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Liu X, Jin W, Bao D, He T, Wang W, Li Z, Yang X, Tong Y, Shu M, Wang Y, Yuan J, Yang Y. DIPAN: Detecting personalized intronic polyadenylation derived neoantigens from RNA sequencing data. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:2057-2066. [PMID: 38783901 PMCID: PMC11112131 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Intronic polyadenylation (IPA) refers to a particular type of alternative polyadenylation where a gene makes use of a polyadenylation site located within its introns. Aberrant IPA events have been observed in various types of cancer. IPA can produce noncoding transcripts or truncated protein-coding transcripts with altered coding sequences in the resulting protein product. Therefore, IPA events hold the potential to act as a reservoir of tumor neoantigens. Here, we developed a computational method termed DIPAN, which incorporates IPA detection, protein fragmentation, and MHC binding prediction to predict IPA-derived neoantigens. Utilizing RNA-seq from breast cancer cell lines and ovarian cancer clinical samples, we demonstrated the significant contribution of IPA events to the neoantigen repertoire. Through mass spectrometry immunopeptidome analysis, we further illustrated the processing and presentation of IPA-derived neoantigens on the surface of cancer cells. While most IPA-derived neoantigens are sample-specific, shared neoantigens were identified in both cancer cell lines and clinical samples. Furthermore, we demonstrated an association between IPA-derived neoantigen burden and overall survival in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Liu
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Jin
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dengyi Bao
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tongxin He
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zekun Li
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Tong
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Shu
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiapei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Yang
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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de Graaf JF, Pesic T, Spitzer FS, Oosterhuis K, Camps MG, Zoutendijk I, Teunisse B, Zhu W, Arakelian T, Zondag GC, Arens R, van Bergen J, Ossendorp F. Neoantigen-specific T cell help outperforms non-specific help in multi-antigen DNA vaccination against cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200835. [PMID: 39040850 PMCID: PMC11261851 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
CD4+ T helper antigens are essential components of cancer vaccines, but the relevance of the source of these MHC class II-restricted antigens remains underexplored. To compare the effectiveness of tumor-specific versus tumor-unrelated helper antigens, we designed three DNA vaccines for the murine MC-38 colon carcinoma, encoding CD8+ T cell neoantigens alone (noHELP) or in combination with either "universal" helper antigens (uniHELP) or helper neoantigens (neoHELP). Both types of helped vaccines increased the frequency of vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells, and particularly uniHELP increased the fraction of KLRG1+ and PD-1low effector cells. However, when mice were subsequently injected with MC-38 cells, only neoHELP vaccination resulted in significantly better tumor control than noHELP. In contrast to uniHELP, neoHELP-induced tumor control was dependent on the presence of CD4+ T cells, while both vaccines relied on CD8+ T cells. In line with this, neoHELP variants containing wild-type counterparts of the CD4+ or CD8+ T cell neoantigens displayed reduced tumor control. These data indicate that optimal personalized cancer vaccines should include MHC class II-restricted neoantigens to elicit tumor-specific CD4+ T cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamara Pesic
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Felicia S. Spitzer
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel G.M. Camps
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Wahwah Zhu
- Synvolux BV, 2333 CH Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tsolere Arakelian
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gerben C. Zondag
- Immunetune BV, 2333 CH Leiden, the Netherlands
- Synvolux BV, 2333 CH Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
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3
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Chen MY, Zhang F, Goedegebuure SP, Gillanders WE. Dendritic cell subsets and implications for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1393451. [PMID: 38903502 PMCID: PMC11188312 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1393451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in the orchestration of effective T cell responses against tumors. However, their functional behavior is context-dependent. DC type, transcriptional program, location, intratumoral factors, and inflammatory milieu all impact DCs with regard to promoting or inhibiting tumor immunity. The following review introduces important facets of DC function, and how subset and phenotype can affect the interplay of DCs with other factors in the tumor microenvironment. It will also discuss how current cancer treatment relies on DC function, and survey the myriad ways with which immune therapy can more directly harness DCs to enact antitumor cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y. Chen
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Felicia Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Simon Peter Goedegebuure
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - William E. Gillanders
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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4
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Heras-Murillo I, Adán-Barrientos I, Galán M, Wculek SK, Sancho D. Dendritic cells as orchestrators of anticancer immunity and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:257-277. [PMID: 38326563 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-024-00859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous group of antigen-presenting innate immune cells that regulate adaptive immunity, including against cancer. Therefore, understanding the precise activities of DCs in tumours and patients with cancer is important. The classification of DC subsets has historically been based on ontogeny; however, single-cell analyses are now additionally revealing a diversity of functional states of DCs in cancer. DCs can promote the activation of potent antitumour T cells and immune responses via numerous mechanisms, although they can also be hijacked by tumour-mediated factors to contribute to immune tolerance and cancer progression. Consequently, DC activities are often key determinants of the efficacy of immunotherapies, including immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Potentiating the antitumour functions of DCs or using them as tools to orchestrate short-term and long-term anticancer immunity has immense but as-yet underexploited therapeutic potential. In this Review, we outline the nature and emerging complexity of DC states as well as their functions in regulating adaptive immunity across different cancer types. We also describe how DCs are required for the success of current immunotherapies and explore the inherent potential of targeting DCs for cancer therapy. We focus on novel insights on DCs derived from patients with different cancers, single-cell studies of DCs and their relevance to therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Heras-Murillo
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Adán-Barrientos
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Galán
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefanie K Wculek
- Innate Immune Biology Laboratory, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Deyhimfar R, Izady M, Shoghi M, Kazazi MH, Ghazvini ZF, Nazari H, Fekrirad Z, Arefian E. The clinical impact of mRNA therapeutics in the treatment of cancers, infections, genetic disorders, and autoimmune diseases. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26971. [PMID: 38486748 PMCID: PMC10937594 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
mRNA-based therapeutics have revolutionized medicine and the pharmaceutical industry. The recent progress in the optimization and formulation of mRNAs has led to the development of a new therapeutic platform with a broad range of applications. With a growing body of evidence supporting the use of mRNA-based drugs for precision medicine and personalized treatments, including cancer immunotherapy, genetic disorders, and autoimmune diseases, this emerging technology offers a rapidly expanding category of therapeutic options. Furthermore, the development and deployment of mRNA vaccines have facilitated a prompt and flexible response to medical emergencies, exemplified by the COVID-19 outbreak. The establishment of stable and safe mRNA molecules carried by efficient delivery systems is now available through recent advances in molecular biology and nanotechnology. This review aims to elucidate the advancements in the clinical applications of mRNAs for addressing significant health-related challenges such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, genetic disorders, and infections and provide insights into the efficacy and safety of mRNA therapeutics in recent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roham Deyhimfar
- Department of Stem Cells Technology and Tissue Regeneration, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Urology Research Center, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Izady
- Department of Stem Cells Technology and Tissue Regeneration, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hossein Kazazi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Zahra Fakhraei Ghazvini
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Nazari
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zahra Fekrirad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Peil J, Vossen C, Bock F, Clahsen T, Schiller P, Heindl LM, Bosch JJ, Wunderlich FT, Cursiefen C, Schlereth SL. Combined Osteopontin Blockade and Type 2 Classical Dendritic Cell Vaccination as Effective Synergetic Therapy for Conjunctival Melanoma. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:487-499. [PMID: 38099710 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and immune protection are essential at the onset of tumorigenesis. Angiogenesis serves to nourish the tumor, and prevention of immune defenses, for example, by dendritic cells (DCs), allows tumor growth. In this study, we investigated whether there are factors with dual functions that are both angiogenic and immunomodulatory and represent a therapeutic target. We analyzed 1) innate immune responses intratumorally and in draining lymph nodes and 2) angiogenic factors in conjunctival melanoma (CM), a potentially lethal malignant tumor at the ocular surface whose immune and vascular responses are largely unknown. For this purpose, an HGF-Cdk4R24C model in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice was used and revealed that CD103- type 2 classical DC (cDC2s) were the most abundant DC subtype in healthy conjunctiva, whereas in CM, CD103- cDC2s, CD103+ type 1 cDCs, monocyte-derived DCs, and plasmacytoid DCs were significantly increased. In our analysis of angiogenic factors in CM, the examination of 53 angiogenesis-related factors that might interact with DCs identified osteopontin (OPN) as a major tumor-derived protein that interacts with DCs. Consistent with these findings, 3) a dual therapeutic strategy that inhibited tumor cell function by an OPN blocking Ab while enhancing the immune response by cDC2 vaccination resulted in 35% failure of tumor development. Moreover, tumor progression, monocyte-derived DC infiltration, and intratumoral angiogenesis were significantly reduced, whereas survival and CD8+ T cell infiltration were increased in treated mice compared with the control group. Therefore, we identified OPN blockade in combination with cDC2 vaccination as a potential future therapeutic intervention for early stages of CM by combining antiangiogenic and host immune stimulating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Peil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Clahsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Petra Schiller
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jacobus J Bosch
- Centre for Human Drug Research and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - F Thomas Wunderlich
- MPI for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Simona L Schlereth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Li P, Jia L, Bian X, Tan S. Application of Engineered Dendritic Cell Vaccines in Cancer Immunotherapy: Challenges and Opportunities. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2023; 24:1703-1719. [PMID: 37962824 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-023-01143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of cancer vaccines containing genetically modified dendritic cells (DCs) in inducing transformational immune responses. This paper sheds considerable light on DCs' function in advancing treatment techniques. This objective is achieved by thoroughly analyzing the many facets of DCs and their strategic integration into cancer treatment. Due to their role as immune response regulators, DCs can potentially enhance cancer treatment strategies. DCs have the potential to revolutionize immunotherapy, as shown by a comprehensive analysis of their numerous characteristics. The review deftly transitions from examining the fundamentals of preclinical research to delving into the complexities of clinical implementation while acknowledging the inherent challenges in translating DC vaccine concepts into tangible progress. The analysis also emphasizes the potential synergistic outcomes that can be achieved by combining DC vaccines with established pharmaceuticals, thereby emphasizing the importance of employing a holistic approach to enhance treatment efficacy. Despite the existence of transformative opportunities, advancement is hindered by several obstacles. The exhaustive analysis of technical complexities, regulatory dynamics, and upcoming challenges provides valuable insights for overcoming obstacles requiring strategic navigation to incorporate DC vaccines successfully. This document provides a comprehensive analysis of the developments in DC-based immunotherapy, concentrating on its potential to transform cancer therapy radically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Linan Jia
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No.36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xiaobo Bian
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang110004, China
| | - Shutao Tan
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No.36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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Im K, Choi YJ, Kim DH, Kim DS, Ban K, Ji W, Baek IJ, Choi CM, Lee JC, Rho JK. AXL receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition improves the anti-tumor effects of CD8 + T cells by inducing CD103 + dendritic cell-mediated T cell priming. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 680:7-14. [PMID: 37703603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
AXL is a member of TAM receptor family and has been highlighted as a potential target for cancer treatment. Accumulating evidence has uncovered the critical role of the AXL signaling pathway in tumor growth, metastasis, and resistance against anti-cancer drugs, as well as its association with cancer immune escape. However, the function of AXL as a manipulator of the immune system in the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the impact of AXL on immune cells in the TME of a syngeneic tumor model using AXL knockout (AXL-/-) mice. Compared to AXL wild-type (AXL+/+) mice, tumor growth was significantly suppressed in AXL-/- mice, and an induced population of tumor-infiltrated CD8+ T cells and CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) was observed. The change of CD8+ T cells and CD103+ DCs was also confirmed in tumor-draining lymph nodes (TdLN). In addition, the clonal expansion of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells was dominant in AXL-/- mice. Finally, anti-PD-1 treatment evidenced synergistic anti-cancer effects in AXL-/- mice. Overall, our data indicate that AXL signaling may inhibit the clonal expansion of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells through the regulation of the migration of CD8+ T cells and DCs in TME. Thus, AXL may be a powerful molecular target to improve anti-cancer effects through single or combined therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungtaek Im
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Yun Jung Choi
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Dong Ha Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Da-Som Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, AMIST, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Kyosun Ban
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, AMIST, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Wonjun Ji
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - In-Jeoung Baek
- Department of Cell and Genetic Engineering, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Chang-Min Choi
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Jae Cheol Lee
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Rho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea.
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9
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Zhang X, Yang X, Ma L, Zhang Y, Wei J. Immune dysregulation and potential targeted therapy in myelodysplastic syndrome. Ther Adv Hematol 2023; 14:20406207231183330. [PMID: 37547364 PMCID: PMC10399277 DOI: 10.1177/20406207231183330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous group of clonal hematological diseases and a high risk for transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The identification of key genetic alterations in MDS has enhanced our understanding of the pathogenesis and evolution. In recent years, it has been found that both innate and adaptive immune signaling are activated in the hematopoietic niche of MDS with aberrant cytokine secretion in the bone marrow microenvironment. It is also clear that immune dysregulation plays an important role in the occurrence and progression of MDS, especially the destruction of the bone marrow microenvironment, including hematopoiesis and stromal components. The purpose of this review is to explore the role of immune cells, the immune microenvironment, and cytokines in the pathogenesis of MDS. Insights into the mechanisms of these variants may facilitate the development of novel effective treatments to prevent disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xingcheng Yang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yicheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education
- National Health Commission (NHC)
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education
- National Health Commission (NHC)
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Department of Hematology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, and Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, China
- Sino-German Joint Oncological Research Laboratory, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, China
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10
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Mehta PH, Fiorenza S, Koldej RM, Jaworowski A, Ritchie DS, Quinn KM. T Cell Fitness and Autologous CAR T Cell Therapy in Haematologic Malignancy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:780442. [PMID: 34899742 PMCID: PMC8658247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.780442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of emerging therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer aim to induce or augment endogenous T cell responses. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy (CTT) is one such approach that utilises the patient’s own T cells, engineered ex vivo to target cell surface antigens, to eliminate haematological malignancies. Despite mediating high rates of responses in some clinical trials, this approach can be limited by dysfunctional T cells if they are present at high frequencies either in the starting material from the patient or the CAR T cell product. The fitness of an individual’s T cells, driven by age, chronic infection, disease burden and cancer treatment, is therefore likely to be a crucial limiting factor of CTT. Currently, T cell dysfunction and its impact on CTT is not specifically quantified when patients are considering the therapy. Here, we review our current understanding of T cell fitness for CTT, how fitness may be impacted by age, chronic infection, malignancy, and treatment. Finally, we explore options to specifically tailor clinical decision-making and the CTT protocol for patients with more extensive dysfunction to improve treatment efficacy. A greater understanding of T cell fitness throughout a patient’s treatment course could ultimately be used to identify patients likely to achieve favourable CTT outcomes and improve methods for T cell collection and CTT delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak H Mehta
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Salvatore Fiorenza
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rachel M Koldej
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation (ACRF) Translational Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - David S Ritchie
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation (ACRF) Translational Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kylie M Quinn
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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11
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Fotakis G, Trajanoski Z, Rieder D. Computational cancer neoantigen prediction: current status and recent advances. IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY TECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:100052. [PMID: 35755950 PMCID: PMC9216660 DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2021.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, immunotherapy has shown significant therapeutic efficacy in a broad range of cancer types. Antitumor immune responses are contingent on the recognition of tumor-specific antigens, which are termed neoantigens. Tumor neoantigens are ideal targets for immunotherapy since they can be recognized as non-self antigens by the host immune system and thus are able to elicit an antitumor T-cell response. There are an increasing number of studies that highlight the importance of tumor neoantigens in immunoediting and in the sensitivity to immune checkpoint blockade. Therefore, one of the most fundamental tasks in the field of immuno-oncology research is the identification of patient-specific neoantigens. To this end, a plethora of computational approaches have been developed in order to predict tumor-specific aberrant peptides and quantify their likelihood of binding to patients' human leukocyte antigen molecules in order to be recognized by T cells. In this review, we systematically summarize and present the most recent advances in computational neoantigen prediction, and discuss the challenges and novel methods that are being developed to resolve them. Tumors have the ability to acquire immune escape mechanisms. Tumor-specific aberrant peptides (neoantigens) can elicit an immune response by the host immune system. The identification of neoantigens is one of the most fundamental tasks in the field of immuno-oncology research. A plethora of computational approaches have been developed in order to predict patient-specificneoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fotakis
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Z Trajanoski
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D Rieder
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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12
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Mochizuki K, Kobayashi S, Takahashi N, Sugimoto K, Sano H, Ohara Y, Mineishi S, Zhang Y, Kikuta A. Alloantigen-activated (AAA) CD4 + T cells reinvigorate host endogenous T cell immunity to eliminate pre-established tumors in mice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:314. [PMID: 34625113 PMCID: PMC8499505 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer vaccines that induce endogenous antitumor immunity represent an ideal strategy to overcome intractable cancers. However, doing this against a pre-established cancer using autologous immune cells has proven to be challenging. "Allogeneic effects" refers to the induction of an endogenous immune response upon adoptive transfer of allogeneic lymphocytes without utilizing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. While allogeneic lymphocytes have a potent ability to activate host immunity as a cell adjuvant, novel strategies that can activate endogenous antitumor activity in cancer patients remain an unmet need. In this study, we established a new method to destroy pre-developed tumors and confer potent antitumor immunity in mice using alloantigen-activated CD4+ (named AAA-CD4+) T cells. METHODS AAA-CD4+ T cells were generated from CD4+ T cells isolated from BALB/c mice in cultures with dendritic cells (DCs) induced from C57BL/6 (B6) mice. In this culture, allogeneic CD4+ T cells that recognize and react to B6 mouse-derived alloantigens are preferentially activated. These AAA-CD4+ T cells were directly injected into the pre-established melanoma in B6 mice to assess their ability to elicit antitumor immunity in vivo. RESULTS Upon intratumoral injection, these AAA-CD4+ T cells underwent a dramatic expansion in the tumor and secreted high levels of IFN-γ and IL-2. This was accompanied by markedly increased infiltration of host-derived CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, DCs, and type-1 like macrophages. Selective depletion of host CD8+ T cells, rather than NK cells, abrogated this therapeutic effect. Thus, intratumoral administration of AAA-CD4+ T cells results in a robust endogenous CD8+ T cell response that destroys pre-established melanoma. This locally induced antitumor immunity elicited systemic protection to eliminate tumors at distal sites, persisted over 6 months in vivo, and protected the animals from tumor re-challenge. Notably, the injected AAA-CD4+ T cells disappeared within 7 days and caused no adverse reactions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that AAA-CD4+ T cells reinvigorate endogenous cytotoxic T cells to eradicate pre-established melanoma and induce long-term protective antitumor immunity. This approach can be immediately applied to patients with advanced melanoma and may have broad implications in the treatment of other types of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Mochizuki
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, 1 Hikarigaoka, 960-1295, Fukushima City, Japan.
| | - Shogo Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, 1 Hikarigaoka, 960-1295, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, 1 Hikarigaoka, 960-1295, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sugimoto
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hideki Sano
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, 1 Hikarigaoka, 960-1295, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ohara
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, 1 Hikarigaoka, 960-1295, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Shin Mineishi
- Department of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Atsushi Kikuta
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, 1 Hikarigaoka, 960-1295, Fukushima City, Japan
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13
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Zheng B, Peng W, Guo M, Huang M, Gu Y, Wang T, Ni G, Ming D. Inhalable nanovaccine with biomimetic coronavirus structure to trigger mucosal immunity of respiratory tract against COVID-19. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2021; 418:129392. [PMID: 33762883 PMCID: PMC7972832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.129392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 seriously threatens global public health. It has previously been confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted between people through "respiratory droplets". Therefore, the respiratory tract mucosa is the first barrier to prevent virus invasion. It is very important to stimulate mucosal immunity to protect the body from respiratory virus infection. Inspired by this, we designed a bionic-virus nanovaccine, which can induce mucosal immunity by nasal delivery to prevent virus infection from respiratory tract. The nanovaccine that mimic virosome is composed of poly(I:C) mimicking viral genetic material as immune adjuvant, biomimetic pulmonary surfactant (bio-PS) liposomes as capsid structure of virus and the receptor binding domains (RBDs) of SARS-CoV-2 as "spike" to completely simulate the structure of the coronavirus. The nanovaccine can be administered by inhaling to imitate the process of SARS-CoV-2 infection through the respiratory tract. Our results demonstrated that the inhalable nanovaccine with bionic virus-like structure has a stronger mucosal protective effect than routine muscle and subcutaneous inoculation. In particular, high titer of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) was detected in respiratory secretions, which effectively neutralize the virus and prevent it from entering the body through the respiratory tract. Through imitating the structure and route of infection, this inhalable nanovaccine strategy might inspire a new approach to the precaution of respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zheng
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Wenchang Peng
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Mingming Guo
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Mengqian Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Gu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Guangjian Ni
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Dong Ming
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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14
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The Role of Peptide-Based Tumor Vaccines on Cytokines of Adaptive Immunity: A Review. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Nardin C, Laheurte C, Puzenat E, Boullerot L, Ramseyer M, Marguier A, Jacquin M, Godet Y, Aubin F, Adotevi O. Naturally occurring Telomerase-specific CD4 T cell Immunity in Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:435-444. [PMID: 34352265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.07.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD4 T cells play a key role in anticancer immunity. Here, we investigate the clinical relevance of circulating CD4 Th1 response against telomerase (anti-TERT Th1 response) in melanoma patients. The spontaneous anti-TERT Th1 response was detected in 54.5% (85/156) of melanoma patients before treatment. The prevalence of this systemic response was inversely related to Breslow thickness above 1mm and AJCC stage ≥ II (P = 0.001 and 0.032). In contrast to patients treated by targeted therapies, the anti-TERT Th1 immunity was associated with objective response after immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) treatment. Hence 86% (18/21) of responder patients exhibited pre-existing anti-TERT Th1 versus 35% (6/19) in non-responders (P = 0.001). This response was also associated with increased progression free survival and overall survival in melanoma patients treated with ICI (P = 0.0008 and 0.012 respectively). Collectively, the presence of circulating anti-TERT Th1 response is inversely related to melanoma evolution and appears to be a predictive factor of response to immunotherapy. Our results highlight the interest of telomerase-specific CD4 Th1 response as a promising blood based biomarker of immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlée Nardin
- University Hospital of Besançon, department of Dermatology, F-25000 Besançon, France; University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Caroline Laheurte
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT, F-25000 Besançon, France; INSERM CIC-1431, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, Plateforme de Biomonitoring F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Eve Puzenat
- University Hospital of Besançon, department of Dermatology, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Laura Boullerot
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT, F-25000 Besançon, France; INSERM CIC-1431, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, Plateforme de Biomonitoring F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Mélanie Ramseyer
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Amélie Marguier
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Marion Jacquin
- INSERM CIC-1431, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, Plateforme de Biomonitoring F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Yann Godet
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - François Aubin
- University Hospital of Besançon, department of Dermatology, F-25000 Besançon, France; University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Olivier Adotevi
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT, F-25000 Besançon, France; INSERM CIC-1431, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, Plateforme de Biomonitoring F-25000 Besançon, France; University Hospital of Besançon, department of medical Oncology, F-25000 Besançon, France.
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16
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Galati D, Zanotta S, Bocchino M, De Filippi R, Pinto A. The subtle interplay between gamma delta T lymphocytes and dendritic cells: is there a role for a therapeutic cancer vaccine in the era of combinatorial strategies? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:1797-1809. [PMID: 33386466 PMCID: PMC10991494 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02805-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human gamma delta (γδ) T cells represent heterogeneous subsets of unconventional lymphocytes with an HLA-unrestricted target cell recognition. γδ T cells display adaptive clonally restricted specificities coupled to a powerful cytotoxic function against transformed/injured cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) are documented to be the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) able to induce adaptive immunity and support the innate immune response independently from T cells. Several data show that the cross-talk of γδ T lymphocytes with DCs can play a crucial role in the orchestration of immune response by bridging innate to adaptive immunity. In the last decade, DCs, as well as γδ T cells, have been of increasing clinical interest, especially as monotherapy for cancer immunotherapy, even though with unpredictable results mainly due to immune suppression and/or tumor-immune escape. For these reasons, new vaccine strategies have to be explored to reach cancer immunotherapy's full potential. The effect of DC-based vaccines on γδ T cell is less extensively investigated, and a combinatorial approach using DC-based vaccines with γδ T cells might promote a strong synergy for long-term tumor control and protection against escaping tumor clones. Here, we discuss the therapeutic potential of the interaction between DCs and γδ T cells to improve cancer vaccination. In particular, we describe the most relevant and updated evidence of such combinatorial approaches, including the use of Zoledronate, Interleukin-15, and protamine RNA, also looking towards future strategies such as CAR therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Galati
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology and Developmental Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy.
| | - Serena Zanotta
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology and Developmental Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Bocchino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria De Filippi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pinto
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology and Developmental Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
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17
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Nijen Twilhaar MK, Czentner L, van Nostrum CF, Storm G, den Haan JMM. Mimicking Pathogens to Augment the Potency of Liposomal Cancer Vaccines. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:954. [PMID: 34202919 PMCID: PMC8308965 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes have emerged as interesting vehicles in cancer vaccination strategies as their composition enables the inclusion of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic antigens and adjuvants. In addition, liposomes can be decorated with targeting moieties to further resemble pathogenic particles that allow for better engagement with the immune system. However, so far liposomal cancer vaccines have not yet reached their full potential in the clinic. In this review, we summarize recent preclinical studies on liposomal cancer vaccines. We describe the basic ingredients for liposomal cancer vaccines, tumor antigens, and adjuvants, and how their combined inclusion together with targeting moieties potentially derived from pathogens can enhance vaccine immunogenicity. We discuss newly identified antigen-presenting cells in humans and mice that pose as promising targets for cancer vaccines. The lessons learned from these preclinical studies can be applied to enhance the efficacy of liposomal cancer vaccination in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten K. Nijen Twilhaar
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Lucas Czentner
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.C.); (C.F.v.N.); (G.S.)
| | - Cornelus F. van Nostrum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.C.); (C.F.v.N.); (G.S.)
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.C.); (C.F.v.N.); (G.S.)
- Department of Biomaterials, Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Joke M. M. den Haan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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18
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Taylor HB, Klaeger S, Clauser KR, Sarkizova S, Weingarten-Gabbay S, Graham DB, Carr SA, Abelin JG. MS-Based HLA-II Peptidomics Combined With Multiomics Will Aid the Development of Future Immunotherapies. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100116. [PMID: 34146720 PMCID: PMC8327157 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies have emerged to treat diseases by selectively modulating a patient's immune response. Although the roles of T and B cells in adaptive immunity have been well studied, it remains difficult to select targets for immunotherapeutic strategies. Because human leukocyte antigen class II (HLA-II) peptides activate CD4+ T cells and regulate B cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, these peptide antigens represent a class of potential immunotherapy targets and biomarkers. To better understand the molecular basis of how HLA-II antigen presentation is involved in disease progression and treatment, systematic HLA-II peptidomics combined with multiomic analyses of diverse cell types in healthy and diseased states is required. For this reason, MS-based innovations that facilitate investigations into the interplay between disease pathologies and the presentation of HLA-II peptides to CD4+ T cells will aid in the development of patient-focused immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B Taylor
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan Klaeger
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karl R Clauser
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Shira Weingarten-Gabbay
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel B Graham
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Detection of Immunotherapeutic Response in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Using Multiparametric MRI Radiomics: A Preliminary Investigation. Acad Radiol 2021; 28:e147-e154. [PMID: 32499156 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES To develop classification and regression models interpreting tumor characteristics obtained from structural (T1w and T2w) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data for early detection of dendritic cell (DC) vaccine treatment effects and prediction of long-term outcomes for LSL-KrasG12D; LSL-Trp53R172H; Pdx-1-Cre (KPC) transgenic mice model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight mice were treated with DC vaccine for 3 weeks while eight KPC mice were used as untreated control subjects. The reproducibility of the computed 264 features was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Key variables were determined using a three-step feature selection approach. Support vector machines classifiers were generated to differentiate treatment-related changes on tumor tissue following first- and third weeks of the DC vaccine therapy. The multivariable regression models were generated to predict overall survival (OS) and histological tumor markers of KPC mice using quantitative features. RESULTS The quantitative features computed from T1w MRI data have better reproducibility than T2w MRI features. The KPC mice in treatment and control groups were differentiated with a longitudinally increasing accuracy (first- and third weeks: 87.5% and 93.75%). The linear regression model generated with five features of T1w MRI data predicted OS with a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) <6 days. The proposed multivariate regression models predicted histological tumor markers with relative error <2.5% for fibrosis percentage (RMSE: 0.414), CK19+ area (RMSE: 0.027), and Ki67+ cells (RMSE: 0.190). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that proposed models generated with quantitative MRI features can be used to detect early treatment-related changes in tumor tissue and predict OS of KPC mice following DC vaccination.
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20
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Impact of Immunotherapy on CD4 T Cell Phenotypes and Function in Cancer. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050454. [PMID: 34064410 PMCID: PMC8147771 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has become a standard treatment in many cancers and it is based on three main therapeutic axes: immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), vaccination and adoptive cell transfer (ACT). If originally these therapies mainly focused on exploiting CD8 T cells given their role in the direct elimination of tumor cells, increasing evidence highlights the crucial role CD4 T cells play in the antitumor immune response. Indeed, these cells can profoundly modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) by secreting different types of cytokine or by directly eliminating cancer cells. In this review, we describe how different CD4 T cell subsets can contribute to tumor immune responses during immunotherapy and the novel high-throughput immune monitoring tools that are expected to facilitate the study of CD4 T cells, at antigen-specific and single cell level, thus accelerating bench-to-bed translational research in cancer.
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21
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Blass E, Ott PA. Advances in the development of personalized neoantigen-based therapeutic cancer vaccines. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:215-229. [PMID: 33473220 PMCID: PMC7816749 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-00460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Within the past decade, the field of immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of many cancers with the development and regulatory approval of various immune-checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies in diverse indications. Another promising approach to cancer immunotherapy involves the use of personalized vaccines designed to trigger de novo T cell responses against neoantigens, which are highly specific to tumours of individual patients, in order to amplify and broaden the endogenous repertoire of tumour-specific T cells. Results from initial clinical studies of personalized neoantigen-based vaccines, enabled by the availability of rapid and cost-effective sequencing and bioinformatics technologies, have demonstrated robust tumour-specific immunogenicity and preliminary evidence of antitumour activity in patients with melanoma and other cancers. Herein, we provide an overview of the complex process that is necessary to generate a personalized neoantigen vaccine, review the types of vaccine-induced T cells that are found within tumours and outline strategies to enhance the T cell responses. In addition, we discuss the current status of clinical studies testing personalized neoantigen vaccines in patients with cancer and considerations for future clinical investigation of this novel, individualized approach to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eryn Blass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick A Ott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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22
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Blass E, Ott PA. Advances in the development of personalized neoantigen-based therapeutic cancer vaccines. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021. [PMID: 33473220 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-00460-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Within the past decade, the field of immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of many cancers with the development and regulatory approval of various immune-checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies in diverse indications. Another promising approach to cancer immunotherapy involves the use of personalized vaccines designed to trigger de novo T cell responses against neoantigens, which are highly specific to tumours of individual patients, in order to amplify and broaden the endogenous repertoire of tumour-specific T cells. Results from initial clinical studies of personalized neoantigen-based vaccines, enabled by the availability of rapid and cost-effective sequencing and bioinformatics technologies, have demonstrated robust tumour-specific immunogenicity and preliminary evidence of antitumour activity in patients with melanoma and other cancers. Herein, we provide an overview of the complex process that is necessary to generate a personalized neoantigen vaccine, review the types of vaccine-induced T cells that are found within tumours and outline strategies to enhance the T cell responses. In addition, we discuss the current status of clinical studies testing personalized neoantigen vaccines in patients with cancer and considerations for future clinical investigation of this novel, individualized approach to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eryn Blass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick A Ott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Li R, Zheng C, Wang Q, Bi E, Yang M, Hou J, Fu W, Yi Q, Qian J. Identification of an immunogenic DKK1 long peptide for immunotherapy of human multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2021; 106:838-846. [PMID: 32079700 PMCID: PMC7927895 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.236836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), broadly expressed by tumor cells from human
multiple myeloma (MM) and other cancers but absent from most
normal tissues, may be an ideal target for immunotherapy. Our previous
studies have shown that DKK1 (peptide)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes
can effectively lyse primary MM cells in vitro. To develop DKK1-based
vaccines that can be easily and inexpensively made and used by all patients,
we identified a DKK1 long peptide (LP), DKK13-76-LP, that contains 74 amino
acids and epitopes that can potentially bind to all major MHC class I and II
molecules. Using HLA-A*0201- and HLA-DR*4-transgenic mouse models,
we found that DKK1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, detected by
DKK1 short peptide (P20 and P66v)-HLA-A*0201 tetramer staining and cytotoxic
assay for CD8+ T cells or by carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl
ester (CSFE) dilution and IFN-g secretion for CD4+ T cells, respectively, can
be induced in vivo by immunizing mice with the DKK13-76-LP. In addition,
DKK13-76-LP also induced anti-DKK1 humoral immunity in the transgenic
mice and the DKK1 antibodies were functional. Finally, DKK13-76-LP stimulated
human blood T cells ex vivo to generate DKK1-specific CD4+ and CD8+
T-cell responses from 8 out of 10 MM patients with different MHC backgrounds.
The generated DKK1-specific CD8+ cells efficiently lysed autologous
MM cells from these patients. Thus, these results confirm the immunogenicity
of the DKK13-76-LP in eliciting DKK1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell
responses in vitro and in vivo, and suggest that the DKK13-76-LP can be used for
immunotherapy of MM and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA,The Center of Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma, ChangZheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China,Navy Medical Center of PLA, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chengyun Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
| | - Enguang Bi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
| | - Maojie Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
| | - Jian Hou
- Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Weijun Fu
- The Center of Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma, ChangZheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qing Yi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
| | - Jianfei Qian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
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Decreased Expression of CPEB3 Predicts a Poor Prognosis in Patients with Melanoma: A Study Based on TCGA Data. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8197936. [PMID: 33506034 PMCID: PMC7815395 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8197936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 3 (CPEB3) has been acknowledged as a tumor-suppressive gene in several cancers; however, there are few reports on the clinical significance of CPEB3 in melanoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CPEB3 in predicting the prognosis of melanoma patients. Methods The association of CPEB3 expression and clinical pathologic features was performed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data set. The role of CPEB3 expression in prognosis was also analyzed. In addition, CPEB3 expression-related pathways were enriched by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Association analysis of CPEB3 gene expression and immune infiltration was performed by ssGSEA. Results The mRNA was significantly less in melanoma than in normal tissues (p < 0.001). The decrease in CPEB3 expression in melanoma was significantly correlated with T staging (p < 0.001), clinical staging (p = 0.029), melanoma Clark level (p = 0.014), and melanoma ulceration (p = 0.003), while it was marginally significant in N staging (p = 0.089). Melanoma with low CPEB3 expression was associated with worse OS (overall survival), progression-free survival (PFS), and disease-specific survival (DSS) than in that with high expression. In the univariate analysis, expression of CPEB3, melanoma ulceration, Clark level of melanoma, age, clinical stage, T stage, and N stage were correlated with OS (p < 0.05). Further analysis by multivariate Cox regression showed that N stage (p = 0.029), melanoma ulceration (p = 0.004), and CPEB3 expression (p < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors of OS in melanoma. Moreover, GSEA showed that several pathways were enriched in CPEB3, such as PD1 signaling, CTLA4 pathway, CTCF pathway, CHEMOKIN signaling, VEGF signaling, and JAK-STAT pathway. CPEB3 was significantly correlated with the infiltration level of B cells (p < 0.001), T cells (p < 0.001), T helper cells (p < 0.001), and central memory T (Tcm) cells (p < 0.001). Conclusion CPEB3 may be a potential prognostic marker in melanoma with poor survival. Moreover, PD1 signaling, CTLA4 pathway, CTCF pathway, CHEMOKIN signaling, VEGF signaling, and JAK-STAT pathway may be the key pathway regulated by CPEB3. Moreover, the expression of CPEB3 in melanoma is related to the level of immune infiltration.
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25
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Mahdikia H, Saadati F, Freund E, Gaipl US, Majidzadeh-A K, Shokri B, Bekeschus S. Gas plasma irradiation of breast cancers promotes immunogenicity, tumor reduction, and an abscopal effect in vivo. Oncoimmunology 2020; 10:1859731. [PMID: 33457077 PMCID: PMC7781742 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1859731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While many new and emerging therapeutic concepts have appeared throughout the last decades, cancer still is fatal in many patients. At the same time, the importance of immunology in oncotherapy is increasingly recognized, not only since the advent of checkpoint therapy. Among the many types of tumors, also breast cancer has an immunological dimension that might be exploited best by increasing the immunogenicity of the tumors in the microenvironment. To this end, we tested a novel therapeutic concept, gas plasma irradiation, for its ability to promote the immunogenicity and increase the toxicity of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, this emerging medical technology is employing a plethora of reactive oxygen species being deposited on the target cells and tissues. Using 2D cultures and 3D tumor spheroids, we found gas plasma-irradiation to drive apoptosis and immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD) in vitro, as evidenced by an increased expression of calreticulin, heat-shock proteins 70 and 90, and MHC-I. In 4T1 breast cancer-bearing mice, the gas plasma irradiation markedly decreased tumor burden and increased survival. Interestingly, non-treated tumors injected in the opposite flank of mice exposed to our novel treatment also exhibited reduced growth, arguing for an abscopal effect. This was concomitant with an increase of apoptosis and tumor-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells as well as dendritic cells in the tissues. In summary, we found gas plasma-irradiated murine breast cancers to induce toxicity and augmented immunogenicity, leading to reduced tumor growth at a site remote to the treatment area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Mahdikia
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.,Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fariba Saadati
- Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eric Freund
- Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Greifswald, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Udo S Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Keivan Majidzadeh-A
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Shokri
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University,Tehran, Iran
| | - Sander Bekeschus
- Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Greifswald, Germany
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26
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Optimization of Liposomes for Antigen Targeting to Splenic CD169 + Macrophages. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121138. [PMID: 33255564 PMCID: PMC7760819 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite promising progress in cancer vaccination, therapeutic effectiveness is often insufficient. Cancer vaccine effectiveness could be enhanced by targeting vaccine antigens to antigen-presenting cells, thereby increasing T-cell activation. CD169-expressing splenic macrophages efficiently capture particulate antigens from the blood and transfer these antigens to dendritic cells for the activation of CD8+ T cells. In this study, we incorporated a physiological ligand for CD169, the ganglioside GM3, into liposomes to enhance liposome uptake by CD169+ macrophages. We assessed how variation in the amount of GM3, surface-attached PEG and liposomal size affected the binding to, and uptake by, CD169+ macrophages in vitro and in vivo. As a proof of concept, we prepared GM3-targeted liposomes containing a long synthetic ovalbumin peptide and tested the capacity of these liposomes to induce CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses compared to control liposomes or soluble peptide. The data indicate that the delivery of liposomes to splenic CD169+ macrophages can be optimized by the selection of liposomal constituents and liposomal size. Moreover, optimized GM3-mediated liposomal targeting to CD169+ macrophages induces potent immune responses and therefore presents as an interesting delivery strategy for cancer vaccination.
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27
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van Beek JJP, Flórez-Grau G, Gorris MAJ, Mathan TSM, Schreibelt G, Bol KF, Textor J, de Vries IJM. Human pDCs Are Superior to cDC2s in Attracting Cytolytic Lymphocytes in Melanoma Patients Receiving DC Vaccination. Cell Rep 2020; 30:1027-1038.e4. [PMID: 31995747 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and type 2 conventional dendritic cells (cDC2s) are currently under evaluation for use in cancer vaccines. Although both DC subsets can activate adaptive and innate lymphocytes, their capacity to recruit such cells is rarely considered. Here, we show that pDCs and cDC2s display a striking difference in chemokine secretion, which correlates with the recruitment of distinct types of immune effector cells. Activated pDCs express high levels of CXCR3 ligands and attract more CD8+ T cells, CD56+ T cells, and γδ T cells in vitro, compared to cDC2s. Skin from melanoma patients shows an influx of immune effector cells following intradermal vaccination with pDCs or cDC2s, with pDCs inducing the strongest influx of lymphocytes known to possess cytolytic activity. These findings suggest that combining both DC subsets could unite the preferred chemoattractive properties of pDCs with the superior T cell priming properties of cDC2s to ultimately enhance vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper J P van Beek
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Georgina Flórez-Grau
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark A J Gorris
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Till S M Mathan
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerty Schreibelt
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kalijn F Bol
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes Textor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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28
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Magen A, Nie J, Ciucci T, Tamoutounour S, Zhao Y, Mehta M, Tran B, McGavern DB, Hannenhalli S, Bosselut R. Single-Cell Profiling Defines Transcriptomic Signatures Specific to Tumor-Reactive versus Virus-Responsive CD4 + T Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3019-3032.e6. [PMID: 31801070 PMCID: PMC6934378 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most current tumor immunotherapy strategies leverage cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Despite evidence for clinical potential of CD4+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), their functional diversity limits our ability to harness their activity. Here, we use single-cell mRNA sequencing to analyze the response of tumor-specific CD4+ TILs and draining lymph node (dLN) T cells. Computational approaches to characterize subpopulations identify TIL transcriptomic patterns strikingly distinct from acute and chronic anti-viral responses and dominated by diversity among T-bet-expressing T helper type 1 (Th1)-like cells. In contrast, the dLN response includes T follicular helper (Tfh) cells but lacks Th1 cells. We identify a type I interferon-driven signature in Th1-like TILs and show that it is found in human cancers, in which it is negatively associated with response to checkpoint therapy. Our study provides a proof-of-concept methodology to characterize tumor-specific CD4+ T cell effector programs. Targeting these programs should help improve immunotherapy strategies. CD4+ T cells contribute to immune responses to tumors, but their functional diversity has hampered their utilization in clinical settings. Magen et al. use single-cell RNA sequencing to dissect the heterogeneity of CD4+ T cell responses to tumor antigens and reveal molecular divergences between anti-tumor and anti-viral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Magen
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jia Nie
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Ciucci
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samira Tamoutounour
- Metaorganism Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Advanced Biomedical and Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Monika Mehta
- NCI CCR Sequencing Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Bao Tran
- NCI CCR Sequencing Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sridhar Hannenhalli
- Metaorganism Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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29
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Kan S, Bito T, Shimabuku M, Taguchi J, Ohkusa T, Shimodaira S, Sugiyama H, Koido S. Impact of mature dendritic cells pulsed with a novel WT1 helper peptide on the induction of HLA‑A2‑restricted WT1‑reactive CD8+ T cells. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:1047-1056. [PMID: 32945369 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation and activation of CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that produce interferon‑γ (IFN‑γ) is an essential action of effective cancer vaccines. Recently, a novel Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) helper peptide (WT1 HP34‑51; amino acid sequence, WAPVLDFAPPGASAYGSL) applicable for various human leukocyte antigen (HLA) subtypes (HLA‑DR, HLA‑DP and HLA‑DQ) was reported to increase peptide immunogenicity; however, the function of WT1 HP34‑51 remains unclear. In the present study, mature dendritic cells (mDCs) pulsed with WT1 HP34‑51 (mDC/WT1 HP34‑51) activated not only WT1‑specific CD4+ T cells but also CD8+ T cells that produced IFN‑γ following stimulation with immature dendritic cells (imDCs) pulsed with WT1 killer peptide (imDC/WT1 KP37‑45) in an HLA‑A*02:01‑ or HLA‑A*02:06‑restricted manner. Furthermore, the activated WT1‑reactive CD4+ Th1 cells were predominantly effector memory (EM) T cells. In 5 of 12 (41.7%) patients with cancer carrying the HLA‑A*02:01 or HLA‑A*02:06 allele, WT1‑reactive CD8+ T cells stimulated with mDC/WT1 HP34‑51 enhanced their levels of WT1 KP37‑45‑specific IFN‑γ production, with an increase >10%. Simultaneous activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells occurred more often when stimulation with mDC/WT1 HP34‑51 was combined with imDC/WT1 KP37‑45 restimulation. These results indicated that the novel mDC/WT1 HP34‑51 combination induced responses by WT1‑specific EM CD4+ Th1 cells and HLA‑A*02:01‑ or HLA‑A*02:06‑restricted CD8+ CTLs, suggesting its potential as a WT1‑targeting cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Kashiwa Hospital, Kashiwa, Chiba 277‑8567, Japan
| | - Tsuuse Bito
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Kashiwa Hospital, Kashiwa, Chiba 277‑8567, Japan
| | - Masamori Shimabuku
- Tokyo Midtown Center for Advanced Medical Science and Technology, Tokyo 107‑6206, Japan
| | - Junichi Taguchi
- Tokyo Midtown Center for Advanced Medical Science and Technology, Tokyo 107‑6206, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ohkusa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Kashiwa Hospital, Kashiwa, Chiba 277‑8567, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Shimodaira
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920‑0293, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugiyama
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Shigeo Koido
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Kashiwa Hospital, Kashiwa, Chiba 277‑8567, Japan
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30
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Fujiki F, Tsuboi A, Morimoto S, Hashimoto N, Inatome M, Nakajima H, Nakata J, Nishida S, Hasegawa K, Hosen N, Oka Y, Oji Y, Sogo S, Sugiyama H. Identification of two distinct populations of WT1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in co-vaccination of WT1 killer and helper peptides. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:253-263. [PMID: 32696072 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02675-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous induction of tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and helper T lymphocytes (HTLs) is required for an optimal anti-tumor immune response. WT1332, a 16-mer WT1-derived helper peptide, induce HTLs in an HLA class II-restricted manner and enhance the induction of WT1-specific CTLs in vitro. However, in vivo immune reaction to WT1332 vaccination in tumor-bearing patients remained unclear. Here, a striking difference in WT1-specific T cell responses was shown between WT1 CTL + WT1 helper peptide and WT1 CTL peptide vaccines in patients with recurrent glioma. WT1-specific CTLs were more strongly induced in the patients who were immunized with WT1 CTL + WT1 helper peptide vaccine, compared to those who were immunized with WT1 CTL vaccine alone. Importantly, a clear correlation was demonstrated between WT1-specific CTL and WT1332-specific HTL responses. Interestingly, two novel distinct populations of WT1-tetramerlow WT1-TCRlow CD5low and WT1-tetramerhigh WT1-TCRhigh CD5high CTLs were dominantly detected in WT1 CTL + WT1 helper peptide vaccine. Although natural WT1 peptide-reactive CTLs in the latter population were evidently less than those in the former population, the latter population showed natural WT1 peptide-specific proliferation capacity comparable to the former population, suggesting that the latter population highly expressing CD5, a marker of resistance to activation-induced cell death, should strongly expand and persist for a long time in patients. These results demonstrated the advantage of WT1 helper peptide vaccine for the enhancement of WT1-specific CTL induction by WT1 CTL peptide vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Fujiki
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Tsuboi
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Soyoko Morimoto
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Hashimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Inatome
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakajima
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun Nakata
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sumiyuki Nishida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kana Hasegawa
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Oka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Oji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Sogo
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Immunology Research Unit, Department of Medical Innovations, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugiyama
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Tay RE, Richardson EK, Toh HC. Revisiting the role of CD4 + T cells in cancer immunotherapy-new insights into old paradigms. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 28:5-17. [PMID: 32457487 PMCID: PMC7886651 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-0183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionised cancer treatment, with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy and adoptive cell therapy (ACT) increasingly becoming standard of care across a growing number of cancer indications. While the majority of cancer immunotherapies focus on harnessing the anti-tumour CD8+ cytotoxic T cell response, the potential role of CD4+ 'helper' T cells has largely remained in the background. In this review, we give an overview of the multifaceted role of CD4+ T cells in the anti-tumour immune response, with an emphasis on recent evidence that CD4+ T cells play a bigger role than previously thought. We illustrate their direct anti-tumour potency and their role in directing a sustained immune response against tumours. We further highlight the emerging observation that CD4+ T cell responses against tumours tend to be against self-derived epitopes. These recent trends raise vital questions and considerations that will profoundly affect the rational design of immunotherapies to leverage on the full potential of the immune system against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong En Tay
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Emma K Richardson
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138648, Singapore. .,Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.
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Nistor GI, Dillman RO. Cytokine network analysis of immune responses before and after autologous dendritic cell and tumor cell vaccine immunotherapies in a randomized trial. J Transl Med 2020; 18:176. [PMID: 32316978 PMCID: PMC7171762 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In a randomized phase II trial conducted in patients with metastatic melanoma, patient-specific autologous dendritic cell vaccines (DCV) were associated with longer survival than autologous tumor cell vaccines (TCV). Both vaccines presented antigens from cell-renewing autologous tumor cells. The current analysis was performed to better understand the immune responses induced by these vaccines, and their association with survival. Methods 110 proteomic markers were measured at a week-0 baseline, 1 week before the first of 3 weekly vaccine injections, and at week-4, 1 week after the third injection. Data was presented as a deviation from normal controls. A two-component principal component (PC) statistical analysis and discriminant analysis were performed on this data set for all patients and for each treatment cohort. Results At baseline PC-1 contained 64.4% of the variance and included the majority of cytokines associated with Th1 and Th2 responses, which positively correlated with beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), programmed death protein-1 (PD-1) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ1). Results were similar at baseline for both treatment cohorts. After three injections, DCV-treated patients showed correlative grouping among Th1/Th17 cytokines on PC-1, with an inverse correlation with B2M, FAS, and IL-18, and correlations among immunoglobulins in PC-2. TCV-treated patients showed a positive correlation on PC-1 among most of the cytokines and tumor markers B2M and FAS receptor. There were also correlative changes of IL12p40 with both Th1 and Th2 cytokines and TGFβ1. Discriminant analysis provided additional evidence that DCV was associated with innate, Th1/Th17, and Th2 responses while TCV was only associated with innate and Th2 responses. Conclusions These analyses confirm that DCV induced a different immune response than that induced by TCV, and these immune responses were associated with improved survival. Trial registration Clinical trials.gov NCT004936930 retrospectively registered 28 July 2009
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel I Nistor
- AIVITA Biomedical, Inc., 18301 Von Karman, Suite 130, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Robert O Dillman
- AIVITA Biomedical, Inc., 18301 Von Karman, Suite 130, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA.
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Zamame Ramirez JA, Romagnoli GG, Falasco BF, Gorgulho CM, Sanzochi Fogolin C, Dos Santos DC, Junior JPA, Lotze MT, Ureshino RP, Kaneno R. Blocking drug-induced autophagy with chloroquine in HCT-116 colon cancer cells enhances DC maturation and T cell responses induced by tumor cell lysate. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106495. [PMID: 32298965 PMCID: PMC7152898 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy helps tumor cells to face drug-induced damages, stimulating tolerance. Autophagy inhibition improves the efficiency of antineoplastic agents. Blockage of autophagy with Chloroquine increases synthesis of tumor antigens. Blockage of autophagy changes the expression of ATG and tumor suppressor genes. Lysate of drug-treated cells enhances maturation/activation of human dendritic cells. Lysate of drug-treated cells induce Th1 alloresponse, and generation of tumor-specific CTL.
Autophagy is an important mechanism for tumor escape, allowing tumor cells to recover from the damage induced by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy and contributing to the development of resistance. The pharmacological inhibition of autophagy contributes to increase the efficacy of antineoplastic agents. Exposing tumor cells to low concentrations of select autophagy-inducing antineoplastic agents increases their immunogenicity and enhances their ability to stimulate dendritic cell (DC) maturation. We tested whether the application of an autophagy-inhibiting agent, chloroquine (CQ), in combination with low concentrations of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) increases the ability of tumor cells to induce DC maturation. DCs sensitized with the lysate of HCT-116 cells previously exposed to such a combination enhanced the DC maturation/activation ability. These matured DCs also increased the allogeneic responsiveness of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which showed a greater proliferative response than those from DCs sensitized with control lysates. The T cells expanded in such cocultures were CD69+ and PD-1- and produced higher levels of IFN-γ and lower levels of IL-10, consistent with the preferential activation of Th1 cells. Cocultures of autologous DCs and lymphocytes improved the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, as assessed by the expression of CD107a, perforin, and granzyme B. The drug combination increased the expression of genes related to the CEACAM family (BECN1, ATGs, MAPLC3B, ULK1, SQSTM1) and tumor suppressors (PCBP1). Furthermore, the decreased expression of genes related to metastasis and tumor progression (BNIP3, BNIP3L, FOSL2, HES1, LAMB3, LOXL2, NDRG1, P4HA1, PIK3R2) was noted. The combination of 5-FU and CQ increases the ability of tumor cells to drive DC maturation and enhances the ability of DCs to stimulate T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jofer Andree Zamame Ramirez
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University - UNESP, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Graziela Gorete Romagnoli
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University - UNESP, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca Francisco Falasco
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Mendonça Gorgulho
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University - UNESP, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Sanzochi Fogolin
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Carvalho Dos Santos
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - João Pessoa Araújo Junior
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael Thomas Lotze
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Ramon Kaneno
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Groeneveldt C, van Hall T, van der Burg SH, Ten Dijke P, van Montfoort N. Immunotherapeutic Potential of TGF-β Inhibition and Oncolytic Viruses. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:406-420. [PMID: 32223932 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In cancer immunotherapy, a patient's own immune system is harnessed against cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitors release the brakes on tumor-reactive T cells and, therefore, are particularly effective in treating certain immune-infiltrated solid tumors. By contrast, solid tumors with immune-silent profiles show limited efficacy of checkpoint blockers due to several barriers. Recent discoveries highlight transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced immune exclusion and a lack of immunogenicity as examples of these barriers. In this review, we summarize preclinical and clinical evidence that illustrates how the inhibition of TGF-β signaling and the use of oncolytic viruses (OVs) can increase the efficacy of immunotherapy, and discuss the promise and challenges of combining these approaches with immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Groeneveldt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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van Willigen WW, Bloemendal M, Boers-Sonderen MJ, de Groot JWB, Koornstra RHT, van der Veldt AAM, Haanen JBAG, Boudewijns S, Schreibelt G, Gerritsen WR, de Vries IJM, Bol KF. Response and survival of metastatic melanoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibition for recurrent disease on adjuvant dendritic cell vaccination. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1738814. [PMID: 33457087 PMCID: PMC7790511 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1738814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with autologous dendritic cells (DC) loaded ex vivo with melanoma-associated antigens is currently being tested as an adjuvant treatment modality for resected locoregional metastatic (stage III) melanoma. Based on its mechanism of action, DC vaccination might potentiate the clinical efficacy of concurrent or sequential immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI). The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of ICI administered following recurrent disease during, or after, adjuvant DC vaccination. To this end, we retrospectively analyzed clinical responses of 51 melanoma patients with either irresectable stage III or stage IV disease treated with first- or second-line ICI following recurrence on adjuvant DC vaccination. Patients were analyzed according to the form of ICI administered: PD-1 inhibition monotherapy (nivolumab or pembrolizumab), ipilimumab monotherapy or combined treatment with ipilimumab and nivolumab. Treatment with first- or second-line PD-1 inhibition monotherapy after recurrence on adjuvant DC vaccination resulted in a response rate of 52%. In patients treated with ipilimumab monotherapy and ipilimumab-nivolumab response rates were 35% and 75%, respectively. In conclusion, ICI is effective in melanoma patients with recurrent disease on adjuvant DC vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter W van Willigen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Bloemendal
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rutger H T Koornstra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Rijnstate, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid A M van der Veldt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John B A G Haanen
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steve Boudewijns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bravis Hospital, Roosendaal, The Netherlands
| | - Gerty Schreibelt
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kalijn F Bol
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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36
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Dillman RO, Nistor GI, Poole AJ. Genomic, proteomic, and immunologic associations with a durable complete remission of measurable metastatic melanoma induced by a patient-specific dendritic cell vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:742-755. [PMID: 31625825 PMCID: PMC7227648 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1680239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes efforts to understand the immune mechanism of action that led to a complete response in a patient with progressive, refractory, metastatic melanoma after treatment with a therapeutic vaccine consisting of autologous dendritic cells (DC) loaded with autologous tumor antigens (ATA) derived from cells that were self-renewing in cell culture. Her histocompatibility type proved to be HLA B27 with extensive mutations in the HLA-A locus. Exomic analysis of proliferating tumor cells revealed more than 2800 non-synonymous mutations compared to her leukocytes. Histology of resected tumor lesions showed no evidence of an existing or suppressed immune response. In in vitro mixed cell cultures, DC loaded with ATA induced increased IL-22 expression, and a four-fold increase in CD8 + T lymphocytes. Cryopreserved blood samples obtained at week-0, 1 week before the first of three-weekly vaccine injections, and at week-4, 1 week after the third dose, were analyzed by protein array and compared for 110 different serum markers. At baseline, she had marked elevations of amyloid A, IL-12p40, IL21, IL-22, IL-10, IL-16, GROa, TNF-alpha, IL-3, and IL-2, and a lesser elevation of IL-15. One week after 3 weekly vaccinations she had a further 80% increase in amyloid A, a further 66% increase in IL-22, a 92% decrease in IL12p40, a 45% decrease in TGF-β and 26% decrease in IL-10. The data suggested that by 3 weeks after the first DCV injection, vaccine-induced changes in this particular patient were most consistent with enhanced innate and Th1 immune responses rather than Th2 or Th17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Dillman
- AIVITA Biomedical, Inc, Irvine, CA, USA.,Hoag Cancer Institute, Newport Beach, CA, USA
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37
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Bol KF, Schreibelt G, Rabold K, Wculek SK, Schwarze JK, Dzionek A, Teijeira A, Kandalaft LE, Romero P, Coukos G, Neyns B, Sancho D, Melero I, de Vries IJM. The clinical application of cancer immunotherapy based on naturally circulating dendritic cells. J Immunother Cancer 2019. [PMID: 30999964 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0580-] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) can initiate and direct adaptive immune responses. This ability is exploitable in DC vaccination strategies, in which DCs are educated ex vivo to present tumor antigens and are administered into the patient with the aim to induce a tumor-specific immune response. DC vaccination remains a promising approach with the potential to further improve cancer immunotherapy with little or no evidence of treatment-limiting toxicity. However, evidence for objective clinical antitumor activity of DC vaccination is currently limited, hampering the clinical implementation. One possible explanation for this is that the most commonly used monocyte-derived DCs may not be the best source for DC-based immunotherapy. The novel approach to use naturally circulating DCs may be an attractive alternative. In contrast to monocyte-derived DCs, naturally circulating DCs are relatively scarce but do not require extensive culture periods. Thereby, their functional capabilities are preserved, the reproducibility of clinical applications is increased, and the cells are not dysfunctional before injection. In human blood, at least three DC subsets can be distinguished, plasmacytoid DCs, CD141+ and CD1c+ myeloid/conventional DCs, each with distinct functional characteristics. In completed clinical trials, either CD1c+ myeloid DCs or plasmacytoid DCs were administered and showed encouraging immunological and clinical outcomes. Currently, also the combination of CD1c+ myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs as well as the intratumoral use of CD1c+ myeloid DCs is under investigation in the clinic. Isolation and culture strategies for CD141+ myeloid DCs are being developed. Here, we summarize and discuss recent clinical developments and future prospects of natural DC-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalijn F Bol
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud university medical centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerty Schreibelt
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Katrin Rabold
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud university medical centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie K Wculek
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares `Carlos III`, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Romero
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bart Neyns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares `Carlos III`, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud university medical centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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38
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Bol KF, Schreibelt G, Rabold K, Wculek SK, Schwarze JK, Dzionek A, Teijeira A, Kandalaft LE, Romero P, Coukos G, Neyns B, Sancho D, Melero I, de Vries IJM. The clinical application of cancer immunotherapy based on naturally circulating dendritic cells. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:109. [PMID: 30999964 PMCID: PMC6471787 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) can initiate and direct adaptive immune responses. This ability is exploitable in DC vaccination strategies, in which DCs are educated ex vivo to present tumor antigens and are administered into the patient with the aim to induce a tumor-specific immune response. DC vaccination remains a promising approach with the potential to further improve cancer immunotherapy with little or no evidence of treatment-limiting toxicity. However, evidence for objective clinical antitumor activity of DC vaccination is currently limited, hampering the clinical implementation. One possible explanation for this is that the most commonly used monocyte-derived DCs may not be the best source for DC-based immunotherapy. The novel approach to use naturally circulating DCs may be an attractive alternative. In contrast to monocyte-derived DCs, naturally circulating DCs are relatively scarce but do not require extensive culture periods. Thereby, their functional capabilities are preserved, the reproducibility of clinical applications is increased, and the cells are not dysfunctional before injection. In human blood, at least three DC subsets can be distinguished, plasmacytoid DCs, CD141+ and CD1c+ myeloid/conventional DCs, each with distinct functional characteristics. In completed clinical trials, either CD1c+ myeloid DCs or plasmacytoid DCs were administered and showed encouraging immunological and clinical outcomes. Currently, also the combination of CD1c+ myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs as well as the intratumoral use of CD1c+ myeloid DCs is under investigation in the clinic. Isolation and culture strategies for CD141+ myeloid DCs are being developed. Here, we summarize and discuss recent clinical developments and future prospects of natural DC-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalijn F. Bol
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud university medical centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerty Schreibelt
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Katrin Rabold
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud university medical centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie K. Wculek
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares `Carlos III`, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lana E. Kandalaft
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Romero
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bart Neyns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares `Carlos III`, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Jolanda M. de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud university medical centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Jacoberger-Foissac C, Saliba H, Seguin C, Brion A, Kakhi Z, Frisch B, Fournel S, Heurtault B. Optimization of peptide-based cancer vaccine compositions, by sequential screening, using versatile liposomal platform. Int J Pharm 2019; 562:342-350. [PMID: 30880104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines need thoughtful design to efficiently deliver appropriate antigens and adjuvants to the immune system. In the current study, we took advantage of the versatility of a liposomal platform to conceive and customize vaccines containing three elements needed for the induction of efficient antitumor immunity: i) a CD4 epitope peptide able to activate CD4+ T helper cells, ii) a CD8 tumor-specific epitope peptide recognized by CD8+ T cytotoxic cells and iii) Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) agonists which stand as adjuvants. Each type of component, conjugated to liposomes, was evaluated individually by comparing their vaccine efficacy after immunization of naïve mice. These screening steps resulted in the optimization of three liposomal constructs bearing a peptide from HA influenza virus protein as CD4 epitope, a peptide from HPV16 E7 oncoprotein as CD8 epitope and TLR4, TLR2/6 or NOD1 agonists as adjuvant, which displayed antitumor efficiency against a mouse model of disseminated tumors transformed by HPV16. Our results validated the interest of our customizable liposomal platform as delivery system for cancer vaccination. We also demonstrated its interest as tool for vaccine design allowing the strategical selection of components, and the evaluation of epitope-adjuvant association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Jacoberger-Foissac
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Hanadi Saliba
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Cendrine Seguin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Anaïs Brion
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Zahra Kakhi
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Benoît Frisch
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Fournel
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Béatrice Heurtault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France.
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DE Wolf C, VAN DE Bovenkamp M, Hoefnagel M. Regulatory perspective on in vitro potency assays for human dendritic cells used in anti-tumor immunotherapy. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:1289-1308. [PMID: 30327247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key connectors between the innate and adaptive immune system and have an important role in modulating other immune cells. Therefore, their therapeutic application to steer immune responses is considered in various disorders, including cancer. Due to differences in the cell source and manufacturing process, each DC medicinal product is unique. Consequently, release tests to ensure consistent quality need to be product-specific. Although general guidance concerning quality control testing of cell-based therapies is available, cell type-specific regulation is still limited. Especially guidance related to potency testing is needed, because developing an in vitro assay measuring cell properties relevant for in vivo functionality is challenging. In this review, we provide DC-specific guidance for development of in vitro potency assays for characterisation and release. We present a broad overview of in vitro potency assays suggested for DC products to determine their anti-tumor functionality. Several advantages and limitations of these assays are discussed. Also, we provide some points to consider for selection and design of a potency test. The ideal functionality assay for anti-tumor products evaluates the capacity of DCs to stimulate antigen-specific T cells. Because this approach may not be feasible for release, use of surrogate potency markers could be considered, provided that these markers are sufficiently linked to the in vivo DC biological activity and clinical response. Further elucidation of the involvement of specific DC subsets in anti-tumor responses will result in improved manufacturing processes for DC-based products and should be considered during potency assay development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte DE Wolf
- Medicines Evaluation Board College ter Beoordeling van Geneesmiddelen-Medicines Evaluation Board (CBG-MEB), Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Marja VAN DE Bovenkamp
- Medicines Evaluation Board College ter Beoordeling van Geneesmiddelen-Medicines Evaluation Board (CBG-MEB), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Hoefnagel
- Medicines Evaluation Board College ter Beoordeling van Geneesmiddelen-Medicines Evaluation Board (CBG-MEB), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Tel-Karthaus N, Kers-Rebel ED, Looman MW, Ichinose H, de Vries CJ, Ansems M. Nuclear Receptor Nur77 Deficiency Alters Dendritic Cell Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1797. [PMID: 30123220 PMCID: PMC6085422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system. Proper function of DCs is crucial to elicit an effective immune response against pathogens and to induce antitumor immunity. Different members of the nuclear receptor (NR) family of transcription factors have been reported to affect proper function of immune cells. Nur77 is a member of the NR4A subfamily of orphan NRs that is expressed and has a function within the immune system. We now show that Nur77 is expressed in different murine DCs subsets in vitro and ex vivo, in human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) and in freshly isolated human BDCA1+ DCs, but its expression is dispensable for DC development in the spleen and lymph nodes. We show, by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Nur77 in human moDCs and by using Nur77-/- murine DCs, that Nur77-deficient DCs have enhanced inflammatory responses leading to increased T cell proliferation. Treatment of human moDCs with 6-mercaptopurine, an activator of Nur77, leads to diminished DC activation resulting in an impaired capacity to induce IFNγ production by allogeneic T cells. Altogether, our data show a yet unexplored role for Nur77 in modifying the activation status of murine and human DCs. Ultimately, targeting Nur77 may prove to be efficacious in boosting or diminishing the activation status of DCs and may lead to the development of improved DC-based immunotherapies in, respectively, cancer treatment or treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Tel-Karthaus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Esther D Kers-Rebel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Maaike W Looman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hiroshi Ichinose
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Carlie J de Vries
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marleen Ansems
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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42
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Tran T, Blanc C, Granier C, Saldmann A, Tanchot C, Tartour E. Therapeutic cancer vaccine: building the future from lessons of the past. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 41:69-85. [PMID: 29978248 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0691-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anti-cancer vaccines have raised many hopes from the start of immunotherapy but have not yet been clinically successful. The few positive results of anti-cancer vaccines have been observed in clinical situations of low tumor burden or preneoplastic lesions. Several new concepts and new results reposition this therapeutic approach in the field of immunotherapy. Indeed, cancers that respond to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 (20-30%) are those that are infiltrated by anti-tumor T cells with an inflammatory infiltrate. However, 70% of cancers do not appear to have an anti-tumor immune reaction in the tumor microenvironment. To induce this anti-tumor immunity, therapeutic combinations between vaccines and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 are being evaluated. In addition, the identification of neoepitopes against which the immune system is less tolerated is giving rise to a new enthusiasm by the first clinical results of the vaccine including these neoepitopes in humans. The ability of anti-cancer vaccines to induce a population of anti-tumor T cells called memory resident T cells that play an important role in immunosurveillance is also a new criterion to consider in the design of therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tran
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - C Blanc
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - C Granier
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A Saldmann
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - C Tanchot
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, France.
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratory of Immunology, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Paris, France.
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43
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Feola S, Capasso C, Fusciello M, Martins B, Tähtinen S, Medeot M, Carpi S, Frascaro F, Ylosmäki E, Peltonen K, Pastore L, Cerullo V. Oncolytic vaccines increase the response to PD-L1 blockade in immunogenic and poorly immunogenic tumors. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1457596. [PMID: 30221051 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1457596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of immune checkpoint pathways and limited T- cell infiltration result in immunological escape of tumors. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors are currently approved for several types of cancers, the response rate is often limited by the lack of tumor specific T-cells within the malignant tissue. Therefore, new combinatorial strategies are needed to enhance the clinical benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitors. We have previously developed PeptiCRAd, an oncolytic vaccine platform capable of directing the immune response toward tumor epitopes. In this study, we evaluated whether the platform could be used to increase the response rate to checkpoint inhibitors in both highly immunogenic and poorly immunogenic tumors, such as melanoma and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). We report here that anti-PD-L1 therapy in combination with PeptiCRAd significantly reduced the growth of melanomas and increased the response rate to checkpoint inhibition. In fact, we registered a higher rate of complete responses among mice treated with the combination. This approach promoted the presence of non-exhausted antigen-specific T-cells within the tumor in comparison to anti-PD-L1 monotherapy. Furthermore, we found that targeting both MHC-I and II restricted tumor epitopes was necessary to decrease the growth of the poorly immunogenic TNBC model 4T1 and that combination with PD-L1 blockade increased the number of responders to checkpoint inhibition. Finally, the described strategy was validated in a translational in vitro model using HLA matched human PBMCs and tumor cell lines. Consistent to our previous results, improved cytotoxicity was observed with combination of PeptiCRAd and anti-PD-L1. These results demonstrate that oncolytic virus based cancer vaccine can significantly improve the response rate to checkpoint blocking antibodies in the context of immunogenic and non-immunogenic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Feola
- Dipartimento di medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universitá di Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - C Capasso
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Doctoral Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Fusciello
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Doctoral Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - B Martins
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Doctoral Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Tähtinen
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Doctoral Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Medeot
- Department of pharmaceutical and pharmacological sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, Padova, Italy
| | - S Carpi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Lungarno Antonio Pacinotti, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Frascaro
- University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, Siena, Italy
| | - E Ylosmäki
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Doctoral Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Peltonen
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Doctoral Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Pastore
- Dipartimento di medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universitá di Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini 5, Naples, Italy.,Helsinki Institute of Life Science, HILIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - V Cerullo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Doctoral Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Life Science, HILIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
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44
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Ahrends T, Borst J. The opposing roles of CD4 + T cells in anti-tumour immunity. Immunology 2018; 154:582-592. [PMID: 29700809 PMCID: PMC6050207 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy focuses mainly on anti-tumour activity of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). CTLs can directly kill all tumour cell types, provided they carry recognizable antigens. However, CD4+ T cells also play important roles in anti-tumour immunity. CD4+ T cells can either suppress or promote the anti-tumour CTL response, either in secondary lymphoid organs or in the tumour. In this review, we highlight opposing mechanisms of conventional and regulatory T cells at both sites. We outline how current cancer immunotherapy strategies affect both subsets and how selective modulation of each subset is important to maximize the clinical response of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Ahrends
- Division of Tumour Biology and ImmunologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jannie Borst
- Division of Tumour Biology and ImmunologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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45
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Brentville VA, Atabani S, Cook K, Durrant LG. Novel tumour antigens and the development of optimal vaccine design. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2018; 6:31-47. [PMID: 29998219 DOI: 10.1177/2515135518768769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between tumours and the immune system has long been known to involve complex interactions between tumour cells, immune cells and the tumour microenvironment. The progress of checkpoint inhibitors in the clinic in the last decade has highlighted again the role of the immune system in the fight against cancer. Numerous efforts have been undertaken to develop ways of stimulating the cellular immune response to eradicate tumours. These interventions include the identification of appropriate tumour antigens as targets for therapy. In this review, we summarize progress in selection of target tumour antigen. Targeting self antigens has the problem of thymic deletion of high-affinity T-cell responses leaving a diminished repertoire of low-affinity T cells that fail to kill tumour cells. Thymic regulation appears to be less stringent for differentiation of cancer-testis antigens, as many tumour rejection antigens fall into this category. More recently, targeting neo-epitopes or post-translational modifications such as a phosphorylation or stress-induced citrullination has shown great promise in preclinical studies. Of particular interest is that the responses can be mediated by both CD4 and CD8 T cells. Previous vaccines have targeted CD8 T-cell responses but more recently, the central role of CD4 T cells in orchestrating inflammation within tumours and also differentiating into potent killer cells has been recognized. The design of vaccines to induce such immune responses is discussed herein. Liposomally encoded ribonucleic acid (RNA), targeted deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or long peptides linked to toll-like receptor (TLR) adjuvants are the most promising new vaccine approaches. These exciting new approaches suggest that the 'Holy Grail' of a simple nontoxic cancer vaccine may be on the horizon. A major hurdle in tumour therapy is also to overcome the suppressive tumour environment. We address current progress in combination therapies and suggest that these are likely to show the most promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suha Atabani
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Katherine Cook
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lindy G Durrant
- Scancell Limited, Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Cervera-Carrascon V, Siurala M, Santos JM, Havunen R, Tähtinen S, Karell P, Sorsa S, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. TNFa and IL-2 armed adenoviruses enable complete responses by anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1412902. [PMID: 29721366 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1412902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Releasing the patient's immune system against their own malignancy by the use of checkpoint inhibitors is delivering promising results. However, only a subset of patients currently benefit from them. One major limitation of these therapies relates to the inability of T cells to detect or penetrate into the tumor resulting in unresponsiveness to checkpoint inhibition. Virotherapy is an attractive tool for enabling checkpoint inhibitors as viruses are naturally recognized by innate defense elements which draws the attention of the immune system. Besides their intrinsic immune stimulating properties, the adenoviruses used here are armed to express tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) and interleukin-2 (IL-2). These cytokines result in immunological danger signaling and multiple appealing T-cell effects, including trafficking, activation and propagation. When these viruses were injected into B16.OVA melanoma tumors in animals concomitantly receiving programmed cell-death protein 1 (PD-1) blocking antibodies both tumor growth control (p < 0.0001) and overall survival (p < 0.01) were improved. In this set-up, the addition of adoptive cell therapy with OT-I lymphocytes did not increase efficacy further. When virus injections were initiated before antibody treatment in a prime-boost approach, 100% of tumors regressed completely and all mice survived. Viral expression of IL2 and TNFa altered the cytokine balance in the tumor microenvironment towards Th1 and increased the intratumoral proportion of CD8+ and conventional CD4+ T cells. These preclinical studies provide the rationale and schedule for a clinical trial where oncolytic adenovirus coding for TNFa and IL-2 (TILT-123) is used in melanoma patients receiving an anti-PD-1 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cervera-Carrascon
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Uusima, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Uusima, Finland
| | - M Siurala
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Uusima, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Uusima, Finland
| | - J M Santos
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Uusima, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Uusima, Finland
| | - R Havunen
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Uusima, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Uusima, Finland
| | - S Tähtinen
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Uusima, Finland
| | - P Karell
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Uusima, Finland
| | - S Sorsa
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Uusima, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Uusima, Finland
| | - A Kanerva
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Uusima, Finland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Uusima, Finland
| | - A Hemminki
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Uusima, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Uusima, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Uusima, Finland
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47
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Heterologous human/rat HER2-specific exosome-targeted T cell vaccine stimulates potent humoral and CTL responses leading to enhanced circumvention of HER2 tolerance in double transgenic HLA-A2/HER2 mice. Vaccine 2018; 36:1414-1422. [PMID: 29415817 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines composed of heterologous human HER2 and rat neu sequences induce stronger antibody response and protective antitumor immunity than either HER2 or neu DNA vaccines in transgenic mice. We previously developed HER2-specific exosome-targeted T-cell vaccine HER2-TEXO capable of stimulating HER2-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, but only leading to partial protective immunity in double-transgenic HLA-A2/HER2 mice with self-immune tolerance to HER2. Here, we constructed an adenoviral vector AdVHuRt expressing HuRt fusion protein composed of NH2-HER21-407 (Hu) and COOH-neu408-690 (Rt) fragments, and developed a heterologous human/rat HER2-specific exosome-targeted T-cell vaccine HuRt-TEXO using polyclonal CD4+ T-cells uptaking exosomes released by AdVHuRt-transfected dendritic cells. We found that the HuRt-TEXO vaccine stimulates enhanced CD4+ T-cell responses leading to increased induction of HER2-specific antibody (∼70 µg/ml) compared to that (∼40 µg/ml) triggered by the homologous HER2-TEXO vaccine. By using PE-H-2Kd/HER223-71 tetramer, we determined that HuRt-TEXO stimulates stronger HER2-specific CD8+ T-cell responses eradicating 90% of HER2-specific target cells, while HER2-TEXO-induced CD8+ T-cell responses only eliminating 53% targets. Furthermore, HuRt-TEXO, but not HER2-TEXO vaccination, is capable of suppressing early stage-established HER2-expressing 4T1HER2 breast cancer in its lung metastasis or subcutaneous form in BALB/c mice, and of completely protecting transgenic HLA-A2/HER2 mice from growth of HLA-A2/HER2-expressing BL6-10A2/HER2 melanoma. HuRt-TEXO-stimulated HER2-specific CD8+ T-cells not only are cytolytic to trastuzumab-resistant HLA-A2/HER2-expressing BT474/A2 breast tumor cells in vitro but also eradicates pre-established BT474/A2 tumors in athymic nude mice. Therefore, our novel heterologous human/rat HER2-specific T-cell vaccine HuRt-TEXO, circumventing HER2 tolerance, may provide a new therapeutic alternative for patients with trastuzumab-resistant HER2+ breast tumor.
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Immune-related Adverse Events of Dendritic Cell Vaccination Correlate With Immunologic and Clinical Outcome in Stage III and IV Melanoma Patients. J Immunother 2018; 39:241-8. [PMID: 27227325 PMCID: PMC4902323 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicity profile of dendritic cell (DC) vaccination in stage III and IV melanoma patients, and to evaluate whether there is a correlation between side effects and immunologic and clinical outcome. This is a retrospective analysis of 82 stage III and 137 stage IV melanoma patients, vaccinated with monocyte-derived or naturally circulating autologous DCs loaded with tumor-associated antigens gp100 and tyrosinase. Median follow-up time was 54.3 months in stage III patients and 12.9 months in stage IV patients. Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 84% of patients; grade 3 toxicity was present in 3% of patients. Most common adverse events were flu-like symptoms (67%) and injection site reactions (50%), and both correlated with the presence of tetramer-positive CD8 T cells (both P<0.001). In stage III melanoma patients experiencing flu-like symptoms, median overall survival (OS) was not reached versus 32.3 months in patients without flu-like symptoms (P=0.009); median OS in patients with an injection site reaction was not reached versus 53.7 months in patients without an injection site reaction (P<0.05). In stage IV melanoma patients (primary uveal and mucosal melanomas excluded), median OS in patients with or without flu-like symptoms was 13.1 versus 8.9 months, respectively (P=0.03); median OS in patients with an injection site reaction was 15.7 months versus 9.8 months in patients without an injection site reaction (P=0.003). In conclusion, DC vaccination is safe and tolerable and the occurrence of the immune-related side effects, such as flu-like symptoms and injection site reactions, correlates with immunologic and clinical outcome.
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49
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Jin Z, Fan J, Zhang Y, Yi Y, Wang L, Yin D, Deng T, Ye W. Comparison of morphology, phenotypes and function between cultured human IL‑4‑DC and IFN‑DC. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7345-7354. [PMID: 28944895 PMCID: PMC5865864 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) as professional antigen presenting cells, are important in the initiation of the primary immune response. The present study compared the morphology, phenotypes and function between monocyte‑derived human DCs produced from a conventional culturing system containing granulocyte‑macrophage colony‑stimulating factor (GM‑CSF) and IL‑4 (IL‑4‑DC) and DCs generated by the stimulation of GM‑CSF and interferon (IFN)‑α (IFN‑DC). When compared with IL‑4‑DC in morphology, IFN‑DC contained more organelles, including endoplasmic reticulum and myelin figures, whereas mature (m)IL‑4‑DC contained more vacuoles in the cells. The spikes of IFN‑DC were shorter and thicker. The expression of phenotypes between immature IFN‑DC and IL‑4‑DC were diverse. Following maturation with tumor necrosis factor‑α, IFN‑DC and IL‑4‑DC upregulated the expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) 11c and CD83. Conversely, immature IFN‑DC and IL‑4‑DC secreted few inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)‑18, IL‑23, IL‑12p70, IL‑1β and anti‑inflammatory IL‑10. Following maturation, large amounts of the cytokines were secreted by these two DCs and mIFN‑DC secreted more cytokines compared with mIL‑4‑DC in general. Furthermore, immature IFN‑DC and IL‑4‑DC loaded with cytomegalovirus (CMV)‑pp65 protein were unable to induce the priming of T cells, as evaluated by the intracellular staining with IFN‑γ. Notably, mature DCs exhibited the ability to present CMV‑pp65 protein and activate T cells. The mIFN‑DC activated a greater proportion of autologous CD4+ T cells (0.91 vs. 0.31%, P<0.001) and CD8+ T cells (0.90 vs. 0.48%, P<0.001) to secret IFN‑γ compared with mIL‑4‑DC. The results suggested that the morphology, phenotypes and cytokine secretion of IFN‑DC and IL‑4‑DC were diverse. The mIFN‑DC were more effective in priming and cross‑priming T cells when compared with IL‑4‑DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Fan
- Cancer Research and Biotherapy Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, P.R. China
| | - Yajuan Zhang
- Health Management Center, Danyang People's Hospital, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 210003, P.R. China
| | - Yongxiang Yi
- Cancer Research and Biotherapy Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, P.R. China
| | - Lili Wang
- Cancer Research and Biotherapy Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Yin
- Cancer Research and Biotherapy Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, P.R. China
| | - Tao Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ye
- Cancer Research and Biotherapy Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, P.R. China
- Liver Disease Department, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, P.R. China
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50
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Melssen M, Slingluff CL. Vaccines targeting helper T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 47:85-92. [PMID: 28755541 PMCID: PMC5757837 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There are compelling arguments for designing cancer vaccines specifically to induce CD4+ helper T cell responses. Recent studies highlight the crucial role of proliferating, activated effector memory Th1 CD4+ T cells in effective antitumor immunity and reveal that CD4+ T cells induce more durable immune-mediated tumor control than CD8+ T cells. CD4+ T cells promote antitumor immunity by numerous mechanisms including enhancing antigen presentation, co-stimulation, T cell homing, T cell activation, and effector function. These effects are mediated at sites of T cell priming and at the tumor microenvironment. Several cancer vaccine approaches induce durable CD4+ T cell responses and have promising clinical activity. Future work should further optimize vaccine adjuvants and combination therapies incorporating helper peptide vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Melssen
- University of Virginia, Department of Surgery and University of Virginia Cancer Center, PO Box 800709, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- University of Virginia, Department of Surgery and University of Virginia Cancer Center, PO Box 800709, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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