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Vella L, Sternjakob A, Lohse S, Fingerle A, Sperling T, Wickenhauser C, Stöckle M, Vogt T, Roemer K, Ołdak M, Smola S. The cutaneous beta human papillomavirus type 8 E6 protein induces CCL2 through the CEBPα/miR-203/p63 pathway to support an inflammatory microenvironment in epidermodysplasia verruciformis skin lesions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1336492. [PMID: 38510961 PMCID: PMC10953690 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1336492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 8 (HPV8), a cutaneous genus beta HPV type, has co-carcinogenic potential at sun-exposed sites in patients suffering from the inherited skin disease epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). We had previously shown that Langerhans cells responsible for epithelial immunosurveillance were strongly reduced at infected sites and that the HPV8 E7 protein interferes with the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)β to suppress the Langerhans cell chemokine CCL20. At the same time, however, we observed that EV lesions are heavily infiltrated with inflammatory immune cells, which is similar to the situation in HPV8 E6 transgenic mice. To identify critical inflammatory factors, we used a broad multiplex approach and found that the monocyte attracting chemokine CCL2 was significantly and strongly induced by HPV8 E6 but not E7-expressing HaCaT cells, which were used as a model for UV-damaged skin keratinocytes. Conditioned media from HPV8 E6-expressing keratinocytes enhanced CCL2-receptor (CCR2)-dependent monocyte recruitment in vitro, and macrophages predominated in the stroma but were also detected in the epidermal compartment of EV lesions in vivo. CCL2 induction by HPV8 E6 was even stronger than stimulation with the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, and both HPV8 E6 and TNF-α resulted in substantial suppression of the transcription factor C/EBPα. Using RNAi-mediated knockdown and overexpression approaches, we demonstrated a mechanistic role of the recently identified C/EBPα/miR-203/p63 pathway for HPV8 E6-mediated CCL2 induction at protein and transcriptional levels. Epithelial co-expression of p63 and CCL2 was confirmed in HPV8 E6-expressing organotypic air-liquid interface cultures and in lesional EV epidermis in vivo. In summary, our data demonstrate that HPV8 oncoproteins actively deregulate epidermal immune homeostasis through modulation of C/EBP factor-dependent pathways. While HPV8 E7 suppresses immunosurveillance required for viral persistence, the present study provides evidence that E6 involves the stemness-promoting factor p63 to support an inflammatory microenvironment that may fuel carcinogenesis in EV lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Vella
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anna Sternjakob
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lohse
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Alina Fingerle
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Tanya Sperling
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Michael Stöckle
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Roemer
- Jose Carreras Center for Immune and Gene Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Monika Ołdak
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sigrun Smola
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Thakur K, Janjua D, Aggarwal N, Chhokar A, Yadav J, Tripathi T, Chaudhary A, Senrung A, Shrivastav A, Bharti AC. Physical interaction between STAT3 and AP1 in cervical carcinogenesis: Implications in HPV transcription control. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166817. [PMID: 37532113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The constitutive activation and aberrant expression of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) plays a key role in initiation and progression of cervical cancer (CaCx). How STAT3 influences HPV transcription is poorly defined. In the present study, we probed direct and indirect interactions of STAT3 with HPV16/18 LCR. In silico assessment of cis-elements present on LCR revealed the presence of potential STAT3 binding motifs. However, experimental validation by ChIP-PCR could not confirm any specific STAT3 binding on HPV16 LCR. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of STAT3 with other host transcription factors that bind LCR, highlighted the physical association of STAT3 with c-FOS and c-JUN. This was further confirmed in vitro by co-immunoprecipitation, where STAT3 co-immunoprecipitated with c-FOS and c-JUN in CaCx cells. The result was supported by immunocytochemical analysis and colocalization of STAT3 with c-FOS and c-JUN. Positive signals in proximity ligation assay validated physical interaction and colocalization of STAT3 with AP1. Colocalization of STAT3 with c-FOS and c-JUN increased upon IL-6 treatment and decreased post-Stattic treatment. Alteration of STAT3 expression affected the subcellular localization of c-FOS and c-JUN, along with the expression of viral oncoproteins (E6 and E7) in CaCx cells. High expression of c-JUN in tumor tissues correlated with poor prognosis in both HPV16 and HPV18 CaCx cohort whereas high expression of STAT3 correlated with poor prognosis in HPV18 CaCx lesions only. Overall, the data suggest an indirect interaction of STAT3 with HPV LCR via c-FOS and c-JUN and potentiate transcription of viral oncoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulbhushan Thakur
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Janjua
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, India
| | - Nikita Aggarwal
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Chhokar
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, India; Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Joni Yadav
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, India
| | - Tanya Tripathi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, India
| | - Apoorva Chaudhary
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, India
| | - Anna Senrung
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, India
| | - Anuraag Shrivastav
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute CCMB, 675 McDermot Ave, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Alok Chandra Bharti
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, India.
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Jain M, Yadav D, Jarouliya U, Chavda V, Yadav AK, Chaurasia B, Song M. Epidemiology, Molecular Pathogenesis, Immuno-Pathogenesis, Immune Escape Mechanisms and Vaccine Evaluation for HPV-Associated Carcinogenesis. Pathogens 2023; 12:1380. [PMID: 38133265 PMCID: PMC10745624 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is implicated in over 90% of cervical cancer cases, with factors like regional variability, HPV genotype, the population studied, HPV vaccination status, and anatomical sample collection location influencing the prevalence and pathology of HPV-induced cancer. HPV-16 and -18 are mainly responsible for the progression of several cancers, including cervix, anus, vagina, penis, vulva, and oropharynx. The oncogenic ability of HPV is not only sufficient for the progression of malignancy, but also for other tumor-generating steps required for the production of invasive cancer, such as coinfection with other viruses, lifestyle factors such as high parity, smoking, tobacco chewing, use of contraceptives for a long time, and immune responses such as stimulation of chronic stromal inflammation and immune deviation in the tumor microenvironment. Viral evasion from immunosurveillance also supports viral persistence, and virus-like particle-based prophylactic vaccines have been licensed, which are effective against high-risk HPV types. In addition, vaccination awareness programs and preventive strategies could help reduce the rate and incidence of HPV infection. In this review, we emphasize HPV infection and its role in cancer progression, molecular and immunopathogenesis, host immune response, immune evasion by HPV, vaccination, and preventive schemes battling HPV infection and HPV-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Jain
- Department of Microbiology, Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior 474009, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Urmila Jarouliya
- SOS in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011 Madhya Pradesh, India;
| | - Vishal Chavda
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Arun Kumar Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot 151203, Punjab, India;
| | - Bipin Chaurasia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Clinic, Birgunj 44300, Nepal;
| | - Minseok Song
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
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Pohlers M, Gies S, Taenzer T, Stroeder R, Theobald L, Ludwig N, Kim YJ, Bohle RM, Solomayer EF, Meese E, Hart M, Walch-Rückheim B. Th17 cells target the metabolic miR-142-5p-succinate dehydrogenase subunit C/D (SDHC/SDHD) axis, promoting invasiveness and progression of cervical cancers. Mol Oncol 2023. [PMID: 37899663 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
During cervical carcinogenesis, T-helper (Th)-17 cells accumulate in the peripheral blood and tumor tissues of cancer patients. We previously demonstrated that Th17 cells are associated with therapy resistance as well as cervical cancer metastases and relapse; however, the underlying Th17-driven mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, using microarrays, we found that Th17 cells induced an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype of cervical cancer cells and promoted migration and invasion of 2D cultures and 3D spheroids via induction of microRNA miR-142-5p. As the responsible mechanism, we identified the subunits C and D of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex as new targets of miR-142-5p and provided evidence that Th17-miR-142-5p-dependent reduced expression of SDHC and SDHD mediated enhanced migration and invasion of cancer cells using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for SDHC and SDHD, and miR-142-5p inhibitors. Consistently, patients exhibited high levels of succinate in their serum associated with lymph node metastases and diminished expression of SDHD in patient biopsies correlated with increased numbers of Th17 cells. Correspondingly, a combination of weak or negative SDHD expression and a ratio of Th17/CD4+ T cells > 43.90% in situ was associated with reduced recurrence-free survival. In summary, we unraveled a previously unknown molecular mechanism by which Th17 cells promote cervical cancer progression and suggest evaluation of Th17 cells as a potential target for immunotherapy in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Pohlers
- Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Institute of Virology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Selina Gies
- Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Institute of Virology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Tanja Taenzer
- Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Institute of Virology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Russalina Stroeder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Laura Theobald
- Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Institute of Virology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Nicole Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Yoo-Jin Kim
- Institute of Pathology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Rainer Maria Bohle
- Institute of Pathology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Erich Franz Solomayer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Eckart Meese
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Martin Hart
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Barbara Walch-Rückheim
- Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Institute of Virology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Hewavisenti RV, Arena J, Ahlenstiel CL, Sasson SC. Human papillomavirus in the setting of immunodeficiency: Pathogenesis and the emergence of next-generation therapies to reduce the high associated cancer risk. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1112513. [PMID: 36960048 PMCID: PMC10027931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1112513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted virus infecting mucosal or cutaneous stratified epithelia, is implicated in the rising of associated cancers worldwide. While HPV infection can be cleared by an adequate immune response, immunocompromised individuals can develop persistent, treatment-refractory, and progressive disease. Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) associated with HPV-related disease include inborn errors of GATA, EVER1/2, and CXCR4 mutations, resulting in defective cellular function. People living with secondary immunodeficiency (e.g. solid-organ transplants recipients of immunosuppression) and acquired immunodeficiency (e.g. concurrent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection) are also at significant risk of HPV-related disease. Immunocompromised people are highly susceptible to the development of cutaneous and mucosal warts, and cervical, anogenital and oropharyngeal carcinomas. The specific mechanisms underlying high-risk HPV-driven cancer development in immunocompromised hosts are not well understood. Current treatments for HPV-related cancers include surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, with clinical trials underway to investigate the use of anti-PD-1 therapy. In the setting of HIV co-infection, persistent high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia can occur despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy, resulting in an ongoing risk for transformation to overt malignancy. Although therapeutic vaccines against HPV are under development, the efficacy of these in the setting of PID, secondary- or acquired- immunodeficiencies remains unclear. RNA-based therapeutic targeting of the HPV genome or mRNA transcript has become a promising next-generation therapeutic avenue. In this review, we summarise the current understanding of HPV pathogenesis, immune evasion, and malignant transformation, with a focus on key PIDs, secondary immunodeficiencies, and HIV infection. Current management and vaccine regimes are outlined in relation to HPV-driven cancer, and specifically, the need for more effective therapeutic strategies for immunocompromised hosts. The recent advances in RNA-based gene targeting including CRISPR and short interfering RNA (siRNA), and the potential application to HPV infection are of great interest. An increased understanding of both the dysregulated immune responses in immunocompromised hosts and of viral persistence is essential for the design of next-generation therapies to eliminate HPV persistence and cancer development in the most at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehana V. Hewavisenti
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua Arena
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chantelle L. Ahlenstiel
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah C. Sasson
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Sarah C. Sasson,
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Crosstalk between Environmental Inflammatory Stimuli and Non-Coding RNA in Cancer Occurrence and Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174436. [PMID: 34503246 PMCID: PMC8430834 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Increasing evidence has indicated that chronic inflammatory processes have an influence on tumor occurrence and all stages of tumor development. A dramatic increase of studies into non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) biology has shown that ncRNAs act as oncogenic drivers and tumor suppressors in various inflammation-induced cancers. Thus, this complex network of inflammation-associated cancers and ncRNAs offers targets for prevention from the malignant transformation from inflammation and treatment of malignant diseases. Abstract There is a clear relationship between inflammatory response and different stages of tumor development. Common inflammation-related carcinogens include viruses, bacteria, and environmental mutagens, such as air pollutants, toxic metals, and ultraviolet light. The expression pattern of ncRNA changes in a variety of disease conditions, including inflammation and cancer. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have a causative role in enhancing inflammatory stimulation and evading immune responses, which are particularly important in persistent pathogen infection and inflammation-to-cancer transformation. In this review, we investigated the mechanism of ncRNA expression imbalance in inflammation-related cancers. A better understanding of the function of inflammation-associated ncRNAs may help to reveal the potential of ncRNAs as a new therapeutic strategy.
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Theobald L, Stroeder R, Melchior P, Iordache II, Tänzer T, Port M, Glombitza B, Marx S, Schub D, Herr C, Hart M, Ludwig N, Meese E, Kim YJ, Bohle RM, Smola S, Rübe C, Solomayer EF, Walch-Rückheim B. Chemoradiotherapy-induced increase in Th17 cell frequency in cervical cancer patients is associated with therapy resistance and early relapse. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:3559-3577. [PMID: 34469022 PMCID: PMC8637579 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer therapy is still a major clinical challenge, as patients substantially differ in their response to standard treatments, including chemoradiotherapy (CRT). During cervical carcinogenesis, T-helper (Th)-17 cells accumulate in the peripheral blood and tumor tissues of cancer patients and are associated with poor prognosis. In this prospective study, we find increased Th17 frequencies in the blood of patients after chemoradiotherapy and a post-therapeutic ratio of Th17/CD4+ T cells > 8% was associated with early recurrence. Furthermore, Th17 cells promote resistance of cervical cancer cells toward CRT, which was dependent on the AKT signaling pathway. Consistently, patients with high Th17 frequencies in pretherapeutic biopsies exhibit lower response to primary CRT. This work reveals a key role of Th17 cells in CRT resistance and elevated Th17 frequencies in the blood after CRT correspond with early recurrence. Our results may help to explain individual treatment responses of cervical cancer patients and suggest evaluation of Th17 cells as a novel predictive biomarker for chemoradiotherapy responses and as a potential target for immunotherapy in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Theobald
- Institute of Virology and Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Russalina Stroeder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Patrick Melchior
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ioan Iulian Iordache
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Tanja Tänzer
- Institute of Virology and Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Meike Port
- Institute of Virology and Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Birgit Glombitza
- Institute of Virology and Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Stefanie Marx
- Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - David Schub
- Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christian Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Martin Hart
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Nicole Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics and Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Eckart Meese
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Yoo-Jin Kim
- Institute of Pathology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Rainer Maria Bohle
- Institute of Pathology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Sigrun Smola
- Institute of Virology and Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christian Rübe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Erich Franz Solomayer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Barbara Walch-Rückheim
- Institute of Virology and Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Fernandes ATG, Carvalho MOO, Avvad-Portari E, Rocha NP, Russomano F, Roma EH, Bonecini-Almeida MDG. A prognostic value of CD45RA +, CD45RO +, CCL20 + and CCR6 + expressing cells as 'immunoscore' to predict cervical cancer induced by HPV. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8782. [PMID: 33888832 PMCID: PMC8062468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between cervical cancer (CC) and immune cells, mainly intratumoral lymphocytes, has a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. In this context, we evaluated the distribution of CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ cells as well as CCR6+ and CCL20+ cells in intraepithelial (IE) and marginal stroma (MS) areas from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I-III, and CC as 'immunoscore' for HPV-induced CC outcome. We observed increased CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ cells distribution in IE and MS areas in the CC group compared to CIN groups and healthy volunteers. Interestingly, there is a remarkable reduction of CCL20+ expressing cells distribution according to lesion severity. The CC group had a significant decrease in CCL20+ and CCR6+-expressing cells distribution in both IE and MS areas compared to all groups. Using the 'immunoscore' model, we observed an increased number of women presenting high CD45RA+/CD45RO+ and low CCL20+/CCR6+ 'immunoscore' in the CC group. Our results suggested a pattern in cervical inflammatory process with increasing CD45RA+/CD45RO+, and decreasing CCL20+/CCR6+ expression in accordance with CIN severity. Taken together, these markers could be evaluated as 'immunoscore' predictors to CC response. A more comprehensive analysis of longitudinal studies should be conducted to associate CD45RA+/CD45RO+ and CCL20+/CCR6+ 'immunoscore' to CC progression and validate its value as a prognosis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teresa G Fernandes
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics in Infectious Diseases at Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Odete O Carvalho
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics in Infectious Diseases at Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Elyzabeth Avvad-Portari
- Department of Pathologic Anatomy at Fernandes Figueira Woman, Child and Adolescent's Health National Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natália P Rocha
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics in Infectious Diseases at Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Fabio Russomano
- Department of Gynecology at Fernandes Figueira Woman, Child and Adolescent's Health National Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eric Henrique Roma
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics in Infectious Diseases at Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Maria da Gloria Bonecini-Almeida
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics in Infectious Diseases at Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
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Wang Y, He M, Zhang G, Cao K, Yang M, Zhang H, Liu H. The immune landscape during the tumorigenesis of cervical cancer. Cancer Med 2021; 10:2380-2395. [PMID: 33694292 PMCID: PMC7982625 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Deciphering the determinants of the intralesional immune reaction in cervical carcinogenesis may be conducive to improving the understanding of the disease and then improve outcomes. Methods Public gene‐expression data and full clinical annotation were searched in Gene Expression Omnibus in the joint analysis of the array‐based four eligible cohorts. The infiltrating estimation was quantified using microenvironment cell populations‐counter algorithm and absolute‐mode CIBERSORT and verified by flow cytometry analysis. An unsupervised classification on immune genes strongly associated with progression, designated by linear mixed‐effects regression. We determined immune response and signaling features of the different developmental stages and immune phenotypes by functional annotation and systematically correlated the expression of immune checkpoints with cell‐infiltrating characteristics. Results We identified the lesion‐intrinsic immunosuppression mechanism was triggered at precancerous stages, such as genome instability and mutation, aerobic glycolysis, activation of proto‐oncogene pathways and so forth. Predominant innate and adoptive cells were increasing from normalcy to cancer (B cell, total T cell, regulatory T cells [Tregs], monocytes, neutrophils, and M2‐like macrophages) together with the decrease of CD4+ T cell and CD8+ T cell through the development of cervical cancer. Immune escape initiated on the expression of immunosuppressive molecules from high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and culminated in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Of note, the expression of immune checkpoints was escalated in the immune‐hot and immune‐warm phenotype largely encompassed by HSIL and SCC under the stress of both activated and suppressive immune responses. Conclusions Immune surveillance is unleashing from low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions onwards and immune‐suppression mechanisms are triggered in HSIL. Thorough knowledge of the immune changing pattern during cervical tumorigenesis contributes to finding the potential therapeutic targets to susceptive patients towards immune checkpoints inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengdi He
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kankan Cao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Moran Yang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiou Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Abstract
In persistent high-risk HPV infection, viral gene expression can trigger some important early changes to immune capabilities which act to protect the lesion from immune attack and subsequently promote its growth and ability for sustained immune escape. This includes immune checkpoint-inhibitor ligand expression (e.g. PD-L1) by tumour or associated immune cells that can block any anti-tumour T-cell effectors. While there are encouraging signs of efficacy for cancer immunotherapies including with immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapeutic vaccines and adoptive cell therapies, overall response and survival rates remain relatively low. HPV oncogene vaccination has shown some useful efficacy in treatment of patients with high-grade lesions but was unable to control later stage cancers. To maximally exploit anti-tumour immune responses, the suppressive factors associated with HPV carcinogenesis must be countered. Importantly, a combination of chemotherapy, reducing immunosuppressive myeloid cells, with therapeutic HPV vaccination significantly improves impact on cancer treatment. Many clinical trials are investigating checkpoint inhibitor treatments in HPV associated cancers but response rates are limited; combination with vaccination is being tested. Further investigation of how chemo- and/or radio-therapy can influence the recovery of effective anti-tumour immunity is warranted. Understanding how to optimally deploy and sequence conventional and immunotherapies is the challenge.
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11
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He M, Wang Y, Zhang G, Cao K, Yang M, Liu H. The prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in cervical cancer. J Gynecol Oncol 2021; 32:e32. [PMID: 33825354 PMCID: PMC8039170 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2021.32.e32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To predict the prognosis of cervical cancer, we constructed a novel model with 5 specific cell types and identified a potential biomarker. Methods We employed CIBERSORT and xCell method to evaluate the abundances of 23 cells types in tumor microenvironment. Five specific cell types were filtrated to determine different immunotypes by applying least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression method. The expression of immune checkpoints (ICPs) and effectors were validated by immunohistochemistry. Correlation analysis was performed to examine the relevance between PIK3CA mutational status and ICPs. Results Unsupervised clustering of patients on the basis of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and fibroblasts identified patients with shorter overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR]=3.0729; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.5103–6.2522; p=0.0118). An immunoscore (IS) signature consisting of 5 immune cell types infiltrating in tumor core (CD8T, activated NK cells, neutrophils, activated mast cells, macrophages) was constructed using LASSO Cox regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curves confirmed that the area under the curve of IS was significantly higher to that of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging alone (0.637 vs. 0.55). Survival analysis revealed patients in high IS group exhibited a poorer OS (HR=3.0113; 95% CI=1.8746–4.8373; p<0.0001). The multivariate analysis indicated the IS was an independent prognostic factor. In addition, the lower IS related to higher expression of ICPs and neoantigen load. Conclusions The identification of IS in cervical cancer tissues could facilitate patient risk stratification and selection of immunotherapeutic responses, but more prospective studies are needed to assess its reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi He
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiying Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kankan Cao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Moran Yang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiou Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Is There a Place for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Vulvar Neoplasms? A State of the Art Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010190. [PMID: 33375467 PMCID: PMC7796178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvar cancer (VC) is a rare neoplasm, usually arising in postmenopausal women, although human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated VC usually develop in younger women. Incidences of VCs are rising in many countries. Surgery is the cornerstone of early-stage VC management, whereas therapies for advanced VC are multimodal and not standardized, combining chemotherapy and radiotherapy to avoid exenterative surgery. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are scarce due to the rarity of the disease and prognosis has not improved. Hence, new therapies are needed to improve the outcomes of these patients. In recent years, improved knowledge regarding the crosstalk between neoplastic and tumor cells has allowed researchers to develop a novel therapeutic approach exploiting these molecular interactions. Both the innate and adaptive immune systems play a key role in anti-tumor immunesurveillance. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated efficacy in multiple tumor types, improving survival rates and disease outcomes. In some gynecologic cancers (e.g., cervical cancer), many studies are showing promising results and a growing interest is emerging about the potential use of ICIs in VC. The aim of this manuscript is to summarize the latest developments in the field of VC immunoncology, to present the role of state-of-the-art ICIs in VC management and to discuss new potential immunotherapeutic approaches.
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13
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Liu J, Wu Z, Wang Y, Nie S, Sun R, Yang J, Cheng W. A prognostic signature based on immune-related genes for cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106884. [PMID: 32795900 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC) is the fourth commonest female malignancy worldwide. CESC progresses in immune-microenvironment mainly composed of infiltrating immune and stromal cells. Here, we performed an integrated analysis incorporating the expression profiles from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and scores of immune and stromal cells calculated by Estimation of Stromal and Immune cells in Malignant Tumours using Expression data (ESTIMATE) algorithm. A two-gene signature (CD1C and CD6 genes) was established to predict the prognosis of CESC. Based on this signature, patients were divided into the high- and low-risk groups, and this signature showed good prognostic performance according to the results of Kaplan-Meier analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis in train set and two validation sets. A nomogram was built for evaluating the clinical applicability of this signature. In addition, based on Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) database, 2 hub genes showed negative correlations with tumor purity and positive correlations with infiltrating levels of immune filtrating cells. What's more, we propose new treatment strategies for the two prognostic subtypes. Low- risk patients were found presenting with a higher level of immune checkpoint molecules and showing higher immunogenicity in immunophenoscore (IPS) analysis, which indicated a better response for immunotherapy. Meanwhile, estimated by Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) database, the high-risk patients showed sensitive responses to five chemotherapy drugs. Finally, 10 candidate small-molecule drugs for CESC were defined. In summary, the CD1C-CD6 signature can accurately predict the prognosis of CESC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhipeng Wu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yichun Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Sipei Nie
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjun Cheng
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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14
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Perspectives in HPV Secondary Screening and Personalized Therapy Basing on Our Understanding of HPV-Related Carcinogenesis Pathways. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:2607594. [PMID: 32308553 PMCID: PMC7132589 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2607594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women worldwide even with present screening methods, the incidence in most developed countries is not decreasing for the last 15-20 years. A shift has been observed in the age of diagnosis in favour of younger women, and treatment of already developed cervical cancer is a challenge for surgeons. It is imperative to find new diagnostic methods for accurately pointing out patients at high risk of developing malignant disease and developing personalized treatment. Since cervical cancer is almost exclusively associated with HPV infection, understanding changes happening in an infected cell may prove invaluable for search of such methods, but it may also prove helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of other anogenital and nasopharyngeal region cancers. This review follows HPV-related changes in infected cell biology to point what potential markers and targets for therapy are in option when dealing with HPV-related diseases.
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15
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Xu T, Ruan H, Gao S, Liu J, Liu Y, Song Z, Cao Q, Wang K, Bao L, Liu D, Tong J, Shi J, Liang H, Yang H, Chen K, Zhang X. ISG20 serves as a potential biomarker and drives tumor progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:1808-1827. [PMID: 32003757 PMCID: PMC7053611 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most common malignancies and lacks reliable biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, which results in high incidence and mortality rates of ccRCC. In this study, ISG20, HJURP, and FOXM1 were identified as hub genes via weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and Cox regression analysis. Samples validation showed that only ISG20 was up-regulated in ccRCC. Therefore, ISG20 was selected for further study. High ISG20 expression was associated with poor overall survival and disease-free survival. Furthermore, the expression of ISG20 could effectively differentiate ccRCC from normal tissues and was positively correlated to clinical stages. Functional experiments proved that knockdown of ISG20 expression could obviously inhibit cell growth, migration, and invasion in ccRCC cells. To find the potential mechanisms of ISG20, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed and revealed that high expression of ISG20 was significantly involved in metastasis and cell cycle pathways. In addition, we found that ISG20 could regulate the expression of MMP9 and CCND1. In conclusion, these findings suggested that ISG20 promoted cell proliferation and metastasis via regulating MMP9/CCND1 expression and might serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbo Xu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hailong Ruan
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Su Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jingchong Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuenan Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhengshuai Song
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Keshan Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lin Bao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Junwei Tong
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Huageng Liang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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16
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Liu X, Meng L, Chen L, Liang Y, Wang B, Shao Q, Wang H, Yang X. IL-6 expression promoted by Poly(I:C) in cervical cancer cells regulates cytokine expression and recruitment of macrophages. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:2284-2293. [PMID: 31943744 PMCID: PMC7011141 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(I:C) is a promising adjuvant for cancer treatment vaccines to enhance the host anti‐tumour immune response. However, the roles of poly(I:C) in the cervical cancer microenvironment and local immune reactions are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the roles of poly(I:C) in the cervical cancer. We analysed the cytokine transcription and secretion of cervical cancer cell lines and THP‐1–derived macrophages after poly(I:C) treatment, respectively. These results revealed that IL‐6 was significantly up‐regulated, and this up‐regulation was partly dose dependent. poly(I:C)‐stimulated supernatant of cervical cancer cells promoted M1‐type cytokine IL‐1β and IL‐6 expression of THP‐1–derived macrophages, but inhibited the expression of M2‐type cytokine, IL‐10 and CCL22. The recruitment of THP‐1–derived macrophages by poly(I:C)‐stimulated cervical cancer cell supernatant was also enhanced. Inhibition of IL‐6 expression in cervical cancer cells by siRNA transfection almost completely reversed the effects of poly(I:C) treatment. Finally, we found that phosphorylation of the NF‐κB signalling pathway in cervical cancer cells occurred quickly after poly(I:C) treatment. Moreover, the NF‐κB signalling pathway inhibitor PDTC significantly inhibited poly(I:C)‐induced IL‐6 expression. Taken together, these results suggest that poly(I:C) might regulate the effects of cervical cancer cells on tumour‐infiltrated macrophages, and subsequently promote a pro‐inflammatory tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lihua Meng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bingyu Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qianqian Shao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Huayang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xingsheng Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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17
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Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect squamous epithelia and can induce hyperproliferative lesions. More than 220 different HPV types have been characterized and classified into five different genera. While mucosal high-risk HPVs have a well-established causal role in anogenital carcinogenesis, the biology of cutaneous HPVs is less well understood.From patients with the rare genetic disorder epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) and animal models, evidence is accumulating that cutaneous PV of genus β synergize with ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). In 2009, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified the genus β-HPV types 5 and 8 as "possible carcinogenic" biological agents (group 2B) in EV disease. Epidemiological and biological studies indicate that genus β-PV infection may also play a role in UV-mediated skin carcinogenesis in non-EV patients. However, they rather act at early stages of carcinogenesis and become dispensable for the maintenance of the malignant phenotype, compatible with a "hit-and-run" mechanism.This chapter will give an overview on genus β-PV infections and discuss similarities and differences of cutaneous and genus α mucosal high-risk HPV in epithelial carcinogenesis.
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18
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The prognostic landscape of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in cervical cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120:109444. [PMID: 31562978 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs) are highly relevant to tumor development and are promising prognostic biomarkers. However, the precise assessment of TICs is limited by the deficiencies of traditional measurements, such as the lack of phenotypic markers. Here, we analyzed the composition of TICs in cervical cancer based on RNA expression data with a metagene approach called CIBERSORT and evaluated the prognostic value of TICs. The immune infiltration profiles functioned as intrinsic features to distinguish cervical cancer from normal tissue. According to the Cox regression analysis, higher levels of activated memory CD4+ T cells were independently associated with favorable overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57-0.89; p = 0.003), whereas a higher fraction of activated mast cells was independently associated with adverse outcomes (HR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.23-1.91; p < 0.001). Furthermore, a novel prognostic model named aTMNs (activated memory CD4+ T cells, activated mast cells and activated natural killer [NK] cells) was constructed to predict OS in cervical cancer with high accuracy (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.723, concordance index [C-index] = 0.738): risk score = -0.34508 × (proportion of activated memory CD4+ T cells) + 0.426841 × (proportion of activated mast cells) + 0.272202 × (proportion of activated NK cells). The aTMNs model outperformed the immunomodulator model (AUC = 0.673, C-index = 0.693). Overall, TICs are important prognostic determinants in cervical cancer and may be a useful resource for the development of effective immunotherapy.
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19
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Subbarayan RS, Arnold L, Gomez JP, Thomas SM. The role of the innate and adaptive immune response in HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2019; 4:508-512. [PMID: 31637294 PMCID: PMC6793605 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV) has been implicated in the development of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and is directly attributed to its increasing incidence. The immune microenvironment surrounding HPV‐associated OPSCC tumors is complex and plays a critical role in the carcinogenic process. The neoplastic mechanism includes cells of the innate immunity such as macrophages, and dendritic cells as well as cells of the adaptive immune process such as CD8+ T‐cells. The intricate interactions between these two arms of the immune system allow for a pro‐inflammatory and pro‐tumorigenic environment. Intensive efforts are underway to gain a greater understanding of the mechanisms involved in the immune system's role in tumor development. This study seeks to summarize the current knowledge pertaining to role of the innate and adaptive immune response in HPV‐associated OPSCC. Level of Evidence 3a
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Levi Arnold
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City Kansas U.S.A.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City Kansas U.S.A
| | - Juan Pineda Gomez
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City Kansas U.S.A
| | - Sufi Mary Thomas
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City Kansas U.S.A.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City Kansas U.S.A.,Department of Cancer Biology University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City Kansas U.S.A
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20
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Monitoring kinetics reveals critical parameters of IgA-dependent granulocyte-mediated anti-tumor cell cytotoxicity. J Immunol Methods 2019; 473:112644. [PMID: 31404549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.112644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human IgA antibodies effectively engage myeloid cells for the FcαRI-dependent antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of tumor cells. Established methods to investigate ADCC are the 51chromium and Calcein release assays. Their critical limitations are the end-point measurement, the unspecific release of the probes, the requirement of target cells in suspension and thus do not reflect physiologic conditions of adherently growing cells. Here we report the label-free real-time monitoring of granulocyte-mediated ADCC using an impedance-based method. We investigated the efficacy of an engineered epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-directed IgA2 antibody to engage neutrophils for ADCC against a panel of adherently growing EGFR-expressing cancer cell lines majorly head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The impedance assay allowed the documentation of the IgA-neutrophil-and FcαRI-signaling dependent ADCC of adherently growing target cells. While at a short-term it provided comparable results to release assays, in the long run real time monitoring also revealed cell-line specific kinetics and long-term efficacy. Although short-term results may depend on EGFR expression, long-term efficacy did not correlate with the surface level of EGFR nor of the myeloid checkpoint CD47 pointing to additional critical parameters to predict the treatment efficacy. Real-time monitoring of neutrophil-mediated ADCC allowed documenting effector cell activity and exhaustion. Along with excess expression of Mac-1 ligands, which may explain the target cell resistance, this eventually leads to tumor cell outgrowth at later time points. In conclusion, the impedance assay provides valuable information on the kinetics, effector cell performance, efficacy and critical parameters of IgA-dependent granulocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and is expected to become an important tool in its evaluation.
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21
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Venuti A, Lohse S, Tommasino M, Smola S. Cross-talk of cutaneous beta human papillomaviruses and the immune system: determinants of disease penetrance. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180287. [PMID: 30955489 PMCID: PMC6501898 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect the epithelia of skin or mucosa, where they can induce hyperproliferative lesions. More than 220 different HPV types have been characterized and classified into five different genera. Mucosal high-risk HPVs are causative for cancers of the anogenital region and oropharynx. Clinical data from patients with the rare genetic disorder epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) indicate that genus beta-HPVs cooperate with ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, epidemiological and biological findings indicate that beta-HPV types play a role in UV-mediated skin carcinogenesis also in non-EV individuals. However, the mechanisms used by these cutaneous viruses to promote epithelial carcinogenesis differ significantly from those of mucosal HPVs. Recent studies point to a delicate cross-talk of beta-HPVs with the cell-autonomous immunity of the host keratinocytes and the local immune microenvironment that eventually determines the fate of cutaneous HPV infection and the penetrance of disease. This review gives an overview of the critical interactions of genus beta-HPVs with the local immune system that allow the virus to complete its life cycle, to escape from extrinsic immunity, and eventually to cause chronic inflammation contributing to skin carcinogenesis. This article is part of the theme issue 'Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Venuti
- 1 Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer , 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon 69008 , France
| | - Stefan Lohse
- 2 Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center , Kirrbergerstr. Building 47, 66421 Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- 1 Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer , 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon 69008 , France
| | - Sigrun Smola
- 2 Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center , Kirrbergerstr. Building 47, 66421 Homburg/Saar , Germany
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22
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Immune deviation and cervical carcinogenesis. PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH 2019; 7:164-167. [PMID: 30980967 PMCID: PMC6477167 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is emerging that a complex interplay between high-risk human papillomavirus infection, the local microenvironment and the immune system is critical for cervical carcinogenesis. To establish persistence, the virus has to evade or overcome immune control. At the transition from precancer to cancer, however, chronic stromal inflammation and immune deviation build up, which may eventually determine the course of disease. Understanding the molecular basis underlying these pivotal stage-specific changes may help to define new tools for better diagnosis and therapy that are required to efficiently combat human papillomavirus-associated disease.
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23
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Walch-Rückheim B, Ströder R, Theobald L, Pahne-Zeppenfeld J, Hegde S, Kim YJ, Bohle RM, Juhasz-Böss I, Solomayer EF, Smola S. Cervical Cancer-Instructed Stromal Fibroblasts Enhance IL23 Expression in Dendritic Cells to Support Expansion of Th17 Cells. Cancer Res 2019; 79:1573-1586. [PMID: 30696656 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is a prerequisite for the development of cervical cancer. HPV-transformed cells actively instruct their microenvironment, promoting chronic inflammation and cancer progression. We previously demonstrated that cervical cancer cells contribute to Th17 cell recruitment, a cell type with protumorigenic properties. In this study, we analyzed the expression of the Th17-promoting cytokine IL23 in the cervical cancer micromilieu and found CD83+ mature dendritic cells (mDC) coexpressing IL23 in the stroma of cervical squamous cell carcinomas in situ. This expression of IL23 correlated with stromal Th17 cells, advanced tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and cervical cancer recurrence. Cocultures of cervical cancer-instructed mDCs and cervical fibroblasts led to potent protumorigenic expansion of Th17 cells in vitro but failed to induce antitumor Th1 differentiation. Correspondingly, cervical cancer-instructed fibroblasts increased IL23 production in cocultured cervical cancer-instructed mDCs, which mediated subsequent Th17 cell expansion. In contrast, production of the Th1-polarizing cytokine IL12 in the cancer-instructed mDCs was strongly reduced. This differential IL23 and IL12 regulation was the consequence of an increased expression of the IL23 subunits IL23p19 and IL12p40 but decreased expression of the IL12 subunit IL12p35 in cervical cancer-instructed mDCs. Cervical cancer cell-derived IL6 directly suppressed IL12p35 in mDCs but indirectly induced IL23 expression in fibroblast-primed mDCs via CAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ)-dependent induction of IL1β. In summary, our study defines a mechanism by which the cervical cancer micromilieu supports IL23-mediated Th17 expansion associated with cancer progression. SIGNIFICANCE: Cervical cancer cells differentially regulate IL23 and IL12 in DC fibroblast cocultures in an IL6/C/EBPβ/IL1β-dependent manner, thereby supporting the expansion of Th17 cells during cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Walch-Rückheim
- Institute of Virology and Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Russalina Ströder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Laura Theobald
- Institute of Virology and Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Jennifer Pahne-Zeppenfeld
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Subramanya Hegde
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yoo-Jin Kim
- Institute of Pathology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Ingolf Juhasz-Böss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Sigrun Smola
- Institute of Virology and Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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24
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Jacome AA, Eng C. Experimental and investigational drugs for the treatment of anal cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:941-950. [PMID: 30381968 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1543659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCCA) is a rare malignancy, but its incidence rates have been increasing in the last decade. Studies have demonstrated that up to 47% of patients with locally advanced disease have high-risk features for treatment failure. The potential high rates of recurrence after standard chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced disease and the lack of established care for metastatic disease have created an urgent need for the evaluation of new drugs that will ultimately improve the efficacy of treatment. AREAS COVERED This review presents results of recent phase-I and -II clinical trials which evaluate novel therapeutic modalities. The review also describes the findings of comprehensive genomic profiling studies which provide insights for promising therapeutics. EXPERT OPINION HPV vaccination is underutilized in the United States and as a result, HPV-associated malignancies are likely to continue for several decades; however, pivotal breakthroughs may create a foundation for distinctive treatment approaches for other HPV-associated malignancies for which no other standard of care exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A Jacome
- a Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Cathy Eng
- a Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
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25
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Stroeder R, Walch-Rückheim B, Fischbach J, Juhasz-Böss I, Rübe C, Solomayer EF, Smola S. Oncostatin M treatment increases the responsiveness toward cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy in cervical cancer cells in a STAT3-dependent manner. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:3351-3358. [PMID: 30127934 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer stage-dependent therapies include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy. Concurrent cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is the standard therapy for locally advanced cervical carcinoma (FIGO>IIB), however therapy resistance in a subset of patients is still a major clinical challenge. The present study aimed to analyze the impact of Oncostatin M (OSM) stimulation on CCRT-induced cell death. The present study used cells derived from cervical squamous cell carcinomas (SW756, 808, CaSki and 879) and adenocarcinoma (HeLa). The cervical carcinoma cells were HPV18-positive (HeLa, SW756, 808) or HPV16-positive (CaSki, 879). In addition to the established cell lines HeLa, SW756 and CaSki, the more recently generated cervical cancer cells 808 and 879 were also used. To analyze their radiosensitivity, cells were treated with increasing doses of irradiation (0-8 Gy). To mimic chemotherapy, radiotherapy or CCRT in vitro, the cells were challenged with 0.975 µg/ml cisplatin, irradiated with 6 Gy or a combination. A total of 10 ng/ml OSM was applied for 2 h prior to the respective therapy. The responsiveness toward radiation alone varied among the cervical carcinoma cells. CaSki, 808 and 879 cells were resistant to irradiation up to 8 Gy. OSM pre-treatment sensitized two out of five cell lines (HeLa and 879) to irradiation. Notably, all tested cells were sensitized by OSM for CCRT-treatment, particularly in the less radiosensitive cells. Cell death enhancement was dependent on phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3; Tyr705) signaling activation as demonstrated with a dominant-negative version of STAT3 interfering with phosphorylation at Tyr705 (dnSTAT3-Y705F). In conclusion, OSM pre-treatment was able to override resistance to CCRT via the STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russalina Stroeder
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Jil Fischbach
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ingolf Juhasz-Böss
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christian Rübe
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Erich-Franz Solomayer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Sigrun Smola
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
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26
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Podgórska M, Ołdak M, Marthaler A, Fingerle A, Walch-Rückheim B, Lohse S, Müller CSL, Vogt T, Ustav M, Wnorowski A, Malejczyk M, Majewski S, Smola S. Chronic Inflammatory Microenvironment in Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis Skin Lesions: Role of the Synergism Between HPV8 E2 and C/EBPβ to Induce Pro-Inflammatory S100A8/A9 Proteins. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:392. [PMID: 29563902 PMCID: PMC5845987 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent genus β-HPV (human papillomavirus) infection is a major co-factor for non-melanoma skin cancer in patients suffering from the inherited skin disease epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). Malignant EV lesions are particularly associated with HPV type 5 or 8. There is clinical and molecular evidence that HPV8 actively suppresses epithelial immunosurveillance by interfering with the recruitment of Langerhans cells, which may favor viral persistence. Mechanisms how persistent HPV8 infection promotes the carcinogenic process are, however, less well understood. In various tumor types chronic inflammation has a central role in tumor progression. The calprotectin complex consisting of S100A8 and S100A9 proteins has recently been identified as key driver of chronic and tumor promoting inflammation in skin carcinogenesis. It induces chemotaxis of neutrophil granulocytes and modulates inflammatory as well as immune responses. In this study, we demonstrate that skin lesions of EV-patients are massively infiltrated by inflammatory cells, including CD15+ granulocytes. At the same time we observed a very strong expression of S100A8 and S100A9 proteins in lesional keratinocytes, which was mostly confined to the suprabasal layers of the epidermis. Both proteins were hardly detected in non-lesional skin. Further experiments revealed that the HPV8 oncoproteins E6 and E7 were not involved in S100A8/A9 up-regulation. They rather suppressed differentiation-induced S100A8/A9 expression. In contrast, the viral transcription factor E2 strongly enhanced PMA-mediated S100A8/A9 up-regulation in primary human keratinocytes. Similarly, a tremendous up-regulation of both S100 proteins was observed, when minute amounts of the PMA-inducible CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ), which is expressed at low levels in the suprabasal layers of the epidermis, were co-expressed together with HPV8 E2. This confirmed our previous observation that C/EBPβ interacts and functionally synergizes with the HPV8 E2 protein in differentiation-dependent gene expression. Potent synergistic up-regulation of S100A8/A9 was seen at transcriptional and protein levels. S100A8/A9 containing supernatants from keratinocytes co-expressing HPV8 E2 and C/EBPβ significantly induced chemotaxis of granulocytes in migration assays supporting the relevance of our finding. In conclusion, our data suggest that the HPV8 E2 protein actively contributes to the recruitment of myeloid cells into EV skin lesions, which may support chronic inflammation and progression to skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Podgórska
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Monika Ołdak
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Marthaler
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Alina Fingerle
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Lohse
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia S L Müller
- Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mart Ustav
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Artur Wnorowski
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Malejczyk
- Diagnostic Laboratory of STDs, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Majewski
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sigrun Smola
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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27
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Zhu S, Chen Z, Wang L, Peng D, Belkhiri A, Lockhart AC, El-Rifai W. A Combination of SAHA and Quinacrine Is Effective in Inducing Cancer Cell Death in Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:1905-1916. [PMID: 29386219 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: We aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of single agent and the combination of quinacrine and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) in wt- and mut-p53 upper gastrointestinal cancer (UGC) cell models.Experimental Design: ATP-Glo, clonogenic cell survival, Annexin V, comet, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), qPCR, and Western blot analysis assays were utilized.Results: Using clonogenic cell survival, ATP-Glo cell viability, Annexin V, and sub-G0 population analysis, we demonstrated that a combination of quinacrine and SAHA significantly decreased colony formation and increased cancer cell death (range, 4-20 fold) in six UGC cell models, as compared with single-agent treatments, irrespective of the p53 status (P < 0.01). The combination of quinacrine and SAHA induced high levels of DSB DNA damage (>20-fold, P < 0.01). Western blot analysis showed activation of caspases-3, 9, and γ-H2AX in all cell models. Of note, although quinacrine treatment induced expression of wt-p53 protein, the combination of quinacrine and SAHA substantially decreased the levels of both wt-P53 and mut-P53. Furthermore, cell models that were resistant to cisplatin (CDDP) or gefitinib treatments were sensitive to this combination. Tumor xenograft data confirmed that a combination of quinacrine and SAHA is more effective than a single-agent treatment in abrogating tumor growth in vivo (P < 0.01).Conclusions: Our novel findings show that the combination of quinacrine and SAHA promotes DNA damage and is effective in inducing cancer cell death, irrespective of p53 status and resistance to CDDP or gefitinib in UGC models. Clin Cancer Res; 24(8); 1905-16. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoumin Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Dunfa Peng
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Abbes Belkhiri
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - A Craig Lockhart
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. .,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, Florida
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28
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Smola S. Immunopathogenesis of HPV-Associated Cancers and Prospects for Immunotherapy. Viruses 2017; 9:E254. [PMID: 28895886 PMCID: PMC5618020 DOI: 10.3390/v9090254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a causative factor for various cancers of the anogenital region and oropharynx, and is supposed to play an important cofactor role for skin carcinogenesis. Evasion from immunosurveillance favors viral persistence. However, there is evidence that the mere presence of oncogenic HPV is not sufficient for malignant progression and that additional tumor-promoting steps are required. Recent studies have demonstrated that HPV-transformed cells actively promote chronic stromal inflammation and conspire with cells in the local microenvironment to promote carcinogenesis. This review highlights the complex interplay between HPV-infected cells and the local immune microenvironment during oncogenic HPV infection, persistence, and malignant progression, and discusses new prospects for diagnosis and immunotherapy of HPV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Smola
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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29
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Human Papillomavirus and the Stroma: Bidirectional Crosstalk during the Virus Life Cycle and Carcinogenesis. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080219. [PMID: 28792475 PMCID: PMC5580476 DOI: 10.3390/v9080219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) tumor viruses that are causally associated with human cancers of the anogenital tract, skin, and oral cavity. Despite the availability of prophylactic vaccines, HPVs remain a major global health issue due to inadequate vaccine availability and vaccination coverage. The HPV life cycle is established and completed in the terminally differentiating stratified epithelia, and decades of research using in vitro organotypic raft cultures and in vivo genetically engineered mouse models have contributed to our understanding of the interactions between HPVs and the epithelium. More recently, important and emerging roles for the underlying stroma, or microenvironment, during the HPV life cycle and HPV-induced disease have become clear. This review discusses the current understanding of the bidirectional communication and relationship between HPV-infected epithelia and the surrounding microenvironment. As is the case with other human cancers, evidence suggests that the stroma functions as a significant partner in tumorigenesis and helps facilitate the oncogenic potential of HPVs in the stratified epithelium.
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30
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Smola S, Trimble C, Stern PL. Human papillomavirus-driven immune deviation: challenge and novel opportunity for immunotherapy. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2017; 5:69-82. [PMID: 28794879 DOI: 10.1177/2051013617717914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It is now recognized that the immune system can be a key component of restraint and control during the neoplastic process. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers of the anogenital tract and oropharynx represent a significant clinical problem but there is a clear opportunity for immune targeting of the viral oncogene expression that drives cancer development. However, high-risk HPV infection of the target epithelium and the expression of the E6/E7 oncogenes can lead to early compromise of the innate immune system (loss of antigen-presenting cells) facilitating viral persistence and increased risk of cancer. In these circumstances, a succession of interacting and self-reinforcing events mediated through modulation of different immune receptors, chemokine and cytokine responses (CCL20; CCL2; CCR2; IL-6; CCR7; IL-12) further promote the generation of an immune suppressive microenvironment [increased levels of Tregs, Th17, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and PD-L1]. The overexpression of E6/E7 expression also compromises the ability to repair cellular DNA, leading to genomic instability, with the acquisition of genetic changes providing for the selection of advantaged cancer cells including additional strategies for immune escape. Therapeutic vaccines targeting the HPV oncogenes have shown some encouraging success in some recent early-phase clinical trials tested in patients with HPV-associated high-grade anogenital lesions. A significant hurdle to success in more advanced disease will be the local and systemic immune suppressive factors. Interventions targeting the different immunosuppressive components can provide opportunity to release existing or generate new and effective antitumour immunity. Treatments that alter the protumour inflammatory environment including toll-like receptor stimulation, inhibition of IL-6-related pathways, immune-checkpoint inhibition, direct modulation of MDSCs, Tregs and macrophages could all be useful in combination with therapeutic HPV vaccination. Future progress in delivering successful immunotherapy will depend on the configuration of treatment protocols in an insightful and timely combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Smola
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Connie Trimble
- Departments of Gynecology/Obstetrics, Oncology, and Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, USA
| | - Peter L Stern
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Paterson Building, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
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31
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Cui Y, Steagall WK, Lamattina AM, Pacheco-Rodriguez G, Stylianou M, Kidambi P, Stump B, Golzarri F, Rosas IO, Priolo C, Henske EP, Moss J, El-Chemaly S. Aberrant SYK Kinase Signaling Is Essential for Tumorigenesis Induced by TSC2 Inactivation. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1492-1502. [PMID: 28202529 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Somatic or germline mutations in the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) tumor suppressor genes are associated closely with the pathogenesis of lymphangioleiomyomatosis, a rare and progressive neoplastic disease that predominantly affects women in their childbearing years. Serum levels of the lymphangiogenic growth factor VEGF-D are elevated significantly in lymphangioleiomyomatosis. However, there are gaps in knowledge regarding VEGF-D dysregulation and its cellular origin in lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Here, we show that increased expression and activation of the tyrosine kinase Syk in TSC2-deficient cells and pulmonary nodules from lymphangioleiomyomatosis patients contributes to tumor growth. Syk kinase inhibitors blocked Syk signaling and exhibited potent antiproliferative activities in TSC2-deficient cells and an immunodeficient mouse xenograft model of lymphangioleiomyomatosis. In TSC2-deficient cells, Syk signaling increased the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein MCP-1, which in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated the production of VEGF-D. In clinical isolates of PBMCs from lymphangioleiomyomatosis patients, VEGF-D expression was elevated. Furthermore, levels of VEGF-D and MCP-1 in patient sera correlated positively with each other. Our results illuminate the basis for lymphangioleiomyomatosis growth and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of targeting Syk in this and other settings driven by TSC genetic mutation. Cancer Res; 77(6); 1492-502. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cui
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wendy K Steagall
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anthony M Lamattina
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-Rodriguez
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mario Stylianou
- Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pranav Kidambi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin Stump
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fernanda Golzarri
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ivan O Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carmen Priolo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth P Henske
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joel Moss
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Souheil El-Chemaly
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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32
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Lo SH, Hsu CT, Niu HS, Niu CS, Cheng JT, Chen ZC. Cryptotanshinone Inhibits STAT3 Signaling to Alleviate Cardiac Fibrosis in Type 1-like Diabetic Rats. Phytother Res 2017; 31:638-646. [PMID: 28176375 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cryptotanshinone is an active principal ingredient isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen), a medicinal plant used in China to treat cardiac disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of cryptotanshinone on myocardial fibrosis in diabetic rats. In streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic model hyperglycemic rats (STZ-treated rats), fasting blood glucose levels and heart weight/body weight ratio were markedly increased but both were not modified by cryptotanshinone. Additionally, cardiac performance in catheterized STZ-treated rats was improved. The histological results from Masson staining showed that cryptotanshinone attenuated cardiac fibrosis in STZ-treated rats. Moreover, both the mRNA and protein levels of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), matrix metalloproteinase-9, and connective tissue growth factor were reduced by cryptotanshinone in high glucose-cultured cardiomyocytes, similar to the reductions observed in the hearts of STZ-treated rats. In conclusion, while STAT3 regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9 and connective tissue growth factor expression in diabetic rats with cardiac fibrosis, cryptotanshinone inhibited fibrosis to improve cardiac function by suppressing the STAT3 pathway. Cryptotanshinone is suitable as an alternative remedy for therapy of cardiac fibrosis. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsiang Lo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Zhongxing Branch of Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City, 10341, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien City, 97041, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Tien Hsu
- Department of Pathology, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Yanchao, Kaohsiung City, 82401, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Shan Niu
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien City, 97041, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Shan Niu
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien City, 97041, Taiwan
| | - Juei-Tang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Yong Kang, Tainan City, 71003, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Yong Kang, Tainan City, 71003, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Guiren, Tainan City, 71101, Taiwan
| | - Zhih-Cherng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Yong Kang, Tainan City, 71003, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Yong Kang, Tainan City, 71003, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Jean-Tae City, Tainan County, 71701, Taiwan
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33
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Walch-Rückheim B, Pahne-Zeppenfeld J, Fischbach J, Wickenhauser C, Horn LC, Tharun L, Büttner R, Mallmann P, Stern P, Kim YJ, Bohle RM, Rübe C, Ströder R, Juhasz-Böss I, Solomayer EF, Smola S. STAT3/IRF1 Pathway Activation Sensitizes Cervical Cancer Cells to Chemotherapeutic Drugs. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3872-83. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Schmidt SV, Seibert S, Walch-Rückheim B, Vicinus B, Kamionka EM, Pahne-Zeppenfeld J, Solomayer EF, Kim YJ, Bohle RM, Smola S. RIPK3 expression in cervical cancer cells is required for PolyIC-induced necroptosis, IL-1α release, and efficient paracrine dendritic cell activation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8635-47. [PMID: 25888634 PMCID: PMC4496172 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that cervical cancer cells only release low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines owing to infection with human papillomaviruses. This results in low immunogenicity of the cancer cells. The viral dsRNA analog PolyIC has been suggested as a promising adjuvant for cervical cancer immunotherapy. However, little is known about the molecular requirements resulting in successful immune activation. Here, we demonstrate that stimulation of cervical cancer cells with PolyIC induced necroptotic cell death, which was strictly dependent on the expression of the receptor-interacting protein kinase RIPK3. Necroptotic cancer cells released interleukin-1α (IL-1α), which was required for powerful activation of dendritic cells (DC) to produce IL-12, a cytokine critical for anti-tumor responses. Again both, IL-1α release and DC activation, were strictly dependent on RIPK3 expression in the tumor cells. Of note, our in situ analyses revealed heterogeneous RIPK3 expression patterns in cervical squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. In summary, our study identified a novel RIPK3-dependent mechanism that explains how PolyIC-treatment of cervical cancer cells leads to potent DC activation. Our findings suggest that the RIPK3 expression status in cervical cancer cells might critically influence the outcome of PolyIC-based immunotherapeutic approaches and should therefore be assessed prior to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne V Schmidt
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefanie Seibert
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Benjamin Vicinus
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Yoo-Jin Kim
- Department of Pathology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Rainer M Bohle
- Department of Pathology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Sigrun Smola
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Walch-Rückheim B, Mavrova R, Henning M, Vicinus B, Kim YJ, Bohle RM, Juhasz-Böss I, Solomayer EF, Smola S. Stromal Fibroblasts Induce CCL20 through IL6/C/EBPβ to Support the Recruitment of Th17 Cells during Cervical Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5248-59. [PMID: 26631268 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a consequence of persistent infection with human papillomaviruses (HPV). Progression to malignancy is linked to an inflammatory microenvironment comprising T-helper-17 (Th17) cells, a T-cell subset with protumorigenic properties. Neoplastic cells express only low endogenous levels of the Th17 chemoattractant CCL20, and therefore, it is unclear how Th17 cells are recruited to the cervical cancer tissue. In this study, we demonstrate that CCL20 was predominantly expressed in the stroma of cervical squamous cell carcinomas in situ. This correlated with stromal infiltration of CD4(+)/IL17(+) cells and with advancing International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage. Furthermore, we show that cervical cancer cells instructed primary cervical fibroblasts to produce high levels of CCL20 and to attract CD4/IL17/CCR6-positive cells, generated in vitro, in a CCL20/CCR6-dependent manner. Further mechanistic investigations identified cervical cancer cell-derived IL6 as an important mediator of paracrine CCL20 induction at the promoter, mRNA, and protein level in fibroblasts. CCL20 was upregulated through the recently described CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) pathway as shown with a dominant-negative version of C/EBPβ and through siRNA-mediated knockdown. In summary, our study defines a novel molecular mechanism by which cervical neoplastic cells shape their local microenvironment by instructing fibroblasts to support Th17 cell infiltration in a paracrine IL6/C/EBPβ-dependent manner. Th17 cells may in turn maintain chronic inflammation within high-grade cervical lesions to further promote cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Walch-Rückheim
- Institute of Virology and Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Russalina Mavrova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Melanie Henning
- Institute of Virology and Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Benjamin Vicinus
- Institute of Virology and Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Yoo-Jin Kim
- Institute of Pathology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Ingolf Juhasz-Böss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Sigrun Smola
- Institute of Virology and Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Smola S. RIPK3-a predictive marker for personalized immunotherapy? Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1075695. [PMID: 27141374 PMCID: PMC4839344 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1075695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is an attractive therapeutic option but it is currently unclear which patient may benefit from such approaches. Using the model of cervical cancer, we have demonstrated that PolyIC-driven immunogenicity strictly depends on the necroptosis regulator RIPK3 in the neoplastic cells. This proposes RIPK3 as a novel predictive marker for personalization of cancer immunotherapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Smola
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University , Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Shishodia G, Shukla S, Srivastava Y, Masaldan S, Mehta S, Bhambhani S, Sharma S, Mehrotra R, Das BC, Bharti AC. Alterations in microRNAs miR-21 and let-7a correlate with aberrant STAT3 signaling and downstream effects during cervical carcinogenesis. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:116. [PMID: 26051842 PMCID: PMC4459448 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Present study provides clinical evidence of existence of a functional loop involving miR-21 and let-7a as potential regulators of aberrant STAT3 signaling recently reported by our group in an experimental setup (Shishodia et al. BMC Cancer 2014, 14:996). The study is now extended to a set of cervical tissues that represent natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced tumorigenic transformation. Materials and methods Cervical tissues from histopathologically-confirmed pre-cancer (23) and cancer lesions (56) along with the normal control tissues (23) were examined for their HPV infection status, expression level of miR-21 & let-7a and STAT3 & pSTAT3 (Y705) by PCR-based genotyping, quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblotting. Results Analysis of cancer tissues revealed an elevated miR-21 and reduced let-7a expression that correspond to the level of STAT3 signaling. While miR-21 showed direct association, let-7a expression was inversely related to STAT3 expression and its activation. In contrast, a similar reciprocal expression kinetics was absent in LSIL and HSIL tissues which overexpressed let-7a. miR-21 was found differentially overexpressed in HPV16-positive lesions with a higher oncoprotein E6 level. Overexpression of miR-21 was accompanied by elevated level of other STAT3-regulated gene products MMP-2 and MMP-9. Enhanced miR-21 was found associated with decreased level of STAT3 negative regulator PTEN and negative regulator of MMPs, TIMP-3. Conclusion Overall, our study suggests that the microRNAs, miR-21 and let-7a function as clinically relevant integral components of STAT3 signaling and are responsible for maintaining activated state of STAT3 in HPV-infected cells during cervical carcinogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0385-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Shishodia
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, I - 7, Sector -39, Noida, 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India. .,Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, New Delhi, India. .,Present Address: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.
| | - Shirish Shukla
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, I - 7, Sector -39, Noida, 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India. .,Present Address: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Yogesh Srivastava
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, I - 7, Sector -39, Noida, 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Shashank Masaldan
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, I - 7, Sector -39, Noida, 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sumita Mehta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College of Medical Sciences and Associated Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Shahdara, Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Suresh Bhambhani
- Division of Cytopathology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, I - 7, Sector - 39, Noida, 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Shashi Sharma
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, I - 7, Sector -39, Noida, 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- Division of Cytopathology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, I - 7, Sector - 39, Noida, 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Bhudev Chandra Das
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, New Delhi, India.
| | - Alok Chandra Bharti
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, I - 7, Sector -39, Noida, 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Lin CY, Lee CH, Huang CC, Lee ST, Guo HR, Su SB. Impact of high glucose on metastasis of colon cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:2047-2057. [PMID: 25717237 PMCID: PMC4326139 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i7.2047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the possible mechanism of how glucose promotes invasion and metastasis of colon cancer cells.
METHODS: CT-26 rat colorectal cancer cells were cultured in different concentrations of glucose environments (10, 20, and 30 mmol/L). Wound healing assay and transwell chamber invasion assay were utilized to test the migration and invasion, respectively. In order to understand the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in the process, STAT3 inhibitors, including Stattic (an STAT3 specific inhibitor) and small interfering RNA targeting STAT3, were used to block STAT3 function to evaluate their impact on CT-26 cell motion. To verify whether STAT3 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) protein expression is associated with glucose-induced cell movement, Western blot was used to compare the differences in the expression of MMP-9 and STAT3 in cells incubated with and without STAT3 inhibitors in high glucose condition.
RESULTS: In both wound healing and invasion assays, the migration and invasion of CT-26 cells increased gradually with the increase in glucose concentration. However, the glucose-induced migration and invasion were obviously inhibited by STAT3 inhibitors (P < 0.05). Similarly, in Western blot assessment, both MMP-9 and STAT3 expression increased under a high glucose environment and the highest expression was achieved when 30 mmol/L glucose was used. However, in cells treated with 30 mmol/L mannitol, either MMP-9 or STAT3 expression did not increase (P > 0.05). When STAT3 inhibitors were added in the 30 mM glucose group, not only STAT3 but also MMP-9 expression decreased significantly (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Our study provides evidence that glucose can promote both migration and invasion of CT-26 cells, and that the STAT3-induced MMP-9 signal pathway is involved in this process.
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Shrivastava S, Steele R, Sowadski M, Crawford SE, Varvares M, Ray RB. Identification of molecular signature of head and neck cancer stem-like cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7819. [PMID: 25588898 PMCID: PMC4295111 DOI: 10.1038/srep07819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most prevalent cancer in the world. HNSCC remains difficult to treat, and despite advances in treatment, overall survival rate has modestly improved over the past several years. Poor survival rate is attributed to high frequency of local recurrence and distant metastasis. Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) have been implicated in tumor recurrence and confer resistance to anti-cancer therapy treatment. In this study, we have characterized genes that are modulated in HNSCC-CSCs and can be targeted in future as potential therapeutics. CSCs were isolated from HNSCC cells (oralspheres) and examined for tumorigenicity in immunodeficient mice. We observed aggressive tumor growth with oralspheres as compared to parental cells. The CSC-derived tumors were grossly extremely vascularized and expressed VEGFR1. We next analyzed the molecular determinant of oralspheres. In addition to CD133 and Nanog, we observed significant higher expression of Notch1 protein in the oralspheres. There was differential expression of angiogenesis and invasive marker genes such as angiopoietin1, integrin β3, MMP9 and THBS1. Interestingly, c-Fos was upregulated in oralspheres as compared to parental cells. Our observations suggest that understanding the molecular determinant of oralspheres will help in developing future therapeutic modalities against treatment resistant HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Steele
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, Missouri 63104
| | | | - Susan E. Crawford
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, Missouri 63104,Saint Louis University Cancer Center, Saint Louis University, Missouri 63104
| | - Mark Varvares
- Saint Louis University Cancer Center, Saint Louis University, Missouri 63104
| | - Ratna B. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, Missouri 63104,Saint Louis University Cancer Center, Saint Louis University, Missouri 63104,
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Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect the squamous epithelium and can induce benign and malignant lesions. To date, more than 200 different HPV types have been identified and classified into five genera, α, β, γ, μ, and ν. While high-risk α mucosal HPVs have a well-established role in cervical carcinoma and a significant percentage of other anogenital tract and oral carcinomas, the biology of the cutaneous β HPVs and their contribution to non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has been less studied. Although the association of β HPV infection with NMSC in patients with a rare, genetically determined condition, epidermodysplasia verruciformis has been well established, the role of β HPV infection with NMSC in the normal population remains controversial. In stark contrast to α HPV-associated cancers, the presence of the β HPV genome does not appear to be mandatory for the maintenance of the malignant phenotype. Moreover, the mechanism of action of the β HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins differs from the β HPV oncoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E McLaughlin-Drubin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Zhang P, Li H, Yang B, Yang F, Zhang LL, Kong QY, Chen XY, Wu ML, Liu J. Biological significance and therapeutic implication of resveratrol-inhibited Wnt, Notch and STAT3 signaling in cervical cancer cells. Genes Cancer 2014; 5:154-64. [PMID: 25061499 PMCID: PMC4104760 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancers/CCs are one of the commonest malignancies and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women. Resveratrol inhibits CC cell growth but its molecular target(s) remains unclear. Since the signaling pathways mediated by STAT3, Notch1 and Wnt2 play beneficial roles in CC formation and progression, the effects of resveratrol on them in cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and squamous cell carcinoma (SiHa) cells were analyzed. The biological significances of the above signaling for HeLa and SiHa cells were evaluated by treating the cells with STAT3, Wnt or Notch selective inhibitors. The frequencies of STAT3, Notch and Wnt activations in 68 cases of CC specimens and 38 non-cancerous cervical epithelia were examined by tissue microarray-based immunohistochemical staining. The results revealed that HeLa and SiHa cells treated by 100μM resveratrol showed extensive apoptosis, accompanied with suppression of STAT3, Notch and Wnt activations. Growth inhibition and apoptosis were found in HeLa and SiHa populations treated by AG490, a STAT3/JAK3 inhibitor but not the ones treated by Notch inhibitor L-685,458 or by Wnt inhibitor XAV-939. Immunohistochemical staining performed on the tissue microarrays showed that the frequencies of Notch1, Notch2, Hes1, Wnt2, Wnt5a and p-STAT3 detection as well as β-catenin nuclear translocation in CC samples were significantly higher than that of noncancerous group (p<0.01), while the expression rate of PIAS3 was remarkably low in cancer samples (p<0.01). Our results thus demonstrate that STAT3, Wnt and Notch signaling are frequently co-activated in human CC cells and specimens and resveratrol can concurrently inhibit those signaling activations and meanwhile lead cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma cells to growth arrest and apoptosis. STAT3 signaling is more critical for CC cells and is the major target of resveratrol because selective inhibition of STAT3 rather than Wnt or Notch activation commits SiHa and HeLa cells to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hong Li
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Gynaecological Surgery, Sheng-Jing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110031, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Gynaecological Surgery, Sheng-Jing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110031, China
| | - Lin-Lin Zhang
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Qing-You Kong
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Chen
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Mo-Li Wu
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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Pahne-Zeppenfeld J, Schröer N, Walch-Rückheim B, Oldak M, Gorter A, Hegde S, Smola S. Cervical cancer cell-derived interleukin-6 impairs CCR7-dependent migration of MMP-9-expressing dendritic cells. Int J Cancer 2014; 134:2061-73. [PMID: 24136650 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cervical carcinogenesis is a consequence of persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Recent studies indicate that HPV-transformed cells actively instruct their microenvironment to promote carcinogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that cervical cancer cells activate monocytes to produce their own CCL2 for further monocyte recruitment and reprogram their function during differentiation and maturation to dendritic cells (DCs). Our data show that cervical cancer cells suppress the induction of the chemokine receptor CCR7 in phenotypically mature DCs and impair their migration toward a lymph node homing chemokine, required to initiate adaptive immune responses. We confirmed the presence of CD83(+)CCR7(low) DCs in cancer biopsies. The second factor essential for DC migration, matrix-metalloproteinase MMP-9, which also has vasculogenic and protumorigenic properties, is not suppressed but upregulated in immature as well as mature DCs. We identified interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a crucial cervical cancer cell-derived mediator and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-jB) as the central signaling pathway targeted in DCs. Anti-IL-6 antibodies reverted not only NF-jB inhibition and restored CCR7-dependent migration but also blocked MMP-9 induction. This is the first report demonstrating the dissociation of CCR7 and MMP-9 expression in phenotypically mature CD83(+) DCs by cancer cells. Our results show that cervical cancer cells actively shape the local microenvironment. They induce the accumulation of myeloid cells and skew their function from immune activation to local production of protumorigenic MMP-9. Neutralizing anti-IL-6 antibodies can counteract this functional dysbalance and should therefore be considered for adjuvant cervical cancer therapy.
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Ai D, Jiang H, Westerterp M, Murphy AJ, Wang M, Ganda A, Abramowicz S, Welch C, Almazan F, Zhu Y, Miller YI, Tall AR. Disruption of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 in macrophages decreases chemokine gene expression and atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2014; 114:1576-84. [PMID: 24687132 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 inhibitor, rapamycin, has been shown to decrease atherosclerosis, even while increasing plasma low-density lipoprotein levels. This suggests an antiatherogenic effect possibly mediated by the modulation of inflammatory responses in atherosclerotic plaques. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to assess the role of macrophage mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 in atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS We transplanted bone marrow from mice in which a key mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 adaptor, regulatory-associated protein of mTOR, was deleted in macrophages by Cre/loxP recombination (Mac-Rap(KO) mice) into Ldlr(-/-) mice and then fed them the Western-type diet. Atherosclerotic lesions from Mac-Rap(KO) mice showed decreased infiltration of macrophages, lesion size, and chemokine gene expression compared with control mice. Treatment of macrophages with minimally modified low-density lipoprotein resulted in increased levels of chemokine mRNAs and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 phosphorylation; these effects were reduced in Mac-Rap(KO) macrophages. Although wild-type and Mac-Rap(KO) macrophages showed similar STAT3 phosphorylation on Tyr705, Mac-Rap(KO) macrophages showed decreased STAT3Ser727 phosphorylation in response to minimally modified low-density lipoprotein treatment and decreased Ccl2 promoter binding of STAT3. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate cross-talk between nutritionally induced mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling and minimally modified low-density lipoprotein-mediated inflammatory signaling via combinatorial phosphorylation of STAT3 in macrophages, leading to increased STAT3 activity on the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) promoter with proatherogenic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Ai
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (D.A., H.J., M. Westerterp, A.J.M., M. Wang, A.G., S.A., C.W., A.R.T.); Department of Physiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (D.A., Y.Z.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M. Westerterp); and Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, CA (F.A., Y.I.M.)
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Li C, Li F, Zhao K, Yao J, Cheng Y, Zhao L, Li Z, Lu N, Guo Q. LFG-500 inhibits the invasion of cancer cells via down-regulation of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91332. [PMID: 24618693 PMCID: PMC3950212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell invasion, one of the crucial events in local growth and metastatic spread of tumors, possess a broad spectrum of mechanisms, especially altered expression of matrix metalloproteinases. LFG-500 is a novel synthesized flavonoid with strong anti-cancer activity, whose exact molecular mechanism remains incompletely understood. This current study was designed to examine the effects of LFG-500 on tumor metastasis using in vitro and in vivo assays. LFG-500 could inhibit adhesion, migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells. Meanwhile, it reduced the activities and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 via suppressing the transcriptional activation of NF-κB rather than AP-1 or STAT3. Moreover, LFG-500 repressed TNF-α induced cell invasion through inhibiting NF-κB and subsequent MMP-9 activity. Further elucidation of the mechanism revealed that PI3K/AKT but not MAPK signaling pathway was involved in the inhibitory effect of LFG-500 on NF-κB activation. LFG-500 could also suppress lung metastasis of B16F10 murine melanoma cells in vivo. Taken together, these results demonstrated that LFG-500 could block cancer cell invasion via down-regulation of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway, which provides new evidence for the anti-cancer activity of LFG-500.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanni Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (QG); (NL)
| | - Qinglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (QG); (NL)
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Miyashita T, Tajima H, Shah FA, Oshima M, Makino I, Nakagawara H, Kitagawa H, Fujimura T, Harmon JW, Ohta T. Impact of inflammation-metaplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence and inflammatory microenvironment in esophageal carcinogenesis using surgical rat models. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:2012-9. [PMID: 24526548 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronic inflammation has been demonstrated to correlate with tumor onset and progression. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in inflammatory tumor microenvironment. We hypothesized that an inflammatory microenvironment around TAMs may promote the development of esophageal carcinomas when induced by duodenal content reflux without carcinogens. ANIMALS AND METHODS A total gastrectomy followed by esophagojejunostomy was performed on rats in order to induce chronic duodenal content reflux esophagitis. The animals were sacrificed sequentially, at the 20th, 30th, 40th and 50th week after surgery, and their esophagi were examined. The primary antibodies against CD68, CD163, pStat3 and Foxp3 were used. Expression and localization of infiltrated cells was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS At 20-weeks' post-surgery, squamous proliferative hyperplasia (PHP) and Barrett's metaplasia (BM) were observed. Adenocarcinoma (ADC) associated with BM, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were observed 30-50 weeks' post-surgery. Numerous CD68 and pStat3-positive cells were identified surrounding PHP and BM after 20 weeks, and around ADC and SCC after 30 weeks. Moderate infiltration of CD163-positive macrophages was seen with BM, ADC, and SCC after 30 weeks. However, very few Foxp3-positive cells were observed around ADC and SCC. CONCLUSION Macrophages infiltrate the esophagus and activate the pStat3 pathway in stromal cells and epithelium. M2 phenotype macrophages infiltrate following infiltration of M1 macrophage and contribute to tumor development through regulatory T cells (Tregs). The involvement of immune cells such as TAMs and Tregs in the inflammatory microenvironment promotes esophageal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Miyashita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan,
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Datta A, Alexander R, Sulikowski MG, Nicholson AG, Maher TM, Scotton CJ, Chambers RC. Evidence for a functional thymic stromal lymphopoietin signaling axis in fibrotic lung disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4867-79. [PMID: 24081992 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) recently has emerged as a key cytokine in the development of type 2 immune responses. Although traditionally associated with allergic inflammation, type 2 responses are also recognized to contribute to the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis. However, the role of TSLP in the development of non-allergen-driven diseases, characterized by profibrotic type 2 immune phenotypes and excessive fibroblast activation, remains underexplored. Fibroblasts represent the key effector cells responsible for extracellular matrix production but additionally play important immunoregulatory roles, including choreographing immune cell recruitment through chemokine regulation. The aim of this study was to examine whether TSLP may be involved in the pathogenesis of a proto-typical fibrotic disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We combined the immunohistochemical analysis of human IPF biopsy material with signaling studies by using cultured primary human lung fibroblasts and report for the first time, to our knowledge, that TSLP and its receptor (TSLPR) are highly upregulated in IPF. We further show that lung fibroblasts represent both a novel cellular source and target of TSLP and that TSLP induces fibroblast CCL2 release (via STAT3) and subsequent monocyte chemotaxis. These studies extend our understanding of TSLP as a master regulator of type 2 immune responses beyond that of allergic inflammatory conditions and suggest a novel role for TSLP in the context of chronic fibrotic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Datta
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
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Shukla S, Mahata S, Shishodia G, Pandey A, Tyagi A, Vishnoi K, Basir SF, Das BC, Bharti AC. Functional regulatory role of STAT3 in HPV16-mediated cervical carcinogenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67849. [PMID: 23874455 PMCID: PMC3715508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an oncogenic transcription factor constitutively active and aberrantly expressed in cervical cancer. However, the functional role of STAT3 in regulation of HPV's viral oncogene expression and downstream events associated with cervical carcinogenesis is not known. Our present study performed on HPV16-positive cervical cancer cell lines (SiHa and CaSki) and primary tumor tissues revealed a strong positive correlation of constitutively active STAT3 with expression of HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins and a negative association with levels of p53 and pRB. Pharmacologic targeting of STAT3 expression in cervical cancer cell lines either by STAT3-specific siRNA or blocking its tyrosine phosphorylation by AG490 or curcumin led to dose-dependent accumulation of p53 and pRb in cervical cancer cells. Interestingly, the suppression of STAT3 expression or activation was associated with the gradual loss of HPV16 E6 and E7 expression and was accompanied by loss of cell viability. The viability loss was specifically high in HPV16-positive cells as compared to HPV negative C33a cells. These findings substantiate the regulatory role of STAT3 in HPV16-mediated cervical carcinogenesis. Leads obtained from the present study provide a strong rationale for developing novel STAT3-based approaches for therapeutic interventions against HPV infection to control cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirish Shukla
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sutapa Mahata
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gauri Shishodia
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arvind Pandey
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Tyagi
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kanchan Vishnoi
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Seemi F. Basir
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhudev C. Das
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok C. Bharti
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
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Kim SY, Kang JW, Song X, Kim BK, Yoo YD, Kwon YT, Lee YJ. Role of the IL-6-JAK1-STAT3-Oct-4 pathway in the conversion of non-stem cancer cells into cancer stem-like cells. Cell Signal 2013; 25:961-9. [PMID: 23333246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that a small subset of cancer cells is capable of tumor initiation. The existence of tumor initiating cancer stem cells (CSCs) has several implications in terms of future cancer treatment and therapies. However, recently, several researchers proposed that differentiated cancer cells (non-CSCs) can convert to stem-like cells to maintain equilibrium. These results imply that removing CSCs may prompt non-CSCs in the tumor to convert into stem cells to maintain the equilibrium. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been found to play an important role in the inducible formation of CSCs and their dynamic equilibrium with non-stem cells. In this study, we used CSC-like human breast cancer cells and their alternate subset non-CSCs to investigate how IL-6 regulates the conversion of non-CSCs to CSCs. MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-453 CSC-like cells formed mammospheres well, whereas most of non-stem cells died by anoikis and only part of the remaining non-stem cells produced viable mammospheres. Similar results were observed in xenograft tumor formation. Data from cytokine array assay show that IL-6 was secreted from non-CSCs when cells were cultured in ultra-low attachment plates. IL-6 regulates CSC-associated OCT-4 gene expression through the IL-6-JAK1-STAT3 signal transduction pathway in non-CSCs. Inhibiting this pathway by treatment with anti-IL-6 antibody (1 μg/ml) or niclosamide (0.5-2 μM)/LLL12 (5-10 μM) effectively prevented OCT-4 gene expression. These results suggest that the IL-6-JAK1-STAT3 signal transduction pathway plays an important role in the conversion of non-CSCs into CSCs through regulation of OCT-4 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seog-Young Kim
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Huang Y, Li J, Xiang L, Han D, Shen X, Wu X. 17β-Oestradiol activates proteolysis and increases invasion through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in human cervical cancer cells. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012; 165:307-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Yong PFK, Freeman AF, Engelhardt KR, Holland S, Puck JM, Grimbacher B. An update on the hyper-IgE syndromes. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:228. [PMID: 23210525 PMCID: PMC3674633 DOI: 10.1186/ar4069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The hyper-IgE syndromes (HIES; originally named Job's syndrome) are a collection
of primary immunodeficiency syndromes resulting in elevated serum IgE levels and
typified by recurrent staphylococcal skin abscesses, eczema and pulmonary
infections. The disorder has autosomal dominant and recessive forms. Autosomal
dominant HIES has been shown to be mainly due to STAT3 mutations and
additionally results in connective tissue, skeletal, vascular and dental
abnormalities. Autosomal recessive HIES has been shown to be mainly due to
mutations in DOCK8; these patients are more prone to viral skin
infections instead. This review article discusses the common clinical features
of the syndrome, the genetic mutations responsible and the pathogenesis of the
disease, as well as treatments currently used.
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