetate, a P450c17 inhibitor, and enzalutamide, a potent AR antagonist. However, drug resistance to these agents occurs within 12-18 months and they only prolong overall survival by 3-4 months. Multiple mechanisms can contribute to ARSI drug resistance. These mechanisms can include but are not limited to germline mutations in the AR, post-transcriptional alterations in AR structure, and adaptive expression of genes involved in the intracrine biosynthesis and metabolism of androgens within the tumor. This review focuses on intracrine androgen biosynthesis, how this can contribute to ARSI drug resistance, and therapeutic strategies that can be used to surmount these resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M. Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Irfan A. Asangani
- Department Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cynthia Sprenger
- Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stephen Plymate
- Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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18
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Sviripa VM, Fiandalo MV, Begley KL, Wyrebek P, Kril LM, Balia AG, Parkin SR, Subramanian V, Chen X, Williams AH, Zhan CG, Liu C, Mohler JL, Watt DS. Pictet-Spengler condensations using 4-(2-aminoethyl)coumarins. NEW J CHEM 2020; 44:13415-13429. [PMID: 33795928 DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02664f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is only a palliative measure, and prostate cancer invariably recurs in a lethal, castration-resistant form (CRPC). Prostate cancer resists ADT by metabolizing weak, adrenal androgens to growth-promoting 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the preferred ligand for the androgen receptor (AR). Developing small-molecule inhibitors for the final steps in androgen metabolic pathways that utilize 17-oxidoreductases required probes that possess fluorescent groups at C-3 and intact, naturally occurring functionality at C-17. Application of the Pictet-Spengler condensation to substituted 4-(2-aminoethyl)coumarins and 5α-androstane-3-ones furnished spirocyclic, fluorescent androgens at the desired C-3 position. Condensations required the presence of activating C-7 amino or N,N-dialkylamino groups in the 4-(2-aminoethyl)coumarin component of these condensation reactions. Successful Pictet-Spengler condensation, for example, of DHT with 9-(2-aminoethyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H,11H-pyrano[2,3-f]pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-11-one led to a spirocyclic androgen, (3R,5S,10S,13S,17S)-17-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,2',3',4,5,6,7,8,8',9,9',10,11,12,12',13,13',14,15,16,17-docosahydro-7'H,11'H-spiro-[cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,4'-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]pyrido[4',3':4,5]pyrano[2,3-f]quinolin]-5'(1'H)-one. Computational modeling supported the surrogacy of the C-3 fluorescent DHT analog as a tool to study 17-oxidoreductases for intracrine, androgen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy M Sviripa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA.,Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA.,Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0093 USA
| | - Michael V Fiandalo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - Kristin L Begley
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509 USA
| | - Przemyslaw Wyrebek
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509 USA
| | - Liliia M Kril
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509 USA
| | - Andrii G Balia
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509 USA
| | - Sean R Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA
| | | | - Xi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Alexander H Williams
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA.,Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA
| | - Chunming Liu
- Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0093 USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509 USA
| | - James L Mohler
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA.,Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - David S Watt
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA.,Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0093 USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509 USA
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19
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Zhang WF, Li T, Lin SX. Meta-Analysis of steroid-converting enzymes and related receptors in prostate cancer suggesting novel combined therapies. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 198:105559. [PMID: 31783154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is essential for prostate cancer (PC) progression and treatment. Experiments have demonstrated that the intratumoral androgen levels are not affected by circulating androgen levels, but rather modulated by local steroid-converting enzyme activities. The expression modulation status of human steroid-converting enzymes and nuclear receptors are of great promise to identify novel therapeutic targets. Meta-analysis was performed with 9 cohorts (1093 specimens) from Gene Expression Omnibus, 16 cohorts (933 specimens) from Oncomine and the TCGA cohort (550 specimens). We found significant up regulation of 5α-reductase type 1 and type 3 in both primary and metastatic PC, together with the down regulation of AKR1C2 in primary PC, contributing to the high intratumoral DHT levels. The expression of AR in metastatic PC was up regulated, indicating the importance of AR signaling in the progression of this cancer. The down regulations of HSD11B1 and NR3C1 in primary and metastatic PC may diminish the anti-inflammation and anti-proliferation effects of glucocorticoids signaling. Furthermore, the decrease of progesterone receptor (PGR) expression in primary and metastatic PC was also observed, relieving the suppression effect of PGR on PC proliferation. The clinical evidences of the remarkable expression modulation of steroid-converting enzymes and receptors in PC may indicate novel combined treatment against this highly incident cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Fa Zhang
- Axe Molecular Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Tang Li
- Axe Molecular Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Sheng-Xiang Lin
- Axe Molecular Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada.
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20
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Penning TM, Detlefsen AJ. Intracrinology-revisited and prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 196:105499. [PMID: 31614208 PMCID: PMC6954292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The formation of steroid hormones in peripheral target tissues is referred to as their intracrine formation. This process occurs in hormone dependent malignancies such as prostate and breast cancer in which the disease can be either castrate resistant or occur post-menopausally, respectively. In these instances, the major precursor steroid of androgens and estrogens is dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-SO4. This article reviews the major pathways by which adrenal steroids are converted to the potent male sex hormones, testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) and the discrete enzyme isoforms involved in castration resistant prostate cancer. Previous studies have mainly utilized radiotracers to investigate these pathways but have not used prevailing concentrations of precursors found in castrate male human serum. In addition, the full power of stable-isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry has not been applied routinely. Furthermore, it is clear that adaptive responses occur in the transporters and enzyme isoforms involved in response to androgen deprivation therapy that need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, 421 Curie Blvd, 1350 BRBII/IIII, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6084, United States.
| | - Andrea J Detlefsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School Philadelphia, PA, United States
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21
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Boutin S, Roy J, Maltais R, Poirier D. Formation of 5α-dihydrotestosterone from 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol in prostate cancer LAPC-4 cells - Identifying inhibitors of non-classical pathways producing the most potent androgen. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126783. [PMID: 31753699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
5α-Dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) possesses a great affinity for the androgen receptor (AR), and its binding to AR promotes the proliferation of prostate cancer (PC) cells in androgen-dependent PC. Primarily synthesized from testosterone (T) in testis, 5α-DHT could also be produced from 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol), an almost inactive androgen, following non-classical pathways. We reported the chemical synthesis of non-commercially available [4-14C]-3α-diol from [4-14C]-T, and the development of a biological assay to identify inhibitors of the 5α-DHT formation from radiolabeled 3α-diol in LAPC-4 cell PC model. We measured the inhibitory potency of 5α-androstane derivatives against the formation of 5α-DHT, and inhibition curves were obtained for the most potent compounds (IC50 = 1.2-14.1 μM). The most potent inhibitor 25 (IC50 = 1.2 μM) possesses a 4-(4-CF3-3-CH3O-benzyl)piperazinyl methyl side chain at C3β and 17β-OH/17α-CCH functionalities at C17 of a 5α-androstane core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Boutin
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec - Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jenny Roy
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec - Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - René Maltais
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec - Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Donald Poirier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec - Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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22
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Semaan L, Mander N, Cher ML, Chinni SR. TMPRSS2-ERG fusions confer efficacy of enzalutamide in an in vivo bone tumor growth model. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:972. [PMID: 31638934 PMCID: PMC6802314 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) is an advanced disease resistant to systemic traditional medical or surgical castration, and resistance is primarily attributed to reactivation of AR through multiple mechanisms. TMPRSS2-ERG fusions have been shown to regulate AR signaling, interfere with pro-differentiation functions, and mediate oncogenic signaling. We have recently shown that ERG regulates intra-tumoral androgen synthesis and thereby facilitates AR function in prostate cancer cells. We hypothesize that enzalutamide treatment will be more effective in cells/tumors with TMPRSS2-ERG translocations because these tumors have increased AR signaling. METHODS ERG knockdown was performed with VCaP cells using lentiviral infections to generate VCaP ERGshRNA cells and control VCaP scr cells with scrambled shRNA. Cell-growth analysis was performed to determine the effect of enzalutamide. Reverse transcription, quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to determine the expression of AR responsive genes. Luciferase tagged VCaP scr and shRNA infected cells were used in an intra-tibial animal model for bone tumor growth analysis and enzalutamide treatment used to inhibit AR signaling in bone tumors. Western blotting analyzed VCaP bone tumor samples for ERG, AR, AKR1C3 and HSD3B1 and HSD3B2 expression. RESULTS Enzalutamide inhibited the growth of VCaP scr cells more effectively than shERG cells. Analysis of AR responsive genes shows that Enzalutamide treatment at 5 micromolar concentration inhibited by 85-90% in VCaP Scr cells whereas these genes were inhibited to a lesser extent in VCaP shERG cells. Enzalutamide treatment resulted in severe growth inhibition in VCaP scr shRNA cells compared to VCaP shERG cells. In bone tumor growth experiment, VCaP ERG shRNA cells grew at slower than VCaP scr shRNA cells. Androgen biosynthetic enzyme expression is lower VCaP shERG bone tumors compared to VCaP scr shRNA bone tumors and enzalutamide inhibited the enzyme expression in both types of tumors. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that ERG transcription factor regulates androgen biosynthetic enzyme expression that enzalutamide treatment is more effective against VCaP bone tumors with an intact ERG expression, and that knocking down ERG in VCaP cells leads to a lesser response to enzalutamide therapy. Thus, ERG expression status in tumors could help stratify patients for enzalutamide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louie Semaan
- Department of Urology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 9245 Scott Hall, 540 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Navneet Mander
- Department of Urology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 9245 Scott Hall, 540 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Michael L. Cher
- Department of Urology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 9245 Scott Hall, 540 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Sreenivasa R. Chinni
- Department of Urology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 9245 Scott Hall, 540 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
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23
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Blatt EB, Raj GV. Molecular mechanisms of enzalutamide resistance in prostate cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2019; 2:189-197. [PMID: 35582713 PMCID: PMC8992629 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 30,000 men in the United States will die of metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) each year due to the development of therapy resistance, most notably resistance to second-generation antiandrogen enzalutamide. The vast majority of PCa is driven by the androgen receptor (AR). Enzalutamide is an AR antagonist, which extends patient survival and is widely used in the clinic for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC); however, many patients will have primary or develop acquired resistance and continue to progress. Characterization of the molecular mechanisms of enzalutamide resistance provides insight into potentially efficacious therapies for enzalutamide-resistant CRPC (ER-CRPC). Understanding these mechanisms is critical for the identification of biomarkers predictive of therapy resistance and the development of therapeutic strategies to target ER-CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot B. Blatt
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ganesh V. Raj
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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24
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Knuuttila M, Hämäläinen E, Poutanen M. Applying mass spectrometric methods to study androgen biosynthesis and metabolism in prostate cancer. J Mol Endocrinol 2019; 62:R255-R267. [PMID: 30917337 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent development of gas chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS) has provided novel tools to define sex steroid concentrations. These new methods overcome several of the problems associated with immunoassays for sex steroids. With the novel MS-based applications we are now able to measure small concentrations of the steroid hormones reliably and with high accuracy in both body fluids and tissue homogenates. The sensitivity of the tandem mass spectrometry assays allows us also for the first time to reliably measure picomolar or even femtomolar concentrations of estrogens and androgens. Furthermore, due to a high sensitivity and specificity of MS technology, we are also able to measure low concentrations of steroid hormones of interest in the presence of pharmacological concentration of other steroids and structurally closely related compounds. Both of these features are essential for multiple preclinical models for prostate cancer. The MS assays are also valuable for the simultaneous measurement of multiple steroids and their metabolites in small sample volumes in serum and tissue biopsies of prostate cancer patients before and after drug interventions. As a result, novel information about steroid hormone synthesis and metabolic pathways in prostate cancer has been obtained. In our recent studies, we have extensively applied a GC-MS/MS method to study androgen biosynthesis and metabolism in VCaP prostate cancer xenografts in mice. In the present review, we shortly summarize some of the benefits of the GC-MS/MS and novel LC-MS/MS assays, and provide examples of their use in defining novel mechanisms of androgen action in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Knuuttila
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Hämäläinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and HUSLAB, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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25
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Wu Y, Tang L, Azabdaftari G, Pop E, Smith GJ. Adrenal androgens rescue prostatic dihydrotestosterone production and growth of prostate cancer cells after castration. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 486:79-88. [PMID: 30807787 PMCID: PMC6438375 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal androgens dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-sulfate (DHEAS) are potential substrates for intracrine production of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or directly to DHT, by prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Production of DHT from DHEAS and DHEA, and the role of steroid sulfatase (STS), were evaluated ex vivo using fresh human prostate tissue and in vitro using human PCa cell lines. STS was expressed in benign prostate tissue and PCa tissue. DHEAS at a physiological concentration was converted to DHT in prostate tissue and PCa cell lines, which was STS-dependent. DHEAS activation of androgen receptor (AR) and stimulation of PCa cell growth were STS-dependent. DHEA at a physiological concentration was not converted to DHT ex vivo and in vitro, but stimulated in vivo tumor growth of the human PCa cell line, VCaP, in castrated mice. The findings suggest that targeting metabolism of DHEAS and DHEA may enhance androgen deprivation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Gissou Azabdaftari
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Elena Pop
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Gary J Smith
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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26
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Usmani S, Orevi M, Stefanelli A, Zaniboni A, Gofrit ON, Bnà C, Illuminati S, Lojacono G, Noventa S, Savelli G. Neuroendocrine differentiation in castration resistant prostate cancer. Nuclear medicine radiopharmaceuticals and imaging techniques: A narrative review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 138:29-37. [PMID: 31092382 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) is the primary treatment for patients suffering from relapsing or advanced prostate cancer (PC). Hormone therapy generally guarantees adequate clinical control of the disease for some years, even in those patients affected by widespread skeletal and soft tissue metastases. Despite ADT, however, most patients treated with hormones eventually progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), for which there are no effective treatments. This clinical reality is an open challenge to the oncologist because of those neoplasms which elaborate neuroendocrine differentiation (NED). METHODS An online search of current and past literature on NED in CRPC was performed. Relevant articles dealing with the biological and pathological basis of NED, with nuclear medicine imaging in CRPC and somatostatin treatment in NED were analyzed. EVIDENCE FROM THE LITERATURE NED may arise in prostate cancer patients in the late stages of ADT. The onset of NED offers prognostic insight because it reflects a dramatic increase in the aggressive nature of the neoplasm. Several genetic, molecular, cytological and immunohistochemical markers are associated with this transformation. Among these, overexpression of somatostatin receptors, seen through Nuclear Medicine testing, is one of the most studied. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary studies show that the overexpression of somatostatin receptors related to NED in CRPC may easily be studied in vivo with PET/CT. This finding offers a potentially useful objective for targeted therapy in CRPC. If the overexpression of SSTRs is shown to afflict a significant segment of patients with CRPC, this will open further study of possible therapeutic options based on this marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharjeel Usmani
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kuwait Cancer Control Center Al Sabah Medical District, 70653, Kuwait
| | - Marina Orevi
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Kiryat Hadassah, POB 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Antonella Stefanelli
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, via L. Bissolati, 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Zaniboni
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, via L. Bissolati, 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Bnà
- Radiology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, via L. Bissolati, 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sonia Illuminati
- Radiology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, via L. Bissolati, 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulia Lojacono
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, via L. Bissolati, 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Noventa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, via L. Bissolati, 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giordano Savelli
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, via L. Bissolati, 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
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27
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Storbeck KH, Mostaghel EA. Canonical and Noncanonical Androgen Metabolism and Activity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:239-277. [PMID: 31900912 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are critical drivers of prostate cancer. In this chapter we first discuss the canonical pathways of androgen metabolism and their alterations in prostate cancer progression, including the classical, backdoor and 5α-dione pathways, the role of pre-receptor DHT metabolism, and recent findings on oncogenic splicing of steroidogenic enzymes. Next, we discuss the activity and metabolism of non-canonical 11-oxygenated androgens that can activate wild-type AR and are less susceptible to glucuronidation and inactivation than the canonical androgens, thereby serving as an under-recognized reservoir of active ligands. We then discuss an emerging literature on the potential non-canonical role of androgen metabolizing enzymes in driving prostate cancer. We conclude by discussing the potential implications of these findings for prostate cancer progression, particularly in context of new agents such as abiraterone and enzalutamide, which target the AR-axis for prostate cancer therapy, including mechanisms of response and resistance and implications of these findings for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center S-182, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
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28
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Johnson BM, Radwan FFY, Hossain A, Doonan BP, Hathaway-Schrader JD, God JM, Voelkel-Johnson CV, Banik NL, Reddy SV, Haque A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagic and apoptotic cell death, and immune activation by a natural triterpenoid in human prostate cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:6264-6276. [PMID: 30378157 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Though the current therapies are effective at clearing an early stage prostate cancer, they often fail to treat late-stage metastatic disease. We aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of a natural triterpenoid, ganoderic acid DM (GA-DM), on two human prostate cancer cell lines: the androgen-independent prostate carcinoma (PC-3), and androgen-sensitive prostate adenocarcinoma (LNCaP). Cell viability assay showed that GA-DM was relatively more toxic to LNCaP cells than to PC-3 cells (IC50 s ranged 45-55 µM for PC-3, and 20-25 µM for LNCaP), which may have occurred due to differential expression of p53. Hoechst DNA staining confirmed detectable nuclear fragmentation in both cell lines irrespective of the p53 status. GA-DM treatment decreased Bcl-2 proteins while it upregulated apoptotic Bax and autophagic Beclin-1, Atg5, and LC-3 molecules, and caused an induction of both early and late events of apoptotic cell death. Biochemical analyses of GA-DM-treated prostate cancer cells demonstrated that caspase-3 cleavage was notable in GA-DM-treated PC-3 cells. Interestingly, GA-DM treatment altered cell cycle progression in the S phase with a significant growth arrest in the G2 checkpoint and enhanced CD4 + T cell recognition of prostate tumor cells. Mechanistic study of GA-DM-treated prostate cancer cells further demonstrated that calpain activation and endoplasmic reticulum stress contributed to cell death. These findings suggest that GA-DM is a candidate for future drug design for prostate cancer as it activates multiple pathways of cell death and immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Faisal F Y Radwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Azim Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Bently P Doonan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jessica D Hathaway-Schrader
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jason M God
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Christina V Voelkel-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Narendra L Banik
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Sakamuri V Reddy
- Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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29
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Cariello M, Ducheix S, Maqdasy S, Baron S, Moschetta A, Lobaccaro JMA. LXRs, SHP, and FXR in Prostate Cancer: Enemies or Ménage à Quatre With AR? NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2018; 15:1550762918801070. [PMID: 30718981 PMCID: PMC6348739 DOI: 10.1177/1550762918801070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Androgens and androgen receptor (AR, NR3C4) clearly play a crucial role in
prostate cancer progression. Besides, the link between metabolic disorders and
the risk of developing a prostate cancer has been emerging these last years.
Interestingly, “lipid” nuclear receptors such as LXRα/NR1H3 and LXRβ/NR1H2 (as
well as FXRα/NR1H4 and SHP/NR0B2) have been described to decrease the lipid
metabolism, while AR increases it. Moreover, these former orphan nuclear
receptors can regulate androgen levels and modulate AR activity. Thus, it is not
surprising to find such receptors involved in the physiology of prostate. This
review is focused on the roles of liver X receptors (LXRs), farnesoid X receptor
(FXR), and small heterodimeric partner (SHP) in prostate physiology and their
capabilities to interfere with the androgen-regulated pathways by modulating the
levels of active androgen within the prostate. By the use of prostate cancer
cell lines, mice deficient for these nuclear receptors and human tissue
libraries, several authors have pointed out the putative possibility to
pharmacologically target these receptors. These data open a new field of
research for the development of new drugs that could overcome the castration
resistance in prostate cancer, a usual phenomenon in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Ducheix
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Roma, Italy
| | - Salwan Maqdasy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CHU Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Silvère Baron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Roma, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Oncologico "Giovanni Paolo II," Bari, Italy
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Roma, Italy.,Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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30
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Fiandalo MV, Gewirth DT, Mohler JL. Potential impact of combined inhibition of 3α-oxidoreductases and 5α-reductases on prostate cancer. Asian J Urol 2018; 6:50-56. [PMID: 30775248 PMCID: PMC6363635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) growth and progression rely on the interaction between the androgen receptor (AR) and the testicular ligands, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Almost all men with advanced PCa receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). ADT lowers circulating testosterone levels, which impairs AR activation and leads to PCa regression. However, ADT is palliative and PCa recurs as castration-recurrent/resistant PCa (CRPC). One mechanism for PCa recurrence relies on intratumoral synthesis of DHT, which can be synthesized using the frontdoor or primary or secondary backdoor pathway. Androgen metabolism inhibitors, such as those targeting 5α-reductase, aldo-keto-reductase family member 3 (AKR1C3), or cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) have either failed or produced only modest clinical outcomes. The goal of this review is to describe the therapeutic potential of combined inhibition of 5α-reductase and 3α-oxidoreductase enzymes that facilitate the terminal steps of the frontdoor and primary and secondary backdoor pathways for DHT synthesis. Inhibition of the terminal steps of the androgen metabolism pathways may be a way to overcome the shortcomings of existing androgen metabolism inhibitors and thereby delay PCa recurrence during ADT or enhance the response of CRPC to androgen axis manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Fiandalo
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - James L Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
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31
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Cook SF, Fiandalo MV, Watt DS, Wu Y, Mohler JL, Bies RR. Mathematical modeling of intracrine androgen metabolism in prostate cancer: Methodological aspects. Prostate 2018; 78:1069-1076. [PMID: 29938815 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progression of castration-recurrent/resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) relies in part on dihydrotestosterone derived from intratumoral androgen metabolism. Mathematical modeling provides a valuable tool for studies of androgen metabolism in CRPC. This modeling approach integrates existing knowledge about complex biologic systems and provides a means of interrogating the effects of various interventions. We sought to model a single reaction in the androgen biosynthesis network, namely the oxidation of androsterone (AND) to androstanedione (5α-dione) by four 3α-oxidoreductase enzymes, as an initial effort to establish the feasibility of our modeling approach. METHODS Models were constructed for two cell culture systems, a non-prostate cancer cell line (CV-1) and a prostate cancer cell line (LAPC-4), using the SimBiology app (version 5.3) in MATLAB (version 8.6). The models included components for substrate (AND), product (5α-dione), each of the four enzymes, and each of the four enzyme-substrate complexes. Each enzymatic reaction consisted of a reversible enzyme-substrate binding step and an irreversible catalysis step. Rates of change for each component were described using ordinary differential equations. RESULTS Mathematical models were developed with model parameter values derived from literature sources or from existing experimental data, which included gene expression measurements and substrate and product concentrations determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The models for both cell lines adequately described substrate and product concentrations observed after 12 h treatment with AND. CONCLUSIONS This modeling approach represents an adaptable, extensible and mechanistic framework that reflects androgen metabolism. The models can be expanded systematically to describe the complex androgen metabolic pathways important for study of novel therapies for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Cook
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - David S Watt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - James L Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Robert R Bies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
- Computational and Data-Enabled Science and Engineering Program, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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Schiffer L, Arlt W, Storbeck KH. Intracrine androgen biosynthesis, metabolism and action revisited. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 465:4-26. [PMID: 28865807 PMCID: PMC6565845 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgens play an important role in metabolic homeostasis and reproductive health in both men and women. Androgen signalling is dependent on androgen receptor activation, mostly by testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone. However, the intracellular or intracrine activation of C19 androgen precursors to active androgens in peripheral target tissues of androgen action is of equal importance. Intracrine androgen synthesis is often not reflected by circulating androgens but rather by androgen metabolites and conjugates. In this review we provide an overview of human C19 steroid biosynthesis including the production of 11-oxygenated androgens, their transport in circulation and uptake into peripheral tissues. We conceptualise the mechanisms of intracrinology and review the intracrine pathways of activation and inactivation in selected human tissues. The contribution of liver and kidney as organs driving androgen inactivation and renal excretion are also highlighted. Finally, the importance of quantifying androgen metabolites and conjugates to assess intracrine androgen production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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Liede A, Wade S, Lethen J, Hernandez RK, Warner D, Abernethy AP, Finelli A. An Observational Study of Concomitant Use of Emerging Therapies and Denosumab or Zoledronic Acid in Prostate Cancer. Clin Ther 2018; 40:536-549.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Penning TM. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-SO 4 Depot and Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 108:309-331. [PMID: 30029732 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-SO4 of adrenal origin is the major C19 steroid in the serum. It is a precursor of intratumoral androgen biosynthesis in patients with advanced prostate cancer following chemical or surgical castration. DHEA is a product of the P450c17 (17α-hydroxylase-17,20-lyase) enzyme. Despite inhibition of P450c17 with new agents, e.g., Abiraterone acetate, Orterenol, and Galeterone, the level of enzyme inhibition rarely exceeds 90% leaving behind a significant depot for androgen biosynthesis within the tumor. For DHEA-SO4 to be utilized there is uptake by organic anion transporter polypeptides, deconjugation catalyzed by steroid sulfatase, and adaptive upregulation of prostate steroidogenic enzymes that will convert DHEA into either testosterone or dihydrotestosterone. The depot of DHEA-SO4 that remains after P450c17 inhibition and the adaptive responses that occur within the tumor to promote DHEA utilization contribute to mechanisms of drug resistance observed with P450c17 inhibitors. Knowledge of these mechanisms identify new targets for therapeutics that could be used to surmount drug resistance in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Fiandalo MV, Stocking JJ, Pop EA, Wilton JH, Mantione KM, Li Y, Attwood KM, Azabdaftari G, Wu Y, Watt DS, Wilson EM, Mohler JL. Inhibition of dihydrotestosterone synthesis in prostate cancer by combined frontdoor and backdoor pathway blockade. Oncotarget 2018; 9:11227-11242. [PMID: 29541409 PMCID: PMC5834294 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is palliative and prostate cancer (CaP) recurs as lethal castration-recurrent/resistant CaP (CRPC). One mechanism that provides CaP resistance to ADT is primary backdoor androgen metabolism, which uses up to four 3α-oxidoreductases to convert 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (DIOL) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The goal was to determine whether inhibition of 3α-oxidoreductase activity decreased conversion of DIOL to DHT. Protein sequence analysis showed that the four 3α-oxidoreductases have identical catalytic amino acid residues. Mass spectrometry data showed combined treatment using catalytically inactive 3α-oxidoreductase mutants and the 5α-reductase inhibitor, dutasteride, decreased DHT levels in CaP cells better than dutasteride alone. Combined blockade of frontdoor and backdoor pathways of DHT synthesis provides a therapeutic strategy to inhibit CRPC development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V. Fiandalo
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - John J. Stocking
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Elena A. Pop
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - John H. Wilton
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Krystin M. Mantione
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Kristopher M. Attwood
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Gissou Azabdaftari
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - David S. Watt
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James L. Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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du Toit T, Swart AC. Inefficient UGT-conjugation of adrenal 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione metabolites highlights C11-oxy C 19 steroids as the predominant androgens in prostate cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 461:265-276. [PMID: 28939401 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Although the adrenal C19 steroids, androstenedione and testosterone, contribute to prostate cancer (PCa) progression the full complement of adrenal androgens, including the C11-oxy C19 steroids, 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11OHA4) and 11β-hydroxytestosterone (11OHT) and their androgenic metabolites, 11keto-testosterone (11KT) and 11keto-dihydrotestosterone (11KDHT) have, to date, not been considered. This study investigated the contribution of 11OHA4 and 11OHT to the pool of active androgens in the prostate. Steroid profiles were determined in LNCaP, C4-2B and VCaP cell models, in PCa tissue, and in plasma focussing on the inactivation, reactivation and glucuronidation of 11OHA4, 11OHT and their downstream products using ultra-performance convergence chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPC2-MS/MS). The C11-oxy C19 steroids were the predominant steroids with the production of 11KT and 11KDHT in prostate cell models identifying 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity. Active:inactive steroid ratios indicated efficient inactivation of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 11KDHT by 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, while the reactivation of DHT by retinol-like dehydrogenases was greater than the reactivation of 11KDHT. In PCa tissue, inactive C11-oxy C19 steroids ranged from 27 to 30 ng/g, whereas inactive C19 steroids were below 1 ng/g. Steroid glucuronidation was impeded: in VCaP cells, the C11-oxy C19 steroids were unconjugated and the C19 steroids fully conjugated; in C4-2B cells, all steroids were unconjugated, except for DHT of which 50% was conjugated; in LNCaP cells only androsterone, 11KT and 11β-hydroxyandrosterone were unconjugated. In PCa patients' plasma 11KDHT was present only in the unconjugated form, with 11KT also predominantly unconjugated (90-95%). Even though plasma and tissue sample numbers were limited, this study serves to demonstrate the abundance of C11-oxy C19 steroids, with notable differences in their metabolism, dictated by steroidogenic enzymes and hampered conjugation, affecting active androgen levels. Larger cohorts are required to analyse profiles in modulated metabolic pathways, in order to shed light on treatment outcomes. The C11-oxy C19 steroids are involved in PCa, with impeded glucuronidation in PCa ascribing a dominant role to these steroids in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therina du Toit
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Amanda C Swart
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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Fiandalo MV, Wilton JH, Mantione KM, Wrzosek C, Attwood KM, Wu Y, Mohler JL. Serum-free complete medium, an alternative medium to mimic androgen deprivation in human prostate cancer cell line models. Prostate 2018; 78:213-221. [PMID: 29194687 PMCID: PMC5768451 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost all men who present with advanced prostate cancer (CaP) and some men who fail therapy for clinically localized CaP are treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). CaP cell lines are used to identify and characterize new agents for ADT or investigate mechanisms of ADT resistance. CaP cell lines are maintained in culture medium that contains fetal bovine serum, which contains testosterone (T). Androgen deprivation experiments are performed using media supplemented with androgen-free serum, such as charcoal stripped fetal bovine serum (CS-FBS). However, CS-FBS composition varies from batch-to-batch and variations may impact experimental reproducibility. Serum free media (SFM) may provide a better defined alternative to media supplemented with CS-FBS (CSM). METHODS Cell growth of six human CaP cell lines was assessed using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Androgen levels were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS MTT assays showed 5 of 6 CaP cell lines grew after 6 days of culture in androgen- deprived SFM or CSM. LNCaP and VCaP growth was stimulated when cells were cultured in SFM or CSM supplemented with T. LNCaP, C4-2, LAPC-4, and VCaP cell growth was inhibited when cultured in SFM or CSM with T and bicalutamide. LC-MS/MS data showed LAPC-4 cells produced similar DHT levels when cultured in T-supplemented SFM or CSM. Dutasteride impaired T to DHT metabolism in LAPC-4. CONCLUSIONS Media composition contributed to growth differences observed between CaP cells cultured in SFM or CSM. However, the differences in media composition did not impair CaP cell response to T-stimulated growth, bicalutamide growth inhibition, metabolism of T, or dutasteride efficiency. SFM can be used as a better defined alternative to CSM for androgen deprivation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John H Wilton
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Krystin M. Mantione
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Carol Wrzosek
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Kristopher M. Attwood
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - James L. Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
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King CJ, Woodward J, Schwartzman J, Coleman DJ, Lisac R, Wang NJ, Van Hook K, Gao L, Urrutia J, Dane MA, Heiser LM, Alumkal JJ. Integrative molecular network analysis identifies emergent enzalutamide resistance mechanisms in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:111084-111095. [PMID: 29340039 PMCID: PMC5762307 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work demonstrates that castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) tumors harbor countless genomic aberrations that control many hallmarks of cancer. While some specific mutations in CRPC may be actionable, many others are not. We hypothesized that genomic aberrations in cancer may operate in concert to promote drug resistance and tumor progression, and that organization of these genomic aberrations into therapeutically targetable pathways may improve our ability to treat CRPC. To identify the molecular underpinnings of enzalutamide-resistant CRPC, we performed transcriptional and copy number profiling studies using paired enzalutamide-sensitive and resistant LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines. Gene networks associated with enzalutamide resistance were revealed by performing an integrative genomic analysis with the PAthway Representation and Analysis by Direct Reference on Graphical Models (PARADIGM) tool. Amongst the pathways enriched in the enzalutamide-resistant cells were those associated with MEK, EGFR, RAS, and NFKB. Functional validation studies of 64 genes identified 10 candidate genes whose suppression led to greater effects on cell viability in enzalutamide-resistant cells as compared to sensitive parental cells. Examination of a patient cohort demonstrated that several of our functionally-validated gene hits are deregulated in metastatic CRPC tumor samples, suggesting that they may be clinically relevant therapeutic targets for patients with enzalutamide-resistant CRPC. Altogether, our approach demonstrates the potential of integrative genomic analyses to clarify determinants of drug resistance and rational co-targeting strategies to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly J. King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Josha Woodward
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jacob Schwartzman
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Daniel J. Coleman
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Robert Lisac
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kathryn Van Hook
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Lina Gao
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Joshua Urrutia
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Mark A. Dane
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Laura M. Heiser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Joshi J. Alumkal
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Stocking JJ, Fiandalo MV, Pop EA, Wilton JH, Azabdaftari G, Mohler JL. Characterization of Prostate Cancer in a Functional Eunuch. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2017; 14:1054-60. [PMID: 27587619 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2016.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eunuchs rarely, if ever, develop prostate cancer (CaP). This article reports on a 62-year-old functional eunuch from prepubertal mumps orchitis who developed clinically localized CaP. METHODS Serum and CaP and benign prostate tissue androgen levels were measured using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay. The assay measures testosterone; dihydrotestosterone (DHT); the adrenal androgens, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone; and the androgen metabolites, androsterone and androstanedione. Gene and protein expression levels of androgen metabolism enzymes, and androgen receptor and androgen-regulated genes were measured using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS Intracrine androgen metabolism produced tissue DHT when serum and tissue testosterone levels were castrate and undetectable, respectively. Androgen receptor, androgen-regulated, and androgen metabolism enzyme genes were expressed but at lower levels in CaP than benign tissues. CONCLUSIONS DHT was synthesized using the primary backdoor androgen metabolism pathway and not using androstenedione or dehydroepiandrosterone via the frontdoor or secondary backdoor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Stocking
- From the Departments of Urology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Michael V Fiandalo
- From the Departments of Urology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Elena A Pop
- From the Departments of Urology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - John H Wilton
- From the Departments of Urology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Gissou Azabdaftari
- From the Departments of Urology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - James L Mohler
- From the Departments of Urology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION AKR1C3 is a drug target in hormonal and hormonal independent malignancies and acts as a major peripheral 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase to yield the potent androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, and as a prostaglandin (PG) F synthase to produce proliferative ligands for the PG FP receptor. AKR1C3 inhibitors may have distinct advantages over existing therapeutics for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer, breast cancer and acute myeloid leukemia. Area covered: This article reviews the patent literature on AKR1C3 inhibitors using SciFinder which identified inhibitors in the following chemical classes: N-phenylsulfonyl-indoles, N-(benzimidazoylylcarbonyl)- N-(indoylylcarbonyl)- and N-(pyridinepyrrolyl)- piperidines, N-benzimidazoles and N-benzindoles, repurposed nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (indole acetic acids, N-phenylanthranilates and aryl propionic acids), isoquinolines, and nitrogen and sulfur substituted estrenes. The article evaluates inhibitor AKR potency, specificity, efficacy in cell-based and xenograft models and clinical utility. The advantage of bifunctional compounds that either competitively inhibit AKR1C3 and block its androgen receptor (AR) coactivator function or act as AKR1C3 inhibitors and direct acting AR antagonists are discussed. Expert opinion: A large number of potent and selective inhibitors of AKR1C3 have been described however, preclinical optimization, is required before their benefit in human disease can be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- a Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology & Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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Marti N, Malikova J, Galván JA, Aebischer M, Janner M, Sumnik Z, Obermannova B, Escher G, Perren A, Flück CE. Androgen production in pediatric adrenocortical tumors may occur via both the classic and/or the alternative backdoor pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 452:64-73. [PMID: 28501574 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Children with adrenocortical tumors (ACTs) often present with virilization due to high tumoral androgen production, with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) as most potent androgen. Recent work revealed two pathways for DHT biosynthesis, the classic and the backdoor pathway. Usage of alternate routes for DHT production has been reported in castration-resistant prostate cancer, CAH and PCOS. To assess whether the backdoor pathway may contribute to the virilization of pediatric ACTs, we investigated seven children suffering from androgen producing tumors using steroid profiling and immunohistochemical expression studies. All cases produced large amounts of androgens of the classic and/or backdoor pathway. Variable expression of steroid enzymes was observed in carcinomas and adenomas. We found no discriminative pattern. This suggests that enhanced androgen production in pediatric ACTs is the result of deregulated steroidogenesis through multiple steroid pathways. Thus future treatments of ACTs targeting androgen overproduction should consider these novel steroid production pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesa Marti
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jana Malikova
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - José A Galván
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maude Aebischer
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, Switzerland
| | - Marco Janner
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, Switzerland
| | - Zdenek Sumnik
- Department of Pediatrics, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Obermannova
- Department of Pediatrics, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Genevieve Escher
- Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aurel Perren
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Beck KR, Kaserer T, Schuster D, Odermatt A. Virtual screening applications in short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase research. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:157-177. [PMID: 28286207 PMCID: PMC6831487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) enzyme family play fundamental roles in adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis as well as in the metabolism of steroids, oxysterols, bile acids, and retinoids in peripheral tissues, thereby controlling the local activation of their cognate receptors. Some of these SDRs are considered as promising therapeutic targets, for example to treat estrogen-/androgen-dependent and corticosteroid-related diseases, whereas others are considered as anti-targets as their inhibition may lead to disturbances of endocrine functions, thereby contributing to the development and progression of diseases. Nevertheless, the physiological functions of about half of all SDR members are still unknown. In this respect, in silico tools are highly valuable in drug discovery for lead molecule identification, in toxicology screenings to facilitate the identification of hazardous chemicals, and in fundamental research for substrate identification and enzyme characterization. Regarding SDRs, computational methods have been employed for a variety of applications including drug discovery, enzyme characterization and substrate identification, as well as identification of potential endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC). This review provides an overview of the efforts undertaken in the field of virtual screening supported identification of bioactive molecules in SDR research. In addition, it presents an outlook and addresses the opportunities and limitations of computational modeling and in vitro validation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina R Beck
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Kaserer
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Kenmogne LC, Roy J, Maltais R, Rouleau M, Neveu B, Pouliot F, Poirier D. Investigation of the In Vitro and In Vivo efficiency of RM-532-105, a 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 inhibitor, in LAPC-4 prostate cancer cell and tumor models. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171871. [PMID: 28182747 PMCID: PMC5300232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the fight against androgen-sensitive prostate cancer, the enzyme 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17β-HSD3) is an attractive therapeutic target considering its key role in the formation of androgenic steroids. In this study, we attempted to assess the in vivo efficacy of the compound RM-532-105, an androsterone derivative developed as an inhibitor of 17β-HSD3, in the prostate cancer model of androgen-sensitive LAPC-4 cells xenografted in nude mice. RM-532-105 did not inhibit the tumor growth induced by 4-androstene-3,17-dione (4-dione); rather, the levels of the androgens testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased within the tumors. In plasma, however, DHT levels increased but T levels did not. In troubleshooting experiments, the non-androgenic potential of RM-532-105 was confirmed by two different assays (LAPC-4 proliferation and androgen receptor transcriptional activity assays). The enzyme 5α-reductase was also revealed to be the predominant enzyme metabolizing 4-dione in LAPC-4 cells, yielding 5α-androstane-3,17-dione and not T. Other 17β-HSDs than 17β-HSD3 seem responsible in the androgen synthesis. From experiments with LAPC-4 cells, we fortuitously came across the interesting finding that 17β-HSD3 inhibitor RM-532-105 is concentrated inside tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Carolle Kenmogne
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHU de Québec - Research Center (CHUL, T4), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Jenny Roy
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHU de Québec - Research Center (CHUL, T4), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - René Maltais
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHU de Québec - Research Center (CHUL, T4), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Rouleau
- CHU de Québec - Research Center, Axe Cancer, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Bertrand Neveu
- CHU de Québec - Research Center, Axe Cancer, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Pouliot
- CHU de Québec - Research Center, Axe Cancer, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Donald Poirier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHU de Québec - Research Center (CHUL, T4), Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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44
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AR-Signaling in Human Malignancies: Prostate Cancer and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9010007. [PMID: 28085048 PMCID: PMC5295778 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1940s Charles Huggins reported remarkable palliative benefits following surgical castration in men with advanced prostate cancer, and since then the androgen receptor (AR) has remained the main therapeutic target in this disease. Over the past couple of decades, our understanding of AR-signaling biology has dramatically improved, and it has become apparent that the AR can modulate a number of other well-described oncogenic signaling pathways. Not surprisingly, mounting preclinical and epidemiologic data now supports a role for AR-signaling in promoting the growth and progression of several cancers other than prostate, and early phase clinical trials have documented preliminary signs of efficacy when AR-signaling inhibitors are used in several of these malignancies. In this article, we provide an overview of the evidence supporting the use of AR-directed therapies in prostate as well as other cancers, with an emphasis on the rationale for targeting AR-signaling across tumor types.
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Narayanan R, Dalton JT. Androgen Receptor: A Complex Therapeutic Target for Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8120108. [PMID: 27918430 PMCID: PMC5187506 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8120108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and histopathological profiling have classified breast cancer into multiple sub-types empowering precision treatment. Although estrogen receptor (ER) and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) are the mainstay therapeutic targets in breast cancer, the androgen receptor (AR) is evolving as a molecular target for cancers that have developed resistance to conventional treatments. The high expression of AR in breast cancer and recent discovery and development of new nonsteroidal drugs targeting the AR provide a strong rationale for exploring it again as a therapeutic target in this disease. Ironically, both nonsteroidal agonists and antagonists for the AR are undergoing clinical trials, making AR a complicated target to understand in breast cancer. This review provides a detailed account of AR’s therapeutic role in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA.
| | - James T Dalton
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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46
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Penson DF, Lin DW, Karsh L, Quinn DI, Shevrin DH, Shore N, Symanowski JT, Brown B, Forer D, Wong EK, Flanders SC. Treatment registry for outcomes in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (TRUMPET): a methodology for real-world evidence and research. Future Oncol 2016; 12:2689-2699. [PMID: 27528114 PMCID: PMC5116579 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study seeks to improve the understanding of treatment patterns and associated health-related quality of life (HRQoL), clinical outcomes and healthcare utilization in US patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). PATIENTS & METHODS Treatment Registry for Outcomes in CRPC Patients (TRUMPET) is a US-based, prospective, observational multicenter registry (NCT02380274) involving patients with CRPC and their caregivers. Patients initiating their first active treatment course will be enrolled from urology and medical oncology practices, with data captured up to 4 years. RESULTS Information on prescribing patterns, HRQoL, clinical outcomes and healthcare utilization will be collected. CONCLUSION TRUMPET will enable scientific understanding of disease management in terms of HRQoL, clinical outcomes and healthcare utilization in clinical practice for patients with CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Penson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - David I Quinn
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Neal Shore
- Carolina Urologic Research Center, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA
| | - James T Symanowski
- Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
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Stuchbery R, McCoy PJ, Hovens CM, Corcoran NM. Androgen synthesis in prostate cancer: do all roads lead to Rome? Nat Rev Urol 2016; 14:49-58. [DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2016.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Liu C, Armstrong CM, Lou W, Lombard A, Evans CP, Gao AC. Inhibition of AKR1C3 Activation Overcomes Resistance to Abiraterone in Advanced Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 16:35-44. [PMID: 27794047 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abiraterone suppresses intracrine androgen synthesis via inhibition of CYP17A1. However, clinical evidence suggests that androgen synthesis is not fully inhibited by abiraterone and the sustained androgen production may lead to disease relapse. In the present study, we identified AKR1C3, an important enzyme in the steroidogenesis pathway, as a critical mechanism driving resistance to abiraterone through increasing intracrine androgen synthesis and enhancing androgen signaling. We found that overexpression of AKR1C3 confers resistance to abiraterone while downregulation of AKR1C3 resensitizes resistant cells to abiraterone treatment. In abiraterone-resistant prostate cancer cells, AKR1C3 is overexpressed and the levels of intracrine androgens are elevated. In addition, AKR1C3 activation increases intracrine androgen synthesis and enhances androgen receptor (AR) signaling via activating AR transcriptional activity. Treatment of abiraterone-resistant cells with indomethacin, an AKR1C3 inhibitor, overcomes resistance and enhances abiraterone therapy both in vitro and in vivo by reducing the levels of intracrine androgens and diminishing AR transcriptional activity. These results demonstrate that AKR1C3 activation is a critical mechanism of resistance to abiraterone through increasing intracrine androgen synthesis and enhancing androgen signaling. Furthermore, this study provides a preclinical proof-of-principle for clinical trials investigating the combination of targeting AKR1C3 using indomethacin with abiraterone for advanced prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(1); 35-44. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Liu
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | | | - Wei Lou
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Alan Lombard
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Christopher P Evans
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.,UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California. .,UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California
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49
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Adeniji A, Uddin MJ, Zang T, Tamae D, Wangtrakuldee P, Marnett LJ, Penning TM. Discovery of (R)-2-(6-Methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)butanoic Acid as a Potent and Selective Aldo-keto Reductase 1C3 Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7431-44. [PMID: 27486833 PMCID: PMC5149398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) converts Δ(4)-androstene-3,17-dione and 5α-androstane-3,17-dione to testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone, respectively, in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In CRPC, AKR1C3 is implicated in drug resistance, and enzalutamide drug resistance can be surmounted by indomethacin a potent inhibitor of AKR1C3. We examined a series of naproxen analogues and find that (R)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)butanoic acid (in which the methyl group of R-naproxen was replaced by an ethyl group) acts as a potent AKR1C3 inhibitor that displays selectivity for AKR1C3 over other AKR1C enzymes. This compound was devoid of inhibitory activity on COX isozymes and blocked AKR1C3 mediated production of T and induction of PSA in LNCaP-AKR1C3 cells as a model of a CRPC cell line. R-Profens are substrate selective COX-2 inhibitors and block the oxygenation of endocannabinoids and in the context of advanced prostate cancer R-profens could inhibit intratumoral androgen synthesis and act as analgesics for metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adegoke Adeniji
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and the Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1315 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
| | - Md. Jashim Uddin
- Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Tianzhu Zang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and the Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1315 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
| | - Daniel Tamae
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and the Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1315 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
| | - Phumvadee Wangtrakuldee
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and the Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1315 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Trevor M. Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and the Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1315 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
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50
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Coleman DJ, Van Hook K, King CJ, Schwartzman J, Lisac R, Urrutia J, Sehrawat A, Woodward J, Wang NJ, Gulati R, Thomas GV, Beer TM, Gleave M, Korkola JE, Gao L, Heiser LM, Alumkal JJ. Cellular androgen content influences enzalutamide agonism of F877L mutant androgen receptor. Oncotarget 2016; 7:40690-40703. [PMID: 27276681 PMCID: PMC5130036 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed and second-most lethal cancer among men in the United States. The vast majority of prostate cancer deaths are due to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) - the lethal form of the disease that has progressed despite therapies that interfere with activation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling. One emergent resistance mechanism to medical castration is synthesis of intratumoral androgens that activate the AR. This insight led to the development of the AR antagonist enzalutamide. However, resistance to enzalutamide invariably develops, and disease progression is nearly universal. One mechanism of resistance to enzalutamide is an F877L mutation in the AR ligand-binding domain that can convert enzalutamide to an agonist of AR activity. However, mechanisms that contribute to the agonist switch had not been fully clarified, and there were no therapies to block AR F877L. Using cell line models of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), we determined that cellular androgen content influences enzalutamide agonism of mutant F877L AR. Further, enzalutamide treatment of AR F877L-expressing cell lines recapitulated the effects of androgen activation of F877L AR or wild-type AR. Because the BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ-1 was previously shown to block androgen activation of wild-type AR, we tested JQ-1 in AR F877L-expressing CRPC models. We determined that JQ-1 suppressed androgen or enzalutamide activation of mutant F877L AR and suppressed growth of mutant F877L AR CRPC tumors in vivo, demonstrating a new strategy to treat tumors harboring this mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Coleman
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
| | - Kathryn Van Hook
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
| | - Carly J. King
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
| | - Jacob Schwartzman
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
| | - Robert Lisac
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
| | - Joshua Urrutia
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
| | - Archana Sehrawat
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
| | - Josha Woodward
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas J. Wang
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
| | - Roman Gulati
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | - George V. Thomas
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
| | - Tomasz M. Beer
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
| | - Martin Gleave
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James E. Korkola
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
| | - Lina Gao
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
| | - Laura M. Heiser
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
| | - Joshi J. Alumkal
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
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