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Elemam NM, Hotait HY, Saleh MA, El-Huneidi W, Talaat IM. Insulin-like growth factor family and prostate cancer: new insights and emerging opportunities. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1396192. [PMID: 38872970 PMCID: PMC11169579 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1396192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men. The mammalian insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family is made up of three ligands (IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin), three receptors (IGF-I receptor (IGF-1R), insulin receptor (IR), and IGF-II receptor (IGF-2R)), and six IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). IGF-I and IGF-II were identified as potent mitogens and were previously associated with an increased risk of cancer development including prostate cancer. Several reports showed controversy about the expression of the IGF family and their connection to prostate cancer risk due to the high degree of heterogeneity among prostate tumors, sampling bias, and evaluation techniques. Despite that, it is clear that several IGF family members play a role in prostate cancer development, metastasis, and androgen-independent progression. In this review, we aim to expand our understanding of prostate tumorigenesis and regulation through the IGF system. Further understanding of the role of IGF signaling in PCa shows promise and needs to be considered in the context of a comprehensive treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M. Elemam
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Mohamed A. Saleh
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Waseem El-Huneidi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Iman M. Talaat
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Elaasser B, Arakil N, Mohammad KS. Bridging the Gap in Understanding Bone Metastasis: A Multifaceted Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2846. [PMID: 38474093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The treatment of patients with advanced cancer poses clinical problems due to the complications that arise as the disease progresses. Bone metastases are a common problem that cancer patients may face, and currently, there are no effective drugs to treat these individuals. Prostate, breast, and lung cancers often spread to the bone, causing significant and disabling health conditions. The bone is a highly active and dynamic tissue and is considered a favorable environment for the growth of cancer. The role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the process of bone remodeling and the way in which their interactions change during the progression of metastasis is critical to understanding the pathophysiology of this disease. These interactions create a self-perpetuating loop that stimulates the growth of metastatic cells in the bone. The metabolic reprogramming of both cancer cells and cells in the bone microenvironment has serious implications for the development and progression of metastasis. Insight into the process of bone remodeling and the systemic elements that regulate this process, as well as the cellular changes that occur during the progression of bone metastases, is critical to the discovery of a cure for this disease. It is crucial to explore different therapeutic options that focus specifically on malignancy in the bone microenvironment in order to effectively treat this disease. This review will focus on the bone remodeling process and the effects of metabolic disorders as well as systemic factors like hormones and cytokines on the development of bone metastases. We will also examine the various therapeutic alternatives available today and the upcoming advances in novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basant Elaasser
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 1153, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nour Arakil
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 1153, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S Mohammad
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 1153, Saudi Arabia
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Wang C, Xie B, Yin S, Cao J, Huang J, Jin L, Du G, Zhai X, Zhang R, Li S, Cao T, Yu H, Fan X, Yang Z, Peng J, Xiao J, Lian L. Induction of filopodia formation by α-Actinin-2 via RelA with a feedforward activation loop promoting overt bone marrow metastasis of gastric cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:399. [PMID: 37337244 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04156-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow metastasis (BMM) is underestimated in gastric cancer (GC). GC with BMM frequently complicate critical hematological abnormalities like diffused intravascular coagulation and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, which constitute a highly aggressive GC (HAGC) subtype. HAGC present a very poor prognosis with peculiar clinical and pathological features when compared with not otherwise specified advanced GC (NAGC). But the molecular mechanisms underlying BMM from GC remain rudimentary. METHODS The transcriptomic difference between HAGC and NAGC were analyzed. Genes that were specifically upregulated in HAGC were identified, and their effect on cell migration and invasion was studied. The function of ACTN2 gene were confirmed by GC cell lines, bone-metastatic animal model and patients' tissues. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of ACTN2 derived-BMM was explored by multiple immunofluorescence staining, western blot, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter assays. RESULTS We elucidated the key mechanisms of BMM depending on the transcriptomic difference between HAGC and NAGC. Five genes specifically upregulated in HAGC were assessed their effect on cell migration and invasion. The ACTN2 gene encoding protein α-Actinin-2 was detected enhanced the metastatic capability and induced BMM of GC cells in mouse models. Mechanically, α-Actinin-2 was involved in filopodia formation where it promoted the Actin filament cross-linking by replacing α-Actinin-1 to form α-Actinin-2:α-Actinin-4 complexes in GC cells. Moreover, NF-κB subunit RelA and α-Actinin-2 formed heterotrimers in the nuclei of GC cells. As a direct target of RelA:α-Actinin-2 heterotrimers, the ACTN2 gene was a positive auto-regulatory loop for α-Actinin-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated a link between filopodia, BMM and ACTN2 activation, where a feedforward activation loop between ACTN2 and RelA is established via actin in response to distant metastasis. Given the novel filopodia formation function and the new mechanism of BMM in GC, we propose ACTN2 as a druggable molecular vulnerability that may provide potential therapeutic benefit against BMM of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Department of Medical Oncology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Department of General Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Bo Xie
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510089, China
| | - Shi Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Department of Medical Oncology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Department of General Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Jianghua Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Junhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Longyang Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Department of Medical Oncology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Ge Du
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Department of Medical Oncology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Department of Medical Oncology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Rongqin Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Department of Medical Oncology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Taiyuan Cao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Department of Medical Oncology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Hongen Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Department of Medical Oncology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Xinjuan Fan
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Zuli Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Department of Medical Oncology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Junsheng Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Department of Medical Oncology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Department of Medical Oncology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
- Department of General Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Lei Lian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Department of Medical Oncology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
- Department of General Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
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Brook N, Dharmarajan A, Chan A, Dass CR. Potential therapeutic role for pigment epithelium-derived factor in post-menopausal breast cancer bone metastasis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023:7146711. [PMID: 37116213 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review discusses key oestrogens associated with the circulating pre- and post-menopausal milieu and how they may impact intratumoral oestrogen levels and breast cancer (BC) metastasis. It also identifies critical steps in BC metastasis to bone from the viewpoint of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) function, and discusses the role of several associated pro-metastatic biomarkers in BC bone metastasis. KEY FINDINGS PEDF is regulated by oestrogen in a number of oestrogen-sensitive tissues. Changes in circulating oestrogen levels associated with menopause may enhance the growth of BC bone metastases, leading to the establishment of a pre-metastatic niche. The establishment of such a pre-metastatic niche is driven by several key mediators, with pro-osteoclastic and pro-metastatic function which are upregulated by BC cells. These mediators appear to be regulated by oestrogen, as well as differentially affected by menopausal status. PEDF interacts with several pro-metastatic, pro-osteoclastic biomarkers, including C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) in BC bone metastasis. CONCLUSION Mediators such as CXCR4 and MT1-MMP underpin the ability of PEDF to function as an antimetastatic in other cancers such as osteosarcoma, highlighting the possibility that this serpin could be used as a therapeutic against BC metastasis in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Brook
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, India
| | - Arlene Chan
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Breast Cancer Research Centre-Western Australia, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia
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Landini L, Marini M, Souza Monteiro de Araujo D, Romitelli A, Montini M, Albanese V, Titiz M, Innocenti A, Bianchini F, Geppetti P, Nassini R, De Logu F. Schwann Cell Insulin-like Growth Factor Receptor Type-1 Mediates Metastatic Bone Cancer Pain in Mice. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 110:348-364. [PMID: 36940752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), an osteoclast-dependent osteolysis biomarker, contributes to metastatic bone cancer pain (MBCP), but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In mice, the femur metastasis caused by intramammary inoculation of breast cancer cells resulted in IGF-1 increase in femur and sciatic nerve, and IGF-1-dependent stimulus/non-stimulus-evoked pain-like behaviors. Adeno-associated virus-based shRNA selective silencing of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in Schwann cells, but not in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, attenuated pain-like behaviors. Intraplantar IGF-1 evoked acute nociception and mechanical/cold allodynia, which were reduced by selective IGF-1R silencing in DRG neurons and Schwann cells, respectively. Schwann cell IGF-1R signaling promoted an endothelial nitric oxide synthase-mediated transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) activation and release of reactive oxygen species that, via macrophage-colony stimulating factor-dependent endoneurial macrophage expansion, sustained pain-like behaviors. Osteoclast derived IGF-1 initiates a Schwann cell-dependent neuroinflammatory response that sustains a proalgesic pathway that provides new options for MBCP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Landini
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Matilde Marini
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | | | - Antonia Romitelli
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Marco Montini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Medical Genetics Unit, University of Florence, 50141, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Albanese
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences - DEPS, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Mustafa Titiz
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Alessandro Innocenti
- Plastic and Reconstructive Microsurgery - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, 50141, Florence, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Geppetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Romina Nassini
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy.
| | - Francesco De Logu
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
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Emerging Role of IGF-1 in Prostate Cancer: A Promising Biomarker and Therapeutic Target. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041287. [PMID: 36831629 PMCID: PMC9954466 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a highly heterogeneous disease driven by gene alterations and microenvironmental influences. Not only enhanced serum IGF-1 but also the activation of IGF-1R and its downstream signaling components has been increasingly recognized to have a vital driving role in the development of PCa. A better understanding of IGF-1/IGF-1R activity and regulation has therefore emerged as an important subject of PCa research. IGF-1/IGF-1R signaling affects diverse biological processes in cancer cells, including promoting survival and renewal, inducing migration and spread, and promoting resistance to radiation and castration. Consequently, inhibitory reagents targeting IGF-1/IGF-1R have been developed to limit cancer development. Multiple agents targeting IGF-1/IGF-1R signaling have shown effects against tumor growth in tumor xenograft models, but further verification of their effectiveness in PCa patients in clinical trials is still needed. Combining androgen deprivation therapy or cytotoxic chemotherapeutics with IGF-1R antagonists based on reliable predictive biomarkers and developing and applying novel agents may provide more desirable outcomes. This review will summarize the contribution of IGF-1 signaling to the development of PCa and highlight the relevance of this signaling axis in potential strategies for cancer therapy.
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Okui T, Hiasa M, Hasegawa K, Nakamura T, Ono K, Ibaragi S, Kanno T, Sasaki A, Yoneda T. Lactate secreted via MCT4 from bone‑colonizing breast cancer excites sensory neurons via GPR81. Int J Oncol 2023; 62:39. [PMID: 36799150 PMCID: PMC9946803 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) bone metastasis causes bone pain (BP), which detrimentally damages the quality of life and outcome of patients with BC. However, the mechanism of BC‑BP is poorly understood, and effective treatments are limited. The present study demonstrated a novel mechanism of BC‑BP using a mouse model of bone pain, in which mouse (EO771) and human (MDA‑MB‑231) BC cells were injected in the bone marrow cavity of tibiae. Western blot analysis using sensory nerves, in vivo assessment of cancer pain and in vitro calcium flux analysis were performed. These mice developed progressive BC‑BP in tibiae in conjunction with an upregulation of phosphorylated pERK1/2 and cAMP‑response element‑binding protein (pCREB), which are molecular indicators of neuron excitation, in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of sensory nerves. Importantly, mice injected with BC cells, in which the expression of the lactic acid transporter monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) was silenced, exhibited decreased BC‑BP with downregulated expression of pERK1/2 and pCREB in the DRG and reduced circulating levels of lactate compared with mice injected with parental BC cells. Further, silencing of the cell‑surface orphan receptor for lactate, G protein‑coupled receptor 81 (GPR81), in the F11 sensory neuron cells decreased lactate‑promoted upregulation of pERK1/2 and Ca2+ influx, suggesting that the sensory neuron excitation was inhibited. These results suggested that lactate released from BC cells via MCT4 induced BC‑BP through the activation of GPR81 of sensory neurons. In conclusion, the activation of GPR81 of sensory neurons by lactate released via MCT4 from BC was demonstrated to contribute to the induction of BC‑BP, and disruption of the interactions among lactate, MCT4 and GPR81 may be a novel approach to control BC‑BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Okui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Okayama 700-8525, Japan,Department of Medicine, Hematology Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine and The Roudebush Veterans Administration, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,Correspondence to: Dr Tatsuo Okui, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan, E-mail:
| | - Masahiro Hiasa
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine and The Roudebush Veterans Administration, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Hasegawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nakamura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Kisho Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ibaragi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kanno
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Sasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yoneda
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine and The Roudebush Veterans Administration, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Lee JS, Tocheny CE, Shaw LM. The Insulin-like Growth Factor Signaling Pathway in Breast Cancer: An Elusive Therapeutic Target. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12121992. [PMID: 36556357 PMCID: PMC9782138 DOI: 10.3390/life12121992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we provide an overview of the role of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway in breast cancer and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target. The IGF pathway ligands, IGF-1 and IGF-2, and their receptors, primarily IGF-1R, are important for normal mammary gland biology, and dysregulation of their expression and function drives breast cancer risk and progression through activation of downstream signaling effectors, often in a subtype-dependent manner. The IGF signaling pathway has also been implicated in resistance to current therapeutic strategies, including ER and HER2 targeting drugs. Unfortunately, efforts to target IGF signaling for the treatment of breast cancer have been unsuccessful, due to a number of factors, most significantly the adverse effects of disrupting IGF signaling on normal glucose metabolism. We highlight here the recent discoveries that provide enthusiasm for continuing efforts to target IGF signaling for the treatment of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leslie M. Shaw
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-508-856-8675; Fax: +1-508-856-1310
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9
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Bone Metastasis of Breast Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235727. [PMID: 36497209 PMCID: PMC9738274 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a common complication of many types of advanced cancer, including breast cancer. Bone metastasis may cause severe pain, fractures, and hypercalcemia, rendering clinical management challenging and substantially reducing the quality of life and overall survival (OS) time of breast cancer patients. Studies have revealed that bone metastasis is related to interactions between tumor cells and the bone microenvironment, and involves complex molecular biological mechanisms, including colonization, osteolytic destruction, and an immunosuppressive bone microenvironment. Agents inhibiting bone metastasis (such as bisphosphate and denosumab) alleviate bone destruction and improve the quality of life of breast cancer patients with bone metastasis. However, the prognosis of these patients remains poor, and the specific biological mechanism of bone metastasis is incompletely understood. Additional basic and clinical studies are urgently needed, to further explore the mechanism of bone metastasis and develop new therapeutic drugs. This review presents a summary of the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of bone metastasis of breast cancer, aiming to improve the quality of life and prognosis of breast cancer patients and provide a reference for future research directions.
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10
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Chen C, Huang R, Zhou J, Guo L, Xiang S. Formation of pre-metastatic bone niche in prostate cancer and regulation of traditional chinese medicine. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:897942. [PMID: 36059977 PMCID: PMC9428453 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.897942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer with bone metastasis has a high cancer-specific mortality. Thus, it is essential to delineate the mechanism of bone metastasis. Pre-metastatic niche (PMN) is a concept in tumor metastasis, which is characterized by tumor-secreted factors, reprogramming of stromal cells, and immunosuppression by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which is induced by bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) in the target organ. However, PMN does not explain the predilection of prostate cancer towards bone metastasis. In this review, we discuss the initiation of bone metastasis of prostate cancer from the perspective of PMN and tumor microenvironment in a step-wise manner. Furthermore, we present a new concept called pre-metastatic bone niche, featuring inherent BMDC, to interpret bone metastasis. Moreover, we illustrate the regulation of traditional Chinese medicine on PMN.
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11
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Arellano DL, Juárez P, Verdugo‐Meza A, Almeida‐Luna PS, Corral‐Avila JA, Drescher F, Olvera F, Jiménez S, Elzey BD, Guise TA, Fournier PG. Bone Microenvironment-Suppressed T Cells Increase Osteoclast Formation and Osteolytic Bone Metastases in Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1446-1463. [PMID: 35635377 PMCID: PMC9543062 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies use components of the immune system, such as T cells, to fight cancer cells, and are changing cancer treatment, causing durable responses in some patients. Bone metastases are a debilitating complication in advanced breast and prostate cancer patients. Approved treatments fail to cure bone metastases or increase patient survival and it remains unclear whether immunotherapy could benefit patients. The bone microenvironment combines various immunosuppressive factors, and combined with T cell products could increase bone resorption fueling the vicious cycle of bone metastases. Using syngeneic mouse models, our study revealed that bone metastases from 4T1 breast cancer contain tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TILs) and their development is increased in normal mice compared to immunodeficient and T-cell depleted mice. This effect seemed caused by the TILs specifically in bone, because T-cell depletion increased 4T1 orthotopic tumors and did not affect bone metastases from RM-1 prostate cancer cells, which lack TILs. T cells increased osteoclast formation ex vivo and in vivo contributing to bone metastasis vicious cycle. This pro-osteoclastic effect is specific to unactivated T cells, because activated T cells, secreting interferon γ (IFNγ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4), actually suppressed osteoclastogenesis, which could benefit patients. However, non-activated T cells from bone metastases could not be activated in ex vivo cultures. 4T1 bone metastases were associated with an increase of functional polymorphonuclear and monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), potent T-cell suppressors. Although effective in other models, sildenafil and zoledronic acid did not affect MDSCs in bone metastases. Seeking other therapeutic targets, we found that monocytic MDSCs are more potent suppressors than polymorphonuclear MDSCs, expressing programmed cell death receptor-1 ligand (PD-L1)+ in bone, which could trigger T-cell suppression because 70% express its receptor, programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1). Collectively, our findings identified a new mechanism by which suppressed T cells increase osteoclastogenesis and bone metastases. Our results also provide a rationale for using immunotherapy because T-cell activation would increase their anti-cancer and their anti-osteoclastic properties. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danna L. Arellano
- Biomedical Innovation DepartmentCentro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE)Ensenada
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la VidaCentro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE)EnsenadaMexico
| | - Patricia Juárez
- Biomedical Innovation DepartmentCentro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE)Ensenada
- Department of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
| | - Andrea Verdugo‐Meza
- Biomedical Innovation DepartmentCentro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE)Ensenada
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la VidaCentro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE)EnsenadaMexico
| | - Paloma S. Almeida‐Luna
- Biomedical Innovation DepartmentCentro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE)Ensenada
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la VidaCentro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE)EnsenadaMexico
| | - Juan A. Corral‐Avila
- Biomedical Innovation DepartmentCentro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE)Ensenada
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la VidaCentro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE)EnsenadaMexico
| | - Florian Drescher
- Biomedical Innovation DepartmentCentro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE)Ensenada
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la VidaCentro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE)EnsenadaMexico
| | - Felipe Olvera
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y BioprocesosInstituto de Biotecnología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCuernavacaMexico
| | - Samanta Jiménez
- Biomedical Innovation DepartmentCentro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE)Ensenada
| | - Bennett D. Elzey
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer ResearchPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Theresa A. Guise
- Department of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
- Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormone DisordersThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
- Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of TexasAustinTXUSA
| | - Pierrick G.J. Fournier
- Biomedical Innovation DepartmentCentro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE)Ensenada
- Department of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
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12
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Song X, Wei C, Li X. The Signaling Pathways Associated With Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:855609. [PMID: 35372035 PMCID: PMC8965611 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.855609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer (BC) is now the leading cause of cancer in women, and bone is the primary site of distant BC metastasis. BC bone metastasis seriously affects the quality of life of patients and increases the mortality rate. However, the mechanism of BC bone metastasis is not fully understood. Main Body Paget’s “seed and soil” hypothesis led experts to explore the relationship between surface markers and receptors in breast tumors and various growth factors in bone. The relevant breast tumor markers serve as “seeds”, and the bone microenvironment that is suitable for the survival of the tumor serves as the “soil”. These factors interact to make up an entire system and form feedback pathways that accelerate the production of various cytokines, attracting BC cells to migrate to bone tissue, which worsens the development of BC and seriously affects the prognosis of patients. This process is a vicious cycle. At present, there are seven major signaling pathways involved in BC bone metastasis: the OPG/RANK/RANKL signaling pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway, IGF system, PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway and Hippo signaling pathway. In addition, FGF-FGFR signaling pathway, androgen-AR/LSD1-target gene pathway, Notch signaling pathway, JAK-STAT signaling pathway and CaN/NFATC1 signaling pathway also seem to be associated with BC bone metastasis. Conclusion This review focuses on the signaling pathways related to BC bone metastasis and explores the interactions among these pathways, which will lay a solid theoretical foundation for further understanding the mechanism of BC bone metastasis and developing effective targeted therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Changran Wei
- Department of The First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangqi Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
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13
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Sasaki S, Zhang D, Iwabuchi S, Tanabe Y, Hashimoto S, Yamauchi A, Hayashi K, Tsuchiya H, Hayakawa Y, Baba T, Mukaida N. Crucial contribution of GPR56/ADGRG1, expressed by breast cancer cells, to bone metastasis formation. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:4883-4893. [PMID: 34632664 PMCID: PMC8645723 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
From a mouse triple-negative breast cancer cell line, 4T1, we previously established 4T1.3 clone with a high capacity to metastasize to bone after its orthotopic injection into mammary fat pad of immunocompetent mice. Subsequent analysis demonstrated that the interaction between cancer cells and fibroblasts in a bone cavity was crucial for bone metastasis focus formation arising from orthotopic injection of 4T1.3 cells. Here, we demonstrated that a member of the adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor (ADGR) family, G-protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56)/adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor G1 (ADGRG1), was expressed selectively in 4T1.3 grown in a bone cavity but not under in vitro conditions. Moreover, fibroblasts present in bone metastasis sites expressed type III collagen, a ligand for GPR56/ADGRG1. Consistently, GPR56/ADGRG1 proteins were detected in tumor cells in bone metastasis foci of human breast cancer patients. Deletion of GPR56/ADGRG1 from 4T1.3 cells reduced markedly intraosseous tumor formation upon their intraosseous injection. Conversely, intraosseous injection of GPR56/ADGRG1-transduced 4T1, TS/A (mouse breast cancer cell line), or MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer cell line) exhibited enhanced intraosseous tumor formation. Furthermore, we proved that the cleavage at the extracellular region was indispensable for GPR56/ADGRG1-induced increase in breast cancer cell growth upon its intraosseous injection. Finally, inducible suppression of Gpr56/Adgrg1 gene expression in 4T1.3 cells attenuated bone metastasis formation with few effects on primary tumor formation in the spontaneous breast cancer bone metastasis model. Altogether, GPR56/ADGRG1 can be a novel target molecule to develop a strategy to prevent and/or treat breast cancer metastasis to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- So‐ichiro Sasaki
- Cancer Research InstituteDivision of Molecular BioregulationKanazawa UniversityIshikawaJapan
- Section of Host DefencesInstitute of Natural MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Di Zhang
- Cancer Research InstituteDivision of Molecular BioregulationKanazawa UniversityIshikawaJapan
| | - Sadahiro Iwabuchi
- Institute of Advanced MedicineDepartment of Molecular PathophysiologyWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Yamato Tanabe
- Cancer Research InstituteDivision of Molecular BioregulationKanazawa UniversityIshikawaJapan
| | - Shinichi Hashimoto
- Institute of Advanced MedicineDepartment of Molecular PathophysiologyWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Akira Yamauchi
- Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research InstituteDepartment of Breast SurgeryOsakaJapan
| | - Katsuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryGraduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityIshikawaJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryGraduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityIshikawaJapan
| | - Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Section of Host DefencesInstitute of Natural MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Tomohisa Baba
- Cancer Research InstituteDivision of Molecular BioregulationKanazawa UniversityIshikawaJapan
| | - Naofumi Mukaida
- Cancer Research InstituteDivision of Molecular BioregulationKanazawa UniversityIshikawaJapan
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14
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Weidle UH, Nopora A. MicroRNAs Involved in Small-cell Lung Cancer as Possible Agents for Treatment and Identification of New Targets. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 18:591-603. [PMID: 34479913 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer, a neuro-endocrine type of lung cancers, responds very well to chemotherapy-based agents. However, a high frequency of relapse due to adaptive resistance is observed. Immunotherapy-based treatments with checkpoint inhibitors has resulted in improvement of treatment but the responses are not as impressive as in other types of tumor. Therefore, identification of new targets and treatment modalities is an important issue. After searching the literature, we identified eight down-regulated microRNAs involved in radiation- and chemotherapy-induced resistance, as well as three up-regulated and four down-regulated miRNAs with impacts on proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of small-cell lung cancer cells in vitro. Furthermore, one up-regulated and four down-regulated microRNAs with in vivo activity in SCLC cell xenografts were identified. The identified microRNAs are candidates for inhibition or reconstitution therapy. The corresponding targets are candidates for inhibition or functional reconstitution with antibody-based moieties or small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich H Weidle
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Adam Nopora
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
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15
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Othman A, Winogradzki M, Lee L, Tandon M, Blank A, Pratap J. Bone Metastatic Breast Cancer: Advances in Cell Signaling and Autophagy Related Mechanisms. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174310. [PMID: 34503118 PMCID: PMC8431094 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a frequent complication of breast cancer with nearly 70% of metastatic breast cancer patients developing bone metastasis during the course of their disease. The bone represents a dynamic microenvironment which provides a fertile soil for disseminated tumor cells, however, the mechanisms which regulate the interactions between a metastatic tumor and the bone microenvironment remain poorly understood. Recent studies indicate that during the metastatic process a bidirectional relationship between metastatic tumor cells and the bone microenvironment begins to develop. Metastatic cells display aberrant expression of genes typically reserved for skeletal development and alter the activity of resident cells within the bone microenvironment to promote tumor development, resulting in the severe bone loss. While transcriptional regulation of the metastatic process has been well established, recent findings from our and other research groups highlight the role of the autophagy and secretory pathways in interactions between resident and tumor cells during bone metastatic tumor growth. These reports show high levels of autophagy-related markers, regulatory factors of the autophagy pathway, and autophagy-mediated secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP's), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP), as well as WNT5A in bone metastatic breast cancer cells. In this review, we discuss the recently elucidated mechanisms and their crosstalk with signaling pathways, and potential therapeutic targets for bone metastatic disease.
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16
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Lang C, Yin C, Lin K, Li Y, Yang Q, Wu Z, Du H, Ren D, Dai Y, Peng X. m 6 A modification of lncRNA PCAT6 promotes bone metastasis in prostate cancer through IGF2BP2-mediated IGF1R mRNA stabilization. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e426. [PMID: 34185427 PMCID: PMC8181202 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone metastasis is the leading cause of tumor-related death in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been well documented to be involved in the progression of multiple cancers. Nevertheless, the role of lncRNAs in PCa bone metastasis remains largely unclear. METHODS The expression of prostate cancer-associated transcripts was analyzed in published datasets and further verified in clinical samples and cell lines by RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization assays. Colony formation assay, MTT assay, cell cycle analysis, EdU assay, Transwell migration and invasion assays, wound healing assay, and in vivo experiments were carried out to investigate the function of prostate cancer-associated transcript 6 (PCAT6) in bone metastasis and tumor growth of PCa. Bioinformatic analysis, RNA pull-down, and RIP assays were conducted to identify the proteins binding to PCAT6 and the potential targets of PCAT6. The therapeutic potential of targeting PCAT6 by antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) was further explored in vivo. RESULTS PCAT6 was upregulated in PCa tissues with bone metastasis and increased PCAT6 expression predicted poor prognosis in PCa patients. Functional experiments found that PCAT6 knockdown significantly inhibited PCa cell invasion, migration, and proliferation in vitro, as well as bone metastasis and tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, METTL3-mediated m6 A modification contributed to PCAT6 upregulation in an IGF2BP2-dependent manner. Furthermore, PCAT6 upregulated IGF1R expression by enhancing IGF1R mRNA stability through the PCAT6/IGF2BP2/IGF1R RNA-protein three-dimensional complex. Importantly, PCAT6 inhibition by ASO in vivo showed therapeutic potential against bone metastasis in PCa. Finally, the clinical correlation of METTL3, IGF2BP2, IGF1R, and PCAT6 was further demonstrated in PCa tissues and cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study uncovers a novel molecular mechanism by which the m6 A-induced PCAT6/IGF2BP2/IGF1R axis promotes PCa bone metastasis and tumor growth, suggesting that PCAT6 may serve as a promising prognostic marker and therapeutic target against bone-metastatic PCa.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenosine/chemistry
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Bone Neoplasms/genetics
- Bone Neoplasms/metabolism
- Bone Neoplasms/secondary
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Prognosis
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA Stability
- RNA, Long Noncoding/chemistry
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuandong Lang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgerythe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and TraumatologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Chi Yin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgerythe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and TraumatologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Kaiyuan Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgerythe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and TraumatologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Experimental ResearchState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgerythe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and TraumatologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhengquan Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgerythe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and TraumatologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Pathologythe First People's Hospital of Guangzhou CityGuangzhouChina
| | - Dong Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgerythe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and TraumatologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Yuhu Dai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgerythe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and TraumatologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgerythe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and TraumatologyGuangzhouChina
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17
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Hinz N, Jücker M. AKT in Bone Metastasis of Solid Tumors: A Comprehensive Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102287. [PMID: 34064589 PMCID: PMC8151478 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bone metastasis is a frequent complication of solid tumors and leads to a reduced overall survival. Although much progress has been made in the field of tumor therapy in the last years, bone metastasis depicts a stage of the disease with a lack of appropriate therapeutical options. Hence, this review aims to present the role of AKT in bone metastasis of solid tumors to place the spotlight on AKT as a possible therapeutical approach for patients with bone metastases. Furthermore, we intended to discuss postulated underlying molecular mechanisms of the bone metastasis-promoting effect of AKT, especially in highly bone-metastatic breast, prostate, and lung cancer. To conclude, this review identified the AKT kinase as a potential therapeutical target in bone metastasis and revealed remaining questions, which need to be addressed in further research projects. Abstract Solid tumors, such as breast cancer and prostate cancer, often form bone metastases in the course of the disease. Patients with bone metastases frequently develop complications, such as pathological fractures or hypercalcemia and exhibit a reduced life expectancy. Thus, it is of vital importance to improve the treatment of bone metastases. A possible approach is to target signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway, which is frequently dysregulated in solid tumors. Therefore, we sought to review the role of the serine/threonine kinase AKT in bone metastasis. In general, activation of AKT signaling was shown to be associated with the formation of bone metastases from solid tumors. More precisely, AKT gets activated in tumor cells by a plethora of bone-derived growth factors and cytokines. Subsequently, AKT promotes the bone-metastatic capacities of tumor cells through distinct signaling pathways and secretion of bone cell-stimulating factors. Within the crosstalk between tumor and bone cells, also known as the vicious cycle, the stimulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts also causes activation of AKT in these cells. As a consequence, bone metastasis is reduced after experimental inhibition of AKT. In summary, AKT signaling could be a promising therapeutical approach for patients with bone metastases of solid tumors.
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18
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Dietrich K, Fiedler IA, Kurzyukova A, López-Delgado AC, McGowan LM, Geurtzen K, Hammond CL, Busse B, Knopf F. Skeletal Biology and Disease Modeling in Zebrafish. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:436-458. [PMID: 33484578 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish are teleosts (bony fish) that share with mammals a common ancestor belonging to the phylum Osteichthyes, from which their endoskeletal systems have been inherited. Indeed, teleosts and mammals have numerous genetically conserved features in terms of skeletal elements, ossification mechanisms, and bone matrix components in common. Yet differences related to bone morphology and function need to be considered when investigating zebrafish in skeletal research. In this review, we focus on zebrafish skeletal architecture with emphasis on the morphology of the vertebral column and associated anatomical structures. We provide an overview of the different ossification types and osseous cells in zebrafish and describe bone matrix composition at the microscopic tissue level with a focus on assessing mineralization. Processes of bone formation also strongly depend on loading in zebrafish, as we elaborate here. Furthermore, we illustrate the high regenerative capacity of zebrafish bones and present some of the technological advantages of using zebrafish as a model. We highlight zebrafish axial and fin skeleton patterning mechanisms, metabolic bone disease such as after immunosuppressive glucocorticoid treatment, as well as osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and osteopetrosis research in zebrafish. We conclude with a view of why larval zebrafish xenografts are a powerful tool to study bone metastasis. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Dietrich
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Imke Ak Fiedler
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Kurzyukova
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alejandra C López-Delgado
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lucy M McGowan
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Karina Geurtzen
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Chrissy L Hammond
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Knopf
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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19
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Hinz N, Baranowsky A, Horn M, Kriegs M, Sibbertsen F, Smit DJ, Clezardin P, Lange T, Schinke T, Jücker M. Knockdown of AKT3 Activates HER2 and DDR Kinases in Bone-Seeking Breast Cancer Cells, Promotes Metastasis In Vivo and Attenuates the TGFβ/CTGF Axis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020430. [PMID: 33670586 PMCID: PMC7922044 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastases frequently occur in breast cancer patients and lack appropriate treatment options. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the multistep process of breast cancer bone metastasis and tumor-induced osteolysis is of paramount interest. The serine/threonine kinase AKT plays a crucial role in breast cancer bone metastasis but the effect of individual AKT isoforms remains unclear. Therefore, AKT isoform-specific knockdowns were generated on the bone-seeking MDA-MB-231 BO subline and the effect on proliferation, migration, invasion, and chemotaxis was analyzed by live-cell imaging. Kinome profiling and Western blot analysis of the TGFβ/CTGF axis were conducted and metastasis was evaluated by intracardiac inoculation of tumor cells into NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice. MDA-MB-231 BO cells exhibited an elevated AKT3 kinase activity in vitro and responded to combined treatment with AKT- and mTOR-inhibitors. Knockdown of AKT3 significantly increased migration, invasion, and chemotaxis in vitro and metastasis to bone but did not significantly enhance osteolysis. Furthermore, knockdown of AKT3 increased the activity and phosphorylation of pro-metastatic HER2 and DDR1/2 but lowered protein levels of CTGF after TGFβ-stimulation, an axis involved in tumor-induced osteolysis. We demonstrated that AKT3 plays a crucial role in bone-seeking breast cancer cells by promoting metastatic potential without facilitating tumor-induced osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Hinz
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.H.); (F.S.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Anke Baranowsky
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (A.B.); (T.S.)
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Horn
- University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
- Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Kriegs
- Department of Radiotherapy & Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
- UCCH Kinomics Core Facility, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Freya Sibbertsen
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.H.); (F.S.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Daniel J. Smit
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.H.); (F.S.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Philippe Clezardin
- INSERM, Research Unit UMR S1033, LyOS, Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Est, University of Lyon 1, 69372 Lyon, France;
| | - Tobias Lange
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (A.B.); (T.S.)
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.H.); (F.S.); (D.J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-40-7410-56339
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20
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Schmid P, Sablin MP, Bergh J, Im SA, Lu YS, Martínez N, Neven P, Lee KS, Morales S, Pérez-Fidalgo JA, Adamson D, Gonçalves A, Prat A, Jerusalem G, Schlieker L, Espadero RM, Bogenrieder T, Huang DCL, Crown J, Cortés J. A phase Ib/II study of xentuzumab, an IGF-neutralising antibody, combined with exemestane and everolimus in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative locally advanced/metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:8. [PMID: 33451345 PMCID: PMC7811234 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Xentuzumab—a humanised IgG1 monoclonal antibody—binds IGF-1 and IGF-2, inhibiting their growth-promoting signalling and suppressing AKT activation by everolimus. This phase Ib/II exploratory trial evaluated xentuzumab plus everolimus and exemestane in hormone receptor-positive, locally advanced and/or metastatic breast cancer (LA/MBC). Methods Patients with hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative LA/MBC resistant to non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors were enrolled. Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of xentuzumab/everolimus/exemestane were determined in phase I (single-arm, dose-escalation). In phase II (open-label), patients were randomised 1:1 to the RP2D of xentuzumab/everolimus/exemestane or everolimus/exemestane alone. Randomisation was stratified by the presence of visceral metastases. Primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Results MTD was determined as xentuzumab 1000 mg weekly plus everolimus 10 mg/day and exemestane 25 mg/day. A total of 140 patients were enrolled in phase II (70 to each arm). Further recruitment was stopped following an unfavourable benefit-risk assessment by the internal Data Monitoring Committee appointed by the sponsor. Xentuzumab was discontinued; patients could receive everolimus/exemestane if clinically indicated. Median PFS was 7.3 months (95% CI 3.3–not calculable) in the xentuzumab/everolimus/exemestane group and 5.6 months (3.7–9.1) in the everolimus/exemestane group (hazard ratio 0.97, 95% CI 0.57–1.65; P = 0.9057). In a pre-specified subgroup of patients without visceral metastases at screening, xentuzumab/everolimus/exemestane showed evidence of PFS benefit versus everolimus/exemestane (hazard ratio 0.21 [0.05–0.98]; P = 0.0293). Most common any-cause adverse events in phase II were diarrhoea (29 [41.4%] in the xentuzumab/everolimus/exemestane group versus 20 [29.0%] in the everolimus/exemestane group), mucosal inflammation (27 [38.6%] versus 21 [30.4%]), stomatitis (24 [34.3%] versus 24 [34.8%]), and asthenia (21 [30.0%] versus 24 [34.8%]). Conclusions Addition of xentuzumab to everolimus/exemestane did not improve PFS in the overall population, leading to early discontinuation of the trial. Evidence of PFS benefit was observed in patients without visceral metastases when treated with xentuzumab/everolimus/exemestane, leading to initiation of the phase II XENERA™-1 trial (NCT03659136). Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02123823. Prospectively registered, 8 March 2013. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13058-020-01382-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schmid
- Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Marie-Paule Sablin
- Department of Drug Development and Innovation, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jonas Bergh
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Breast Cancer Centre, Cancer Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Seock-Ah Im
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yen-Shen Lu
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Noelia Martínez
- Department of Oncology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrick Neven
- Department of Oncology, UZ Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Keun Seok Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Serafín Morales
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - J Alejandro Pérez-Fidalgo
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Clinico Universitario Valencia, Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, CIBERONC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Douglas Adamson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ninewells Hospital, Tayside Cancer Centre, Dundee, UK
| | - Anthony Gonçalves
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, CRCM, CNRS, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Aleix Prat
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guy Jerusalem
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, and Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laura Schlieker
- External statistician on behalf of Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG., Staburo GmbH & Co. KG., Munich, Germany
| | - Rosa-Maria Espadero
- Medical Department (Clinical Operations), Boehringer Ingelheim España S.A, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Bogenrieder
- Medical Department, Boehringer Ingelheim, RCV, Vienna, Austria.,Present Address: Amal Therapeutics SA, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Chin-Lun Huang
- Medical Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Taiwan Limited, Taipei, Taiwan.,Present Address: MSD Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John Crown
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Javier Cortés
- Breast Cancer Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, IOB Institute of Oncology, Quironsalud Group, Madrid and Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Tandon M, Othman AH, Winogradzki M, Pratap J. Bone metastatic breast cancer cells display downregulation of PKC-ζ with enhanced glutamine metabolism. Gene 2021; 775:145419. [PMID: 33444686 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women and its metastases results in poor survival rates in patients. The ability to alter metabolism is a key attribute cancer cells use to survive within different metastatic microenvironments and cause organ failure. We hypothesized that evaluation of metabolic alterations within tumor cells could provide a better understanding of cancer metastasis. Therefore, to investigate underlying metabolic alterations during metastases, we utilized human MDA-MB-231 and mouse 4T1 models that closely mimic human breast cancer metastasis. METHODS The glycolysis and glutamine pathway-related changes were examined in bone metastatic cells by XF-24 extracellular flux analyzer and western blotting. The expression levels of genes related to metabolism were examined by PCR arrays. RESULTS The MDA-MB-231 cells isolated after bone metastases showed reduced glucose uptake and glycolysis compared to parental cells, suggesting that these cells could alter metabolic requirements for survival. To understand these metabolic changes, we investigated glutamine, a common and naturally occurring non-essential amino acid. Interestingly, in reduced glucose conditions both cell lines showed dependence on glutamine for cell survival, and with glutamine withdrawal significantly increasing apoptotic cell death. Glutamine was also critical for normal cell proliferation even in the presence of high glucose concentrations. To further understand this metabolic switch in metastatic cells, we examined the genes related to metabolism and identified a more than seven-fold downregulation of protein kinase C zeta (PKC-ζ) expression levels in bone-derived MDA-MB-231 cells compared to the parental population. The PKC-ζ levels were also significantly reduced in metastatic 4T1 cells compared to non-metastatic MT1A2 cells. Since PKC-ζ deficiency promotes glutamine utilization via the serine biosynthesis pathway, we examined glutamine metabolism. The ectopic expression of PKC-ζ inhibited glutamine conversion to glutamate, while mutant PKC-ζ reversed this effect. Furthermore, the gene expression levels of enzymes involved in serine biosynthesis, phosphoserine phosphatase (PSPH), phosphoserine aminotransferase (PSAT1), and phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) showed upregulation following glucose deprivation with PKC-ζ deficiency. The PHGDH upregulation was inhibited by ectopically expressing wild type but not mutated PKC-ζ in glucose-deprived conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the upregulation of serine biosynthesis pathway genes and downregulation of PKC-ζ as potential metabolic alterations for bone metastatic breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Tandon
- Suite 507, Armour Academic Building, Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Ahmad H Othman
- Suite 507, Armour Academic Building, Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Marcus Winogradzki
- Suite 507, Armour Academic Building, Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Jitesh Pratap
- Suite 507, Armour Academic Building, Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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22
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Clézardin P, Coleman R, Puppo M, Ottewell P, Bonnelye E, Paycha F, Confavreux CB, Holen I. Bone metastasis: mechanisms, therapies, and biomarkers. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:797-855. [PMID: 33356915 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal metastases are frequent complications of many cancers, causing bone complications (fractures, bone pain, disability) that negatively affect the patient's quality of life. Here, we first discuss the burden of skeletal complications in cancer bone metastasis. We then describe the pathophysiology of bone metastasis. Bone metastasis is a multistage process: long before the development of clinically detectable metastases, circulating tumor cells settle and enter a dormant state in normal vascular and endosteal niches present in the bone marrow, which provide immediate attachment and shelter, and only become active years later as they proliferate and alter the functions of bone-resorbing (osteoclasts) and bone-forming (osteoblasts) cells, promoting skeletal destruction. The molecular mechanisms involved in mediating each of these steps are described, and we also explain how tumor cells interact with a myriad of interconnected cell populations in the bone marrow, including a rich vascular network, immune cells, adipocytes, and nerves. We discuss metabolic programs that tumor cells could engage with to specifically grow in bone. We also describe the progress and future directions of existing bone-targeted agents and report emerging therapies that have arisen from recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of bone metastases. Finally, we discuss the value of bone turnover biomarkers in detection and monitoring of progression and therapeutic effects in patients with bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Clézardin
- INSERM, Research Unit UMR_S1033, LyOS, Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Est, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Coleman
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Margherita Puppo
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Penelope Ottewell
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Bonnelye
- INSERM, Research Unit UMR_S1033, LyOS, Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Est, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Paycha
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Cyrille B Confavreux
- INSERM, Research Unit UMR_S1033, LyOS, Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Est, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Service de Rhumatologie Sud, CEMOS-Centre Expert des Métastases Osseuses, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ingunn Holen
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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23
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Vella V, De Francesco EM, Lappano R, Muoio MG, Manzella L, Maggiolini M, Belfiore A. Microenvironmental Determinants of Breast Cancer Metastasis: Focus on the Crucial Interplay Between Estrogen and Insulin/Insulin-Like Growth Factor Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:608412. [PMID: 33364239 PMCID: PMC7753049 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.608412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and progression of the great majority of breast cancers (BCs) are mainly dependent on the biological action elicited by estrogens through the classical estrogen receptor (ER), as well as the alternate receptor named G-protein–coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). In addition to estrogens, other hormones and growth factors, including the insulin and insulin-like growth factor system (IIGFs), play a role in BC. IIGFs cooperates with estrogen signaling to generate a multilevel cross-communication that ultimately facilitates the transition toward aggressive and life-threatening BC phenotypes. In this regard, the majority of BC deaths are correlated with the formation of metastatic lesions at distant sites. A thorough scrutiny of the biological and biochemical events orchestrating metastasis formation and dissemination has shown that virtually all cell types within the tumor microenvironment work closely with BC cells to seed cancerous units at distant sites. By establishing an intricate scheme of paracrine interactions that lead to the expression of genes involved in metastasis initiation, progression, and virulence, the cross-talk between BC cells and the surrounding microenvironmental components does dictate tumor fate and patients’ prognosis. Following (i) a description of the main microenvironmental events prompting BC metastases and (ii) a concise overview of estrogen and the IIGFs signaling and their major regulatory functions in BC, here we provide a comprehensive analysis of the most recent findings on the role of these transduction pathways toward metastatic dissemination. In particular, we focused our attention on the main microenvironmental targets of the estrogen-IIGFs interplay, and we recapitulated relevant molecular nodes that orientate shared biological responses fostering the metastatic program. On the basis of available studies, we propose that a functional cross-talk between estrogens and IIGFs, by affecting the BC microenvironment, may contribute to the metastatic process and may be regarded as a novel target for combination therapies aimed at preventing the metastatic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Vella
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Ernestina Marianna De Francesco
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Muoio
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Livia Manzella
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (A.O.U.) Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
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24
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Hu W, Zhang L, Dong Y, Tian Z, Chen Y, Dong S. Tumour dormancy in inflammatory microenvironment: A promising therapeutic strategy for cancer-related bone metastasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:5149-5169. [PMID: 32556373 PMCID: PMC11104789 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a unique feature of malignant tumours. Even bone can become a common colonization site due to the tendency of solid tumours, including breast cancer (BCa) and prostate cancer (PCa), to metastasize to bone. Currently, a previous concept in tumour metabolism called tumour dormancy may be a promising target for antitumour treatment. When disseminated tumour cells (DTCs) metastasize to the bone microenvironment, they form a flexible regulatory network called the "bone-tumour-inflammation network". In this network, bone turnover as well as metabolism, tumour progression, angiogenesis and inflammatory responses are highly unified and coordinated, and a slight shift in this balance can result in the disruption of the microenvironment, uncontrolled inflammatory responses and excessive tumour growth. The purpose of this review is to highlight the regulatory effect of the "bone-tumour-inflammation network" in tumour dormancy. Osteoblast-secreted factors, bone turnover and macrophages are emphasized and occupy in the main part of the review. In addition, the prospective clinical application of tumour dormancy is also discussed, which shows the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Hu
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lincheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yutong Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhansong Tian
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yueqi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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25
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Park J, Jung MJ, Chung WY. The downregulation of IGFBP3 by TGF-β signaling in oral cancer contributes to the osteoclast differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:381-386. [PMID: 33256984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) frequently invades nearby bone and bone involvement determines the prognosis of patients. Growth factors, stored in the bone matrix and released during bone destruction, are known as key components in the bone-tumor interaction. However, the coordination of growth factor signals and the precise mechanism of bone destruction in oral cancer are still unclear. In the study, we investigated the differential cytokine expression profile of oral cancer cells by TGF-β treatment and the function of altered expression of cytokines on the osteoclast differentiation. We established TGFBR2-knockdown cells using small hairpin RNA. TGF-β was treated to both TGFBR2 expressing and knockdown cells and the culture supernatants were analyzed using a cytokine array kit. We found that the TGF-β inhibited IGFBP3 level and enhanced MMP9 level. We confirmed this regulation of IGFBP3 and MMP9 by TGF-β using ELISA and zymography, respectively. IGFBP3 is known as to modulate the bioavailability of IGF1, which is abundant in the bone microenvironment and regulates osteoclast differentiation. Therefore, we further analyzed the function of IGFBP3 on osteoclastogenesis. Although IGFBP3 increased the viability of murine bone marrow macrophages, the osteoclast differentiation of these cells was blocked by IGFBP3 in a dose-dependent manner. These results revealed a novel pathway for the regulation of osteoclastogenesis by oral cancer cells, which may be a new therapeutic target for osteolysis induced by oral cancer infiltrating into the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhee Park
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, and BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Jung
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Yoon Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, and BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Todd VM, Johnson RW. Hypoxia in bone metastasis and osteolysis. Cancer Lett 2020; 489:144-154. [PMID: 32561416 PMCID: PMC7429356 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature in tumors, driving pathways that promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and metastasis. Clinically, high levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) expression and stabilization at the primary site in many cancer types is associated with poor patient outcomes. Experimental evidence suggests that HIF signaling in the primary tumor promotes their dissemination to the bone, as well as the release of factors such as LOX that act distantly on the bone to stimulate osteolysis and form a pre-metastatic niche. Additionally, the bone itself is a generally hypoxic organ, fueling the activation of HIF signaling in bone resident cells, promoting tumor cell homing to the bone as well as osteoclastogenesis. The hypoxic microenvironment of the bone also stimulates the vicious cycle of tumor-induced bone destruction, further fueling tumor cell growth and osteolysis. Furthermore, hypoxia appears to regulate key tumor dormancy factors. Thus, hypoxia acts both on the tumor cells as well as the metastatic site to promote tumor cell metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera M Todd
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachelle W Johnson
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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27
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Laranga R, Duchi S, Ibrahim T, Guerrieri AN, Donati DM, Lucarelli E. Trends in Bone Metastasis Modeling. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2315. [PMID: 32824479 PMCID: PMC7464021 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is one of the most common sites for cancer metastasis. Bone tissue is composed by different kinds of cells that coexist in a coordinated balance. Due to the complexity of bone, it is impossible to capture the intricate interactions between cells under either physiological or pathological conditions. Hence, a variety of in vivo and in vitro approaches have been developed. Various models of tumor-bone diseases are routinely used to provide valuable information on the relationship between metastatic cancer cells and the bone tissue. Ideally, when modeling the metastasis of human cancers to bone, models would replicate the intra-tumor heterogeneity, as well as the genetic and phenotypic changes that occur with human cancers; such models would be scalable and reproducible to allow high-throughput investigation. Despite the continuous progress, there is still a lack of solid, amenable, and affordable models that are able to fully recapitulate the biological processes happening in vivo, permitting a correct interpretation of results. In the last decades, researchers have demonstrated that three-dimensional (3D) methods could be an innovative approach that lies between bi-dimensional (2D) models and animal models. Scientific evidence supports that the tumor microenvironment can be better reproduced in a 3D system than a 2D cell culture, and the 3D systems can be scaled up for drug screening in the same way as the 2D systems thanks to the current technologies developed. However, 3D models cannot completely recapitulate the inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity found in patients. In contrast, ex vivo cultures of fragments of bone preserve key cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and allow the study of bone cells in their natural 3D environment. Moreover, ex vivo bone organ cultures could be a better model to resemble the human pathogenic metastasis condition and useful tools to predict in vivo response to therapies. The aim of our review is to provide an overview of the current trends in bone metastasis modeling. By showing the existing in vitro and ex vivo systems, we aspire to contribute to broaden the knowledge on bone metastasis models and make these tools more appealing for further translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Laranga
- Unit of Orthopaedic Pathology and Osteoarticular Tissue Regeneration, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (R.L.); (D.M.D.); (E.L.)
| | - Serena Duchi
- BioFab3D@ACMD, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia;
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Toni Ibrahim
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
| | - Ania Naila Guerrieri
- Unit of Orthopaedic Pathology and Osteoarticular Tissue Regeneration, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (R.L.); (D.M.D.); (E.L.)
| | - Davide Maria Donati
- Unit of Orthopaedic Pathology and Osteoarticular Tissue Regeneration, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (R.L.); (D.M.D.); (E.L.)
- Rizzoli Laboratory Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- 3rd Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic Prevalently Oncologic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Lucarelli
- Unit of Orthopaedic Pathology and Osteoarticular Tissue Regeneration, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (R.L.); (D.M.D.); (E.L.)
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28
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Wang M, Xia F, Wei Y, Wei X. Molecular mechanisms and clinical management of cancer bone metastasis. Bone Res 2020; 8:30. [PMID: 32793401 PMCID: PMC7391760 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-00105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common metastatic sites of malignancies, bone has a unique microenvironment that allows metastatic tumor cells to grow and flourish. The fenestrated capillaries in the bone, bone matrix, and bone cells, including osteoblasts and osteoclasts, together maintain the homeostasis of the bone microenvironment. In contrast, tumor-derived factors act on bone components, leading to subsequent bone resorption or excessive bone formation. The various pathways involved also provide multiple targets for therapeutic strategies against bone metastases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanism of bone metastases. Based on the general process of bone metastases, we specifically highlight the complex crosstalk between tumor cells and the bone microenvironment and the current management of cancer bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manni Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Targets, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan P.R. China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan P.R. China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Targets, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan P.R. China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Targets, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan P.R. China
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Dorff TB, Stein C, Kortylewski M, Posadas E, Synold T, Quinn D. Evaluating Changes in Immune Function and Bone Microenvironment During Radium-223 Treatment of Patients with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2020; 35:485-489. [PMID: 32366119 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2019.3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of radium-223 on the immune system and the bone tumor microenvironment are incompletely understood. The authors describe mechanisms by which radium-223 may interact with the immune system, specifically through STAT-3 and impact on tumor and circulating lymphocyte populations. They review mechanisms through which effects of radium-223 and androgen-targeted therapy on bone microenvironment could be better elucidated. These knowledge gaps currently limit development of optimal combination therapy approaches for radium-223. Tissue based studies are currently underway in a prospective clinical trial to enhance therapeutic perspective on radium-223 treatment in the prostate cancer landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya B Dorff
- Department of Medical Oncology and Developmental Therapeutics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Cy Stein
- Department of Medical Oncology and Developmental Therapeutics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Marcin Kortylewski
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Edwin Posadas
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Timothy Synold
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - David Quinn
- Department of Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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30
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Ohshima H, Amizuka N. Oral biosciences: The annual review 2019. J Oral Biosci 2020; 62:1-8. [PMID: 32109566 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Journal of Oral Biosciences is devoted to the advancement and dissemination of fundamental knowledge concerning every aspect of oral biosciences. HIGHLIGHT This review features review articles in the fields of "Bone Cell Biology," "Microbiology," "Oral Heath," "Biocompatible Materials," "Mouth Neoplasm," and "Biological Evolution" in addition to the review articles by winners of the Lion Dental Research Award ("Role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors for modulation of microcircuits in the agranular insular cortex" and "Phospholipase C-related catalytically inactive protein: A novel signaling molecule for modulating fat metabolism and energy expenditure") and the Rising Members Award ("Pain mechanism of oral ulcerative mucositis and the therapeutic traditional herbal medicine hangeshashinto," "Mechanisms underlying the induction of regulatory T cells by sublingual immunotherapy," and "Regulation of osteoclast function via Rho-Pkn3-c-Src pathways"), presented by the Japanese Association for Oral Biology. CONCLUSION These reviews in the Journal of Oral Biosciences have inspired the readers of the journal to broaden their knowledge regarding various aspects of oral biosciences. The current editorial review introduces these exciting review articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
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31
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Hu GF, Wang C, Hu GX, Wu G, Zhang C, Zhu W, Chen C, Gu Y, Zhang H, Yang Z. AZD3463, an IGF-1R inhibitor, suppresses breast cancer metastasis to bone via modulation of the PI3K-Akt pathway. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:336. [PMID: 32355780 PMCID: PMC7186597 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background The bone-derived insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) and its receptor IGF-1R play a crucial role in promoting the survival and proliferation of cancer cells, and have thus been considered as prime targets for the development of novel antitumor therapeutics. Methods By using the MDA-MB-231BO cell line, which is the osteotropic metastatic variant of the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231, and an in vivo model of breast cancer metastasis to bone, the current study evaluated the effect of AZD3463, an IGF-1R inhibitor, used alone or in combination with zoledronic acid (ZA), on the regulation of IGF-1R associated signal pathway and treatment of bone metastases (BM). Cell proliferation and invasion were measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and Transwell assay respectively. Apoptotic cell number was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL). Results AZD3463 was shown to alleviate IGF-1R phosphorylation promoted by IGF-1 treatment in MDA-MB-231BO cells in a dose-dependent manner. In both the cells and the mouse model, 5 nM of AZD3463 stimulated cell apoptosis and suppressed proliferation on a level similar to that of 100 µM of ZA. Remarkably, the combined use of AZD3463 and ZA exhibited a synergistic effect and greater antitumor activity compared to when they were employed individually. Mechanistic investigations indicated that the apoptosis-inducing activity of AZD3463 could be associated to its role in the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway. Conclusions These findings suggested that AZD3463 could serve as a promising therapeutic molecule for treating BM in breast cancer patients, particularly when applied in conjunction with ZA or other antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Fu Hu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Huangpu Branch, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Huangpu Branch, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Guang-Xia Hu
- Department of Pathology, Binzhong People's Hospital, Binzhong 256600, China
| | - Ge Wu
- Department of Pathology, Binzhong People's Hospital, Binzhong 256600, China
| | - Chengjiao Zhang
- Department of Psychological Measurement, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20030, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yutong Gu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zi'ang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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32
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Bellido T, Delgado-Calle J. Ex Vivo Organ Cultures as Models to Study Bone Biology. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:JBM410345. [PMID: 32161838 PMCID: PMC7059827 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the skeleton is maintained by the coordinated and balanced activities of the bone cells. Osteoclasts resorb bone, osteoblasts form bone, and osteocytes orchestrate the activities of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. A variety of in vitro approaches has been used in an attempt to reproduce the complex in vivo interactions among bone cells under physiological as well as pathological conditions and to test new therapies. Most cell culture systems lack the proper extracellular matrix, cellular diversity, and native spatial distribution of the components of the bone microenvironment. In contrast, ex vivo cultures of fragments of intact bone preserve key cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and allow the study of bone cells in their natural 3D environment. Further, bone organ cultures predict the in vivo responses to genetic and pharmacologic interventions saving precious time and resources. Moreover, organ cultures using human bone reproduce human conditions and are a useful tool to test patient responses to therapeutic agents. Thus, these ex vivo approaches provide a platform to perform research in bone physiology and pathophysiology. In this review, we describe protocols optimized in our laboratories to establish ex vivo bone organ cultures and provide technical hints and suggestions. In addition, we present examples on how this technical approach can be employed to study osteocyte biology, drug responses in bone, cancer-induced bone disease, and cross-talk between bone and other organs © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA.,Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Jesus Delgado-Calle
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA.,Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center Indianapolis IN USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA
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33
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Bone metastasis: Interaction between cancer cells and bone microenvironment. J Oral Biosci 2019; 61:95-98. [PMID: 31109867 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone is one of the most common target organs for cancer metastasis, especially in patients with advanced breast and prostate cancers. Despite recent advances in therapeutic approaches, bone metastases remain incurable and produce multiple complications called skeletal-related events, including hypercalcemia, pathological fractures, spinal compression, and bone pain, which are associated with poor prognosis. HIGHLIGHT Although the precise mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated, accumulating evidence suggests that bone provides a favorable microenvironment that enables circulating cancer cells to home, proliferate, and colonize, resulting in the formation of metastasis. Cancer cells that metastasize to bone also possess unique features, enabling them to utilize the bone microenvironment. Thus, communication between cancer cells and bone is believed to be critical for the development and progression of bone metastases. CONCLUSION Continued studies are warranted to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying bone metastases and to develop mechanism-based and effective therapeutic interventions.
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34
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Rieunier G, Wu X, Macaulay VM, Lee AV, Weyer-Czernilofsky U, Bogenrieder T. Bad to the Bone: The Role of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis in Osseous Metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3479-3485. [PMID: 30745299 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastases are a frequent complication of cancer that are associated with considerable morbidity. Current treatments may temporarily palliate the symptoms of bone metastases but often fail to delay their progression. Bones provide a permissive environment because they are characterized by dynamic turnover, secreting factors required for bone maintenance but also stimulating the establishment and growth of metastases. Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are the most abundant growth factors in bone and are required for normal skeletal development and function. Via activation of the IGF-1 receptors (IGF-1R) and variant insulin receptors, IGFs promote cancer progression, aggressiveness, and treatment resistance. Of specific relevance to bone biology, IGFs contribute to the homing, dormancy, colonization, and expansion of bone metastases. Furthermore, preclinical evidence suggests that tumor cells can be primed to metastasize to bone by a high IGF-1 environment in the primary tumor, suggesting that bone metastases may reflect IGF dependency. Therapeutic targeting of the IGF axis may therefore provide an effective method for treating bone metastases. Indeed, anti-IGF-1R antibodies, IGF-1R tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and anti-IGF-1/2 antibodies have demonstrated antitumor activity in preclinical models of prostate and breast cancer metastases, either alone or in combination with other agents. Several studies suggest that such treatments can inhibit bone metastases without affecting growth of the primary tumor. Although previous trials of anti-IGF-1R drugs have generated negative results in unselected patients, these considerations suggest that future clinical trials of IGF-targeted agents may be warranted in patients with bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoning Wu
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adrian V Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Thomas Bogenrieder
- RCV Medicine, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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35
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Ishii H, Vodnala SK, Achyut BR, So JY, Hollander MC, Greten TF, Lal A, Yang L. miR-130a and miR-145 reprogram Gr-1 +CD11b + myeloid cells and inhibit tumor metastasis through improved host immunity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2611. [PMID: 29973593 PMCID: PMC6031699 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived soluble factors promote the production of Gr-1+CD11b+ immature myeloid cells, and TGFβ signaling is critical in their immune suppressive function. Here, we report that miR-130a and miR-145 directly target TGFβ receptor II (TβRII) and are down-regulated in these myeloid cells, leading to increased TβRII. Ectopic expression of miR-130a and miR-145 in the myeloid cells decreased tumor metastasis. This is mediated through a downregulation of type 2 cytokines in myeloid cells and an increase in IFNγ-producing cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes. miR-130a- and miR-145-targeted molecular networks including TGFβ and IGF1R pathways were correlated with higher tumor stages in cancer patients. Lastly, miR-130a and miR-145 mimics, as well as IGF1R inhibitor NT157 improved anti-tumor immunity and inhibited metastasis in preclinical mouse models. These results demonstrated that miR-130a and miR-145 can reprogram tumor-associated myeloid cells by altering the cytokine milieu and metastatic microenvironment, thus enhancing host antitumor immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- CD11b Antigen/genetics
- CD11b Antigen/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Injections, Intravenous
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/immunology
- Myeloid Cells/drug effects
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Myeloid Cells/pathology
- Oligoribonucleotides/administration & dosage
- Oligoribonucleotides/genetics
- Oligoribonucleotides/metabolism
- Pyrogallol/analogs & derivatives
- Pyrogallol/pharmacology
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/immunology
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II/genetics
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ishii
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Suman K Vodnala
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bhagelu R Achyut
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, 30912, USA
| | - Jae Young So
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - M Christine Hollander
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ashish Lal
- Genetic Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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36
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Cellular and Molecular Mediators of Bone Metastatic Lesions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061709. [PMID: 29890702 PMCID: PMC6032429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is the preferential site of metastasis for breast and prostate tumor. Cancer cells establish a tight relationship with the host tissue, secreting factors that stimulate or inhibit bone cells, receiving signals generated from the bone remodeling activity, and displaying some features of bone cells. This interplay between tumor and bone cells alters the physiological bone remodeling, leading to the generation of a vicious cycle that promotes bone metastasis growth. To prevent the skeletal-related events (SRE) associated with bone metastasis, approaches to inhibit osteoclast bone resorption are reported. The bisphosphonates and Denosumab are currently used in the treatment of patients affected by bone lesions. They act to prevent or counteract the SRE, including pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression, and pain associated with bone metastasis. However, their primary effects on tumor cells still remain controversial. In this review, a description of the mechanisms leading to the onset of bone metastasis and clinical approaches to treat them are described.
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37
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Shupp AB, Kolb AD, Mukhopadhyay D, Bussard KM. Cancer Metastases to Bone: Concepts, Mechanisms, and Interactions with Bone Osteoblasts. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E182. [PMID: 29867053 PMCID: PMC6025347 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeleton is a unique structure capable of providing support for the body. Bone resorption and deposition are controlled in a tightly regulated balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts with no net bone gain or loss. However, under conditions of disease, the balance between bone resorption and deposition is upset. Osteoblasts play an important role in bone homeostasis by depositing new bone osteoid into resorption pits. It is becoming increasingly evident that osteoblasts additionally play key roles in cancer cell dissemination to bone and subsequent metastasis. Our laboratory has evidence that when osteoblasts come into contact with disseminated breast cancer cells, the osteoblasts produce factors that initially reduce breast cancer cell proliferation, yet promote cancer cell survival in bone. Other laboratories have demonstrated that osteoblasts both directly and indirectly contribute to dormant cancer cell reactivation in bone. Moreover, we have demonstrated that osteoblasts undergo an inflammatory stress response in late stages of breast cancer, and produce inflammatory cytokines that are maintenance and survival factors for breast cancer cells and osteoclasts. Advances in understanding interactions between osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone metastatic cancer cells will aid in controlling and ultimately preventing cancer cell metastasis to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison B Shupp
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Alexus D Kolb
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Dimpi Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Karen M Bussard
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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38
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Wakabayashi H, Wakisaka S, Hiraga T, Hata K, Nishimura R, Tominaga M, Yoneda T. Decreased sensory nerve excitation and bone pain associated with mouse Lewis lung cancer in TRPV1-deficient mice. J Bone Miner Metab 2018; 36:274-285. [PMID: 28516219 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone pain is one of the most common and life-limiting complications of cancer metastasis to bone. Although the mechanism of bone pain still remains poorly understood, bone pain is evoked as a consequence of sensitization and excitation of sensory nerves (SNs) innervating bone by noxious stimuli produced in the microenvironment of bone metastases. We showed that bone is innervated by calcitonin gene-related protein (CGRP)+ SNs extending from dorsal root ganglia (DRG), the cell body of SNs, in mice. Mice intratibially injected with Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cells showed progressive bone pain evaluated by mechanical allodynia and flinching with increased CGRP+ SNs in bone and augmented SN excitation in DRG as indicated by elevated numbers of pERK- and pCREB-immunoreactive neurons. Immunohistochemical examination of LLC-injected bone revealed that the tumor microenvironment is acidic. Bafilomycin A1, a selective inhibitor of H+ secretion from vacuolar proton pump, significantly alleviated bone pain, indicating that the acidic microenvironment contributes to bone pain. We then determined whether the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a major acid-sensing nociceptor predominantly expressed on SNs, plays a role in bone pain by intratibially injecting LLC cells in TRPV1-deficient mice. Bone pain and SN excitation in the DRG and spinal dorsal horn were significantly decreased in TRPV1 -/- mice compared with wild-type mice. Our results suggest that TRPV1 activation on SNs innervating bone by the acidic cancer microenvironment in bone contributes to SN activation and bone pain. Targeting acid-activated TRPV1 is a potential therapeutic approach to cancer-induced bone pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Wakabayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wakisaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toru Hiraga
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara‑Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano, 399‑0781, Japan
| | - Kenji Hata
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Riko Nishimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Okazaki Institute of Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama Myodaijicho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yoneda
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 W Walnut St, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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39
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Brook N, Brook E, Dharmarajan A, Dass CR, Chan A. Breast cancer bone metastases: pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:63-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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40
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Owen KL, Parker BS. Beyond the vicious cycle: The role of innate osteoimmunity, automimicry and tumor-inherent changes in dictating bone metastasis. Mol Immunol 2017; 110:57-68. [PMID: 29191489 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a fatal consequence of a subset of solid malignancies that fail to respond to conventional therapies. While a myriad of factors contribute to osteotropism and disseminated cell survival and outgrowth in bone, efforts to inhibit tumor cell growth in the bone-metastatic niche have largely relied on measures that disrupt the bi-directional interactions between bone resident and tumor cells. However, the targeting of isolated stromal interactions has proven ineffective to date in inhibiting bone-metastatic progression and patient mortality. Osteoimmune regulation is now emerging as a critical determinant of metastatic growth in the bone microenvironment. While this has highlighted the importance of innate immune populations in dictating the temporal development of overt bone metastases, the osteoimmunological processes that underpin tumor cell progression in bone remain severely underexplored. Along with tumor-intrinsic alterations that occur specifically within the bone microenvironment, innate osteoimmunological crosstalk poses an exciting area of future discovery and therapeutic development. Here we review current knowledge of the unique exchange that occurs between bone resident cells, innate immune populations and tumor cells that leads to the establishment of a tumor-permissive milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Owen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda S Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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41
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Human antigen R-regulated CCL20 contributes to osteolytic breast cancer bone metastasis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9610. [PMID: 28851919 PMCID: PMC5575024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer mainly spreads to bone, causing decreased survival of patient. Human antigen R (HuR) and chemokines are important molecules associated with mRNA stability and cell-cell interaction in cancer biology. Here, HuR knockdown inhibited bone metastasis and osteolysis of metastatic breast cancer cells in mice and HuR expression promoted the metastatic ability of cancer cells via CCL20 and GM-CSF. In contrast with the findings for GM-CSF, ELAVL1 and CCL20 expressions were markedly increased in breast tumor tissues and ELAVL1 expression showed a strong positive correlation with CCL20 expression in breast cancer subtypes, particularly the basal-like subtype. Metastasis-free survival and overall survival were decreased in the breast cancer patients with high CCL20 expression. We further confirmed the role of CCL20 in breast cancer bone metastasis. Intraperitoneal administration of anti-CCL20 antibodies inhibited osteolytic breast cancer bone metastasis in mice. Treatment with CCL20 noticeably promoted cell invasion and the secretion of MMP-2/9 in the basal-like triple-negative breast cancer cell lines, not the luminal. Moreover, CCL20 elevated the receptor activator of nuclear factors kappa-B ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio in breast cancer and osteoblastic cells and mediated the crosstalk between these cells. Collectively, HuR-regulated CCL20 may be an attractive therapeutic target for breast cancer bone metastasis.
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Tarnowski M, Tkacz M, Zgutka K, Bujak J, Kopytko P, Pawlik A. Picropodophyllin (PPP) is a potent rhabdomyosarcoma growth inhibitor both in vitro and in vivo. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:532. [PMID: 28793874 PMCID: PMC5550998 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3495-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin-like growth factors and insulin are important factors promoting cancer growth and metastasis. The molecules act through IGF1 (IGF1R) and insulin (InsR) receptors. Rhambodmyosarcomas (RMS) overproduce IGF2 – a potent ligand for IGF1R and, at the same time, highly express IGF1 receptor. The purpose of the study was to evaluate possible application of picropodophyllin (PPP) – a potent IGF1R inhibitor. Methods In our study we used a number of in vitro assays showing influence of IGF1R blockage on RMS cell lines (both ARMS and ERMS) proliferation, migration, adhesion, cell cycling and signal transduction pathways. Additionally, we tested possible concomitant application of PPP with commonly used chemotherapeutics (vincristine, actinomycin-D and cisplatin). Moreover, we performed an in vivo study where PPP was injected intraperitoneally into RMS tumor bearing SCID mice. Results We observed that PPP strongly inhibits RMS proliferation, chemotaxis and adhesion. What is more, application of the IGF1R inhibitor attenuates MAPK phosphorylation and cause cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. PPP increases sensitivity of RMS cell lines to chemotherapy, specifically to vincristine and cisplatin. In our in vivo studies we noted that mice treated with PPP grew smaller tumors and displayed significantly decreased seeding into bone marrow. Conclusions The cyclolignan PPP effectively inhibits RMS tumor proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in an animal model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3495-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Marta Tkacz
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zgutka
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Joanna Bujak
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kopytko
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
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Decker AM, Cackowski FC, Jung Y, Taichman RS. Biochemical Changes in the Niche Following Tumor Cell Invasion. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1956-1964. [PMID: 27982511 PMCID: PMC5462852 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic cancer is the leading cause of all cancer related deaths. Prostate cancer (PCa) metastasizes preferentially to the bone marrow, specifically within the endosteal niche. Endosteal cells secrete homing molecules that may recruit PCa cells to the bone marrow. Once there, the biochemical signature of this niche regulates PCa fate including cellular dormancy or cell cycle arrest, reactivation and resistance to chemotherapeutics. Growth factors, interleukins, adhesion molecules, as well as extra-cellular matrix proteins can collectively change the phenotype of PCa cells. Understanding the biochemical signature of endosteal niche parasitism by PCa is imperative for the establishment of new and innovative therapeutic strategies. This review seeks to summarize these important niche signatures and the potential therapeutic approaches to target metastatic PCa within the bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1956-1964, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Decker
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - F C Cackowski
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Y Jung
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - R S Taichman
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Nordstrand A, Bergström SH, Thysell E, Bovinder-Ylitalo E, Lerner UH, Widmark A, Bergh A, Wikström P. Inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor potentiates acute effects of castration in a rat model for prostate cancer growth in bone. Clin Exp Metastasis 2017; 34:261-271. [PMID: 28447314 PMCID: PMC5442252 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-017-9848-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) patients with bone metastases are primarily treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Less pronounced ADT effects are seen in metastases than in primary tumors. To test if acute effects of ADT was enhanced by concurrent inhibition of pro-survival insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), rats were inoculated with Dunning R3327-G tumor cells into the tibial bone marrow cavity and established tumors were treated with castration in combination with IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitor NVP-AEW541, or by each treatment alone. Dunning R3327-G cells were stimulated by androgens and IGF-1 in vitro. In rat tibia, Dunning R3327-G cells induced bone remodeling, identified through increased immunoreactivity of osteoblast and osteoclast markers. Tumor cells occasionally grew outside the tibia, and proliferation and apoptotic rates a few days after treatment were evaluated by scoring BrdU- and caspase-3-positive tumor cells inside and outside the bone marrow cavity, separately. Apoptosis was significantly induced outside, but unaffected inside, the tibial bone by either castration or NVP-AEW541, and the maximum increase (2.7-fold) was obtained by the combined treatment. Proliferation was significantly reduced by NVP-AEW541, independently of growth site, although the maximum decrease (24%) was observed when NVP-AEW541 was combined with castration. Tumor cell IGF-1R immunoreactivity was evaluated in clinical PCa bone metastases (n = 61), and positive staining was observed in most cases (74%). In conclusion, IGF-1R inhibition may be evaluated in combination with ADT in patients with metastatic PCa, or in combination with therapies for the subsequent development of castration-resistant disease, although diverse responses could be anticipated depending on metastasis site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Nordstrand
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Elin Thysell
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Ulf H Lerner
- Department of Molecular Periodontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition at Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Widmark
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Wikström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Luo LJ, Wang DD, Wang J, Yang F, Tang JH. Diverse roles of miR-335 in development and progression of cancers. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10.1007/s13277-016-5385-3. [PMID: 27718128 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a series of small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional/translational level, are pivotal in cell differentiation, biological development, occurrence, and development of diseases, especially in cancers. Early studies have shown that miRNA-335 (miR-335) is widely dysregulated in human cancers and play critical roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. In this review, we aim to summarize the regulation of miR-335 expression mechanisms in cancers. We focus on the target genes regulated by miR-335 and its downstream signaling pathways involved in the biological effects of tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo, and analyze the relationships between miR-335 expression and the clinical characteristics of tumors as well as its effects on prognosis. The collected evidences support the potential use of miR-335 in prognosis and diagnosis as well as the therapeutic prospects of miR-335 in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Ji Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Baiziting 42, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Baiziting 42, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Baiziting 42, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Baiziting 42, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jin-Hai Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Baiziting 42, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Kim YL, Lee SK, Park KK, Chung WY. The Inhibitory Effects of Forsythia Koreana Extracts on the Metastatic Ability of Breast Cancer Cells and Bone Resorption by Osteoclasts. J Cancer Prev 2016; 21:88-94. [PMID: 27390737 PMCID: PMC4933432 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2016.21.2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease in women. The patients with advanced breast cancer develop metastasis to bone. Bone metastasis and skeletal-related events by breast cancer are frequently associated with the invasiveness of breast cancer cells and osteoclasts-mediated bone resorption. Forsythia koreana is used in oriental traditional medicine to treat asthma, atopy, and allergic diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of F. koreana extracts on the invasion of breast cancer cells and bone resorption by osteoclasts. Methods: Cell viability was measured by an MTT assay and the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells were detected by a Boyden chamber assay. The formation of osteoclasts and pit was detected using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and calcium phosphate-coated plates, respectively. The activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cathepsin K were evaluated by gelatin zymography and a cathepsin K detection kit. Results: The fruit and leaf extracts of F. koreana significantly inhibited the invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells at noncytotoxic concentrations. The fruit extract of F. koreana reduced the transforming growth factor β1-induced migration, invasion and MMPs activities of MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, the fruit, branch, and leaf extracts of F. koreana also inhibited the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand-induced osteoclast formation and osteoclast-mediated bone-resorbing activity by reducing the activities of MMPs and cathepsin K. Conclusions: The extracts of F. koreana may possess the potential to inhibit the breast cancer-induced bone destruction through blocking invasion of breast cancer cells, osteoclastogenesis, and the activity of mature osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea; Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Kyoung Lee
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang-Kyun Park
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea; Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Yoon Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea; Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Hiraga T. Targeted Agents in Preclinical and Early Clinical Development for the Treatment of Cancer Bone Metastases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:319-34. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1142972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Tandon M, Chen Z, Othman AH, Pratap J. Role of Runx2 in IGF-1Rβ/Akt- and AMPK/Erk-dependent growth, survival and sensitivity towards metformin in breast cancer bone metastasis. Oncogene 2016; 35:4730-40. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lee SK, Park KK, Kim KR, Kim HJ, Chung WY. Isoliquiritigenin Inhibits Metastatic Breast Cancer Cell-induced Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand/Osteoprotegerin Ratio in Human Osteoblastic Cells. J Cancer Prev 2015; 20:281-6. [PMID: 26734591 PMCID: PMC4699756 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2015.20.4.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone destruction induced by the metastasis of breast cancer cells is a frequent complication that is caused by the interaction between cancer cells and bone cells. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and the endogenous soluble RANKL inhibitor, osteoprotegerin (OPG), directly play critical roles in the differentiation, activity, and survival of osteoclasts. In patients with bone metastases, osteoclastic bone resorption promotes the majority of skeletal-related events and propagates bone metastases. Therefore, blocking osteoclast activity and differentiation via RANKL inhibition can be a promising therapeutic approach for cancer-associated bone diseases. We investigated the potential of isoliquiritigenin (ISL), which has anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic, and anti-invasive effects, as a preventive and therapeutic agent for breast cancer cell-induced bone destruction. ISL at non-toxicity concentrations significantly inhibited the RANKL/OPG ratio by reducing the production of RANKL and restoring OPG production to control levels in hFOB1.19 cells stimulated with conditioned medium (CM) of MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, ISL reduced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in hFOB1.19 cells stimulated by CM of MDA-MB-231 cells. Therefore, ISL may have inhibitory potential on breast cancer-induced bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Kyoung Lee
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Korea; Department of Applied Life Science, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang-Kyun Park
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Korea; Department of Applied Life Science, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Rim Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Korea; Department of Applied Life Science, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Yoon Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Korea; Department of Applied Life Science, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
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Hiraga T, Ito S, Nakamura H. EpCAM expression in breast cancer cells is associated with enhanced bone metastasis formation. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1698-708. [PMID: 26576938 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) has been implicated in multiple cellular functions including cell adhesion. EpCAM has also recently been identified as a marker for cancer stem cells (CSCs). Here, we examined the roles of EpCAM in the development of bone metastasis of breast cancer by using well-characterized animal models. Morphological and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction data showed that the EpCAM-negative and -positive (EpCAM(neg) and EpCAM(pos) ) cell populations isolated from breast cancer cell lines exhibited mesenchymal and epithelial phenotypes, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that EpCAM(pos) , but not EpCAM(neg) , cells possessed self-renewal and differentiation potentials. Tumorsphere formation in suspension cultures and tumorigenicity in the orthotopic mammary fat pad of mice were significantly greater in EpCAM(pos) cells than in EpCAM(neg) cells. The development of bone metastases induced by an intracardiac injection was markedly increased in mice inoculated with EpCAM(pos) cells. Furthermore, intracardiac inoculations of parental cells demonstrated that the EpCAM(pos) population in cancer cells that colonized in bone was significantly higher than that in parental cells. However, stable transduction of EpCAM into EpCAM(neg) cells failed to reproduce the phenotypes of EpCAM(pos) cells. These results suggest that the expression of EpCAM in breast cancer cells is associated with CSC-like phenotypes, which contribute to the promotion of bone metastases by enhancing tumorigenicity. Our results also support the possibility that the epithelial phenotypes of EpCAM-expressing cells confer advantageous properties for the development of bone metastases, at least after entering the circulation, while EpCAM is likely not solely responsible for the phenotypes of EpCAM(pos) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Hiraga
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano, Japan
| | - Susumu Ito
- Division of Instrumental Analysis, Research Center for Human and Environmental Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakamura
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano, Japan
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