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Zareinejad M, Mehdipour F, Roshan-Zamir M, Faghih Z, Ghaderi A. Dual Functions of T Lymphocytes in Breast Carcinoma: From Immune Protection to Orchestrating Tumor Progression and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4771. [PMID: 37835465 PMCID: PMC10571747 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer type in women and the second leading cause of death. Despite recent advances, the mortality rate of BC is still high, highlighting a need to develop new treatment strategies including the modulation of the immune system and immunotherapies. In this regard, understanding the complex function of the involved immune cells and their crosstalk with tumor cells is of great importance. T-cells are recognized as the most important cells in the tumor microenvironment and are divided into several subtypes including helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T-cells according to their transcription factors, markers, and functions. This article attempts to provide a comprehensive review of the role of T-cell subsets in the prognosis and treatment of patients with BC, and crosstalk between tumor cells and T-cells. The literature overwhelmingly contains controversial findings mainly due to the plasticity of T-cell subsets within the inflammatory conditions and the use of different panels for their phenotyping. However, investigating the role of T-cells in BC immunity depends on a variety of factors including tumor types or subtypes, the stage of the disease, the localization of the cells in the tumor tissue and the presence of different cells or cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zahra Faghih
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45505, Iran; (M.Z.); (F.M.); (M.R.-Z.)
| | - Abbas Ghaderi
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45505, Iran; (M.Z.); (F.M.); (M.R.-Z.)
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2
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Jou E. Type 1 and type 2 cytokine-mediated immune orchestration in the tumour microenvironment and their therapeutic potential. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:474-497. [PMID: 37455828 PMCID: PMC10345208 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains the second leading cause of death worldwide despite modern breakthroughs in medicine, and novel treatments are urgently needed. The revolutionary success of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the past decade serves as proof of concept that the immune system can be effectively harnessed to treat cancer. Cytokines are small signalling proteins with critical roles in orchestrating the immune response and have become an attractive target for immunotherapy. Type 1 immune cytokines, including interferon γ (IFNγ), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), have been shown to have largely tumour suppressive roles in part through orchestrating anti-tumour immune responses mediated by natural killer (NK) cells, CD8+ T cells and T helper 1 (Th1) cells. Conversely, type 2 immunity involving group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and Th2 cells are involved in tissue regeneration and wound repair and are traditionally thought to have pro-tumoural effects. However, it is found that the classical type 2 immune cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 may have conflicting roles in cancer. Similarly, type 2 immunity-related cytokines IL-25 and IL-33 with recently characterised roles in cancer may either promote or suppress tumorigenesis in a context-dependent manner. Furthermore, type 1 cytokines IFNγ and TNFα have also been found to have pro-tumoural effects under certain circumstances, further complicating the overall picture. Therefore, the dichotomy of type 1 and type 2 cytokines inhibiting and promoting tumours respectively is not concrete, and attempts of utilising these for cancer immunotherapy must take into account all available evidence. This review provides an overview summarising the current understanding of type 1 and type 2 cytokines in tumour immunity and discusses the prospects of harnessing these for immunotherapy in light of previous and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jou
- Queens’ College, University of Cambridge, CB3 9ET Cambridge, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QH Cambridge, UK
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Sun L, Su Y, Jiao A, Wang X, Zhang B. T cells in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:235. [PMID: 37332039 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. Upon antigen stimulation, naïve T cells differentiate into CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic effector and memory cells, mediating direct killing, diverse immune regulatory function, and long-term protection. In response to acute and chronic infections and tumors, T cells adopt distinct differentiation trajectories and develop into a range of heterogeneous populations with various phenotype, differentiation potential, and functionality under precise and elaborate regulations of transcriptional and epigenetic programs. Abnormal T-cell immunity can initiate and promote the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of T cell development, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell classification, and differentiation in physiological settings. We further elaborate the heterogeneity, differentiation, functionality, and regulation network of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in infectious disease, chronic infection and tumor, and autoimmune disease, highlighting the exhausted CD8+ T cell differentiation trajectory, CD4+ T cell helper function, T cell contributions to immunotherapy and autoimmune pathogenesis. We also discuss the development and function of γδ T cells in tissue surveillance, infection, and tumor immunity. Finally, we summarized current T-cell-based immunotherapies in both cancer and autoimmune diseases, with an emphasis on their clinical applications. A better understanding of T cell immunity provides insight into developing novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Yanhong Su
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Anjun Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China.
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Cannon A, Pajulas A, Kaplan MH, Zhang J. The Dichotomy of Interleukin-9 Function in the Tumor Microenvironment. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2023; 43:229-245. [PMID: 37319357 PMCID: PMC10282829 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2023.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 9 (IL-9) is a cytokine with potent proinflammatory properties that plays a central role in pathologies such as allergic asthma, immunity to parasitic infection, and autoimmunity. More recently, IL-9 has garnered considerable attention in tumor immunity. Historically, IL-9 has been associated with a protumor function in hematological malignancies and an antitumor function in solid malignancies. However, recent discoveries of the dynamic role of IL-9 in cancer progression suggest that IL-9 can act as both a pro- or antitumor factor in various hematological and solid malignancies. This review summarizes IL-9-dependent control of tumor growth, regulation, and therapeutic applicability of IL-9 blockade and IL-9-producing cells in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Cannon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Abigail Pajulas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Brown Center for Immunotherapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jilu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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IL-9 stimulates an anti-tumor immune response and facilitates immune checkpoint blockade in the CMT167 mouse model. Lung Cancer 2022; 174:14-26. [PMID: 36272280 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is mounting evidence that interleukin-9 (IL-9) is associated with various cancers although its function in lung cancer remains elusive. This study aimed to elucidate the role(s) of IL-9 in lung cancer and the mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of IL-9 receptor (IL-9R) in two murine lung cancer cell lines: CMT167 and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) were assessed and syngeneic murine lung cancer models were established. Tumor growth, intratumoral immune responses and downstream signaling pathways in tumor-bearing mice were analyzed upon IL-9 treatment. Human lung cancer cell lines A549 and H1975 were included for in vitro validation. Synergistic effects and immune responses of IL-9 in combination with anti-PD-1 were studied. RESULTS IL-9R expression was only detected in CMT167 but not LLC cells. IL-9 suppressed CMT167 tumor growth and enhanced anti-tumor T cell responses, both of which were absent in IL-9R-deficient LLC model and lost upon IL-9R knockdown in CMT167 model. In CMT167 tumors, while IL-9 increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells, the cytotoxic T subset was the key driver of IL-9-induced tumor suppression. Consistently, in CMT167 and A549 cells, IL-9/IL-9R signaling promoted MHC class I upregulation. Inhibition of ERK signaling abolished IL-9-mediated MHC class I upregulation in CMT167 cells. IL-9 induced expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 on CD8+ T lymphocytes and CMT167 cells respectively. Combined IL-9 treatment with PD-1 blockade further upregulated tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cell frequencies and synergistically suppressed tumor growth in CMT167 model. CONCLUSION IL-9 suppresses tumor growth by promoting tumor-derived MHC class I presentation and enhancing cytotoxic T cell immunity. Expression of IL-9R might be used as a biomarker for identification of potential target population susceptible to IL-9 treatment. Our study proposes IL-9 as a promising therapeutic immunomodulatory agent that can be used in combination with PD-1 blockade in lung cancer.
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Fu Y, Pajulas A, Wang J, Zhou B, Cannon A, Cheung CCL, Zhang J, Zhou H, Fisher AJ, Omstead DT, Khan S, Han L, Renauld JC, Paczesny S, Gao H, Liu Y, Yang L, Tighe RM, Licona-Limón P, Flavell RA, Takatsuka S, Kitamura D, Sun J, Bilgicer B, Sears CR, Yang K, Kaplan MH. Mouse pulmonary interstitial macrophages mediate the pro-tumorigenic effects of IL-9. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3811. [PMID: 35778404 PMCID: PMC9249769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although IL-9 has potent anti-tumor activity in adoptive cell transfer therapy, some models suggest that it can promote tumor growth. Here, we show that IL-9 signaling is associated with poor outcomes in patients with various forms of lung cancer, and is required for lung tumor growth in multiple mouse models. CD4+ T cell-derived IL-9 promotes the expansion of both CD11c+ and CD11c- interstitial macrophage populations in lung tumor models. Mechanistically, the IL-9/macrophage axis requires arginase 1 (Arg1) to mediate tumor growth. Indeed, adoptive transfer of Arg1+ but not Arg1- lung macrophages to Il9r-/- mice promotes tumor growth. Moreover, targeting IL-9 signaling using macrophage-specific nanoparticles restricts lung tumor growth in mice. Lastly, elevated expression of IL-9R and Arg1 in tumor lesions is associated with poor prognosis in lung cancer patients. Thus, our study suggests the IL-9/macrophage/Arg1 axis is a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyao Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Abigail Pajulas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jocelyn Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Baohua Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Anthony Cannon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Cherry Cheuk Lam Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jilu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Huaxin Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine/Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Amanda Jo Fisher
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine/Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - David T Omstead
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Sabrina Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Experimental Medicine Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Sophie Paczesny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Robert M Tighe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Paula Licona-Limón
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiologia Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Shogo Takatsuka
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Basar Bilgicer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Catherine R Sears
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine/Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Assadiasl S, Fatahi Y, Nicknam MH. T helper-9 cells and Interleukin-9 in transplantation: The open question. Hum Immunol 2022; 83:499-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cai M, Chen N. The Roles of IRF-8 in Regulating IL-9-Mediated Immunologic Mechanisms in the Development of DLBCL: A State-of-the-Art Literature Review. Front Oncol 2022; 12:817069. [PMID: 35211408 PMCID: PMC8860898 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.817069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF-8) is a transcription suppressor that functions through associations with other transcription factors, contributing to the growth and differentiation of bone marrow cells and the activation of macrophages. IRF-8 expression profoundly affects pathogenic processes ranging from infections to blood diseases. Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a multipotent cytokine that acts on a variety of immune cells by binding to the IL-9 receptor (IL-9R) and is involved in a variety of diseases such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and other pathogen-mediated immune regulatory diseases. Studies have shown that IL-9 levels are significantly increased in the serum of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and IL-9 levels are correlated with the DLBCL prognostic index. The activator protein-1 (AP-1) complex is a dimeric transcription factor that plays a critical role in cellular proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, oncogene-induced transformation, and invasion by controlling basic and induced transcription of several genes containing the AP-1 locus. The AP-1 complex is involved in many cancers, including hematological tumors. In this report, we systematically review the precise roles of IL-9, IRF-8, and AP-1 in tumor development, particularly with regard to DLBCL. Finally, the recent progress in IRF-8 and IL-9 research is presented; the possible relationship among IRF-8, IL-9, and AP-1 family members is analyzed; and future research prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Cai
- Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Department of Hematology, Jinan, China
| | - Na Chen
- Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Department of Hematology, Jinan, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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9
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Zha L, Dong J, Chen Q, Liao Y, Zhang H, Xie T, Tang T, Xia N, Zhang M, Jiao J, Zhou Y, Wu J, Yang X, Xu C, Wang QK, Tu X, Cheng X, Nie S. Genetic association analysis between IL9 and coronary artery disease in a Chinese Han population. Cytokine 2021; 150:155761. [PMID: 34814015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-9 (IL-9) plays important role in coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the exact relationship between them is not explored yet. Here, four tag SNPs covering IL9 (rs31563, rs2069868, rs2069870 and rs31564) were selected to conduct case-control association analyses in a total of 3704 individuals from Chinese Han population (1863 CAD vs 1841 control). Results showed that: first, rs2069868 was associated with CAD combined with hypertension (Padj = 0.027); second, IL9 haplotype (CGAT) was associated with CAD (Padj = 0.035), and the combination genotype of "rs31563_CC/rs31564_TT" would remarkably decrease the risk of CAD (Padj = 0.001); third, significant associations were found between rs2069870 and decreased LDL-c levels and decreased total cholesterol levels, and between rs31563 and increased HDL-c levels (Padj < 0.05). Therefore, we conclude that IL9 might play a causal role in CAD by interacted with CAD traditional risk factors, which might confer a new way to improve the prevention and treatment of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Zha
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiangtao Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qianwen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuhua Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hongsong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ni Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yingchao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiangping Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chengqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qing K Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin Tu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shaofang Nie
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Silva NSDL, Orikaza CM, de Santana FR, Dos Santos LA, Salu BR, Oliva MLV, Sinigaglia RDC, Mortara RA. Interleukin-9 in Immunopathology of Trypanosoma cruzi Experimental Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:756521. [PMID: 34722343 PMCID: PMC8554238 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.756521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas’ disease is a parasitosis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, which affects approximately 8 million people worldwide. The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines produced during immunological responses contributes to disease prognosis and progression. Parasite tissue persistence can induce chronic inflammatory stimuli, which can cause long-term tissue injury and fibrosis. Chronic Chagas’ patients exhibit increased levels of interleukin (IL)-9, an important cytokine in the regulation of inflammatory and fibrogenic processes. Data on the role of IL-9 in other pathologies are sometimes contradictory, and few studies have explored this cytokine’s influence in Chagas’ disease pathology. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of IL-9 in the progression of T. cruzi infection in vivo and in vitro. In vitro infection demonstrated that IL-9 reduced the number of infected cells and decreased the multiplication of intracellular amastigotes in both C2C12 myoblasts and bone marrow-derived macrophages. In myoblasts, the increased production of nitric oxide (NO) was essential for reduced parasite multiplication, whereas macrophage responses resulted in increased IL-6 and reduced TGF-β levels, indicating that parasite growth restriction mechanisms induced by IL-9 were cell-type specific. Experimental infection of BALB/c mice with T. cruzi trypomastigotes of the Y strain implicated a major role of IL-9 during the chronic phase, as increased Th9 and Tc9 cells were detected among splenocytes; higher levels of IL-9 in these cell populations and increased cardiac IL-9 levels were detected compared to those of uninfected mice. Moreover, rIL9 treatment decreased serum IL-12, IL-6, and IL-10 levels and cardiac TNF-α levels, possibly attempting to control the inflammatory response. IL-9 neutralization increased cardiac fibrosis, synthesis of collagens I and III, and mastocyte recruitment in BALB/c heart tissue during the chronic phase. In conclusion, our data showed that IL-9 reduced the invasion and multiplication of T. cruzi in vitro, in both myoblasts and macrophages, favoring disease control through cell-specific mechanisms. In vivo, IL-9 was elevated during experimental chronic infection in BALB/c mice, and this cytokine played a protective role in the immunopathological response during this phase by controlling cardiac fibrosis and proinflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadjania Saraiva de Lira Silva
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Mary Orikaza
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Rodrigues de Santana
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana Aguiar Dos Santos
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ramos Salu
- Biochemistry Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Vilela Oliva
- Biochemistry Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Sinigaglia
- Electronic Microscopy Center, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Arruda Mortara
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Mickevicius T, Vilkeviciute A, Glebauskiene B, Kriauciuniene L, Liutkeviciene R. Do TRIB1 and IL-9 Gene Polymorphisms Impact the Development and Manifestation of Pituitary Adenoma? In Vivo 2021; 34:2499-2505. [PMID: 32871778 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM To evaluate the association between TRIB1(rs6987702) and IL-9(rs1859430, rs2069870) genotypes with the development and manifestation of pituitary adenoma (PA). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study group included 141 patients with PA and the control group consisted of 287 healthy people. The genotyping of rs6987702, rs1859430 and rs2069870 was carried out using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Statistically significant results were obtained regarding the rs1859430, but there were no significant results regarding rs6987702. We found that the rs1859430 A/A genotype increased the odds of having recurrent PA six times (p=0.006) under the co-dominant model and four times (p=0.021) under the recessive model. Furthermore, the analysis showed that the G/A genotype increased the odds of having recurrent PA 2.3 times (p=0.003) under the co-dominant model, while G/A and A/A genotypes increased the odds 2.7 times (p=0.011) under the over-dominant model. CONCLUSION Certain genotypes of rs1859430 can be associated with PA recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Mickevicius
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Alvita Vilkeviciute
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Brigita Glebauskiene
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Loresa Kriauciuniene
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Liutkeviciene
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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12
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Das S, Surve V, Marathe S, Wad S, Karulkar A, Srinivasan S, Dwivedi A, Barthel SR, Purwar R. IL-9 Abrogates the Metastatic Potential of Breast Cancer by Controlling Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Cellular Contractility. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2740-2752. [PMID: 34021045 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-9 is produced by Th9 cells and is classically known as a growth-promoting cytokine. Although protumorigenic functions of IL-9 are described in T cell lymphoma, recently, we and others have reported anti-tumor activities of IL-9 in melanoma mediated by mast cells and CD8+ T cells. However, involvement of IL-9 in invasive breast and cervical cancer remains unexplored. In this study, we demonstrate IL-9-dependent inhibition of metastasis of both human breast (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and cervical (HeLa) tumor cells in physiological three-dimensional invasion assays. To dissect underlying mechanisms of IL-9-mediated suppression of invasion, we analyzed IL-9-dependent pathways of cancer cell metastasis, including proteolysis, contractility, and focal adhesion dynamics. IL-9 markedly blocked tumor cell-collagen degradation, highlighting the effects of IL-9 on extracellular matrix remodeling. Moreover, IL-9 significantly reduced phosphorylation of myosin L chain and resultant actomyosin contractility and also increased focal adhesion formation. Finally, IL-9 suppressed IL-17- and IFN-γ-induced metastasis of both human breast (MDA-MB-231) and cervical (HeLa) cancer cells. In conclusion, IL-9 inhibits the metastatic potential of breast and cervical cancer cells by controlling extracellular matrix remodeling and cellular contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreya Das
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; and
| | - Vishakha Surve
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; and
| | - Soumitra Marathe
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; and
| | - Siddhi Wad
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; and
| | - Atharva Karulkar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; and
| | - Srisathya Srinivasan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; and
| | - Alka Dwivedi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; and
| | - Steven R Barthel
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Rahul Purwar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; and
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13
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Pasvenskaite A, Liutkeviciene R, Gedvilaite G, Vilkeviciute A, Liutkevicius V, Uloza V. The Role of IL-9 Polymorphisms and Serum IL-9 Levels in Carcinogenesis and Survival Rate for Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030601. [PMID: 33803218 PMCID: PMC8001846 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have described the dichotomous function of IL-9 in various cancer diseases. However, its function has still not been analysed in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). In the present study, we evaluated five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL-9 (rs1859430, rs2069870, rs11741137, rs2069885, and rs2069884) and determined their associations with the patients' five-year survival rate. Additionally, we analysed serum IL-9 levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Three hundred LSCC patients and 533 control subjects were included in this study. A significant association between the patients' survival rate and distribution of IL-9 rs1859430 variants was revealed: patients carrying AA genotype had a higher risk of dying (p = 0.005). Haplotypes A-G-C-G-G of IL-9 (rs1859430, rs2069870, rs11741137, rs2069885, and rs2069884) were associated with 47% lower odds of LSCC occurrence (p = 0.035). Serum IL-9 levels were found detectable in three control group subjects (8.99 ± 12.03 pg/mL). In summary, these findings indicate that the genotypic distribution of IL-9 rs1859430 negatively influences the five-year survival rate of LSCC patients. The haplotypes A-G-C-G-G of IL-9 (rs1859430, rs2069870, rs11741137, rs2069885, and rs2069884) are associated with the lower odds of LSCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Pasvenskaite
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LUHS), LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.L.); (V.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-6532-3034
| | - Rasa Liutkeviciene
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LUHS), LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.L.); (G.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Greta Gedvilaite
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LUHS), LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.L.); (G.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Alvita Vilkeviciute
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LUHS), LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.L.); (G.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Vykintas Liutkevicius
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LUHS), LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.L.); (V.U.)
| | - Virgilijus Uloza
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LUHS), LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.L.); (V.U.)
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14
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Salazar Y, Zheng X, Brunn D, Raifer H, Picard F, Zhang Y, Winter H, Guenther S, Weigert A, Weigmann B, Dumoutier L, Renauld JC, Waisman A, Schmall A, Tufman A, Fink L, Brüne B, Bopp T, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Pullamsetti SS, Huber M, Savai R. Microenvironmental Th9 and Th17 lymphocytes induce metastatic spreading in lung cancer. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:3560-3575. [PMID: 32229721 DOI: 10.1172/jci124037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune microenvironment plays a critical role in lung cancer control versus progression and metastasis. In this investigation, we explored the effect of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte subpopulations on lung cancer biology by studying in vitro cocultures, in vivo mouse models, and human lung cancer tissue. Lymphocyte conditioned media (CM) induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration in both primary human lung cancer cells and cell lines. Correspondingly, major accumulation of Th9 and Th17 cells was detected in human lung cancer tissue and correlated with poor survival. Coculturing lung cancer cells with Th9/Th17 cells or exposing them to the respective CM induced EMT in cancer cells and modulated the expression profile of genes implicated in EMT and metastasis. These features were reproduced by the signatory cytokines IL-9 and IL-17, with gene regulatory profiles evoked by these cytokines partly overlapping and partly complementary. Coinjection of Th9/Th17 cells with tumor cells in WT, Rag1-/-, Il9r-/-, and Il17ra-/- mice altered tumor growth and metastasis. Accordingly, inhibition of IL-9 or IL-17 cytokines by neutralizing antibodies decreased EMT and slowed lung cancer progression and metastasis. In conclusion, Th9 and Th17 lymphocytes induce lung cancer cell EMT, thereby promoting migration and metastatic spreading and offering potentially novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylia Salazar
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - David Brunn
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Hartmann Raifer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and.,CoreFacility Flow Cytometry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Hauke Winter
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, member of the DZL, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Guenther
- Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benno Weigmann
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laure Dumoutier
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anja Schmall
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Amanda Tufman
- Respiratory Medicine and Thoracic Oncology, Internal Medicine V, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich and Thoracic Oncology Centre, member of the DZL, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludger Fink
- Institute of Pathology and Cytology, Wetzlar, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany. Research Center for Immunotherapy and University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany. German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- Department of Internal Medicine, member of the DZL, member of CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, member of the DZL, member of CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.,Institute or Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Soni Savai Pullamsetti
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, member of the DZL, member of CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Rajkumar Savai
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, member of the DZL, member of CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.,Institute or Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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15
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Zhou Q, Zhang H, Wang Z, Zeng H, Liu Z, Huang Q, Lin Z, Qu Y, Xiong Y, Wang J, Chang Y, Bai Q, Xia Y, Wang Y, Liu L, Dai B, Guo J, Zhu Y, Xu L, Xu J. Poor clinical outcomes and immunoevasive contexture in interleukin-9 abundant muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:3539-3549. [PMID: 32734613 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy and immunotherapy yield survival benefits for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients, in which tumor microenvironment has been found to exert crucial roles through tipping the balance between antitumor immunity and immune evasion. Our study aims to explore the clinical significance and therapeutic role of intratumoral interleukin-9-producing cells (IL-9+ cells) in MIBC. Two hundred fifty-nine MIBC patients from two independent clinic centers were utilized for retrospective analysis in the study. Sixty-five fresh MIBC tumor tissues were used to evaluate the infiltration and function of immune cells via flow cytometry and ex vivo intervention experiments. Three hundred ninety-one MIBC patients of The Cancer Genome Atlas were applied for bioinformatics analysis. It was found that patients with high IL-9+ cells infiltration had worse overall survival and relapse-free survival. pT2 patients with low IL-9+ cells infiltration could benefit more from adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT). IL-9+ cells infiltration was correlated with decreased expression of granzyme B from CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells and perforin from CD8+ T cells, while blockade of IL-9 reactivated the antitumor capacity of both cells leading to tumor regression. Furthermore, IL-9+ cells infiltration could be a biomarker for predicting anti-PD-1 efficacy. In conclusion, IL-9+ cells infiltration could be applied as an independent prognosticator for clinical outcome and ACT/anti-PD-1 effectiveness. IL-9+ cells infiltration diminished the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells and NK cells resulting in tumor immune evasion, and thus targeting IL-9 could be a potential therapeutic strategy for MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zewei Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaopei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuren Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Lin
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Bai
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Dai
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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16
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IL-9-producing T cells: potential players in allergy and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 21:37-48. [PMID: 32788707 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IL-9-producing CD4+ T cells have been considered to represent a distinct T helper cell (TH cell) subset owing to their unique developmental programme in vitro, their expression of distinct transcription factors (including PU.1) and their copious production of IL-9. It remains debatable whether these cells represent a truly unique TH cell subset in vivo, but they are closely related to the T helper 2 (TH2) cells that are detected in allergic diseases. In recent years, increasing evidence has also indicated that IL-9-producing T cells may have potent abilities in eradicating advanced tumours, particularly melanomas. Here, we review the latest literature on the development of IL-9-producing T cells and their functions in disease settings, with a particular focus on allergy and cancer. We also discuss recent ideas concerning the therapeutic targeting of these cells in patients with chronic allergic diseases and their potential use in cancer immunotherapy.
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17
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Sun Y, Liu S, Hu R, Zhou Q, Li X. Decreased placental IL9 and IL9R in preeclampsia impair trophoblast cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. Hypertens Pregnancy 2020; 39:228-235. [PMID: 32329646 DOI: 10.1080/10641955.2020.1754852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to investigate IL9 and IL9R expression in preeclampsia and assess their effects on trophoblast biological behaviors. METHODS IL9 and IL9R expression of placenta tissue were evaluated by immunochemistry and q-PCR. Using transwell, CCK-8, and tubule formation assays measured invasion, proliferation and angiogenesis of trophoblast with adding IL9 or anti-IL9R antibody. RESULTS IL9 and IL9R levels were significantly decreased in preeclampsia. IL9 improved trophoblast activities. Blocking IL9/IL9R resulted in decreased proliferation, invasion, and tube-formation capability of trophoblast. CONCLUSIONS IL9 and IL9R contribute to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. IL9/IL9R signaling provides a new potential therapeutic target for preventing preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Obstetric department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Obstetric department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Obstetric department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongjie Zhou
- Obstetric department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Obstetric department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai, China.,Obstetric department, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases , Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
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18
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Wan J, Wu Y, Ji X, Huang L, Cai W, Su Z, Wang S, Xu H. IL-9 and IL-9-producing cells in tumor immunity. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:50. [PMID: 32228589 PMCID: PMC7104514 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Interleukin (IL)-9 belongs to the IL-2Rγc chain family and is a multifunctional cytokine that can regulate the function of many kinds of cells. It was originally identified as a growth factor of T cells and mast cells. In previous studies, IL-9 was mainly involved in the development of allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases and parasite infections. Recently, IL-9, as a double-edged sword in the development of cancers, has attracted extensive attention. Since T-helper 9 (Th9) cell-derived IL-9 was verified to play a powerful antitumor role in solid tumors, an increasing number of researchers have started to pay attention to the role of IL-9-skewed CD8+ T (Tc9) cells, mast cells and Vδ2 T cell-derived IL-9 in tumor immunity. Here, we review recent studies on IL-9 and several kinds of IL-9-producing cells in tumor immunity to provide useful insight into tumorigenesis and treatment. Video Abstract
Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wan
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yinqiu Wu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ji
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.,China International Genomics Research Center (IGRC), Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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19
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-9 is a pleiotropic cytokine, which can function as a positive or negative regulator of immune responses on multiple types of cells. The role of IL-9 was originally known in allergic disease and parasite infections. Interestingly, recent studies demonstrate its presence in the tumor tissues of mice and humans, and the association between IL-9 and tumor progression has been revisited following the discovery of T helper (Th) 9 cells. Tumor-specific Th9 cells are considered to be the main subset of CD4+ T cells that produce high level of IL-9 and exhibit an IL-9-dependent robust anti-cancer function in solid tumors. IL-9 exerts an unprecedented anti-tumor immunity not only by inducing innate and adaptive immune responses but also directly promoting apoptosis of tumor cells. The objective of this review is to summarize the latest advances regarding the anti-tumor mechanisms of IL-9 and Th9 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningbo Zheng
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yong Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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20
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IL-9 and Th9 Cells in Tumor Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1240:35-46. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38315-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Wang J, Sun M, Zhao H, Huang Y, Li D, Mao D, Zhang Z, Zhu X, Dong X, Zhao X. IL-9 Exerts Antitumor Effects in Colon Cancer and Transforms the Tumor Microenvironment In Vivo. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019; 18:1533033819857737. [PMID: 31242804 PMCID: PMC6598323 DOI: 10.1177/1533033819857737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a newly discovered cytokine, interleukin 9 was initially considered a T-lymphocyte growth factor. Interleukin 9 affects target cells by binding to a member of the γc-family of receptors and is involved in inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and other ailments. In recent years, mounting evidence reveals that interleukin 9 exerts antitumor effects, which has attracted considerable attention. Many previous studies were performed in vivo by establishing a mouse model of melanoma. Here, interleukin 9 protein and messenger RNA expression levels were both low in colon carcinoma tissue specimens, as assessed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In addition, interleukin 9 expression in these samples was correlated with TNM staging, Dukes staging, lymph node metastasis, and good prognosis, but not with gender, age, tumor size, tumor differentiation, and hepatic metastasis. In vivo, by establishing a mouse subcutaneous allograft model, we found that interleukin 9 overexpression inhibited tumor growth and resulted in longer survival time. Then, antitumor immune responses were increased by interleukin 9 as demonstrated by flow cytometry. Furthermore, interleukin 9 was shown to exert antitumor effects by regulating T-cell function and killing tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment. Overall, this study revealed that interleukin 9 exerts robust antitumor effects in colon cancer and transforms the tumor microenvironment in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,2 Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,3 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,4 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingbing Sun
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang Huang
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dongbao Li
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Deli Mao
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinguo Zhu
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Dong
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,2 Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,3 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,4 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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22
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Schcolnik-Cabrera A, Dominguez-Gómez G, Chávez-Blanco A, Ramírez-Yautentzi M, Morales-Bárcenas R, Chávez-Díaz J, Taja-Chayeb L, Dueáas-González A. A combination of inhibitors of glycolysis, glutaminolysis and de novo fatty acid synthesis decrease the expression of chemokines in human colon cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:6909-6916. [PMID: 31788130 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lonidamine, 6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) and orlistat are well known inhibitors of glycolysis, glutaminolysis and of de novo fatty acid synthesis, respectively. Although their antitumor effects have been explored in detail, the potential inhibition of the malignant metabolic phenotype and its influence on the expression of chemokines and growth factors involved in colon cancer, have not been previously reported to the best of our knowledge. In the present study, dose-response curves with orlistat, lonidamine or DON were generated from cell viability assays conducted in SW480 colon cancer cells. In addition, the synergistic effect of these compounds was evaluated in SW480 human colon cancer cells. The determination of the doses used for maximum synergistic efficacy led to the exploration of the mRNA levels of the target genes hexokinase-2 (HK2), glutaminase-1 (GLS-1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) in human SW480 and murine CT26.WT colon cancer cells. The cell viability was evaluated following transfection with small interfering (si)RNA targeting these genes and was assessed with trypan blue. The expression levels of chemokines and growth factors were quantified in the supernatant of SW480 cells with LEGENDplex™. The combination of lonidamine, DON and orlistat resulted in a synergistic cytotoxic effect and induced the transcription of the corresponding gene targets but their corresponding proteins were actually downregulated. The downregulation of the expression levels of HK2, GLS-1 and FASN following transfection of the cells with the corresponding siRNA sequences decreased their viability. The treatment significantly reduced the expression levels of 9 chemokines [interleukin-9, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 10, eotaxin, chemokine ligand (CCL) 9, CXCL5, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL11 and CCCL4] and one growth factor (stem cell factor). These changes were associated with decreased phosphorylated-nuclear factor κB-p65. The data demonstrate that lonidamine, DON and orlistat in combination reduce the expression levels of chemokines and growth factors in colon cancer cells. Additional research is required to investigate the exact way by which both tumor and stromal cells regulate the expression levels of chemokines and growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alma Chávez-Blanco
- Basic Research Division, National Cancer Institute, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | | | | | - José Chávez-Díaz
- Basic Research Division, National Cancer Institute, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Lucía Taja-Chayeb
- Basic Research Division, National Cancer Institute, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Dueáas-González
- Basic Research Division, National Cancer Institute, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.,Biomedical Research Unit in Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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23
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Cui G. T H9, T H17, and T H22 Cell Subsets and Their Main Cytokine Products in the Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1002. [PMID: 31637216 PMCID: PMC6787935 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several newly identified T helper (TH) cell subsets, such as TH9, TH17, and TH22 cells, and their respective cytokine products, IL-9, IL-17, and IL-22, have been reported to play critical roles in the development of chronic inflammation in the colorectum. Since chronic inflammation is a potent driving force for the development of human colorectal cancer (CRC), the contributions of TH9/IL-9, TH17/IL-17, and TH22/IL-22 in the pathogenesis of CRC have recently become an increasingly popular area of scientific investigation. Extensive laboratory and clinical evidence suggests a positive relationship between these new TH subsets and the growth and formation of CRC, whereas, administration of IL-9, IL-17, and IL-22 signaling inhibitors can significantly alter the formation of colorectal chronic inflammation or CRC lesions in animal models, suggesting that blocking these cytokine signals might represent promising immunotherapeutic strategies. This review summarizes recent findings and currently available data for understanding the vital role and therapeutic significance of TH9/IL-9, TH17/IL-17, and TH22/IL-22 in the development of colorectal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Faculty of Health Science, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
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24
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Chen J, Guan L, Tang L, Liu S, Zhou Y, Chen C, He Z, Xu L. T Helper 9 Cells: A New Player in Immune-Related Diseases. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:1040-1047. [PMID: 31414895 PMCID: PMC6791470 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The helper T cell 9 (Thelper-9, Th9), as a functional subgroup of CD4+T cells, was first discovered in 2008. Th9 cells expressed transcription factor PU.1 and cytokine interleukin-9 (IL-9) characteristically. Recent researches have shown that the differentiation of Th9 cells was coregulated by cytokine transforming growth factor β, IL-4, and various transcription factors. Th9 cells, as a new player, played an important role in various immune-related diseases, including tumors, inflammatory diseases, parasite infection, and other diseases. In this article, we summarize the related research progress and discuss the possible prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Lian Guan
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Shiming Liu
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Ya Zhou
- Department of Medical Physics, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhixu He
- Key Laboratory of Adult Stem Cell Transformation Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Address correspondence to: Lin Xu, PhD, Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou, China
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25
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The dichotomous function of interleukin-9 in cancer diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:1377-1383. [PMID: 31396657 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01826-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic function of the cytokine IL-9 is so far described in many inflammation processes and autoimmune diseases. But its role in cancer immunology is rather diverse as it can have a pro-tumorigenic function as well as anti-tumorigenic characteristics. In various disease models of cancer, this cytokine is involved in different signaling pathways triggering the expression of proteins involved in cell growth, migration, and transformation or repressing cells from the adaptive immune system to reject tumor growth. Additionally, there are even therapeutic approaches for IL-9 in cancer development. This review will give an overview of the various roles of IL-9 in different immune organs and cells and provide an insight in the current state of research in the IL-9-dependent cancer area.
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26
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Ding P, Zhu R, Cai B, Zhang J, Bu Q, Sun DW. IL-9-producing CD8 + T cells represent a distinctive subset with different transcriptional characteristics from conventional CD8 + T cells, and partially infiltrate breast tumors. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 115:105576. [PMID: 31362059 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that IL-9 and IL-9-producing cells exert various roles in antitumor immunity. Our study examined the IL-9 production in CD8+ T cells from breast cancer patients as compared to healthy controls. IL-9 secretion was undetectable in CD8+ T cells ex vivo, but could be readily detected following anti-TCR or PMA + ionomycin stimulation, and was higher in breast cancer patients than in healthy controls. The capacity to express IL-9 was not universal to all CD8+ T cells, but was favored in IL-9Rhigh CD8+ T cells, which were also present in breast cancer patients at significantly higher frequency than in healthy controls. Interestingly, exogenous IL-9 could significantly increase the expression of both IL-9 and IL-9R in IL-9Rhigh, but not IL-9Rlow, CD8+ T cells. IL-9Rhigh CD8+ T cells ex vivo presented lower expression of KLRG-1, PD-1, and Tim-3 than IL-9Rlow CD8+ T cells. Additionally, IL-9Rhigh CD8+ T cells following anti-TCR and PMA + ionomycin stimulation presented higher IL-2 and IL-17 expression, and lower IFN-γ expression, than IL-9Rlow CD8+ T cells. IL-9-expressing CD8+ T cells could be found in some, but not all, resected breast tumors. IL-9R expression, on the other hand, was readily present in CD8+ T cells, but with high variability from patient to patient. Patients with high intratumoral IL-9 expression also tended to present high IL-9R expression. Together, these data demonstrate that a transcriptionally distinctive IL-9-producing CD8+ T cell subset was elevated in breast cancer patients and could be found inside the tumor, with higher capacity to produce IL-2 and IL-17 and lower expression of inhibitory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Ding
- Breast-Thyroid Surgery Department, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Breast-Thyroid Surgery Department, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bo Cai
- Breast-Thyroid Surgery Department, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Breast-Thyroid Surgery Department, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qingao Bu
- Breast-Thyroid Surgery Department, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Di-Wen Sun
- Breast-Thyroid Surgery Department, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China.
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27
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He J, Wang L, Zhang C, Shen W, Zhang Y, Liu T, Hu H, Xie X, Luo F. Interleukin-9 promotes tumorigenesis through augmenting angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105766. [PMID: 31352324 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
IL-9 is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a critical role in autoimmunity and inflammatory diseases. However, its role in tumorigenesis has not been well studied. In this study, we found that IL-9 expression was significantly increased and associated with poor progression in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Ectopic expression of IL-9 in NSCLC cells did not affect cell proliferation and apoptosis in vitro, but markedly promoted tumor growth in vivo. Immune-profile analysis showed no significant changes in the frequencies of infiltrated immune cells in the tumor site, neither in nude mice nor in immune-competent mice. However, we found that VEGF and microvessel density (MVD) were significantly increased in xenografts. IL-9 could promote cell growth and tube formation of HUVEC cells in vitro. In addition, correlation analysis implied a significant positive relationship between the density of IL-9 and VEGF, as well as MVD in human NSCLC tissues. Finally, we found that IL-9 stimulated tumor angiogenesis via STAT3 signaling. Together, our findings demonstrate a promoting role of IL-9 in lung cancer development, probably through promoting tumor angiogenesis. IL-9 thus may represent a new prognostic marker and therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China; Department of Oncology, The Third Hospital of Mianyang (Sichuan Mental Health Center), Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Chengda Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Hospital of MianYang (Sichuan Mental Health Center), Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, China
| | - Wenbin Shen
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Haoyue Hu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Xie
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China.
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28
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Lee JE, Zhu Z, Bai Q, Brady TJ, Xiao H, Wakefield MR, Fang Y. The Role of Interleukin-9 in Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:2017-2022. [PMID: 31016637 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Interluekin-9 (IL-9) is produced predominantly by helper T cells such as Th2 and Th9 cells. It normally functions through the activation of a JAK/STAT pathway and plays a critical role in immunity and the pathogenesis of cancer. In cancer, it yields different responses depending on the cancer cell line involved. This review is a summary of what is known about the involvement of IL-9 in various cancer cell lines as well as its role in immunity with a focus on allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, Iowa, 50312, USA
| | - Ziwen Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Qian Bai
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Tucker J Brady
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, Iowa, 50312, USA
| | - Huaping Xiao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, Iowa, 50312, USA.,The Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Mark R Wakefield
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yujiang Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, Iowa, 50312, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.
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29
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Cai L, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Chen H, Hu J. Effect of Th9/IL-9 on the growth of gastric cancer in nude mice. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:2225-2234. [PMID: 30988627 PMCID: PMC6441462 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s197816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective By neutralizing IL-9 in a nude mouse model, the study aimed to investigate the role of Th9/IL-9 on the growth of gastric cancer in mice. Materials and methods Male BALB/c nude mice were randomly divided into three groups: a normal control group (Control), an SGC-7901 xenografted nude mice model group (Model), and a rIL-9 treatment group (Treat). The weight of the tumors was recorded to calculate the tumor inhibition rate. Flow cytometry was used to detect the cell frequency of Th9, Th17, and Treg in peripheral blood. The IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-25, VEGF, and TGF-β levels in serum were determined by ELISA. The cellular migration and invasion were investigated by transwell assay. Immunohistochemical and Western blot were used to detect the expression of IL-9, CD34, PU.1, p53, and p21 proteins in gastric cancer tissue. The mRNA expression levels of IL-9, IL-21, and PU.1 in gastric cancer tissue were determined by qRT-PCR. Result rIL-9 can significantly inhibit the growth of gastric cancer. The frequency of Th9, Th17, and Treg in peripheral blood was decreased upon treatment. The levels of IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-25, VEGF, and TGF-β in serum were significantly reduced in the Treat group compared with the Model group (P<0.05). rIL-9 can inhibit cellular migration and invasion and reduce the mRNA level of IL-9, IL-21, and PU.1. Meanwhile, in the Treat group, the expression of IL-9, CD34, and PU.1 was significantly reduced, whereas the expression of p53 and p21 was significantly increased compared with the Model group (P<0.05). Conclusion This study suggested that Th9/IL-9 has a deleterious role in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cai
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Laizhou People's Hospital, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China,
| | - Hongbing Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jinchen Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China,
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30
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Agrahari R, Foroushani A, Docking TR, Chang L, Duns G, Hudoba M, Karsan A, Zare H. Applications of Bayesian network models in predicting types of hematological malignancies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6951. [PMID: 29725024 PMCID: PMC5934387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Network analysis is the preferred approach for the detection of subtle but coordinated changes in expression of an interacting and related set of genes. We introduce a novel method based on the analyses of coexpression networks and Bayesian networks, and we use this new method to classify two types of hematological malignancies; namely, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Our classifier has an accuracy of 93%, a precision of 98%, and a recall of 90% on the training dataset (n = 366); which outperforms the results reported by other scholars on the same dataset. Although our training dataset consists of microarray data, our model has a remarkable performance on the RNA-Seq test dataset (n = 74, accuracy = 89%, precision = 88%, recall = 98%), which confirms that eigengenes are robust with respect to expression profiling technology. These signatures are useful in classification and correctly predicting the diagnosis. They might also provide valuable information about the underlying biology of diseases. Our network analysis approach is generalizable and can be useful for classifying other diseases based on gene expression profiles. Our previously published Pigengene package is publicly available through Bioconductor, which can be used to conveniently fit a Bayesian network to gene expression data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Agrahari
- Department of Computer Science, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, 78666, USA
| | - Amir Foroushani
- Department of Computer Science, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, 78666, USA
| | - T Roderick Docking
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Linda Chang
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Gerben Duns
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Monika Hudoba
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Aly Karsan
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Habil Zare
- Department of Computer Science, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, 78666, USA. .,Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA.
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31
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Upadhyay S, Sharma N, Gupta KB, Dhiman M. Role of immune system in tumor progression and carcinogenesis. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:5028-5042. [PMID: 29327370 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor micro-environment has potential to customize the behavior of the immune cell according to their need. In immune-eliminating phase, immune cells eliminate transformed cells but after tumor establishment innate and adaptive immune cells synergistically provide shelter as well as fulfill their requirement that helps in progression. In between eliminating and establishment phase, equilibrium and escaping phase regulate the immune cells response. During immune-escaping, (1) the antigenic response generated is either inadequate, or focused entirely on tolerance, and (2) immune response generated is specific and effective, but the tumor skips immune recognition. In this review, we are discussing the critical role of immune cells and their cytokines before and after the establishment of tumor which might play a critical role during immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Upadhyay
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Kunj Bihari Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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32
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Do Thi VA, Park SM, Lee H, Kim YS. Ectopically Expressed Membrane-bound Form of IL-9 Exerts Immune-stimulatory Effect on CT26 Colon Carcinoma Cells. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e12. [PMID: 29503742 PMCID: PMC5833119 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-9 is a known T cell growth factor with pleiotropic immunological functions, especially in parasite infection and colitis. However, its role in tumor growth is controversial. In this study, we generated tumor clones expressing the membrane-bound form of IL-9 (MB-IL-9) and investigated their influences on immune system. MB-IL-9 tumor clones showed reduced tumorigenicity but shortened survival accompanied with severe body weight loss in mice. MB-IL-9 expression on tumor cells had no effect on cell proliferation or major histocompatibility complex class I expression in vitro. MB-IL-9 tumor clones were effective in amplifying CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and increasing cytotoxic activity against CT26 cells in vivo. We also observed a prominent reduction in body weights and survival period of mice injected intraperitoneally with MB-IL-9 clones compared with control groups. Ratios of IL-17 to interferon (IFN)-γ in serum level and tumor mass were higher in mice implanted with MB-IL-9 tumor clones than those observed in mice implanted with control cells. These results indicate that the ectopic expression of the MB-IL-9 on tumor cells exerts an immune-stimulatory effect with toxicity. To exploit its benefits as a tumor vaccine, a strategy to control the toxicity of MB-IL-9 tumor clones should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Anh Do Thi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sang Min Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hayyoung Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Young Sang Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.,Institute of Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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33
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Xiang Z, Tu W. Dual Face of Vγ9Vδ2-T Cells in Tumor Immunology: Anti- versus Pro-Tumoral Activities. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1041. [PMID: 28894450 PMCID: PMC5581348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2-T cells are considered as potent effector cells for tumor immunotherapy through directly killing tumor cells and indirectly regulating other innate and adaptive immune cells to establish antitumoral immunity. The antitumoral activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells is governed by a complicated set of activating and inhibitory cell receptors. In addition, cytokine milieu in tumor microenvironment can also induce the pro-tumoral activities and functional plasticity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells. Here, we review the anti- versus pro-tumoral activities of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells and discuss the mechanisms underlying the recognition, activation, differentiation and regulation of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in tumor immunosurveillance. The comprehensive understanding of the dual face of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in tumor immunology may improve the therapeutic efficacy and clinical outcomes of Vγ9Vδ2-T cell-based tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiang
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Interleukin-9 Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Cells Proliferation and Migration via the miR-200a/Beta-Catenin Axis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2831056. [PMID: 28349057 PMCID: PMC5352879 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2831056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background. Both IL-9 and miR-200a are involved in the pathogenesis of cancers; however, the role of IL-9 in pancreatic cancer and the possible underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of IL-9 on pancreatic cancer cells and its interaction with miR-200a. Methods. Pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1 and AsPC-1) were treated with IL-9 and the expression of miR-200a and β-catenin in pancreatic cancer cells was measured. β-Catenin was examined as a target gene of miR-200a in pancreatic cancer cells. The interaction between IL-9 and miR-200a in pancreatic cancer cells was determined by infecting miR-200a mimics prior to IL-9 treatment and then measuring miR-200a and β-catenin expression. Results. IL-9 significantly promoted the proliferation, invasion, and migration of pancreatic cancer cells; however, the effect on pancreatic cancer cell apoptosis was insignificant. β-Catenin was verified as a target gene of miR-200a in pancreatic cancer cells. Overexpression of miR-200a in pancreatic cancer cells significantly attenuated proliferation and metastasis and reduced β-catenin expression. IL-9 treatment of pancreatic cancer cells decreased miR-200a expression and increased β-catenin expression. The effect of miR-200a on pancreatic cancer cells decreased following IL-9 treatment. Conclusions. IL-9 promotes proliferation and metastasis in pancreatic cancer cells; this effect may partly involve regulation of the miR-200a/β-catenin axis.
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Rivera Vargas T, Humblin E, Végran F, Ghiringhelli F, Apetoh L. T H9 cells in anti-tumor immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 39:39-46. [PMID: 27832300 PMCID: PMC5222918 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0599-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IL-9 was initially identified as a T cell growth factor with a potential oncogenic activity. Accordingly, IL-9 drives tumor growth in most hematological cancers. However, the links between IL-9 and cancer progression have been recently revisited following the discovery of TH9 cells. TH9 cells, which have been characterized in 2008 as a proinflammatory CD4 T cell subset that promotes protection against parasites and drives tissue inflammation in colitis, actually harbor potent IL-9-dependent anti-cancer properties in solid tumors and especially melanoma. While the molecular mechanisms underlying these observations are still being investigated, TH9 cells were demonstrated to activate both innate and adaptive immune responses, thereby favoring anti-cancer immunity and tumor elimination. Human TH9 cells have also been identified in cancer tissues, but their functions remain elusive. The present review aims to discuss the anti-cancer potential of TH9 cells and their possible clinical relevance for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiz Rivera Vargas
- INSERM, U866,, Dijon, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Etienne Humblin
- INSERM, U866,, Dijon, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Frédérique Végran
- INSERM, U866,, Dijon, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- INSERM, U866,, Dijon, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Lionel Apetoh
- INSERM, U866,, Dijon, France. .,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France. .,Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France.
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Nonomura Y, Otsuka A, Nakashima C, Seidel JA, Kitoh A, Dainichi T, Nakajima S, Sawada Y, Matsushita S, Aoki M, Takenouchi T, Fujimura T, Hatta N, Koreeda S, Fukushima S, Honda T, Kabashima K. Peripheral blood Th9 cells are a possible pharmacodynamic biomarker of nivolumab treatment efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1248327. [PMID: 28123885 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1248327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although nivolumab is associated with a significant improvement in overall survival and progression-free survival, only 20 to 40% of patients experience long-term benefit. It is therefore of great interest to identify a predictive marker of clinical benefit for nivolumab. To address this issue, the frequencies of CD4+ T cell subsets (Treg, Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17 and Th22), CD8+ T cells, and serum cytokine levels (IFNγ, IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, TGF-β) were assessed in 46 patients with melanoma. Eighteen patients responded to nivolumab, and the other 28 patients did not. An early increase in Th9 cell counts during the treatment with nivolumab was associated with an improved clinical response. Before the first nivolumab infusion, the responders displayed elevated serum concentrations of TGF-β compared to non-responders. Th9 induction by IL-4 and TGF-β was enhanced by PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in vitro. The role of IL-9 in disease progression was further assessed using a murine melanoma model. In vivo IL-9 blockade promoted melanoma progression in mice using an autochthonous mouse melanoma model, and the cytotoxic ability of murine melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells was enhanced in the presence of IL-9 in vitro. These findings suggest that Th9 cells, which produce IL-9, play an important role in the successful treatment of melanoma patients with nivolumab. Th9 cells therefore represent a valid biomarker to be further developed in the setting of anti-PD-1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Nonomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chisa Nakashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Judith A Seidel
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kitoh
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruki Dainichi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saeko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yu Sawada
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeto Matsushita
- Department of Dermato-Oncology/Dermatology, National Hospital Organization Kagoshima Medical Center , Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Megumi Aoki
- Department of Dermato-Oncology/Dermatology, National Hospital Organization Kagoshima Medical Center , Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takenouchi
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata Cancer Center Hospital , Niigata, Japan
| | - Taku Fujimura
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan
| | - Naohito Hatta
- Department of Dermatology, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital , Toyama, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Fukushima
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Biopolis, Singapore
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Gray MJ, Gong J, Hatch MMS, Nguyen V, Hughes CCW, Hutchins JT, Freimark BD. Phosphatidylserine-targeting antibodies augment the anti-tumorigenic activity of anti-PD-1 therapy by enhancing immune activation and downregulating pro-oncogenic factors induced by T-cell checkpoint inhibition in murine triple-negative breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:50. [PMID: 27169467 PMCID: PMC4864933 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of antibody-directed immunotherapy targeting the aminophospholipid phosphatidylserine, which promotes immunosuppression when exposed in the tumor microenvironment, alone and in combination with antibody treatment towards the T-cell checkpoint inhibitor PD-1 in breast carcinomas, including triple-negative breast cancers. Methods Immune-competent mice bearing syngeneic EMT-6 or E0771 tumors were subjected to treatments comprising of a phosphatidylserine-targeting and an anti-PD-1 antibody either as single or combinational treatments. Anti-tumor effects were determined by tumor growth inhibition and changes in overall survival accompanying each treatment. The generation of a tumor-specific immune response in animals undergoing complete tumor regression was assessed by secondary tumor cell challenge and splenocyte-produced IFNγ in the presence or absence of irradiated tumor cells. Changes in the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were assessed by flow cytometry, while mRNA-based immune profiling was determined using NanoString PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel analysis. Results Treatment by a phosphatidylserine-targeting antibody inhibits in-vivo growth and significantly enhances the anti-tumor activity of antibody-mediated PD-1 therapy, including providing a distinct survival advantage over treatment by either single agent. Animals in which complete tumor regression occurred with combination treatments were resistant to secondary tumor challenge and presented heightened expression levels of splenocyte-produced IFNγ. Combinational treatment by a phosphatidylserine-targeting antibody with anti-PD-1 therapy increased the number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes more than that observed with single-arm therapies. Finally, immunoprofiling analysis revealed that the combination of anti-phosphatidylserine targeting antibody and anti-PD-1 therapy enhanced tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and increased expression of pro-immunosurveillance-associated cytokines while significantly decreasing expression of pro-tumorigenic cytokines that were induced by single anti-PD-1 therapy. Conclusions Our data suggest that antibody therapy targeting phosphatidylserine-associated immunosuppression, which has activity as a single agent, can significantly enhance immunotherapies targeting the PD-1 pathway in murine breast neoplasms, including triple-negative breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gray
- Department of Preclinical Research, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, CA, USA.
| | - Jian Gong
- Department of Preclinical Research, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, CA, USA
| | - Michaela M S Hatch
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Van Nguyen
- Department of Preclinical Research, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, CA, USA
| | - Christopher C W Hughes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jeff T Hutchins
- Department of Preclinical Research, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, CA, USA
| | - Bruce D Freimark
- Department of Preclinical Research, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, CA, USA
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Vegran F, Martin F, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F. [Th9 cells: a new population of helper T cells]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:387-93. [PMID: 27137696 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163204017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Th9 cells are CD4 T helper cells characterized by their ability to produce IL-9 and IL-21. These cells are obtained from naive CD4(+) T cells cultured in the presence of TGF-β and IL-4. Thus their differentiation results from the balance between the signaling pathways induced by IL-4 in one hand and the one induced by TGF-β in the other hand. These cells are inflammatory cells and were first described in the context of atopic and autoimmune diseases in which they have a pathogenic role. They are also involved in the defense against parasite infections. Recently, some reports defined Th9 anticancer properties through their cytokine secretion. Indeed, their high secretion of IL-9 and IL-21 in the tumor bed contributes to their anticancer functions. These cytokines trigger the activation of dendritic cells, mast cells, natural killer cells, and CD8 T cells to mount an antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Vegran
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, 1, rue du Professeur Marion, 21079 Dijon, France - Inserm, U866, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, 7, boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France - Université de Bourgogne, faculté de médecine, 7, boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - François Martin
- Inserm, U866, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, 7, boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Lionel Apetoh
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, 1, rue du Professeur Marion, 21079 Dijon, France - Inserm, U866, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, 7, boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France - Université de Bourgogne, faculté de médecine, 7, boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, 1, rue du Professeur Marion, 21079 Dijon, France - Inserm, U866, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, 7, boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France - Université de Bourgogne, faculté de médecine, 7, boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France
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Mager LF, Wasmer MH, Rau TT, Krebs P. Cytokine-Induced Modulation of Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2016; 6:96. [PMID: 27148488 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel immunomodulatory cancer therapies over the last decade, above all immune checkpoint blockade, has significantly advanced tumor treatment. For colorectal cancer (CRC), a novel scoring system based on the immune cell infiltration in tumors has greatly improved disease prognostic evaluation and guidance to more specific therapy. These findings underline the relevance of tumor immunology in the future handling and therapeutic approach of malignant disease. Inflammation can either promote or suppress CRC pathogenesis and inflammatory mediators, mainly cytokines, critically determine the pro- or anti-tumorigenic signals within the tumor environment. Here, we review the current knowledge on the cytokines known to be critically involved in CRC development and illustrate their mechanisms of action. We also highlight similarities and differences between CRC patients and murine models of CRC and point out cytokines with an ambivalent role for intestinal cancer. We also identify some of the future challenges in the field that should be addressed for the development of more effective immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas F Mager
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Marie-Hélène Wasmer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tilman T Rau
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Philippe Krebs
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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Abdul-Wahid A, Cydzik M, Prodeus A, Alwash M, Stanojcic M, Thompson M, Huang EHB, Shively JE, Gray-Owen SD, Gariépy J. Induction of antigen-specific TH9 immunity accompanied by mast cell activation blocks tumor cell engraftment. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:841-53. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aws Abdul-Wahid
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Physical Sciences; Sunnybrook Research Institute; Toronto ON CANADA
| | - Marzena Cydzik
- Physical Sciences; Sunnybrook Research Institute; Toronto ON CANADA
| | - Aaron Prodeus
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Physical Sciences; Sunnybrook Research Institute; Toronto ON CANADA
| | - Mays Alwash
- Physical Sciences; Sunnybrook Research Institute; Toronto ON CANADA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Mile Stanojcic
- Division of Plastic Surgery Department of Surgery; University of Toronto; ON Canada
| | - Megan Thompson
- Physical Sciences; Sunnybrook Research Institute; Toronto ON CANADA
| | - Eric H.-B. Huang
- Physical Sciences; Sunnybrook Research Institute; Toronto ON CANADA
| | - John E. Shively
- Department of Immunology; Beckman Research Institute; City of Hope, Duarte CA
| | - Scott D. Gray-Owen
- Department of Molecular Genetics; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Jean Gariépy
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Physical Sciences; Sunnybrook Research Institute; Toronto ON CANADA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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