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Vahid F, Hajizadeghan K, Khodabakhshi A. Nutritional Metabolomics in Diet-Breast Cancer Relations: Current Research, Challenges, and Future Directions-A Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1845. [PMID: 37509485 PMCID: PMC10377267 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women worldwide, and its incidence is increasing. Diet has been identified as a modifiable risk factor for breast cancer, but the complex interplay between diet, metabolism, and cancer development is not fully understood. Nutritional metabolomics is a rapidly evolving field that can provide insights into the metabolic changes associated with dietary factors and their impact on breast cancer risk. The review's objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research on the application of nutritional metabolomics in understanding the relationship between diet and breast cancer. The search strategy involved querying several electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The search terms included combinations of relevant keywords such as "nutritional metabolomics", "diet", "breast cancer", "metabolites", and "biomarkers". In this review, both in vivo and in vitro studies were included, and we summarize the current state of knowledge on the role of nutritional metabolomics in understanding the diet-breast cancer relationship, including identifying specific metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with breast cancer risk. We also discuss the challenges associated with nutritional metabolomics research, including standardization of analytical methods, interpretation of complex data, and integration of multiple-omics approaches. Finally, we highlight future directions for nutritional metabolomics research in studying diet-breast cancer relations, including investigating the role of gut microbiota and integrating multiple-omics approaches. The application of nutritional metabolomics in the study of diet-breast cancer relations, including 2-amino-4-cyano butanoic acid, piperine, caprate, rosten-3β,17β-diol-monosulfate, and γ-carboxyethyl hydrochroman, among others, holds great promise for advancing our understanding of the role of diet in breast cancer development and identifying personalized dietary recommendations for breast cancer prevention, control, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Vahid
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Precision Health Department, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Kimia Hajizadeghan
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran
| | - Adeleh Khodabakhshi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran
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Lutsiv T, McGinley JN, Neil ES, Foster MT, Thompson HJ. Thwarting Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) with Common Bean: Dose- and Sex-Dependent Protection against Hepatic Steatosis. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030526. [PMID: 36771233 PMCID: PMC9920904 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis signifies onset of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) caused by disrupted metabolic homeostasis compromising liver function. Regular consumption of common beans reduces the risk of metabolic impairment, but its effective dose, the impact of biological sex, and underlying mechanisms of action are unknown. We fed female and male C57BL6/J mice with obesogenic yet isocaloric diets containing 0%, 17.5%, 35%, and 70% of total dietary protein derived from cooked whole common beans. Liver tissue was collected for histopathology, lipid quantification, and RNA-seq analyses. Beans qualitatively and quantitatively diminished hepatic fat deposition at the 35% dose in female and 70% dose in male mice. Bean-induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) most significantly mapped to hepatic steatosis and revealed dose-responsive inhibition of de novo lipogenesis markers (Acly, Acaca, Fasn, Elovl6, Scd1, etc.) and triacylglycerol biosynthesis, activation of triacylglycerol degradation, and downregulation of sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) signaling. Upregulated fatty acid β-oxidation was more prominent in females, while suppression of Cd36-mediated fatty acid uptake-in males. Sex-dependent bean effects also involved DEGs patterns downstream of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and MLX-interacting protein-like (MLXIPL). Therefore, biological sex determines amount of common bean in the diet required to prevent hepatic lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tymofiy Lutsiv
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - John N. McGinley
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Neil
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Michelle T. Foster
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Henry J. Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-970-491-7748 or +1-970-491-3542
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Nguyen SM, Tran HTT, Nguyen LM, Bui OT, Hoang DV, Shrubsole MJ, Cai Q, Ye F, Zheng W, Luu HN, Tran TV, Shu XO. Association of Fruit, Vegetable, and Animal Food Intakes with Breast Cancer Risk Overall and by Molecular Subtype among Vietnamese Women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:1026-1035. [PMID: 35247886 PMCID: PMC11251004 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on associations between dietary intake and risk of breast cancer subtypes is limited and inconsistent. We evaluated associations of fruit, vegetable, meat, and fish consumption with risk of breast cancer overall and by molecular subtype in the Vietnamese Breast Cancer Study (VBCS). METHOD VBCS includes 476 incident breast cancer cases and 454 age-matched controls. Dietary habits over the past 5 years were assessed by in-person interviews using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Associations of food groups with breast cancer were evaluated via logistic regression for overall and molecular subtype with adjustment for age, education, income, family history of cancer, menopausal status, body mass index, exercise, total energy intake, and other potential dietary confounders. Odds ratio (OR) was used to approximate relative risk. RESULTS High fruit intake was inversely associated with breast cancer risk, with adjusted ORs [95% confidence intervals (CI)] of 0.67 (95% CI, 0.47-0.95) and 0.41 (95% CI, 0.27-0.61) for second and third tertiles versus first tertile, respectively (Ptrend < 0.001). This association was stronger for triple-negative than other subtypes (Pheterogeneity < 0.001). High intake of freshwater fish was inversely associated with overall breast cancer (ORT3vsT1 = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.42-0.95; Ptrend = 0.03). An inverse association was observed between HER2-enriched subtype and red and organ meat intake (ORT3vsT1 = 0.40; 95% CI, 0.17-0.93; Ptrend = 0.04; Pheterogeneity = 0.50). CONCLUSIONS High intakes of fruit and freshwater fish were associated with reduced breast cancer risk; association for the former was stronger for triple-negative subtype. IMPACT Our findings suggest high intakes of fruit and freshwater fish may reduce breast cancer risk among Vietnamese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang M Nguyen
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Huong T T Tran
- Vietnam National Cancer Institute, K Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Oanh Thi Bui
- Vietnam National Cancer Institute, K Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dong V Hoang
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martha J Shrubsole
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wei Zheng
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hung N Luu
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thuan V Tran
- Vietnam National Cancer Institute, K Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Relandscaping the Gut Microbiota with a Whole Food: Dose–Response Effects to Common Bean. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081153. [PMID: 35454741 PMCID: PMC9025344 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Underconsumption of dietary fiber and the milieu of chemicals with which it is associated is a health concern linked to the increasing global burden of chronic diseases. The benefits of fiber are partially attributed to modulation of the gut microbiota, whose composition and function depend on the amount and quality of microbiota-accessible substrates in the diet. However, not all types of fiber are equally accessible to the gut microbiota. Phaseolus vulgaris L., or common bean, is a food type rich in fiber as well as other prebiotics posing a great potential to positively impact diet-microbiota-host interactions. To elucidate the magnitude of bean’s effects on the gut microbiota, increasing doses of common bean were administered in macronutrient-matched diet formulations. The microbial communities in the ceca of female and male mice were evaluated via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. As the bean dose increased, the Bacillota:Bacteroidota ratio (formerly referred to as the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio) was reduced and α-diversity decreased, whereas the community composition was distinctly different between the diet groups according to β-diversity. These effects were more pronounced in female mice compared to male mice. Compositional analyses identified a dose-responsive bean-induced shift in microbial composition. With an increasing bean dose, Rikenellaceae, Bacteroides, and RF39, which are associated with health benefits, were enhanced. More taxa, however, were suppressed, among which were Allobaculum, Oscillospira, Dorea, and Ruminococcus, which are predominantly associated with chronic disease risk. Investigation of the origins of the dose dependent and biological sex differences in response to common bean consumption may provide insights into bean-gut microbiota-host interactions important to developing food-based precision approaches to chronic disease prevention and control.
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Sankaran M, Maruthanila VL. The impact of bioactive compounds derived from marine fish on cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:2757-2765. [PMID: 35362395 DOI: 10.2174/1871520622666220330142442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer persists as the world's leading cause of mortality, thereby making it a compelling condition to research and potentially develop prevention options. Anticancer therapies such as chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy are becoming highly futile and tend to have achieved a clinical deficit, due to massive side effects, toxicities, and limited specificity. Anticancer agents from natural sources, such as aquatic fishes, terrestrial mammals, animal venoms, and amphibians, have mainly been focused on in recent researches. Edible marine fishes contain high contents of fatty acids, vitamins, and proteins, also having bioactive compounds. Fish derivatives are naturally having the potential to target cancer cells while being less hazardous to normal tissues, making them a better choice for cancer prevention and therapy. In this review, we mainly focused on the bioactive compounds identified from marine fishes which have significant biological properties including anticancer effects, also discuss the mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirunalini Sankaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V L Maruthanila
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Thompson HJ, Neil ES, McGinley JN, Fitzgerald VK, El Bayoumy K, Manni A. Building a Foundation for Precision Onco-Nutrition: Docosahexaenoic Acid and Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010157. [PMID: 35008321 PMCID: PMC8750666 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Precision onco-nutrition (PON) is the use of specific nutrients and dietary factors to enhance cancer treatment efficacy and to improve the prognosis for long-term survival. PON requires integration of an understanding of nutrient metabolism with knowledge of the signaling pathways characteristic of each molecular subtype of cancer which can be targeted to improve treatment and control efficacies. Herein we report differences among n-3 fatty acids on the growth and survival of established breast cancer cell lines. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is shown to have greater anticancer activity than eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Moreover, we show that a penultimate metabolite of one pathway by which DHA is metabolized inhibited the growth of common molecular subtypes of breast cancer via differential effects on identified canonical signaling pathways and the functions within the cell that they regulate. These findings provide a knowledge base for juxtaposing molecular subtype targeted treatment strategies with the adjuvant use of specific n-3 fatty acid metabolites as an example of precision onco-nutrition for the management and control of breast cancer. Abstract In vivo evidence of heterogeneous effects of n-3 fatty acids (N3FA) on cell signaling pathways associated with the reduced growth of breast cancer has been reported and is consistent with the expectation that N3FA will not exert uniform effects on all molecular subtypes of the disease. Similarly, available evidence indicates that many metabolites of N3FA are synthesized by mammalian cells and that they exert metabolite-specific biological activities. To begin to unravel the complex relationships among molecular subtypes and effects exerted by specific N3FA metabolites on those pathways, proof-of-concept experiments were conducted using cell lines representative of common molecular subtypes of human breast cancer. N3FA differed in anticancer activity with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) having greater anticancer activity than eicosapentaenoic acid. 4-oxo-docosahexaenoic (4-oxo-DHA), a penultimate metabolite of 5-lipoxygenase mediated DHA metabolism, induced dose-dependent inhibition of cell number accumulation with apoptosis as a primary effector mechanism. Interrogation of protein expression data using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) bioinformatics platform indicated that 4-oxo-DHA differentially impacted six canonical pathways and the cellular functions they regulate across common molecular subtypes of breast cancer. This included the endocannabinoid pathway for cancer inhibition that has not been previously reported. These findings provide a rationale for juxtaposing molecular subtype targeted treatment strategies with the adjuvant use of specific N3FA metabolites as an example of precision onco-nutrition (PON) for the management and control of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J. Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (E.S.N.); (J.N.M.); (V.K.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-970-491-7748; Fax: +1-970-491-3542
| | - Elizabeth S. Neil
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (E.S.N.); (J.N.M.); (V.K.F.)
| | - John N. McGinley
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (E.S.N.); (J.N.M.); (V.K.F.)
| | - Vanessa K. Fitzgerald
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (E.S.N.); (J.N.M.); (V.K.F.)
| | - Karam El Bayoumy
- College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (K.E.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Manni
- College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (K.E.B.); (A.M.)
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Monk JM, Liddle DM, Hutchinson AL, Burns JL, Wellings H, Cartwright NM, Muller WJ, Power KA, Robinson LE, Ma DWL. Fish oil supplementation increases expression of mammary tumor apoptosis mediators and reduces inflammation in an obesity-associated HER-2 breast cancer model. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 95:108763. [PMID: 33965532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with inflammation and has been shown to increase breast cancer severity. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of fish oil (FO) supplementation in obesity-associated mammary tumorigenesis in the MMTV-neu(ndl)-YD5 mouse model of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 positive BC. Female mice were fed one of three diets for 16 weeks: i) high fat diet [HF, % kacl: 41.2% lard, 18.7% corn oil (CO)], ii) an isocaloric HF plus menhaden FO diet (HF+FO, % kcal: 41.2 lard, 13.4% CO, 5.3% FO), iii) low fat diet (LF, % kcal: 4.7% lard, 6% CO). HF mice had increased body weight, visceral adipose weight and serum hormone concentrations (increased leptin and resistin; decreased adiponectin) versus LF, which was attenuated in the HF+FO group versus HF (P<.05). Compared to HF, tumor onset was delayed in HF+FO and LF mice (P<0.05). Compared to HF, HF+FO reduced mammary tumor multiplicity (-27%), tumor weight (-46%) and total tumor volume (-50%) (P<0.05). Additionally, HF+FO reduced mammary tumor multiplicity (-33%), tumor weight (-39%) and total tumor volume (-60%) versus LF. HF+FO improved mammary tumor apoptosis status with increased expression of pro-apoptotic Bad and decreased expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xLmediators versus HF (P<0.05). Additionally, HF+FO decreased tumor protein expression of activated Akt, NFκB p65 and STAT3, versus HF (P<0.05). Tumor mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators TNFα, IL-6 and leptin were reduced in HF+FO, whereas IL-10 expression was increased compared to HF (P<0.05). Collectively these results demonstrate the efficacy of FO supplementation for improving obesity-associated breast cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Monk
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
| | - Danyelle M Liddle
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Amber L Hutchinson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Jessie L Burns
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Hannah Wellings
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Nadia M Cartwright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - William J Muller
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Krista A Power
- School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada, K1H 8L1
| | - Lindsay E Robinson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - David W L Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
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Garay MI, Comba A, Vara Messler M, Barotto NN, Silva RA, Repossi G, Quiroga PL, Mazzudulli GM, Brunotto MN, Pasqualini ME. Tumorigenic effect mediated by ROS/eicosanoids and their regulation on TP53 expression in a murine mammary gland adenocarcinoma. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 155:106564. [PMID: 34004336 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2021.106564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo and in vitro effects of dietary ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their derivatives on the expression of TP53 and their relationship with cellular proliferation and death in a murine mammary adenocarcinoma model. BALB/c mice were divided in three diet groups: chia oil (ChO) rich in ω-3, corn oil (CO) rich in ω-6/ω-3 and safflower oil (SO) rich in ω-6 and subcutaneously inoculated with LMM3 mammary tumor cell line. Results demonstrated that diets with higher concentration of omega-6 PUFAs induced an increment of linoleic and arachidonic acid on tumor cell membranes increasing ROS liberation, 12(S)-HHT generation, TP53, Ki67 expression and cell proliferation. However, diets enriched with high content in omega-3 PUFAs induced higher tumor cell apoptosis and tumor infiltration of CD3+ lymphocytes, lowest cell viability and proliferation. Dietary omega-3 PUFAs nutritional intervention can be used as a potential preventative strategy to inhibit the molecular signaling pathways involved in the mammary tumor growth process as the TP53.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Garay
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Cátedra de Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - A Comba
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Cátedra de Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA.
| | - M Vara Messler
- Dipartimento di Oncologia, Università di Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy.
| | - N N Barotto
- Cátedra de Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - R A Silva
- Cátedra de Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - G Repossi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Cátedra de Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - P L Quiroga
- Cátedra de Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - G M Mazzudulli
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - M N Brunotto
- Departamento de Biología Bucal, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - M E Pasqualini
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Cátedra de Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
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Augimeri G, Bonofiglio D. PPARgamma: A Potential Intrinsic and Extrinsic Molecular Target for Breast Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050543. [PMID: 34067944 PMCID: PMC8152061 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the breast tumor microenvironment (TME) has been increasingly recognized as a key player in tumor development and progression and as a promising prognostic and therapeutic target for breast cancer patients. The breast TME, representing a complex network of cellular signaling—deriving from different stromal cell types as well as extracellular matrix components, extracellular vesicles, and soluble growth factors—establishes a crosstalk with cancer cells sustaining tumor progression. A significant emphasis derives from the tumor surrounding inflammation responsible for the failure of the immune system to effectively restrain breast cancer growth. Thus, effective therapeutic strategies require a deeper understanding of the interplay between tumor and stroma, aimed at targeting both the intrinsic neoplastic cells and the extrinsic surrounding stroma. In this scenario, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, primarily known as a metabolic regulator, emerged as a potential target for breast cancer treatment since it functions in breast cancer cells and several components of the breast TME. In particular, the activation of PPARγ by natural and synthetic ligands inhibits breast cancer cell growth, motility, and invasiveness. Moreover, activated PPARγ may educate altered stromal cells, counteracting the pro-inflammatory milieu that drive breast cancer progression. Interestingly, using Kaplan–Meier survival curves, PPARγ also emerges as a prognostically favorable factor in breast cancer patients. In this perspective, we briefly discuss the mechanisms by which PPARγ is implicated in tumor biology as well as in the complex regulatory networks within the breast TME. This may help to profile approaches that provide a simultaneous inhibition of epithelial cells and TME components, offering a more efficient way to treat breast cancer.
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Sedlmeier EM, Meyer DM, Stecher L, Sailer M, Daniel H, Hauner H, Bader BL. Fetal sex modulates placental microRNA expression, potential microRNA-mRNA interactions, and levels of amino acid transporter expression and substrates: INFAT study subpopulation analysis of n-3 LCPUFA intervention during pregnancy and associations with offspring body composition. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:15. [PMID: 33657992 PMCID: PMC7931339 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previously, we revealed sexually dimorphic mRNA expression and responsiveness to maternal dietary supplementation with n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in placentas from a defined INFAT study subpopulation. Here, we extended these analyses and explored the respective placental microRNA expression, putative microRNA-mRNA interactions, and downstream target processes as well as their associations with INFAT offspring body composition. Results We performed explorative placental microRNA profiling, predicted microRNA-mRNA interactions by bioinformatics, validated placental target microRNAs and their putative targets by RT-qPCR and western blotting, and measured amino acid levels in maternal and offspring cord blood plasma and placenta. microRNA, mRNA, protein, and amino acid levels were associated with each other and with offspring body composition from birth to 5 years of age. Forty-six differentially regulated microRNAs were found. Validations identified differential expression for microRNA-99a (miR-99a) and its predicted target genes mTOR, SLC7A5, encoding L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), and SLC6A6, encoding taurine transporter (TauT), and their prevailing significant sexually dimorphic regulation. Target mRNA levels were mostly higher in placentas from control male than from female offspring, whereas respective n-3 LCPUFA responsive target upregulation was predominantly found in female placentas, explaining the rather balanced expression levels between the sexes present only in the intervention group. LAT1 and TauT substrates tryptophan and taurine, respectively, were significantly altered in both maternal plasma at 32 weeks’ gestation and cord plasma following intervention, but not in the placenta. Several significant associations were observed for miR-99a, mTOR mRNA, SLC7A5 mRNA, and taurine and tryptophan in maternal and cord plasma with offspring body composition at birth, 1 year, 3 and 5 years of age. Conclusions Our data suggest that the analyzed targets may be part of a sexually dimorphic molecular regulatory network in the placenta, possibly modulating gene expression per se and/or counteracting n-3 LCPUFA responsive changes, and thereby stabilizing respective placental and fetal amino acid levels. Our data propose placental miR-99, SLC7A5 mRNA, and taurine and tryptophan levels in maternal and fetal plasma as potentially predictive biomarkers for offspring body composition. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12860-021-00345-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Sedlmeier
- ZIEL-PhD Graduate School 'Epigenetics, Imprinting and Nutrition', ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.,Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Dorothy M Meyer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 62, 80992, Munich, Germany
| | - Lynne Stecher
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 62, 80992, Munich, Germany
| | - Manuela Sailer
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 62, 80992, Munich, Germany.,Clinical Nutritional Medicine Unit, ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Bernhard L Bader
- ZIEL-PhD Graduate School 'Epigenetics, Imprinting and Nutrition', ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany. .,Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany. .,Clinical Nutritional Medicine Unit, ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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11
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Lipoxygenase catalyzed metabolites derived from docosahexaenoic acid are promising antitumor agents against breast cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:410. [PMID: 33431978 PMCID: PMC7801725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is known to inhibit breast cancer in the rat. Here we investigated whether DHA itself or select metabolites can account for its antitumor action. We focused on metabolites derived from the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway since we previously showed that they were superior anti-proliferating agents compared to DHA; 4-OXO-DHA was the most potent. A lipidomics approach detected several LOX-metabolites in plasma and the mammary gland in rats fed DHA; we also identified for the first time, 4-OXO-DHA in rat plasma. In a reporter assay, 4-OXO-DHA and 4-HDHA were more effective activators of PPARɣ than DHA. In breast cancer cell lines, 4-OXO-DHA induced PPARɣ and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) but inhibited the activity of NF-κB and suppressed PI3K and mTOR signaling. Because of the structural characteristics of 4-OXO-DHA (Michael acceptor), not shared by any of the other hydroxylated-DHA, we used MS and showed that it can covalently modify the cysteine residue of NF-κB. We have also shown that the chemopreventive effect of DHA is associated with significant reduction of PGE2 levels, in both rat mammary tumors induced by MNU and non-involved mammary tissues. Collectively, our results indicate that 4-OXO-DHA is the metabolite of choice in future chemoprevention studies.
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12
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Augimeri G, Giordano C, Gelsomino L, Plastina P, Barone I, Catalano S, Andò S, Bonofiglio D. The Role of PPARγ Ligands in Breast Cancer: From Basic Research to Clinical Studies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092623. [PMID: 32937951 PMCID: PMC7564201 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a ligand-dependent transcription factor involved in a variety of pathophysiological conditions such as inflammation, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancers. In this latter context, PPARγ is expressed in many tumors including breast cancer, and its function upon binding of ligands has been linked to the tumor development, progression, and metastasis. Over the last decade, much research has focused on the potential of natural agonists for PPARγ including fatty acids and prostanoids that act as weak ligands compared to the strong and synthetic PPARγ agonists such as thiazolidinedione drugs. Both natural and synthetic compounds have been implicated in the negative regulation of breast cancer growth and progression. The aim of the present review is to summarize the role of PPARγ activation in breast cancer focusing on the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, cell cycle, and cell death, in the modulation of motility and invasion as well as in the cross-talk with other different signaling pathways. Besides, we also provide an overview of the in vivo breast cancer models and clinical studies. The therapeutic effects of natural and synthetic PPARγ ligands, as antineoplastic agents, represent a fascinating and clinically a potential translatable area of research with regards to the battle against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Augimeri
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (P.P.); (I.B.); (S.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Cinzia Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (P.P.); (I.B.); (S.C.); (S.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Luca Gelsomino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (P.P.); (I.B.); (S.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Pierluigi Plastina
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (P.P.); (I.B.); (S.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Ines Barone
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (P.P.); (I.B.); (S.C.); (S.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Stefania Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (P.P.); (I.B.); (S.C.); (S.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Sebastiano Andò
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (P.P.); (I.B.); (S.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Daniela Bonofiglio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (L.G.); (P.P.); (I.B.); (S.C.); (S.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0984-496208
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13
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Khadge S, Sharp JG, Thiele GM, McGuire TR, Talmadge JE. Fatty Acid Mediators in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1259:125-153. [PMID: 32578175 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43093-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with cancer frequently overexpress inflammatory cytokines with an associated neutrophilia both of which may be downregulated by diets with high omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA). The anti-inflammatory activity of dietary ω-3 PUFA has been suggested to have anticancer properties and to improve survival of cancer patients. Currently, the majority of dietary research efforts do not differentiate between obesity and dietary fatty acid consumption as mediators of inflammatory cell expansion and tumor microenvironmental infiltration, initiation, and progression. In this chapter, we discuss the relationships between dietary lipids, inflammation, neoplasia and strategies to regulate these relationships. We posit that dietary composition, notably the ratio of ω-3 vs. ω-6 PUFA, regulates tumor initiation and progression and the frequency and sites of metastasis that, together, impact overall survival (OS). We focus on three broad topics: first, the role of dietary lipids in chronic inflammation and tumor initiation, progression, and regression; second, lipid mediators linking inflammation and cancer; and third, dietary lipid regulation of murine and human tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraswoti Khadge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John Graham Sharp
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Thiele
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Veteran Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Timothy R McGuire
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - James E Talmadge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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14
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Weir TL, Trikha SRJ, Thompson HJ. Diet and cancer risk reduction: The role of diet-microbiota interactions and microbial metabolites. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 70:53-60. [PMID: 32574813 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
According to recent estimates, over one third of the human population will be diagnosed with cancer at some point in their lifetime. While genetic factors play a large part in cancer risk, as much as 50 % of cancers may be preventable through various lifestyle modifications. Nutrition is a major modifiable risk factor, both through its impacts on obesity as well as through dietary chemical exposures that can either increase or decrease cancer risk. However, specific associations and mechanistic links between diet and cancer risk are either inconsistent or elusive. New insights regarding the reciprocal interactions between diet and the gut microbiota, the trillions of organisms that reside in our intestines, may help clarify how diet impacts cancer. The gut microbiota is largely shaped by an individual's diet and has far-reaching effects on metabolism, the immune system, and inflammation- important factors in the development and progression of various cancers. Likewise, the microbiota modifies dietary components, and consequently, exposure to metabolites that can influence cancer. This review explores some of these diet-microbiota interactions in the context of their potential impacts on cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany L Weir
- Intestinal Health Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, United States.
| | - S Raj J Trikha
- Intestinal Health Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, United States
| | - Henry J Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
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15
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Ma Y, Wang J, Li Q, Cao B. The Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementations on anti-Tumor Drugs in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:196-205. [PMID: 32223441 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1743873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) comprises about 10-20% of all diagnosed breast cancers. Increasing evidence shows that the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, can influence the development, progression, and prognosis of TNBC In Vivo and In Vitro; however, clinical evidence supporting the effect of ω-3PUFAs on TNBC is lacking. Research has demonstrated that ω-3PUFAs can induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signal transduction pathway, and that ω-3PUFAs can improve the effectiveness of chemotherapy drugs. Using ω-3PUFA supplementation in addition to pharmacotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer may result in enhanced anti-tumor effects that will be particularly applicable to difficult to treat phenotypes such as TNBC. The aim of the current review was to summarize the evidence-base supporting the antitumor effects of omega-3 PUFAs in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Ma
- Department of Cancer Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cancer Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Cancer Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bangwei Cao
- Department of Cancer Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
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16
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n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Amides: New Avenues in the Prevention and Treatment of Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072279. [PMID: 32224850 PMCID: PMC7178041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades a renewed interest in n−3 very long polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), derived mainly from fish oils in the human diet, has been observed because of their potential effects against cancer diseases, including breast carcinoma. These n−3 PUFAs mainly consist of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that, alone or in combination with anticancer agents, induce cell cycle arrest, autophagy, apoptosis, and tumor growth inhibition. A large number of molecular targets of n−3 PUFAs have been identified and multiple mechanisms appear to underlie their antineoplastic activities. Evidence exists that EPA and DHA also elicit anticancer effects by the conversion to their corresponding ethanolamide derivatives in cancer cells, by binding and activation of different receptors and distinct signaling pathways. Other conjugates with serotonin or dopamine have been found to exert anti-inflammatory activities in breast tumor microenvironment, indicating the importance of these compounds as modulators of tumor epithelial/stroma interplay. The objective of this review is to provide a general overview and an update of the current n−3 PUFA derivative research and to highlight intriguing aspects of the potential therapeutic benefits of these low-toxicity compounds in breast cancer treatment and care.
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17
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Microwave-assisted three-liquid-phase salting-out extraction of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich oil from cultivation broths of Schizochytrium limacinium SR21. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Sun YW, Xu H, Benitez G, Chen KM, Stanley A, Stanley B, Zhu J, Thompson H, Manni A, El-Bayoumy K. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Responsive Proteins and Reduction in Breast Density in Obese Postmenopausal Women. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3461-3469. [PMID: 31369706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We reported that breast density (BD) was inversely correlated with the plasma level of DHA in postmenopausal obese, but not in nonobese, women given Lovaza (n-3FA). To identify protein biomarkers for the possible differential effect of n-3FA on BD between obese and nonobese women, an iTRAQ method was performed to analyze plasma from obese and lean women at each time point (baseline, 12 and 24-months, n = 10 per group); 173 proteins with >95% confidence (Unuses Score >1.3 and local false discovery rate estimation <5%) were identified. Comparative analysis between various groups identified several differentially expressed proteins (hemopexin precursor, vitamin D binding protein isoform 1 precursor [VDBP], fibronectin isoform 10 precursor [FN], and α-2 macroglobulin precursor [A2M]). Western blot analysis was performed to verify the differential expression of proteins in the iTRAQ study, and those found to be altered in a tumor protective fashion by an n-3FA rich diet in our previous preclinical study; gelsolin, VDBP, and FN were altered by n-3FA in a manner consistent with reduction in inflammation in obese women. To test the impact of our findings on breast cancer risk reduction by n-3FA, a posthoc analysis revealed that n-3FA administration reduced BD selectively in obese postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Manni
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine , Pennsylvania State University , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
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19
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El-Bayoumy K, Manni A. Customized Prevention Trials Could Resolve the Controversy of the Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2019; 72:183-186. [PMID: 31407927 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1651348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Literature data revealed that the benefits of consuming omega-3 fatty acid (n-3FA) supplements such as fish oil with the goal of reducing the incidence of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer remain controversial. The purpose of this commentary is to discuss factors that may account for the inconsistency of results across different studies. Critical review of the published data, including our own preclinical and clinical studies, strongly suggests that customized clinical prevention trials are needed to resolve the above-mentioned controversy. Specifically, in order to develop a personalized cancer prevention strategy, more attention should be given to multiple factors including the dose of the n-3FA, the specific placebo used as a comparator, duration of administration, type of intervention (primary vs secondary prevention trial), specific compound (DHA vs EPA vs their metabolites), the ratio of n-3FA:n-6FA and the target population tested (high vs average risk).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam El-Bayoumy
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Andrea Manni
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
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20
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Nindrea RD, Aryandono T, Lazuardi L, Dwiprahasto I. Protective Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Fish Consumption Against Breast Cancer in Asian Patients: A Meta-Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:327-332. [PMID: 30803190 PMCID: PMC6897018 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.2.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to determine the protective effect of omega-3 fatty acids in fish consumption against breast cancer in Asian patients. Methods: The authors conducted a meta-analysis of published research articles on protective effect of omega-3 fatty acids in fish consumption against breast cancer in Asian patients published between January 2000 and July 2018 in online database of PubMed, ProQuest and EBSCO. Pooled odds ratios (OR) were calculated by using fixed and random-effect models. Publication bias was visually evaluated by using funnel plots and statistically assessed in Egger’s and Begg’s tests. Data were processed by Review Manager 5.3 (RevMan 5.3) and Stata version 14.2 (Stata Corporation). Results: This study reviewed 913 articles. There were 11 studies which conducted systematic review then continued by meta-analysis of relevant data with total number of samples were 130,365 patients. The results showed there was protective effect of omega-3 fatty acids in fish consumption against breast cancer in Asian patients (OR = 0.80 [95% CI 0.73-0.87, p <0.00001]). There was not any study with significant publication bias included. Conclusion: This analysis confirmed the protective effect of omega-3 fatty acids in fish consumption against breast cancer in Asian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricvan Dana Nindrea
- Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta City, Indonesia.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang City, Indonesia.
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21
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Immune regulation and anti-cancer activity by lipid inflammatory mediators. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 65:580-592. [PMID: 30447537 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rodent and clinical studies have documented that myeloid cell infiltration of tumors is associated with poor outcomes, neutrophilia and lymphocytopenia. This contrasts with increased lymphocyte infiltration of tumors, which is correlated with improved outcomes. Lifestyle parameters, such as obesity and diets with high levels of saturated fat and/or omega (ω)-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), can influence these inflammatory parameters, including an increase in extramedullary myelopoiesis (EMM). While tumor secretion of growth factors (GFs) and chemokines regulate tumor-immune-cell crosstalk, lifestyle choices also contribute to inflammation, abnormal pathology and leukocyte infiltration of tumors. A relationship between obesity and high-fat diets (notably saturated fats in Western diets) and inflammation, tumor incidence, metastasis and poor outcomes is generally accepted. However, the mechanisms of dietary promotion of an inflammatory microenvironment and targeted drugs to inhibit the clinical sequelae are poorly understood. Thus, modifications of obesity and dietary fat may provide preventative or therapeutic approaches to control tumor-associated inflammation and disease progression. Currently, the majority of basic and clinical research does not differentiate between obesity and fatty acid consumption as mediators of inflammatory and neoplastic processes. In this review, we discuss the relationships between dietary PUFAs, inflammation and neoplasia and experimental strategies to improve our understanding of these relationships. We conclude that dietary composition, notably the ratio of ω-3 vs ω-6 PUFA regulates tumor growth and the frequency and sites of metastasis that together, impact overall survival (OS) in mice.
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22
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Khadge S, Thiele GM, Sharp JG, McGuire TR, Klassen LW, Black PN, DiRusso CC, Cook L, Talmadge JE. Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease mammary tumor growth, multiorgan metastasis and enhance survival. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:797-818. [PMID: 30327985 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show a reduced risk of breast cancer (BC) in women consuming high levels of long-chain (LC) omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (FAs) compared with women who consumed low levels. However, the regulatory and mechanistic roles of dietary ω-6 and LC-ω-3 FAs on tumor progression, metastasis and survival are poorly understood. Female BALB/c mice (10-week old) were pair-fed with a diet containing ω-3 or an isocaloric, isolipidic ω-6 diet for 16 weeks prior to the orthotopic implantation of 4T1 mammary tumor cells. Major outcomes studied included: mammary tumor growth, survival analysis, and metastases analyses in multiple organs including pulmonary, hepatic, bone, cardiac, renal, ovarian, and contralateral MG (CMG). The dietary regulation of the tumor microenvironment was evaluated in mice autopsied on day-35 post tumor injection. In mice fed the ω-3 containing diet, there was a significant delay in tumor initiation and prolonged survival relative to the ω-6 diet-fed group. The tumor size on day 35 post tumor injection in the ω-3 group was 50% smaller and the frequencies of pulmonary and bone metastases were significantly lower relative to the ω-6 group. Similarly, the incidence/frequencies and/or size of cardiac, renal, ovarian metastases were significantly lower in mice fed the ω-3 diet. The analyses of the tumor microenvironment showed that tumors in the ω-3 group had significantly lower numbers of proliferating tumor cells (Ki67+)/high power field (HPF), and higher numbers of apoptotic tumor cells (TUNEL+)/HPF, lower neo-vascularization (CD31+ vessels/HPF), infiltration by neutrophil elastase+ cells, and macrophages (F4/80+) relative to the tumors from the ω-6 group. Further, in tumors from the ω-3 diet-fed mice, T-cell infiltration was 102% higher resulting in a neutrophil to T-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) that was 76% lower (p < 0.05). Direct correlations were observed between NLR with tumor size and T-cell infiltration with the number of apoptotic tumor cells. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that tumor IL10 mRNA levels were significantly higher (six-fold) in the tumors from mice fed the ω-3 diet and inversely correlated with the tumor size. Our data suggest that dietary LC-ω-3FAs modulates the mammary tumor microenvironment slowing tumor growth, and reducing metastases to both common and less preferential organs resulting in prolonged survival. The surrogate analyses undertaken support a mechanism of action by dietary LC-ω-3FAs that includes, but is not limited to decreased infiltration by myeloid cells (neutrophils and macrophages), an increase in CD3+ lymphocyte infiltration and IL10 associated anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraswoti Khadge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6495, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Thiele
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6495, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6495, USA.,Veteran Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - John Graham Sharp
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Timothy R McGuire
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Lynell W Klassen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6495, USA.,Veteran Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Paul N Black
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Concetta C DiRusso
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Leah Cook
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6495, USA
| | - James E Talmadge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6495, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6495, USA.
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Senatorov IS, Moniri NH. The role of free-fatty acid receptor-4 (FFA4) in human cancers and cancer cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 150:170-180. [PMID: 29452095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A dietary influence on cancer progression has been evident for many decades, and dietary fatty acids, particularly long chain mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, have been shown to play significant roles in influencing growth of a variety of human cancers. The discovery of the family of cell-surface free-fatty acid receptors, which include the long-chain fatty acid receptors FFA1 and FFA4, suggest that many of the effects of dietary fats could be receptor-mediated. FFA4 is ubiquitously expressed and has recently been shown to modulate a variety of important anti-inflammatory and metabolic processes. Since FFA4 is currently an attractive drug target for treatment of metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity, understanding its role in cancer progression is critical towards the drug discovery process. In this research update, the current body of knowledge on the role of this receptor in regulating cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as in vivo tumorigenesis is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya S Senatorov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States
| | - Nader H Moniri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States.
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24
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Nie J, Chen J, Yang J, Pei Q, Li J, Liu J, Xu L, Li N, Chen Y, Chen X, Luo H, Sun T. Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids promotes locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5894-5902. [PMID: 29436695 PMCID: PMC5866035 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effects of n‑3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on autophagy and their potential for promoting locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Primary neurons were isolated and cultured. Sprague‑Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups and fed diets with different amounts of n‑3 PUFAs. A model of spinal cord contusion was created at the T10 spinal segment and the composition of PUFAs was analyzed using gas chromatography. Spinal repair and motor function were evaluated postoperatively. Assessment of the effects of n‑3 PUFAs on autophagy and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) was performed using immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. In vitro, n‑3 PUFAs inhibited mTORC1 and enhanced autophagy. The n‑3 PUFA levels and the ratio of n‑3 PUFA to n‑6 PUFA in the spinal cord and serum of rats fed a high‑n‑3 PUFA diet were higher before and after operation (P<0.05). Additionally, rats in the high‑n‑3 PUFA group showed improved motor function recovery, spinal cord repair‑related protein expression level (MBP, Galc and GFAP). Expression levels if these protiens in the high‑n‑3 PUFA diet group expressed the highest levels, followed by the low‑n‑3 PUFA diet group and finally the control group (P<0.05). high‑n‑3 PUFA diet promoted autophagy ability and inhibited activity of the mTORC1 signaling pathway compared with the low‑n‑3 PUFA diet group or the control group (P<0.05). These results suggest that exogenous dietary n‑3 PUFAs can inhibit mTORC1 signaling and enhance autophagy, promoting functional recovery of rats with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Nie
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huhhot First Hospital, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010020, P.R. China
| | - Qinqin Pei
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Youhao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Tiansheng Sun
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Time-Dependently Reduce Cell Viability and Oncogenic MicroRNA-21 Expression in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Cells (MCF-7). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010244. [PMID: 29342901 PMCID: PMC5796192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), and its metabolites, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), independently reduce the growth of breast cancer cells in vitro, but the mechanisms, which may involve microRNA (miRNA), are still unclear. The expression of the oncomiR, miR-21, is reduced by DHA treatment, but the effects of ALA on miR-21, alone or combined with EPA and DHA under physiologically relevant concentrations, have not been investigated. The effects of ALA alone and +/-EPA and DHA at the blood molar ratios seen in either humans (1.0:1.0:2.5, ALA:EPA:DHA) or mice (1.0:0.4:3.1, ALA:EPA:DHA) post flaxseed oil consumption (containing ALA) were assessed in vitro in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Cell viability and the expression of miR-21 and its molecular target, phosphatase and tension homolog (PTEN, gene and protein), at different time points, were examined. At 1, 3, 48 and 96 h ALA alone and 24 h animal ratio treatments significantly reduced MCF-7 cell viability, while 1 and 3 h ALA alone and human and animal ratio treatments all significantly reduced miR-21 expression, and 24 h animal ratio treatment reduced miR-21 expression; these effects were not associated with changes in PTEN gene or protein expressions. We showed for the first time that ALA alone or combined with EPA and DHA at levels seen in human and animal blood post-ALA consumption can significantly reduce cell viability and modulate miR-21 expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, with the animal ratio containing higher DHA having a greater effect. The time dependency of miR-21 effects suggests the significance of considering time as a variable in miRNA studies, particularly of miR-21.
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Docosahexaenoic Acid in Combination with Dietary Energy Restriction for Reducing the Risk of Obesity Related Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010028. [PMID: 29271901 PMCID: PMC5795979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence that obesity poses a significant risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer. There are multiple mechanisms by which obesity can predispose to breast cancer, prominent among which is the creation of a pro-inflammatory milieu systemically in the visceral and subcutaneous tissue, as well as locally in the breast. Although dietary intervention studies have shown in general a favorable effect on biomarkers of breast cancer risk, it is still unclear whether losing excess weight will lower the risk. In this manuscript, we will review the evidence that omega-3 fatty acids, and among them docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in particular, may reduce the risk of obesity related breast cancer primarily because of their pleotropic effects which target many of the systemic and local oncogenic pathways activated by excess weight. We will also review the evidence indicating that intentional weight loss (IWL) induced by dietary energy restriction (DER) will augment the tumor protective effect of DHA because of its complementary mechanisms of action and its ability to reverse the obesity-induced alterations in fatty acid metabolism predisposing to carcinogenesis. We believe that the combination of DER and DHA is a promising safe and effective intervention for reducing obesity-related breast cancer risk which needs to be validated in appropriately designed prospective, randomized clinical trials.
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Zanoaga O, Jurj A, Raduly L, Cojocneanu-Petric R, Fuentes-Mattei E, Wu O, Braicu C, Gherman CD, Berindan-Neagoe I. Implications of dietary ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast cancer. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:1167-1176. [PMID: 29434704 PMCID: PMC5776638 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer represents one of the most common forms of cancer in women worldwide, with an increase in the number of newly diagnosed patients in the last decade. The role of fatty acids, particularly of a diet rich in ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in breast cancer development is not fully understood and remains controversial due to their complex mechanism of action. However, a large number of animal models and cell culture studies have demonstrated that high levels of ω-3 PUFAs have an inhibitory role in the development and progression of breast cancer, compared to ω-6 PUFAs. The present review focused on recent studies regarding the correlation between dietary PUFAs and breast cancer development, and aimed to emphasize the main molecular mechanisms involved in the modification of cell membrane structure and function, modulation of signal transduction pathways, gene expression regulation, and antiangiogenic and antimetastatic effects. Furthermore, the anticancer role of ω-3 PUFAs through the modulation of microRNA expression levels was also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Zanoaga
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ancuta Jurj
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lajos Raduly
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Physiopathology, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Roxana Cojocneanu-Petric
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Enrique Fuentes-Mattei
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oscar Wu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Texas Tech University Honors College, McClellan Hall, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Cornelia Braicu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Claudia Diana Gherman
- Surgical Clinic II Hospital, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Surgery, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu-Hatieganu, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Functional Genomics, Proteomics and Experimental Pathology, Prof Dr Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Gene pathways associated with mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and telomere length are differentially expressed in the liver of rats fed lifelong on virgin olive, sunflower or fish oils. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 52:36-44. [PMID: 29144994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of lifelong intake of different fat sources rich in monounsaturated (virgin olive oil), n6 polyunsaturated (sunflower oil) or n3 polyunsaturated (fish oil) fatty acids in the aged liver. Male Wistar rats fed lifelong on diets differing in the fat source were killed at 6 and at 24 months of age. Liver histopathology, mitochondrial ultrastructure, biogenesis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial electron transport chain, relative telomere length and gene expression profiles were studied. Aging led to lipid accumulation in the liver. Virgin olive oil led to the lowest oxidation and ultrastructural alterations. Sunflower oil induced fibrosis, ultrastructural alterations and high oxidation. Fish oil intensified oxidation associated with age, lowered electron transport chain activity and enhanced the relative telomere length. Gene expression changes associated with age in animals fed virgin olive oil and fish oil were related mostly to mitochondrial function and oxidative stress pathways, followed by cell cycle and telomere length control. Sunflower oil avoided gene expression changes related to age. According to the results, virgin olive oil might be considered the dietary fat source that best preserves the liver during the aging process.
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A Critical Review on the Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) on Cancer Cell Cycle Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081784. [PMID: 28817068 PMCID: PMC5578173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, there were 14.1 million new cancer diagnoses and 8.2 million cancer deaths in 2012. For many cancers, conventional therapies are limited in their successes and an improved understanding of disease progression is needed in conjunction with exploration of alternative therapies. The long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has been shown to enhance many cellular responses that reduce cancer cell viability and decrease proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. A small number of studies suggest that DHA improves chemotherapy outcomes in cancer patients. It is readily incorporated into cancer cell membranes and, as a result there has been considerable research regarding cell membrane initiated events. For example, DHA has been shown to mediate the induction of apoptosis/reduction of proliferation in vitro and in vivo. However, there is limited research into the effect of DHA on cell cycle regulation in cancer cells and the mechanism(s) by which DHA acts are not fully understood. The purpose of the current review is to provide a critical examination of the literature investigating the ability of DHA to stall progression during different cell cycle phases in cancer cells, as well as the consequences that these changes may have on tumour growth, independently and in conjunction with chemotherapy.
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Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Attenuate Fibroblast Activation and Kidney Fibrosis Involving MTORC2 Signaling Suppression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46146. [PMID: 28393852 PMCID: PMC5385873 DOI: 10.1038/srep46146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies showed the correlation between the deficiency of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) and the progression of chronic kidney diseases (CKD), however, the role and mechanisms for n-3 PUFAs in protecting against kidney fibrosis remain obscure. In this study, NRK-49F cells, a rat kidney interstitial fibroblast cell line, were stimulated with TGFβ1. A Caenorhabditis elegans fat-1 transgenic mouse model in which n-3 PUFAs are endogenously produced from n-6 PUFAs owing to the expression of n-3 fatty acid desaturase were deployed. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), one member of n-3 PUFAs family, could suppress TGFβ1-induced fibroblast activation at a dose and time dependent manner. Additionally, DHA could largely inhibit TGFβ1-stimulated Akt but not S6 or Smad3 phosphorylation at a time dependent manner. To decipher the role for n-3 PUFAs in protecting against kidney fibrosis, fat-1 transgenic mice were operated with unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO). Compared to the wild types, fat-1 transgenics developed much less kidney fibrosis and inflammatory cell accumulation accompanied by less p-Akt (Ser473), p-Akt (Thr308), p-S6 and p-Smad3 in kidney tissues at day 7 after UUO. Thus, n-3 PUFAs can attenuate fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis, which may be associated with the inhibition of mTORC2 signaling.
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31
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Modulation of Ras/ERK and Phosphoinositide Signaling by Long-Chain n-3 PUFA in Breast Cancer and Their Potential Complementary Role in Combination with Targeted Drugs. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030185. [PMID: 28241486 PMCID: PMC5372848 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A potential complementary role of the dietary long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3 PUFA) in combination with innovative mono-targeted therapies has recently been proposed. These compounds are thought to act pleiotropically to prevent the development and progression of a variety of cancers, including breast cancer. We hereinafter critically analyze the reports investigating the ability of LCn-3 PUFA to modulate the Ras/ERK and the phosphoinositide survival signaling pathways often aberrantly activated in breast cancer and representing the main targets of innovative therapies. The in vitro or in vivo animal and human interventional studies published up to January 2017 investigating the effects of LCn-3 PUFA on these pathways in normal and cancerous breast cells or tissues were identified through a systematic search of literature in the PubMed database. We found that, in most cases, both the in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated the ability of LCn-3 PUFA to inhibit the activation of these pro-survival pathways. Altogether, the analyzed results strongly suggest a potential role of LCn-3 PUFA as complementary agents in combination with mono-targeted therapies. Moreover, the results indicate the need for further in vitro and human interventional studies designed to unequivocally prove the potential adjuvant role of these fatty acids.
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Carlson SE, Gajewski BJ, Valentine CJ, Rogers LK, Weiner CP, DeFranco EA, Buhimschi CS. Assessment of DHA on reducing early preterm birth: the ADORE randomized controlled trial protocol. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017; 17:62. [PMID: 28193189 PMCID: PMC5307851 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-017-1244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth contributes to 0.5 million deliveries in the United States (one of eight pregnancies) and poses a huge burden on public health with costs in the billions. Of particular concern is that the rate of earliest preterm birth (<34 weeks) (ePTB), which has decreased little since 1990 and has the greatest impact on the overall infant mortality, resulting in the greatest cost to society. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation provides a potential high yield, low risk strategy to reduce early preterm delivery in the US by up to 75%. We propose a Phase III Clinical Trial (randomized to low or high dose DHA, double-blinded) to examine the efficacy and safety of high dose DHA supplementation to reduce ePTB. We also plan for a secondary pregnancy efficacy analysis to determine if there is a subset of pregnancies most likely to benefit from DHA supplementation. METHODS Between 900 and 1200 pregnant women who are ≥ 18 years old and between 12 and 20 weeks gestation will be recruited from three trial experienced academic medical institutions. Participants will be randomly assigned to two daily capsules of algal oil (totaling 800 mg DHA) or soybean and corn oil (0 mg DHA). Both groups will receive a commercially available prenatal supplement containing 200 mg DHA. Therefore, the experimental group will receive 1000 mg DHA/d and the control group 200 mg DHA/d. We will then employ a novel Bayesian response adaptive randomization design that assigns more subjects to the "winning" group and potentially allows for substantially smaller sample size while providing a stronger conclusion regarding the most effective group. The study has an overall Type I error rate of 5% and a power of 90%. Participants are followed throughout pregnancy and delivery for safety and delivery outcomes. DISCUSSION We hypothesize that DHA will decrease the frequency of ePTB <34 weeks. Reducing ePTB is clinically important as these earliest preterm deliveries carry the highest risk of neonatal morbidity, as well as contribute significant stress for families and post a large societal burden. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT02626299 ) on December 8, 2015. Additional summary details may be found in Table 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Carlson
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, MS 4013, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Byron J. Gajewski
- Department of Biostatistics, MS 1026, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Christina J. Valentine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, PO Box 670526, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - Lynette K. Rogers
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205 USA
| | - Carl P. Weiner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MS 2028, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
- Division Maternal Fetal Medicine, Center for the Developmental Origins of Adult Health and Disease, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Emily A. DeFranco
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, PO Box 670526, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - Catalin S. Buhimschi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ohio State University, 370 W. 13th Ave., Rm 588, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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Khadge S, Sharp JG, McGuire TR, Thiele GM, Talmadge JE. Lipid Inflammatory Mediators in Cancer Progression and Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1036:145-156. [PMID: 29275470 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67577-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rodent and clinical studies have documented that myeloid cell infiltration of tumors is associated with neutrophilia, lymphocytopenia and poor patient outcomes. This contrasts with lymphocyte infiltration of tumors, which is associated with improved outcomes. Lifestyle parameters such as high fat diet s and omega (ω)-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake may influence these inflammatory parameters including extramedullary myelopoiesis that can contribute to a metastatic "niche". While, tumor secretion of growth factors (GFs) and chemokines regulate tumor-immune-cell crosstalk, in this chapter, we also emphasize how lifestyle choices, including, obesity, high-fat and high ω-6 PUFA dietary content, contribute to inflammation and myeloid cell infiltration of tumors. A relationship between obesity and high-fat diets (notably the saturated fats in Western diets) and tumor incidence, metastasis, and poor outcomes is generally accepted. However, the mechanisms of dietary promotion of inflammatory microenvironments and targeted drugs to inhibit the clinical sequel remain an unmet challenge. One approach, modification of dietary intake may have a preventative or therapeutic approach to regulate tumor-associated inflammation and remains an attractive, but little studied intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraswoti Khadge
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - John Graham Sharp
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Timothy R McGuire
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Thiele
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - James E Talmadge
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Chen CH, Fabian C, Hursting S, deGraffenried LA. Breast Cancer Genetic and Molecular Subtype Impacts Response to Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:1021-33. [PMID: 27367296 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1192199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have correlated frequent omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid consumption with a lower risk for breast cancer; however, recent prospective studies have been less conclusive. Efforts in the preventive setting have focused on the use of n-3 fatty acids, and the pharmaceutical ethyl esters (EE) of these natural compounds, for high-risk patient populations. Limited understanding of specific mechanisms by which these agents function has hampered identification of the cancer subtype(s) that would gain the greatest therapeutic benefit. In this study, we investigated the in vitro effects of n-3 EEs in four distinct breast cancer subtypes and explored how they affect not only breast cancer cell survival but also modulate the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma signaling pathways. Similar to the high variance in response observed in human studies, we found that the effectiveness of n-3 EEs depends on the molecular characteristics of the MCF-7, CAMA-1, MDA-MB-231, and SKBR3 breast cancer cell lines and is closely associated with the suppression of NF-κB. These data strongly suggest that the use of n-3 fatty acids and their pharmaceutical ether esters in the prevention and therapeutic setting should be guided by specific tumor characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Hui Chen
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences , The University of Texas at Austin , Texas , USA
| | - Carol Fabian
- b Department of Internal Medicine , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , Kansas , USA
| | - Stephen Hursting
- c Department of Nutrition , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA
| | - Linda A deGraffenried
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences , The University of Texas at Austin , Texas , USA
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Skibinski CG, Das A, Chen KM, Liao J, Manni A, Kester M, El-Bayoumy K. A novel biologically active acid stable liposomal formulation of docosahexaenoic acid in human breast cancer cell lines. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 252:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ouldamer L, Goupille C, Vildé A, Arbion F, Body G, Chevalier S, Cottier JP, Bougnoux P. N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of Marine Origin and Multifocality in Human Breast Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147148. [PMID: 26812254 PMCID: PMC4727910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The microenvironment of breast epithelial tissue may contribute to the clinical expression of breast cancer. Breast epithelial tissue, whether healthy or tumoral, is directly in contact with fat cells, which in turn could influence tumor multifocality. In this pilot study we investigated whether the fatty acid composition of breast adipose tissue differed according to breast cancer focality. METHODS Twenty-three consecutive women presenting with non-metastatic breast cancer underwent breast-imaging procedures including Magnetic Resonance Imaging prior to treatment. Breast adipose tissue specimens were collected during breast surgery. We established a biochemical profile of adipose tissue fatty acids by gas chromatography. We assessed whether there were differences according to breast cancer focality. RESULTS We found that decreased levels in breast adipose tissue of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids, the two main polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids of marine origin, were associated with multifocality. DISCUSSION These differences in lipid content may contribute to mechanisms through which peritumoral adipose tissue fuels breast cancer multifocality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobna Ouldamer
- Department of Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044, Tours, France
- INSERM UMR1069, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044, Tours, France
- François-Rabelais University, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044, Tours, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Caroline Goupille
- INSERM UMR1069, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044, Tours, France
- François-Rabelais University, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044, Tours, France
| | - Anne Vildé
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044, Tours, France
| | - Flavie Arbion
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044, Tours, France
| | - Gilles Body
- Department of Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044, Tours, France
- François-Rabelais University, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044, Tours, France
| | - Stephan Chevalier
- INSERM UMR1069, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044, Tours, France
- François-Rabelais University, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044, Tours, France
| | - Jean Philippe Cottier
- François-Rabelais University, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044, Tours, France
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044, Tours, France
- INSERM UMR930, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Bougnoux
- INSERM UMR1069, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044, Tours, France
- François-Rabelais University, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044, Tours, France
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044, Tours, France
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Eicosopentaneoic Acid and Other Free Fatty Acid Receptor Agonists Inhibit Lysophosphatidic Acid- and Epidermal Growth Factor-Induced Proliferation of Human Breast Cancer Cells. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5020016. [PMID: 26821052 PMCID: PMC4773772 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many key actions of ω-3 (n-3) fatty acids have recently been shown to be mediated by two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the free fatty acid receptor (FFAR) family, FFA1 (GPR40) and FFA4 (GPR120). n-3 Fatty acids inhibit proliferation of human breast cancer cells in culture and in animals. In the current study, the roles of FFA1 and FFA4 were investigated. In addition, the role of cross-talk between GPCRs activated by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and the tyrosine kinase receptor activated by epidermal growth factor (EGF), was examined. In MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines, both LPA and EGF stimulated proliferation, Erk activation, Akt activation, and CCN1 induction. LPA antagonists blocked effects of LPA and EGF on proliferation in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, and on cell migration in MCF-7. The n-3 fatty acid eicosopentaneoic acid inhibited LPA- and EGF-induced proliferation in both cell lines. Two synthetic FFAR agonists, GW9508 and TUG-891, likewise inhibited LPA- and EGF-induced proliferation. The data suggest a major role for FFA1, which was expressed by both cell lines. The results indicate that n-3 fatty acids inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation via FFARs, and suggest a mechanism involving negative cross-talk between FFARS, LPA receptors, and EGF receptor.
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Sandhu N, Schetter SE, Liao J, Hartman TJ, Richie JP, McGinley J, Thompson HJ, Prokopczyk B, DuBrock C, Signori C, Hamilton C, Calcagnotto A, Trushin N, Aliaga C, Demers LM, El-Bayoumy K, Manni A. Influence of Obesity on Breast Density Reduction by Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Evidence from a Randomized Clinical Trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 9:275-82. [PMID: 26714774 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical data indicate that omega-3 fatty acids (n-3FA) potentiate the chemopreventive effect of the antiestrogen (AE) tamoxifen against mammary carcinogenesis. The role of n-3FA in breast cancer prevention in humans is controversial. Preclinical and epidemiologic data suggest that n-3FA may be preferentially protective in obese subjects. To directly test the protective effect of n-3FA against breast cancer, we conducted a 2-year, open-label randomized clinical trial in 266 healthy postmenopausal women (50% normal weight, 30% overweight, 20% obese) with high breast density (BD; ≥25%) detected on their routine screening mammograms. Eligible women were randomized to one of the following five groups (i) no treatment, control; (ii) raloxifene 60 mg; (iii) raloxifene 30 mg; (iv) n-3FA lovaza 4 g; and (v) lovaza 4 g plus raloxifene 30 mg. The 2-year change in BD, a validated biomarker of breast cancer risk, was the primary endpoint of the study. In subset analysis, we tested the prespecified hypothesis that body mass index (BMI) influences the relationship between plasma n-3FA on BD. While none of the interventions affected BD in the intention-to-treat analysis, increase in plasma DHA was associated with a decrease in absolute breast density but only in participants with BMI >29. Our results suggest that obese women may preferentially experience breast cancer risk reduction from n-3FA administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narinder Sandhu
- Department of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Susann E Schetter
- Department of Radiology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Terryl J Hartman
- Rollins School of Public Health and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - John McGinley
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Henry J Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Bogdan Prokopczyk
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Carina Signori
- Department of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher Hamilton
- Department of Pathology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Ana Calcagnotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Cesar Aliaga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Laurence M Demers
- Department of Pathology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Karam El-Bayoumy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea Manni
- Department of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
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Fabian CJ, Kimler BF. Marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids: fishing for clues for cancer prevention. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2015:97-101. [PMID: 23714467 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2013.33.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (FA) are polyunsaturated essential FA with anti-inflammatory properties. The most potent are the marine-derived eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which counteract the pro-inflammatory omega-6 FA. Americans take in an average of only 100 mg of EPA plus DHA per day resulting in a low omega-3:omega-6 intake ratio of 1:10 favoring inflammation. Cohort and/or case control studies suggest EPA and DHA are promising for breast, colon, and prostate cancer risk reduction. Mechanistic studies largely in preclinical models suggest EPA and DHA reduce synthesis of prostaglandin E2 and other inflammatory cytokines, decrease aromatase activity and proliferation, promote differentiation and apoptosis, and enhance insulin sensitivity. Animal models using 7% to 20% omega-3 added to chow are promising; however, this amount of omega-3 in a diet is unlikely to be acceptable to humans. The optimal EPA:DHA ratio or the lowest effective dose of EPA and DHA for cancer prevention is unclear, but it is likely to be more than 600 mg/day, which is six times the average American intake. Most phase II prevention trials use 1 to 3.3 g of EPA and DHA, which is safe and well tolerated. Two grams of EPA was associated with fewer polyps in individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Identification of serum risk biomarkers modulated by EPA and DHA in healthy humans has remained elusive, but phase II prevention trials with tissue obtained for risk and response biomarkers are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Fabian
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
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40
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Fabian CJ, Kimler BF, Phillips TA, Box JA, Kreutzjans AL, Carlson SE, Hidaka BH, Metheny T, Zalles CM, Mills GB, Powers KR, Sullivan DK, Petroff BK, Hensing WL, Fridley BL, Hursting SD. Modulation of Breast Cancer Risk Biomarkers by High-Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Phase II Pilot Study in Premenopausal Women. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:912-21. [PMID: 26438592 PMCID: PMC6053670 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Higher intakes of the omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) relative to the omega-6 arachidonic acid (AA) have been variably associated with reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer. The purpose of this pilot trial was to assess feasibility and explore the effects of high-dose EPA and DHA on blood and benign breast tissue risk biomarkers before design of a placebo-controlled phase IIB trial. Premenopausal women with evidence of hyperplasia ± atypia by baseline random periareolar fine needle aspiration were given 1860 mg of EPA + 1500 mg of DHA ethyl esters daily for 6 months. Blood and benign breast tissue were sampled during the same menstrual cycle phase prestudy and a median of 3 weeks after last dose. Additional blood was obtained within 24 hours of last dose. Feasibility, which was predefined as 50% uptake, 85% retention, and 70% compliance, was demonstrated with 46% uptake, 94% completion, and 85% compliance. Cytologic atypia decreased from 77% to 38% (P = 0.002), and Ki-67 from a median of 2.1% to 1.0% (P = 0.021) with an increase in the ratio of EPA + DHA to AA in erythrocyte phospholipids but no change in blood hormones, adipokines, or cytokines. Exploratory breast proteomics assessment showed decreases in several proteins involved in hormone and cytokine signaling with mixed effects on those in the AKT/mTOR pathways. Further investigation of EPA plus DHA for breast cancer prevention in a placebo-controlled trial in premenopausal women is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Fabian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
| | - Bruce F Kimler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Teresa A Phillips
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jessica A Box
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Amy L Kreutzjans
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Susan E Carlson
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Brandon H Hidaka
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Trina Metheny
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | | | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kandy R Powers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Debra K Sullivan
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Brian K Petroff
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Whitney L Hensing
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Brooke L Fridley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Stephen D Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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41
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Fabian CJ, Kimler BF, Phillips TA, Nydegger JL, Kreutzjans AL, Carlson SE, Hidaka BH, Metheny T, Zalles CM, Mills GB, Powers KR, Sullivan DK, Petroff BK, Hensing WL, Fridley BL, Hursting SD. Modulation of Breast Cancer Risk Biomarkers by High-Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Phase II Pilot Study in Postmenopausal Women. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:922-31. [PMID: 26276744 PMCID: PMC4596784 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Associational studies suggest higher intakes/blood levels of the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) relative to the omega-6 arachidonic acid (AA) are associated with reduced breast cancer risk. We performed a pilot study of high-dose EPA + DHA in postmenopausal women to assess feasibility before initiating a phase IIB prevention trial. Postmenopausal women with cytologic evidence of hyperplasia in their baseline random periareolar fine needle aspiration (RPFNA) took 1,860 mg EPA +1500 mg DHA ethyl esters daily for 6 months. Blood and breast tissue were sampled at baseline and study conclusion for exploratory biomarker assessment, with P values uncorrected for multiple comparisons. Feasibility was predefined as 50% uptake, 80% completion, and 70% compliance. Trial uptake by 35 study entrants from 54 eligible women was 65%, with 97% completion and 97% compliance. Favorable modulation was suggested for serum adiponectin (P = 0.0027), TNFα (P = 0.016), HOMA 2B measure of pancreatic β cell function (P = 0.0048), and bioavailable estradiol (P = 0.039). Benign breast tissue Ki-67 (P = 0.036), macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (P = 0.033), cytomorphology index score (P = 0.014), and percent mammographic density (P = 0.036) were decreased with favorable effects in a proteomics array for several proteins associated with mitogen signaling and cell-cycle arrest; but no obvious overall effect on proteins downstream of mTOR. Although favorable risk biomarker modulation will need to be confirmed in a placebo-controlled trial, we have demonstrated feasibility for development of high-dose EPA and DHA ethyl esters for primary prevention of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Fabian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
| | - Bruce F Kimler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Teresa A Phillips
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jennifer L Nydegger
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Amy L Kreutzjans
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Susan E Carlson
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Brandon H Hidaka
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Trina Metheny
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | | | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kandy R Powers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Debra K Sullivan
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Brian K Petroff
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Whitney L Hensing
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Brooke L Fridley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Stephen D Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Combination of Antiestrogens and Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Breast Cancer Prevention. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:638645. [PMID: 26339626 PMCID: PMC4538406 DOI: 10.1155/2015/638645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The molecular and biological heterogeneity of human breast cancer emphasizes the importance of a multitargeted approach for effective chemoprevention. Targeting the estrogen receptor pathway alone with the antiestrogens, Tamoxifen and Raloxifene reduces the incidence of estrogen receptor positive tumors but is ineffective against the development of hormone independent cancers. Our preclinical data indicate that the administration of omega-3 fatty acids potentiates the antitumor effects of Tamoxifen by inhibiting multiple proliferative and antiapoptotic pathways, several of which interact with estrogen receptor signaling. The complementarity in the mechanism of antitumor action of Tamoxifen and omega-3 fatty acids is well supported by our signaling, genomic, and proteomic studies. Furthermore, administration of omega-3 fatty acids allows the use of lower and, hence, likely less toxic doses of Tamoxifen. If these findings are supported in the clinical setting, the combination of omega-3 fatty acids and anteistrogens may emerge as a promising, effective, and safe chemopreventive strategy to be tested in a large multi-institutional trial using breast cancer incidence as the primary endpoint.
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43
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Abstract
Women with evidence of high intake ratios of the marine omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) relative to the omega-6 arachidonic acid have been found to have a reduced risk of breast cancer compared with those with low ratios in some but not all case–control and cohort studies. If increasing EPA and DHA relative to arachidonic acid is effective in reducing breast cancer risk, likely mechanisms include reduction in proinflammatory lipid derivatives, inhibition of nuclear factor-κB-induced cytokine production, and decreased growth factor receptor signaling as a result of alteration in membrane lipid rafts. Primary prevention trials with either risk biomarkers or cancer incidence as endpoints are underway but final results of these trials are currently unavailable. EPA and DHA supplementation is also being explored in an effort to help prevent or alleviate common problems after a breast cancer diagnosis, including cardiac and cognitive dysfunction and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. The insulin-sensitizing and anabolic properties of EPA and DHA also suggest supplementation studies to determine whether these omega-3 fatty acids might reduce chemotherapy-associated loss of muscle mass and weight gain. We will briefly review relevant omega-3 fatty acid metabolism, and early investigations in breast cancer prevention and survivorship.
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44
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Fabian CJ, Kimler BF, Hursting SD. Omega-3 fatty acids for breast cancer prevention and survivorship. Breast Cancer Res 2015. [PMID: 25936773 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0571-6/tables/3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Women with evidence of high intake ratios of the marine omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) relative to the omega-6 arachidonic acid have been found to have a reduced risk of breast cancer compared with those with low ratios in some but not all case-control and cohort studies. If increasing EPA and DHA relative to arachidonic acid is effective in reducing breast cancer risk, likely mechanisms include reduction in proinflammatory lipid derivatives, inhibition of nuclear factor-κB-induced cytokine production, and decreased growth factor receptor signaling as a result of alteration in membrane lipid rafts. Primary prevention trials with either risk biomarkers or cancer incidence as endpoints are underway but final results of these trials are currently unavailable. EPA and DHA supplementation is also being explored in an effort to help prevent or alleviate common problems after a breast cancer diagnosis, including cardiac and cognitive dysfunction and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. The insulin-sensitizing and anabolic properties of EPA and DHA also suggest supplementation studies to determine whether these omega-3 fatty acids might reduce chemotherapy-associated loss of muscle mass and weight gain. We will briefly review relevant omega-3 fatty acid metabolism, and early investigations in breast cancer prevention and survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Fabian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Bruce F Kimler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Stephen D Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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45
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Hidaka BH, Li S, Harvey KE, Carlson SE, Sullivan DK, Kimler BF, Zalles CM, Fabian CJ. Omega-3 and omega-6 Fatty acids in blood and breast tissue of high-risk women and association with atypical cytomorphology. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:359-64. [PMID: 25712053 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids, especially the long-chain eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to arachidonic acid (AA) ratio, is inversely associated with breast cancer risk. We measured the association between cytologic atypia, a biomarker for short-term risk of breast cancer development, and omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid intake and levels in blood and breast tissue. Blood and benign breast tissue, sampled by random periareolar fine-needle aspiration (RPFNA), was obtained from 70 women at elevated risk for breast cancer. Self-reported dietary intake was assessed by the NCI's Food Frequency Questionnaire. The fatty acid composition of five lipid compartments, red blood cell, plasma and breast phospholipids, and plasma and breast triaclyglycerides (TAG), was analyzed by gas chromatography as weight percent. Median daily intakes of EPA+DHA and total omega-3 fatty acids were 80 mg and 1.1 g, respectively. The median total omega-3:6 intake ratio was 1:10. Compared with women without atypia, those with cytologic atypia had lower total omega-3 fatty acids in red blood cell and plasma phospholipids and lower omega-3:6 ratios in plasma TAGs and breast TAGs (P < 0.05). The EPA+DHA:AA ratio in plasma TAGs was also lower among women with atypia. This is the first report of associations between tissue levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and a reversible tissue biomarker of breast cancer risk. RPFNA cytomorphology could serve as a surrogate endpoint for breast cancer prevention trials of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon H Hidaka
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Shengqi Li
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Katherine E Harvey
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Susan E Carlson
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Debra K Sullivan
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Bruce F Kimler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | | | - Carol J Fabian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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Drew JE, Farquharson AJ, Mayer CD, Vase HF, Coates PJ, Steele RJ, Carey FA. Predictive gene signatures: molecular markers distinguishing colon adenomatous polyp and carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113071. [PMID: 25423035 PMCID: PMC4244109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers exhibit abnormal molecular signatures associated with disease initiation and progression. Molecular signatures could improve cancer screening, detection, drug development and selection of appropriate drug therapies for individual patients. Typically only very small amounts of tissue are available from patients for analysis and biopsy samples exhibit broad heterogeneity that cannot be captured using a single marker. This report details application of an in-house custom designed GenomeLab System multiplex gene expression assay, the hCellMarkerPlex, to assess predictive gene signatures of normal, adenomatous polyp and carcinoma colon tissue using archived tissue bank material. The hCellMarkerPlex incorporates twenty-one gene markers: epithelial (EZR, KRT18, NOX1, SLC9A2), proliferation (PCNA, CCND1, MS4A12), differentiation (B4GANLT2, CDX1, CDX2), apoptotic (CASP3, NOX1, NTN1), fibroblast (FSP1, COL1A1), structural (ACTG2, CNN1, DES), gene transcription (HDAC1), stem cell (LGR5), endothelial (VWF) and mucin production (MUC2). Gene signatures distinguished normal, adenomatous polyp and carcinoma. Individual gene targets significantly contributing to molecular tissue types, classifier genes, were further characterised using real-time PCR, in-situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry revealing aberrant epithelial expression of MS4A12, LGR5 CDX2, NOX1 and SLC9A2 prior to development of carcinoma. Identified gene signatures identify aberrant epithelial expression of genes prior to cancer development using in-house custom designed gene expression multiplex assays. This approach may be used to assist in objective classification of disease initiation, staging, progression and therapeutic responses using biopsy material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice E. Drew
- Metabolic Health, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, Scotland
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew J. Farquharson
- Metabolic Health, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, Scotland
| | - Claus Dieter Mayer
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, Scotland
| | - Hollie F. Vase
- Metabolic Health, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, Scotland
| | - Philip J. Coates
- Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SU, Scotland
| | - Robert J. Steele
- Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SU, Scotland
| | - Francis A. Carey
- Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SU, Scotland
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47
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Liu J, Ma DWL. The role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Nutrients 2014; 6:5184-223. [PMID: 25412153 PMCID: PMC4245586 DOI: 10.3390/nu6115184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Dietary fatty acids, especially n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), are believed to play a role in reducing BC risk. Evidence has shown that fish consumption or intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are beneficial for inhibiting mammary carcinogenesis. The evidence regarding α-linolenic acid (ALA), however, remains equivocal. It is essential to clarify the relation between ALA and cancer since ALA is the principal source of n-3 PUFA in the Western diet and the conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is not efficient in humans. In addition, the specific anticancer roles of individual n-3 PUFA, alone, have not yet been identified. Therefore, the present review evaluates ALA, EPA and DHA consumed individually as well as in n-3 PUFA mixtures. Also, their role in the prevention of BC and potential anticancer mechanisms of action are examined. Overall, this review suggests that each n-3 PUFA has promising anticancer effects and warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Liu
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - David W L Ma
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Abstract
The use of supplements has become commonplace in an effort to complement traditional therapy and as part of long-term preventive health plans. This article discusses historical and present uses of antioxidants, vitamins, and herbs. By complementing traditional medicine with holistic and alternative nutrition and supplements, the overall health and wellness of exotic pets can be enhanced and balanced. Further research is needed for understanding the strengths and uses of supplements in exotic species. Going back to the animals' origin and roots bring clinicians closer to nature and its healing powers.
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49
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Suppression of PPARβ, and DHA treatment, inhibit NaV1.5 and NHE-1 pro-invasive activities. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:1249-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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50
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Srigopalram S, Jayraaj IA, Kaleeswaran B, Balamurugan K, Ranjithkumar M, Kumar TS, Park JI, Nou IS. Ellagic acid normalizes mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and attenuates inflammation-mediated cell proliferation in experimental liver cancer. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:2254-66. [PMID: 24972653 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite great advances in our understanding of the molecular causes of liver cancer, significant gaps still remain in our knowledge of the disease pathogenesis and development of effective strategies for early diagnosis and treatment. The present study was conducted to evaluate the chemopreventive activity of ellagic acid (EA) against experimental liver cancer in rats. This is the first report that implies a possible role of EA in controlling liver cancer through activation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeability via activating proteins such as Bax, bcl-2, cyt-C, and caspase-9, which play important roles in apoptosis. Downregulation of NF-κB, cyclin D1, cyclin E1, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were noted in EA-treated experimental rats and controlled inflammation mediated liver cancer when compared to the diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced group. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the livers of experimental rats demonstrated that EA treatment renovated its internal architecture. Overall, these results demonstrate the value of molecular approaches in identifying the potential role of EA as an effective chemopreventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Srigopalram
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, South Korea
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