1
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Mu X, Hu K, Wei A, Bai J, Feng L, Jiang J. TiO 2 nanoparticles promote tumor metastasis by eliciting pro-metastatic extracellular vesicles. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:392. [PMID: 37891598 PMCID: PMC10604521 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of nanotechnology has provided numerous possibilities for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Paradoxically, some in vivo experimental studies have also shown that nanoparticles (NPs) could promote tumor progression, but the specific mechanism is not yet clear. Primary tumors can release extracellular vesicles (EVs) which can promote the inoculation and growth of tumor cells that have metastasized to distant organs. So, whether nanomaterials can promote tumor progression through tumor-derived EVs deserves further research. Here, we showed that TiO2 NPs, widely used in nanomedicine, could trigger tumor-derived EVs with enhanced pro-metastatic capacity in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, miR-301a-3p derived from NPs-elicited EVs could be delivered into vascular endothelial cells, which inhibited the expression of VEGFR2 and VE-cadherin by targeting S1PR1, leading to disrupt the tight junctions of vascular endothelial cells, thus to promote vascular permeability and angiogenesis, and induce the formation of pre-metastasis niches in vivo. This study emphasizes that it is urgent to consider the effect of NPs on EVs under long-term use conditions when designing nanodrugs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Mu
- Scientifc Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Kebang Hu
- Department of Urology, Lequn Branch, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130031, China
| | - Anhui Wei
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jinping Bai
- Department of Chronic Disease, Jilin Province FAW General Hospital, Changchun, 130013, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - Jinlan Jiang
- Scientifc Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China.
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2
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Bronte G, Calabrò L, Olivieri F, Procopio AD, Crinò L. The prognostic effects of circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells in non-small cell lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:1551-1561. [PMID: 36401744 PMCID: PMC10460713 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is the main standard treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Immune suppressive cells in tumor microenvironment can counteract its efficacy. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) include two major subsets: polymorphonuclear (PMN-MDSCs) and monocytic (M-MDSCs). Many studies explored the prognostic impact of these cell populations in NSCLC patients. The aim of this systematic review is to select studies for a meta-analysis, which compares prognosis between patients with high vs low circulating MDSC levels. We collected hazard ratios (HRs) and relative 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in terms of progression-free survival (PFS) or recurrence-free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS). Among 139 studies retrieved from literature search, 14 eligible studies (905 NSCLC patients) met inclusion criteria. Low circulating MDSC levels favor a better PFS/RFS (HR = 1.84; 95% CI = 1.28-2.65) and OS (HR = 1.78; 95% CI = 1.29-2.46). The subgroup analysis based on MDSC subtypes (total-, PMN-, and M-MDSCs) obtained a statistical significance only for M-MDSCs, both in terms of PFS/RFS (HR = 2.67; 95% CI = 2.04-3.50) and OS (HR = 2.10; 95% CI = 1.61-2.75). NSCLC patients bearing high M-MDSC levels in peripheral blood experience a worse prognosis than those with low levels, both in terms of PFS/RFS and OS. This finding suggests that detecting and targeting this MDSC subset could help to improve NSCLC treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bronte
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona, Italy.
- Clinic of Laboratory and Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health and Sciences On Ageing (IRCCS INRCA), Ancona, Italy.
| | - Luana Calabrò
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabiola Olivieri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona, Italy
- Clinic of Laboratory and Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health and Sciences On Ageing (IRCCS INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Domenico Procopio
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona, Italy
- Clinic of Laboratory and Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health and Sciences On Ageing (IRCCS INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucio Crinò
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo Per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
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3
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Nel A. Carbon nanotube pathogenicity conforms to a unified theory for mesothelioma causation by elongate materials and fibers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 230:114580. [PMID: 36965801 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to elucidate how dimensional and durability characteristics of high aspect ratio nanomaterials (HARN), including carbon nanotubes (CNT) and metal nanowires (MeNW), contribute to understanding the fiber pathogenicity paradigm (FPP), including by explaining the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of a diverse range of natural and synthetic elongate materials that may or may not contribute to mesothelioma development in the lung. While the FPP was originally developed to explain the critical importance of asbestos and synthetic vitreous fiber length, width, aspect ratio and biopersistence in mesothelioma development, there are a vast number of additional inhalable materials that need to be considered in terms of pathogenic features that may contribute to mesothelioma or lack thereof. Not only does the ability to exert more exact control over the length and biopersistence of HARNs confirm the tenets of the FPP, but could be studied by implementating more appropriate toxicological tools for SAR analysis. This includes experimentation with carefully assembled libraries of CNTs and MeNWs, helping to establish more precise dimensional features for interfering in lymphatic drainage from the parietal pleura, triggering of lysosomal damage, frustrated phagocytosis and generation of chronic inflammation. The evidence includes data that long and rigid, but not short and flexible multi-wall CNTs are capable of generating mesotheliomas in rodents based on an adverse outcome pathway requiring access to pleural cavity, obstruction of pleural stomata, chronic inflammation and transformation of mesothelial cells. In addition to durability and dimensional characteristics, bending stiffness of CNTs is a critical factor in determining the shape and rigidity of pathogenic MWCNTs. While no evidence has been obtained in humans that CNT exposure leads to a mesothelioma outcome, it is important to monitor exposure levels and health effect impacts in workers to prevent adverse health outcomes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Nel
- Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Research Director of the California Nano Systems Institute at UCLA, USA; Division of NanoMedicine, And Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 52-175 Center for the Health Sciences, 10833 LeConte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; California Nano Systems Institute at UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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4
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Du P, Zheng J, Wang S, Lou Y, Zhang Z, Wang J, Zhu Y, You J, Zhang A, Liu P. Combining Cryo-Thermal Therapy with Anti-IL-6 Treatment Promoted the Maturation of MDSCs to Induce Long-Term Survival in a Mouse Model of Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087018. [PMID: 37108179 PMCID: PMC10138396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression plays a significant role in tumor recurrence and metastasis, ultimately causing poor survival outcomes. Overcoming immunosuppression and stimulating durable antitumor immunity are essential for tumor treatment. In our previous study, a novel cryo-thermal therapy involving liquid nitrogen freezing and radiofrequency heating could reduce the proportion of Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), but the remaining MDSCs produced IL-6 by the NF-κB pathway, resulting in an impaired therapeutic effect. Therefore, here we combined cryo-thermal therapy with anti-IL-6 treatment to target the MDSC-dominant immunosuppressive environment, thereby optimizing the efficacy of cryo-thermal therapy. We found that combinational treatment significantly increased the long-term survival rate of breast cancer-bearing mice. Mechanistic investigation revealed that combination therapy was capable of reducing the proportion of MDSCs in the spleen and blood while promoting their maturation, which resulted in increased Th1-dominant CD4+ T-cell differentiation and enhancement of CD8+ T-mediated tumor killing. In addition, CD4+ Th1 cells promoted mature MDSCs to produce IL-7 through IFN-γ, indirectly contributing to the maintenance of Th1-dominant antitumor immunity in a positive feedback loop. Our work suggests an attractive immunotherapeutic strategy targeting the MDSC-dominant immunosuppressive environment, which would offer exciting opportunities for highly immunosuppressive and unresectable tumors in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishan Du
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jiamin Zheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shicheng Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yue Lou
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zelu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yongxin Zhu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jiaqi You
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Aili Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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5
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Marquardt RM, Nafiujjaman M, Kim TH, Chung SJ, Hadrick K, Kim T, Jeong JW. A Mouse Model of Endometriosis with Nanoparticle Labeling for In Vivo Photoacoustic Imaging. Reprod Sci 2022; 29:2947-2959. [PMID: 35641854 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-00980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a condition of the female reproductive tract characterized by endometrium-like tissue growing outside the uterus. Though it is a common cause of pelvic pain and infertility, there is currently no reliable noninvasive method to diagnose the presence of endometriosis without surgery, and the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to the occurrence of symptoms require further inquiry. Due to patient heterogeneity and delayed diagnosis, animal models are commonly used to study the development of endometriosis, but these are costly due to the large number of animals needed to test various treatments and experimental conditions at multiple endpoints. Here, we describe a method for synthesis of multimodal imaging gold-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) nanoparticles with preclinical application via induction of nanoparticle-labeled endometriosis-like lesions in mice. Labeling donor endometrial tissue fragments with gold-FITC nanoparticles prior to induction of endometriosis in recipients enables in vivo detection of the gold-labeled lesions with photoacoustic imaging. The same imaging method can be used to visualize embryos noninvasively in pregnant mice. Furthermore, the conjugated FITC dye on the gold nanoparticles allows easy isolation of labeled lesion tissue under a fluorescence dissection microscope. After dissection, the presence of gold-FITC nanoparticles and endometrium-like histology of lesions can be verified through fluorescence imaging, gold enhancement, and immunostaining. This method for in vivo imaging of endometriosis-like lesions and fluorescence-guided dissection will permit new experimental possibilities for the longitudinal study of endometriosis development and progression as well as endometriosis-related infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Marquardt
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, College of Natural Science, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Md Nafiujjaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Seock-Jin Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kay Hadrick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Taeho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Jae-Wook Jeong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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6
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Yu B, Luo F, Sun B, Liu W, Shi Q, Cheng S, Chen C, Chen G, Li Y, Feng H. KAT6A Acetylation of SMAD3 Regulates Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Recruitment, Metastasis, and Immunotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100014. [PMID: 34392614 PMCID: PMC8529494 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant SMAD3 activation has been implicated as a driving event in cancer metastasis, yet the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. Here, SMAD3 is identified as a nonhistone substrate of lysine acetyltransferase 6A (KAT6A). The acetylation of SMAD3 at K20 and K117 by KAT6A promotes SMAD3 association with oncogenic chromatin modifier tripartite motif-containing 24 (TRIM24) and disrupts SMAD3 interaction with tumor suppressor TRIM33. This event in turn promotes KAT6A-acetylated H3K23-mediated recruitment of TRIM24-SMAD3 complex to chromatin and thereby increases SMAD3 activation and immune response-related cytokine expression, leading to enhanced breast cancer stem-like cell stemness, myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) recruitment, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) metastasis. Inhibiting KAT6A in combination with anti-PD-L1 therapy in treating TNBC xenograft-bearing animals markedly attenuates metastasis and provides a significant survival benefit. Thus, the work presents a KAT6A acetylation-dependent regulatory mechanism governing SMAD3 oncogenic function and provides insight into how targeting an epigenetic factor with immunotherapies enhances the antimetastasis efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalShanghai Cancer InstituteSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127China
| | - Fei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalShanghai Cancer InstituteSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127China
| | - Bowen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalShanghai Cancer InstituteSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127China
| | - Wenxue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalShanghai Cancer InstituteSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127China
| | - Qiqi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalShanghai Cancer InstituteSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127China
| | - Shi‐Yuan Cheng
- Department of NeurologyLou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor InstituteThe Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer CenterSimpson Querrey Institute for EpigeneticsNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL60611USA
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan ProvinceKunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming650223China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalShanghai Cancer InstituteSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127China
| | - Yanxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of HealthDepartment of Hematology and OncologyShanghai Children's Medical CenterSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127China
| | - Haizhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalShanghai Cancer InstituteSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127China
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7
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Araújo TG, Mota STS, Ferreira HSV, Ribeiro MA, Goulart LR, Vecchi L. Annexin A1 as a Regulator of Immune Response in Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:2245. [PMID: 34571894 PMCID: PMC8464935 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Annexin A1 is a 37 kDa phospholipid-binding protein that is expressed in many tissues and cell types, including leukocytes, lymphocytes and epithelial cells. Although Annexin A1 has been extensively studied for its anti-inflammatory activity, it has been shown that, in the cancer context, its activity switches from anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory. Remarkably, Annexin A1 shows pro-invasive and pro-tumoral properties in several cancers either by eliciting autocrine signaling in cancer cells or by inducing a favorable tumor microenvironment. Indeed, the signaling of the N-terminal peptide of AnxA1 has been described to promote the switching of macrophages to the pro-tumoral M2 phenotype. Moreover, AnxA1 has been described to prevent the induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell response and to play an essential role in the induction of regulatory T lymphocytes. In this way, Annexin A1 inhibits the anti-tumor immunity and supports the formation of an immunosuppressed tumor microenvironment that promotes tumor growth and metastasis. For these reasons, in this review we aim to describe the role of Annexin A1 in the establishment of the tumor microenvironment, focusing on the immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory activities of Annexin A1 and on its interaction with the epidermal growth factor receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaise Gonçalves Araújo
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas 387400-128, MG, Brazil; (T.G.A.); (S.T.S.M.); (H.S.V.F.); (M.A.R.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, MG, Brazil;
| | - Sara Teixeira Soares Mota
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas 387400-128, MG, Brazil; (T.G.A.); (S.T.S.M.); (H.S.V.F.); (M.A.R.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, MG, Brazil;
| | - Helen Soares Valença Ferreira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas 387400-128, MG, Brazil; (T.G.A.); (S.T.S.M.); (H.S.V.F.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Matheus Alves Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas 387400-128, MG, Brazil; (T.G.A.); (S.T.S.M.); (H.S.V.F.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, MG, Brazil;
| | - Lara Vecchi
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, MG, Brazil;
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8
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Huaux F. Interpreting Immunoregulation in Lung Fibrosis: A New Branch of the Immune Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690375. [PMID: 34489937 PMCID: PMC8417606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulation is recognized as an important contribution in lung fibrosis in some animal models and patient subsets. With this review, we illustrate an additional scenario covering the possible implication of immunoregulation during fibrogenesis. Available animal and human data indicate that pulmonary fibrosis also includes diverse and discrete immunoregulating populations comprising regulatory lymphocytes (T and B regs) and myeloid cells (immunosuppressive macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressive cells; MDSC). They are initially recruited to limit the establishment of deleterious inflammation but participate in the development of lung fibrosis by producing immunoregulatory mediators (mainly TGF-β1 and IL-10) that directly or indirectly stimulate fibroblasts and matrix protein deposition. The existence of this silent immunoregulatory environment sustains an alternative mechanism of fibrosis that explains why in some conditions neither pro-inflammatory cytokine deficiency nor steroid and immunosuppressive therapies limit lung fibrosis. Therefore, the persistent presence of immunoregulation is an important parameter to consider for refining therapeutical strategies in lung fibrotic disorders under non-immunostimulatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Huaux
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Zeng D, Wang M, Wu J, Lin S, Ye Z, Zhou R, Wang G, Wu J, Sun H, Bin J, Liao Y, Li N, Shi M, Liao W. Immunosuppressive Microenvironment Revealed by Immune Cell Landscape in Pre-metastatic Liver of Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:620688. [PMID: 33833986 PMCID: PMC8021849 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.620688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer, the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality, is prone to metastasis, especially to the liver. The pre-metastatic microenvironment comprising various resident stromal cells and immune cells is essential for metastasis. However, how the dynamic evolution of immune components facilitates pre-metastatic niche formation remains unclear. Methods: Utilizing RNA-seq data from our orthotopic colorectal cancer mouse model, we applied single sample gene set enrichment analysis and Cell type Identification By Estimating Relative Subsets Of RNA Transcripts to investigate the tumor microenvironment landscape of pre-metastatic liver, and define the exact role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) acting in the regulation of infiltrating immune cells and gene pathways activation. Flow cytometry analysis was conducted to quantify the MDSCs levels in human and mice samples. Results: In the current work, based on the high-throughput transcriptome data, we depicted the immune cell infiltration pattern of pre-metastatic liver and highlighted MDSCs as the dominant altered cell type. Notably, flow cytometry analysis showed that high frequencies of MDSCs, was detected in the pre-metastatic liver of orthotopic colorectal cancer tumor-bearing mice, and in the peripheral blood of patients with stage I-III colorectal cancer. MDSCs accumulation in the liver drove immunosuppressive factors secretion and immune checkpoint score upregulation, consequently shaping the pre-metastatic niche with sustained immune suppression. Metabolic reprogramming such as upregulated glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and HIF-1 signaling pathways in the primary tumor was also demonstrated to correlate with MDSCs infiltration in the pre-metastatic liver. Some chemokines were identified as a potential mechanism for MDSCs recruitment. Conclusion: Collectively, our study elucidates the alterations of MDSCs during pre-metastatic niche transformation, and illuminates the latent biological mechanism by which primary tumors impact MDSC aggregation in the targeted liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqiang Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaohong Wang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiani Wu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siheng Lin
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilan Ye
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiying Sun
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Bin
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulin Liao
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nailin Li
- Department of Medicine-Solna, Clinical Pharmacology Group, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangjun Liao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Xue VW, Chung JYF, Córdoba CAG, Cheung AHK, Kang W, Lam EWF, Leung KT, To KF, Lan HY, Tang PMK. Transforming Growth Factor-β: A Multifunctional Regulator of Cancer Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2020. [PMID: 33114183 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113099.pmid:33114183;pmcid:pmc7690808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was originally identified as an anti-tumour cytokine. However, there is increasing evidence that it has important roles in the tumour microenvironment (TME) in facilitating cancer progression. TGF-β actively shapes the TME via modulating the host immunity. These actions are highly cell-type specific and complicated, involving both canonical and non-canonical pathways. In this review, we systemically update how TGF-β signalling acts as a checkpoint regulator for cancer immunomodulation. A better appreciation of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms at the molecular level can lead to the discovery of novel and more effective therapeutic strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Weiwen Xue
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jeff Yat-Fai Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Cristina Alexandra García Córdoba
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Alvin Ho-Kwan Cheung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Eric W-F Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kam-Tong Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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11
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Transforming Growth Factor-β: A Multifunctional Regulator of Cancer Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113099. [PMID: 33114183 PMCID: PMC7690808 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine that can restrict cancer onset but also promote cancer progression at late stages of cancer. The ability of TGF-β in producing diverse and sometimes opposing effects relies on its potential to control different cellular signalling and gene expression in distinct cell types, and environmental settings. The tumour promoting role of TGF-β is primarily mediated through its effects on the local tumour microenvironment (TME) of the cancer cells. In this review, we discuss the most recent research on the role and regulation of TGF-β, with a specific focus on its functions on promoting cancer progression through targeting different immune cells in the TME as well as its therapeutic perspectives. Abstract Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was originally identified as an anti-tumour cytokine. However, there is increasing evidence that it has important roles in the tumour microenvironment (TME) in facilitating cancer progression. TGF-β actively shapes the TME via modulating the host immunity. These actions are highly cell-type specific and complicated, involving both canonical and non-canonical pathways. In this review, we systemically update how TGF-β signalling acts as a checkpoint regulator for cancer immunomodulation. A better appreciation of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms at the molecular level can lead to the discovery of novel and more effective therapeutic strategies for cancer.
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12
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Sheikhpour M, Naghinejad M, Kasaeian A, Lohrasbi A, Shahraeini SS, Zomorodbakhsh S. The Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Lung Cancer: A Critical Review. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:7063-7078. [PMID: 33061368 PMCID: PMC7522408 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s263238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of timely diagnosis and the complete treatment of lung cancer for many people with this deadly disease daily increases due to its high mortality. Diagnosis and treatment with helping the nanoparticles are useful, although they have reasonable harms. This article points out that the side effects of using carbon nanotube (CNT) in this disease treatment process such as inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis are very problematic. Toxicity can reduce to some extent using the techniques such as functionalizing to proper dimensions as a longer length, more width, and greater curvature. The targeted CNT sensors can be connected to various modified vapors. In this regard, with helping this method, screening makes non-invasive diagnosis possible. Researchers have also found that nanoparticles such as CNTs could be used as carriers to direct drug delivery, especially with chemotherapy drugs. Most of these carriers were multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) used for cancerous cell targeting. The results of laboratory and animal researches in the field of diagnosis and treatment became very desirable and hopeful. The collection of researches summarized has highlighted the requirement for a detailed assessment which includes CNT dose, duration, method of induction, etc., to achieve the most controlled conditions for animal and human studies. In the discussion section, 4 contradictory issues are discussed which are invited researchers to do more research to get clearer results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Sheikhpour
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Naghinejad
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alibakhsh Kasaeian
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armaghan Lohrasbi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Sadegh Shahraeini
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahab Zomorodbakhsh
- Department of Chemistry, Mahshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, Iran
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13
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Carbon Nanotubes under Scrutiny: Their Toxicity and Utility in Mesothelioma Research. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10134513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Research on the toxicity of engineered carbon nanotubes (CNT) was initiated by Belgian academic chemists and toxicologists more than 15 years ago. It is now undisputed that some of these attractive nanomaterials induce serious illness such as fibrosis and cancer. The physico-chemical determinants of CNT-induced adverse effects are now elucidated and include shape, nanoscale diameter, and structural defects. Generated in vitro and in vivo data on their inflammogenic and fibrogenic activities were combined and translated in AOP (adverse outcome pathways) available for risk assessment and regulatory policies. The asbestos-like carcinogenic effect of CNT, notably their capacity to induce malignant mesothelioma (MM), remain, however, a cause of concern for public health and strongly curb the craze for CNT in industries. MM still represents a real challenge for clinicians and a highly refractory cancer to existing therapeutic strategies. By comparing mesotheliomagenic CNT (needle-like CNT-N) to non mesotheliomagenic CNT (tangled-like CNT-T), our group generated a relevant animal model that highlights immune pathways specifically associated to the carcinogenic process. Evidence indicates that only CNT-N possess the intrinsic capacity to induce a preferential, rapid, and sustained accumulation of host immunosuppressive cells that subvert immune surveillance and suppress anti-mesothelioma immunity. This new concept offers novel horizons for the clinical management of mesothelioma and represents an additional tool for predicting the mesotheliomagenic activity of newly elaborated CNT or nanoparticles.
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14
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Ma Q. Polarization of Immune Cells in the Pathologic Response to Inhaled Particulates. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1060. [PMID: 32625201 PMCID: PMC7311785 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarization of immune cells is commonly observed in host responses associated with microbial immunity, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and tissue repair and fibrosis. In this process, immune cells adopt distinct programs and perform specialized functions in response to specific signals. Accumulating evidence indicates that inhalation of micro- and nano-sized particulates activates barrier immune programs in the lung in a time- and context-dependent manner, including type 1 and type 2 inflammation, and T helper (Th) 17 cell, regulatory T cell (Treg), innate lymphoid cell (ILC), and myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) responses, which highlight the polarization of several major immune cell types. These responses facilitate the pulmonary clearance and repair under physiological conditions. When exposure persists and overwhelms the clearance capacity, they foster the chronic progression of inflammation and development of progressive disease conditions, such as fibrosis and cancer. The pulmonary response to insoluble particulates thus represents a distinctive disease process wherein non-infectious, persistent exposures stimulate the polarization of immune cells to orchestrate dynamic inflammatory and immune reactions, leading to pulmonary and pleural chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and malignancy. Despite large variations in particles and their associated disease outcomes, the early response to inhaled particles often follows a common path. The initial reactions entail a barrier immune response dominated by type 1 inflammation that features active phagocytosis by M1 macrophages and recruitment of neutrophils, both of which are fueled by Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines. Acute inflammation is immediately followed by resolution and tissue repair mediated through specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) and type 2 cytokines and cells including M2 macrophages and Th2 lymphocytes. As many particles and fibers cannot be digested by phagocytes, resolution is often extended and incomplete, and type 2 inflammation becomes heightened, which promotes interstitial fibrosis, granuloma formation, and tumorigenesis. Recent studies also reveal the involvement of Th17-, Treg-, ILC-, and MDSC-mediated responses in the pathogenesis caused by inhaled particulates. This review synopsizes the progress in understanding the interplay between inhaled particles and the pulmonary immune functions in disease pathogenesis, with focus on particle-induced polarization of immune cells and its role in the development of chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States
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15
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Saleh R, Toor SM, Taha RZ, Al-Ali D, Sasidharan Nair V, Elkord E. DNA methylation in the promoters of PD-L1, MMP9, ARG1, galectin-9, TIM-3, VISTA and TGF-β genes in HLA-DR - myeloid cells, compared with HLA-DR + antigen-presenting cells. Epigenetics 2020; 15:1275-1288. [PMID: 32419601 PMCID: PMC7678924 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1767373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells, including antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play opposing roles to orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses during physiological and pathological conditions. We investigated the role of DNA methylation in regulating the transcription of inhibitory/suppressive molecules in myeloid suppressive cells (identified as CD33+HLA-DR-) in comparison to APCs. We selected a number of immune checkpoints (ICs), IC ligands, and immunosuppressive molecules that have been implicated in MDSC function, including PD-L1, TIM-3, VISTA, galectin-9, TGF-β, ARG1 and MMP9. We examined their mRNA expression levels, and investigated whether DNA methylation regulates their transcription in sorted myeloid cell subpopulations. We found that mRNA levels of PD-L1, TIM-3, TGF-β, ARG1 and MMP9 in CD33+HLA-DR- cells were higher than APCs. However, VISTA and galectin-9 mRNA levels were relatively similar in both myeloid subpopulations. CpG islands in the promoter regions of TGF-β1, TIM-3 and ARG1 were highly unmethylated in CD33+HLA-DR-cells, compared with APCs, suggesting that DNA methylation is one of the key mechanisms, which regulate their expression. However, we did not find differences in the methylation status of PD-L1 and MMP9 between CD33+HLA-DR- and APCs, suggesting that their transcription could be regulated via other genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. The promoter methylation status of VISTA was relatively similar in both myeloid subpopulations. This study provides novel insights into the epigenetic mechanisms, which control the expression of inhibitory/suppressive molecules in circulating CD33+HLA-DR- cells in a steady-state condition, possibly to maintain immune tolerance and haemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Saleh
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF) , Doha, Qatar
| | - Salman M Toor
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF) , Doha, Qatar
| | - Rowaida Z Taha
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF) , Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Varun Sasidharan Nair
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF) , Doha, Qatar
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF) , Doha, Qatar
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16
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Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide due to its late diagnosis and poor outcomes. As has been found for other types of tumors, there is increasing evidence that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play important roles in the promotion and progression of LC. Here, we briefly introduce the definition of MDSCs and their immunosuppressive functions. We next specifically discuss the multiple roles of MDSCs in the lung tumor microenvironment, including those in tumor growth and progression mediated by inhibiting antitumor immunity, and the associations of MDSCs with a poor prognosis and increased resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Finally, we also discuss preclinical and clinical treatment strategies targeting MDSCs, which may have the potential to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, NO.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jiacheng Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Lanling Weng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, NO.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Wenxue Tang
- Departments of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
- Center for Precision Medicine of Zhengzhou University, NO.40 North Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Shuiling Jin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, NO.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Wang Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, NO.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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17
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Myeloid-derived suppressor cells-new and exciting players in lung cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:10. [PMID: 32005273 PMCID: PMC6995114 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-0843-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide due to its late diagnosis and poor outcomes. As has been found for other types of tumors, there is increasing evidence that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play important roles in the promotion and progression of LC. Here, we briefly introduce the definition of MDSCs and their immunosuppressive functions. We next specifically discuss the multiple roles of MDSCs in the lung tumor microenvironment, including those in tumor growth and progression mediated by inhibiting antitumor immunity, and the associations of MDSCs with a poor prognosis and increased resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Finally, we also discuss preclinical and clinical treatment strategies targeting MDSCs, which may have the potential to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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18
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Dysthe M, Parihar R. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1224:117-140. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35723-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Yan H, Xue Z, Xie J, Dong Y, Ma Z, Sun X, Kebebe Borga D, Liu Z, Li J. Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes as Anti-Tumor Drug Carriers. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:10179-10194. [PMID: 32021160 PMCID: PMC6946632 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s220087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle drug formulations have enormous application prospects owing to achievement of targeted and sustained release drug delivery, improvement in drug solubility and reduction of adverse drug reactions. Recently, a variety of efficient drug nanometer carriers have been developed, among which carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been increasingly utilized in the field of cancer therapy. However, these nanotubes exert various toxic effects on the body due to their unique physical and chemical properties. CNT-induced toxicity is related to surface modification, degree of aggregation in vivo, and nanoparticle concentration. This review has focused on the potential toxic effects of CNTs utilized as anti-tumor drug carriers. The main modes by which CNTs enter target sites, the toxicity expressive types and the factors affecting toxicity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Yan
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifeng Xue
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarong Xie
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiao Dong
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinru Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Dereje Kebebe Borga
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
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20
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Vetsika EK, Koukos A, Kotsakis A. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Major Figures that Shape the Immunosuppressive and Angiogenic Network in Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:E1647. [PMID: 31847487 PMCID: PMC6953061 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) constitute a vast population of immature myeloid cells implicated in various conditions. Most notably, their role in cancer is of great complexity. They exert immunosuppressive functions like hampering cancer immunity mediated by T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, while simultaneously they can recruit T regulatory cells to further promote immunosuppression, thus shielding tumor cells against the immune defenses. In addition, they were shown to support tumor invasion and metastasis by inducing vascularization. Yet again, in order to exert their angiogenic activities, they do have at their disposal a variety of occasionally overlapping mechanisms, mainly driven by VEGF/JAK/STAT signaling. In this concept, they have risen to be a rather attractive target for therapies, including depletion or maturation, so as to overcome cancer immunity and suppress angiogenic activity. Even though, many studies have been conducted to better understand these cells, there is much to be done yet. This article hopes to shed some light on the paradoxal complexity of these cells, while elucidating some of the key features of MDSCs in relation to immunosuppression and, most importantly, to the vascularization processes, along with current therapeutic options in cancer, in relation to MDSC depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni-Kyriaki Vetsika
- Department of Medicine, pMEDgr, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Aristeidis Koukos
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Athanasios Kotsakis
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41334 Larissa, Greece
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Larissa, 41334 Larissa, Greece
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21
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Ma X, Wang M, Yin T, Zhao Y, Wei X. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Promote Metastasis in Breast Cancer After the Stress of Operative Removal of the Primary Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:855. [PMID: 31552179 PMCID: PMC6746963 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in cancer progression after the stress of operative removal and the potential treatment value of MDSC depletion. Summary Background Data: Surgery is the most important treatment strategy in breast cancer. Recent research has provided evidence that operations may promote cancer metastases under some circumstances. Methods: A mouse model of breast cancer (administration of the murine breast cancer 4T1 cells subcutaneously) and the stress of operation were used to compare immune responses and survival outcomes. Flow cytometry was performed to detect the expression of CD11b and Gr1 MDSCs in tumor tissues and lung metastases. Cytokine levels were detected with three-color flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MDSCs were isolated and co-cultured with 4T1 cells to identify any morphological change with immunofluorescence. The anti Gr-1 antibody was used to detect the function of the anti-Gr1 treatment in breast cancer. Results: The operative stress impaired the overall survival, leading to an increased number of MDSCs that preferentially infiltrated the tumor microenvironment and promoted tumor metastasis. In both in vitro and in vivo assays, MDSCs induced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells through the up-regulation of TGF-beta1, VEGF, and IL-10. Furthermore, a treatment strategy of MDSC depletion was found to reduce pulmonary metastases after operations. Conclusions: The stress of operation could impair the overall survival in mice. The infiltrated MDSCs appear to induce EMT of tumor cells and increase metastases through the up-regulation of TGF-beta1, VEGF, and IL-10 levels. MDSC depletion could be a promising treatment strategy to prevent immune evasion after operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Manni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunuo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Lab of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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22
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A Brief Review about the Role of Nanomaterials, Mineral-Organic Nanoparticles, and Extra-Bone Calcification in Promoting Carcinogenesis and Tumor Progression. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7030065. [PMID: 31466331 PMCID: PMC6783842 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
People come in contact with a huge number of nanoparticles (NPs) throughout their lives, which can be of both natural and anthropogenic origin and are capable of entering the body through swallowing, skin penetration, or inhalation. In connection with the expanding use of nanomaterials in various industrial processes, the question of whether there is a need to study the potentially adverse effects of NPs on human health becomes increasingly important. Despite the fact that the nature and the extent of damage caused depends on the chemical and the physical characteristics of individual NPs, there are also general mechanisms related to their toxicity. These mechanisms include the ability of NPs to translocate to various organs through endocytosis, as well as their ability to stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, genotoxicity, metabolic changes, and potentially carcinogenesis. In this review, we discuss the main characteristics of NPs and the effects they cause at both cellular and tissue levels. We also focus on possible mechanisms that underlie the relationship of NPs with carcinogenesis. We briefly summarize the main concepts related to the role of endogenous mineral organic NPs in the development of various human diseases and their participation in extra-bone calcification. Considering data from both our studies and those published in scientific literature, we propose the revision of some ideas concerning extra-bone calcification, since it may be one of the factors associated with the initiation of the mechanisms of immunological tolerance.
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23
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Lu X, Zhu Y, Bai R, Wu Z, Qian W, Yang L, Cai R, Yan H, Li T, Pandey V, Liu Y, Lobie PE, Chen C, Zhu T. Long-term pulmonary exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes promotes breast cancer metastatic cascades. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:719-727. [PMID: 31235893 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic carbon nanotubes, with a fibrous structure and physical properties similar to asbestos, have recently been found within human lung tissues. However, the reported carbon-nanotube-elicited pulmonary pathologies have been mostly confined to inflammatory or neoplastic lesions in the lungs or adjacent tissues. In the present study, we demonstrate that a single pulmonary exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes dramatically enhances angiogenesis and the invasiveness of orthotopically implanted mammary carcinoma, leading to metastasis and rapid colonization of the lungs and other organs. Exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes stimulates local and systemic inflammation, contributing to the formation of pre-metastatic and metastatic niches. Our study suggests that nanoscale-material-elicited pulmonary lesions may exert complex and extended influences on tumour progression. Given the increasing presence of carbon nanotubes in the environment, this report emphasizes the urgent need to escalate efforts assessing the long-term risks of airborne nanomaterial exposure in non-lung cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ru Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengsheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenchang Qian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Leiyan Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rong Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Vijay Pandey
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Tao Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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24
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Sow HS, Ren J, Camps M, Ossendorp F, Ten Dijke P. Combined Inhibition of TGF-β Signaling and the PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Is Differentially Effective in Tumor Models. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040320. [PMID: 30959852 PMCID: PMC6523576 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies blocking the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have shown impressive and durable responses in clinical studies. However, this type of immunotherapy is only effective in a subset of patients and not sufficient for rejection of all tumor types. In this study, we explored in two mouse tumor models whether the antitumor effect could be enhanced by the combined blockade of PD-L1 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a potent immunosuppressive cytokine. The effect of anti-PD-L1 mouse monoclonal (mAb) and a TGF-β type I receptor small molecule kinase inhibitor (LY364947) was evaluated in the highly immunogenic mouse MC38 colon adenocarcinoma and the poorly immunogenic mouse KPC1 pancreatic tumor model. In the MC38 tumor model, LY364947 monotherapy did not show any antitumor effect, whereas treatment with anti-PD-L1 mAb significantly delayed tumor outgrowth. However, combination therapy showed the strongest therapeutic efficacy, resulting in improved long-term survival compared with anti-PD-L1 mAb monotherapy. This improved survival was associated with an increased influx of CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. In the KPC1 tumor model, LY364947 did not enhance the antitumor effect of anti-PD-L1 mAb. Despite this, delayed KPC1 tumor outgrowth was observed in the LY364947-treated group and this treatment led to a significant reduction of CD4+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Together, our data indicate that an additive anti-tumor response of dual targeting PD-L1 and TGF-β is dependent on the tumor model used, highlighting the importance of selecting appropriate cancer types, using in-depth analysis of the tumor microenvironment, which can benefit from combinatorial immunotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Sheng Sow
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Jiang Ren
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcel Camps
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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25
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Senchukova M, Tomchuk O, Shurygina E, Letuta S, Alidzhanov E, Nikiyan H, Razdobreev D. Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles Can Activate the Epithelial⁻Mesenchymal Transition in an Experimental Gastric Cancer Model. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7010021. [PMID: 30893803 PMCID: PMC6466388 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown the possibility of intramucosal gastric carcinoma induction by the intragastric administration of a mixture of formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide in rats. In this study, we report a sizable increase in carcinogenic properties of the mixture when a suspension containing calcium carbonate nanoparticles was added to it. This technique allowed us to reduce both the number of the carcinogen administrations from twelve to two and the time to the cancer induction from six to four months. Although the induced tumors were represented by the intramucosal carcinomas, they were characterized by the extensive invasion of individual tumor cells and their clusters into the muscle layer and serosa as well as into the omentum and blood vessels. Considering that the invasive tumor cells were positive for vimentin, Snail and TGF-β2, we concluded that their invasion was the result of the activation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) mechanisms. Thus, taking into account the data obtained, it can be assumed that under the conditions of inflammation or carcinogenesis, the calcium carbonate nanoparticles may affect the activation of EMT mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Senchukova
- Department of Oncology, Orenburg State Medical University, Orenburg 460000, Russia.
| | - Olesya Tomchuk
- Department of Histology, Cytology, Embryology, Orenburg State Medical University, Orenburg 460000, Russia.
| | - Elena Shurygina
- Department of Pathology, Orenburg State Medical University, Orenburg 460000, Russia.
| | - Sergey Letuta
- Department of Biophysics and Condensed Matter Physics, Orenburg State University, Orenburg 460018, Russia.
- Institute of micro- and nanotechnology, Orenburg State University, Orenburg 460018, Russia.
| | - Eskender Alidzhanov
- Department of Biophysics and Condensed Matter Physics, Orenburg State University, Orenburg 460018, Russia.
- Institute of micro- and nanotechnology, Orenburg State University, Orenburg 460018, Russia.
| | - Hike Nikiyan
- Department of Biophysics and Condensed Matter Physics, Orenburg State University, Orenburg 460018, Russia.
- Institute of micro- and nanotechnology, Orenburg State University, Orenburg 460018, Russia.
| | - Dmitry Razdobreev
- Department of Biophysics and Condensed Matter Physics, Orenburg State University, Orenburg 460018, Russia.
- Institute of micro- and nanotechnology, Orenburg State University, Orenburg 460018, Russia.
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26
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Wang Y, Ding Y, Guo N, Wang S. MDSCs: Key Criminals of Tumor Pre-metastatic Niche Formation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:172. [PMID: 30792719 PMCID: PMC6374299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of disseminated metastases remains the primary cause of mortality in cancer patients. Formation of the pre-metastatic niche (PMN), which precedes the establishment of tumor lesions, is critical for metastases. Bone marrow-derived myeloid cells (BMDCs) are indispensable for PMN formation. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a population of immature myeloid cells that accumulate in patients with cancer and appear in the early PMN. The mechanisms by which MDSCs establish the pre-metastatic microenvironment in distant organs are largely unknown, although MDSCs play an essential role in metastasis. Here, we summarize the key factors associated with the recruitment and activation of MDSCs in the PMN and review the mechanisms by which MDSCs regulate PMN formation and evolution. Finally, we predict the potential value of MDSCs in PMN detection and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yanxia Ding
- Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, China
| | - Naizhou Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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27
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Ibrahim ML, Klement JD, Lu C, Redd PS, Xiao W, Yang D, Browning DD, Savage NM, Buckhaults PJ, Morse HC, Liu K. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Produce IL-10 to Elicit DNMT3b-Dependent IRF8 Silencing to Promote Colitis-Associated Colon Tumorigenesis. Cell Rep 2018; 25:3036-3046.e6. [PMID: 30540937 PMCID: PMC6319669 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-10 functions as a suppressor of colitis and colitis-associated colon cancer, but it is also a risk locus associated with ulcerative colitis. The mechanism underlying the contrasting roles of IL-10 in inflammation and colon cancer is unknown. We report here that inflammation induces the accumulation of CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that express high levels of IL-10 in colon tissue. IL-10 induces the activation of STAT3 that directly binds to the Dnmt1 and Dnmt3b promoters to activate their expression, resulting in DNA hypermethylation at the Irf8 promoter to silence IRF8 expression in colon epithelial cells. Mice with Irf8 deleted in colonic epithelial cells exhibit significantly higher inflammation-induced tumor incidence. Human colorectal carcinomas have significantly higher DNMT1 and DNMT3b and lower IRF8 expression, and they exhibit significantly higher IRF8 promoter DNA methylation than normal colon. Our data identify the MDSC-IL-10-STAT3-DNMT3b-IRF8 pathway as a link between chronic inflammation and colon cancer initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed L Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - John D Klement
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Chunwan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Priscilla S Redd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Dafeng Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Darren D Browning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Natasha M Savage
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Phillip J Buckhaults
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, the University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Herbert C Morse
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA.
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Huaux F. Emerging Role of Immunosuppression in Diseases Induced by Micro- and Nano-Particles: Time to Revisit the Exclusive Inflammatory Scenario. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2364. [PMID: 30510551 PMCID: PMC6252316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, cancer, and autoimmunity developing upon particle exposure have been exclusively linked with uncontrolled inflammatory processes. The critical role of inflammation is now challenged by several contradictory observations indicating that the emergence of these chronic disorders may result from non-inflammatory events. A growing number of studies reveals that micro- and nano-particles can cause exaggerated and persistent immunosuppression characterized by the release of potent anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β), and the recruitment of major regulatory immune cells (M2 macrophages, T and B regs, and MDSC). This persistent immunosuppressive environment is initially established to limit early inflammation but contributes later to fibrosis, cancer, and infection. Immunosuppression promotes fibroblast proliferation and matrix element synthesis and subverts innate and adaptive immune surveillance against tumor cells and microorganisms. This review details the contribution of immunosuppressive cells and their derived immunoregulatory mediators and delineates the mutual role of inflammatory vs. immunosuppressive mechanisms in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases induced by particles. The consideration of these new results explains how particle-related diseases can develop independently of chronic inflammation, enriches current bioassays predicting particle toxicity and suggests new clinical strategies for treating patients affected by particle-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Huaux
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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29
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Lyons DO, Plewes MR, Pullen NA. Soluble transforming growth factor beta-1 enhances murine mast cell release of Interleukin 6 in IgE-independent and Interleukin 13 in IgE-dependent settings in vitro. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207704. [PMID: 30444930 PMCID: PMC6239331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For immune cells transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) can enhance or repress effector functions. Here, we characterize the effects of TGF-β1 on IgE-mediated and IL-33-mediated activation of primary murine mast cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells (bone marrow derived mast cells; BMMC). We also investigated potential interactions between TGF-β1 and stem cell factor (SCF). We conclude TGF-β1 plays a selectively stimulatory role for mast cell cultures in vitro. METHODS BMMCs from C57BL/6 mice were differentiated with IL-3 and then treated with TGF-β1. BMMCs were exposed to TGF-β1, primed with IgE, activated with antigen, and then IL-6 and IL-13 cytokine release was quantified using ELISA. Additionally, the effects of TGF-β1 on both IgE and IL-33-mediated short term activation were observed via flow cytometric analysis of both surface LAMP-1 expression and intracellular IL-6. Receptor colocalization was visualized using fluorescence confocal microscopy and individual receptor expression levels were also quantified. RESULTS Resting IL-6 production increased with TGF-β1 but significance was lost following BMMC activation via IgE receptor (FcεRI) crosslinking. This was similar to a comparison effect due to SCF treatment alone, which also enhanced resting levels of IL-6. TGF-β1 treatment enhanced release of IL-13 only with FcεRI-IgE-mediated activation. TGF-β1 suppressed mobilization of IL-6 with short-term BMMC activation when stimulated with IL-33. Lastly, colocalization patterns of the SCF receptor (CD117) and FcεRI with IgE crosslinking were unaffected by TGF-β1 treatment, but individual expression levels for FcεRI, CD117, and TGFβRII were all reduced following either IgE activation or TGF-β1 treatment; this reduction was partially recovered in BMMCs that were both activated by IgE and treated with TGF-β1. DISCUSSION These data reveal a novel positive effect of soluble TGF-β1 on mast cell activation in vitro, suggesting mast cells may be activated through a non-canonical pathway by TGF-β1. Understanding this interaction will provide insight into the potential role of mast cells in settings where TGF-β1 is produced in an aberrant manner, such as in and around high grade tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. Lyons
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michele R. Plewes
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Nicholas A. Pullen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, United States of America
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30
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Jayaraman P, Parikh F, Newton JM, Hanoteau A, Rivas C, Krupar R, Rajapakshe K, Pathak R, Kanthaswamy K, MacLaren C, Huang S, Coarfa C, Spanos C, Edwards DP, Parihar R, Sikora AG. TGF-β1 programmed myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) acquire immune-stimulating and tumor killing activity capable of rejecting established tumors in combination with radiotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1490853. [PMID: 30288358 PMCID: PMC6169570 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1490853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) play an important role in tumor immune evasion. MDSC programming or polarization has been proposed as a strategy for leveraging the developmental plasticity of myeloid cells to reverse MDSC immune suppressive functions, or cause them to acquire anti-tumor activity. While MDSC derived ex vivo from murine bone marrow precursor cells with tumor-conditioned medium efficiently suppressed T cell proliferation, MDSC derived from conditioned medium in presence of TGF-β1 (TGFβ-MDSC) acquired a novel immune-stimulatory phenotype, losing the ability to inhibit T cell proliferation and acquiring enhanced antigen-presenting capability. Altered immune function was associated with SMAD-2 dependent upregulation of maturation and costimulatory molecules, and downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), an effector mechanism of immunosuppression. TGFβ-MDSC also upregulated FAS-ligand expression, leading to FAS-dependent killing of murine human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated head and neck cancer cells and tumor spheroids in vitro and anti-tumor activity in vivo. Radiation upregulated FAS expression on tumor cells, and the combination of radiotherapy and intratumoral injection of TGFβ-MDSC strongly enhanced class I expression on tumor cells and induction of HPV E7 tetramer-positive CD8 + T cells, leading to clearance of established tumors and long-term survival. TGFβ-MDSC derived from human PBMC with tumor conditioned medium also lost immunosuppressive function and acquired tumor-killing activity. Thus, TGFβ1 mediated programming of nascent MDSC leads to a potent anti-tumor phenotype potentially suitable for adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmini Jayaraman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Falguni Parikh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jared M. Newton
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Aurelie Hanoteau
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Charlotte Rivas
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rosemarie Krupar
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ravi Pathak
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kavin Kanthaswamy
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cassie MacLaren
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chad Spanos
- Department of Surgery, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine
| | - Dean P. Edwards
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Robin Parihar
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew G. Sikora
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Immunosuppressive Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Therapeutic Targeting in Lung Cancer. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:6319649. [PMID: 29765990 PMCID: PMC5889862 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6319649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide due to its late diagnosis and poor outcome. Immunotherapy is becoming more and more encouraging and promising in lung cancer therapy. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are the main tumor suppressor factors, and the treatment strategy of targeting MDSCs is gradually emerging. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about the role of MDSCs in lung cancer. In view of the emerging importance of MDSCs in lung cancer, the treatment of targeting MDSCs will be useful to the control of the development and progression of lung cancer. However, the occurrence, metastasis, and survival of cancer is the result of multiple factors and multiple mechanisms, so combined treatments using different strategies will become the major therapy method for lung cancer in the future.
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Santibanez JF, Bjelica S. Transforming Growth Factor-Beta1 and Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Interplay in Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2174/1876401001706010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic cytokine with a double role in cancer through its capacity to inhibit early stages of tumors while enhancing tumor progression at late stages of tumor progression. Moreover, TGF-β1 is a potent immunosuppressive cytokine within the tumor microenvironment that allows cancer cells to escape from immune surveillance, which largely contributes to the tumor progression.
Method:
It has been established that the cancer progression is commonly associated with increased number of Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) that are a hallmark of cancer and a key mechanism of immune evasion.
Result:
MDSC represent a population of heterogeneous myeloid cells comprised of macrophages, granulocytes and dendritic cells at immature stages of development. MDSC promote tumor progression by regulating immune responses as well as tumor angiogenesis and cancer metastasis.
Conclusion:
In this review, we present an overview of the main key functions of both TGF-β1 and MDSC in cancer and in the immune system. Furthermore, the mutual contribution between TGF-β1 and MDSC in the regulation of immune system and cancer development will be analyzed.
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SOX9 Regulates Cancer Stem-Like Properties and Metastatic Potential of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Exposed Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11653. [PMID: 28912540 PMCID: PMC5599589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials hold great promise for the future development of innovative products but their adverse health effects are a major concern. Recent studies have indicated that certain nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), may be carcinogenic. However, the underlying mechanisms behind their potential malignant properties remain unclear. In this study, we linked SOX9, a stem cell associated transcription factor, to the neoplastic-like properties of human lung epithelial cells chronically exposed to a low-dose of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). We found that SOX9 is upregulated in SWCNT-exposed cells, which is consistent with their abilities to induce tumor formation and metastasis in vivo. We therefore hypothesized that SOX9 overexpression may be responsible for the neoplastic-like phenotype observed in our model. Indeed, SOX9 knockdown inhibited anchorage-independent cell growth in vitro and lung colonization in vivo in a mouse xenograft model. SOX9 depletion also suppressed the formation of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), as determined by tumor sphere formation and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity (Aldefluor) assays. Furthermore, SOX9 knockdown suppressed tumor metastasis and the expression of the stem cell marker ALDH1A1. Taken together, our findings provide a mechanistic insight into SWCNT-induced carcinogenesis and the role of SOX9 in CSC regulation and metastasis.
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Stern PL. Is immunity in cancer the key to improving clinical outcome?: Report on the International Symposium on Immunotherapy, The Royal Society, London, UK, 12-13 May 2017. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2017; 5:55-68. [PMID: 28794878 DOI: 10.1177/2051013617720659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Stern
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Paterson Building, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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35
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Redd PS, Ibrahim ML, Klement JD, Sharman SK, Paschall AV, Yang D, Nayak-Kapoor A, Liu K. SETD1B Activates iNOS Expression in Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2834-2843. [PMID: 28381543 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) generates nitric oxide (NO) in myeloid cells that acts as a defense mechanism to suppress invading microorganisms or neoplastic cells. In tumor-bearing mice, elevated iNOS expression is a hallmark of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). MDSCs use NO to nitrate both the T-cell receptor and STAT1, thus inhibiting T-cell activation and the antitumor immune response. The molecular mechanisms underlying iNOS expression and regulation in tumor-induced MDSCs are unknown. We report here that deficiency in IRF8 results in diminished iNOS expression in both mature CD11b+Gr1- and immature CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid cells in vivo Strikingly, although IRF8 was silenced in tumor-induced MDSCs, iNOS expression was significantly elevated in tumor-induced MDSCs, suggesting that the expression of iNOS is regulated by an IRF8-independent mechanism under pathologic conditions. Furthermore, tumor-induced MDSCs exhibited diminished STAT1 and NF-κB Rel protein levels, the essential inducers of iNOS in myeloid cells. Instead, tumor-induced MDSCs showed increased SETD1B expression as compared with their cellular equivalents in tumor-free mice. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that H3K4me3, the target of SETD1B, was enriched at the nos2 promoter in tumor-induced MDSCs, and inhibition or silencing of SETD1B diminished iNOS expression in tumor-induced MDSCs. Our results show how tumor cells use the SETD1B-H3K4me3 epigenetic axis to bypass a normal role for IRF8 expression in activating iNOS expression in MDSCs when they are generated under pathologic conditions. Cancer Res; 77(11); 2834-43. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla S Redd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia.,Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Mohammed L Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia.,Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - John D Klement
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia.,Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Sarah K Sharman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia.,Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Amy V Paschall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia.,Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Dafeng Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Asha Nayak-Kapoor
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia. .,Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
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Su Z, Ni P, She P, Liu Y, Richard SA, Xu W, Zhu H, Wang J. Bio-HMGB1 from breast cancer contributes to M-MDSC differentiation from bone marrow progenitor cells and facilitates conversion of monocytes into MDSC-like cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:391-401. [PMID: 27987020 PMCID: PMC11028758 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) constitute the major cell population that regulates immune responses. They are known to accumulate in tumors, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Previous data indicate that high mobility group box 1(HMGB1) facilitates MDSC differentiation from bone marrow, suppresses NK cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and is involved in cancer development. However, it remains unclear what potential mechanisms of HMGB1 facilitate MDSC differentiation. In the present work, we clearly demonstrate that HMGB1 secreted by cancer cells is N-glycosylated at Asn37, which facilitates monocytic (M)-MDSC differentiation from bone marrow via the p38/NFκB/Erk1/2 pathway and also contributes to conversion of monocytes into MDSC-like cells; HMGB1 blockade by a monoclonal antibody against the HMGB1 B box obviously reduced the accumulation of M-MDSC in tumor-bearing mice, delaying tumor growth and development; additionally, MDSC expansion and HMGB1 up-regulation were also found in breast cancer patients. All these data indicate that HMGB1 might be a potential tumor immunotherapy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoliang Su
- The Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Ni
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng She
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yueqin Liu
- The Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Seidu A Richard
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenlin Xu
- The Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- The Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Jia Wang
- The Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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Induction of cancer-associated fibroblast-like cells by carbon nanotubes dictates its tumorigenicity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39558. [PMID: 27996035 PMCID: PMC5172236 DOI: 10.1038/srep39558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment has been recognized as a key determinant of tumor formation and metastasis, but how tumor microenvironment is affected by nanomaterials is essentially unknown. Here, we investigated whether carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a widely used nanomaterial with known carcinogenic potential, can affect cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are a key component of tumor microenvironment that provides necessary support for tumor growth. We show for the first time that single-walled CNT and to a lesser extent multi-walled and its COOH-functionalized form induced CAF-like cells, which are non-tumorigenic in animals, but promote tumor growth of human lung carcinoma and CNT-transformed lung epithelial cells. The mechanism by which CNT-induced CAF-like cells promote tumor growth involved the acquisition of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in cancer population. Gene knockdown experiments showed that an expression of podoplanin on CAF-like cells is essential for their effects, indicating the functional role of CAF-like cells and podoplanin in CNT tumorigenic process. Our findings unveil a novel mechanism of CNT-induced carcinogenesis through the induction of CAF-like cells that support CSCs and drive tumor formation. Our results also suggest the potential utility of podoplanin as a mechanism-based biomarker for rapid screening of carcinogenicity of CNTs and related nanomaterials for their safer design.
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Gong L, da Silva Caetano M, Cumpian AM, Daliri S, Garza Flores A, Chang SH, Ochoa CE, Evans CM, Yu Z, Moghaddam SJ. Tumor necrosis factor links chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and K-ras mutant lung cancer through induction of an immunosuppressive pro-tumor microenvironment. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1229724. [PMID: 27853654 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1229724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is known as an important regulator of tumor microenvironment and inflammation. TNF levels are markedly elevated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is an independent risk factor for lung cancer. We have previously shown that COPD-like airway inflammation promotes lung cancer in a K-ras mutant mouse model (CC-LR mouse). This was associated with a significant increase of neutrophils in BALF, accompanied by a marked increase in TNF level, suggesting a link between COPD, TNF, and lung cancer promotion. Therefore, we first overexpressed TNF in the airway epithelium of CC-LR mice, which promoted lung cancer by ∼2-fold. This was associated with increased numbers of Ki67 and CD31 positive cells in lung tumors of CC-LR/TNF-Tg mice. We also found a robust increase in NF-κB activation, and numbers of neutrophils and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in lung. Accordingly, we depleted MDSCs in CC-LR/TNF-Tg mice, which lead to significant tumor suppression emphasizing on the role of TNF-induced MDSCs in K-ras induced lung tumorigenesis. Finally, we targeted TNF expression by crossing CC-LR mice with TNF knock-out mice (CC-LR/TNF-KO), which resulted in a significant decrease in lung tumor burden in the absence or presence of COPD-like airway inflammation. Interestingly, there were less MDSCs and lower Ki67 and CD31 expression in the lung of the CC-LR/TNF-KO mice. We conclude that TNF links COPD to lung cancer promotion by induction of an immunosuppressive MDSC response, and subsequent amplification of proliferation and angiogenesis in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Mauricio da Silva Caetano
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amber M Cumpian
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Soudabeh Daliri
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Seon Hee Chang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cesar E Ochoa
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Tecnológico de Monterrey School of Medicine, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Christopher M Evans
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine , Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Zhentao Yu
- Department of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital , Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Seyed Javad Moghaddam
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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Dysregulation of TGFβ1 Activity in Cancer and Its Influence on the Quality of Anti-Tumor Immunity. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5090076. [PMID: 27589814 PMCID: PMC5039479 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5090076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TGFβ1 is a pleiotropic cytokine that exhibits a variety of physiologic and immune regulatory functions. Although its influence on multiple cell types is critical for the regulation of numerous biologic processes in the host, dysregulation of both TGFβ1 expression and activity is frequently observed in cancer and contributes to various aspects of cancer progression. This review focuses on TGFβ1’s contribution to tumor immune suppression and escape, with emphasis on the influence of this regulatory cytokine on the differentiation and function of dendritic cells and T cells. Clinical trials targeting TGFβ1 in cancer patients are also reviewed, and strategies for future therapeutic interventions that build on our current understanding of immune regulation by TGFβ1 are discussed.
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Huaux F, d'Ursel de Bousies V, Parent MA, Orsi M, Uwambayinema F, Devosse R, Ibouraadaten S, Yakoub Y, Panin N, Palmai-Pallag M, van der Bruggen P, Bailly C, Marega R, Marbaix E, Lison D. Mesothelioma response to carbon nanotubes is associated with an early and selective accumulation of immunosuppressive monocytic cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:46. [PMID: 27549627 PMCID: PMC4994252 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The asbestos-like toxicity of some engineered carbon nanotubes (CNT), notably their capacity to induce mesothelioma, is a serious cause of concern for public health. Here we show that carcinogenic CNT induce an early and sustained immunosuppressive response characterized by the accumulation of monocytic Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells (M-MDSC) that counteract effective immune surveillance of tumor cells. Methods Wistar rats and C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with carcinogenic multi-walled Mitsui-7 CNT (CNT-7) or crocidolite asbestos. Peritoneal mesothelioma development and immune cell accumulation were assessed until 12 months. Leukocyte sub-populations were identified by recording expression of CD11b/c and His48 by flow cytometry. The immunosuppressive activity on T lymphocytes of purified peritoneal leukocytes was assessed in a co-culture assay with activated spleen cells. Results We demonstrate that long and short mesotheliomagenic CNT-7 injected in the peritoneal cavity of rats induced, like asbestos, an early and selective accumulation of monocytic cells (CD11b/cint and His48hi) which possess the ability to suppress polyclonal activation of T lymphocytes and correspond to M-MDSC. Peritoneal M-MDSC persisted during the development of peritoneal mesothelioma in CNT-7-treated rats but were only transiently recruited after non-carcinogenic CNT (CNT-M, CNT-T) injection. Peritoneal M-MDSC did not accumulate in mice which are resistant to mesothelioma development. Conclusions Our data provide new insights into the initial pathogenic events induced by CNT, adding a new component to the adverse outcome pathway leading to mesothelioma development. The specificity of the M-MDSC response after carcinogenic CNT exposure highlights the interest of this response for detecting the ability of new nanomaterials to cause cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0158-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Huaux
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53 bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Virginie d'Ursel de Bousies
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53 bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Astrid Parent
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53 bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Micaela Orsi
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53 bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francine Uwambayinema
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53 bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raynal Devosse
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53 bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Saloua Ibouraadaten
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53 bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yousof Yakoub
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53 bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nadtha Panin
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53 bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mihaly Palmai-Pallag
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53 bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre van der Bruggen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Bailly
- Bio and Soft Matter (BSMA), Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Riccardo Marega
- Departement of Chemistry, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Etienne Marbaix
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Lison
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53 bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
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Implications of MDSCs-targeting in lung cancer chemo-immunotherapeutics. Pharmacol Res 2016; 110:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Luanpitpong S, Wang L, Davidson DC, Riedel H, Rojanasakul Y. Carcinogenic Potential of High Aspect Ratio Carbon Nanomaterials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2016; 3:483-493. [PMID: 27570625 PMCID: PMC4996468 DOI: 10.1039/c5en00238a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials, including high aspect ratio carbon nanomaterials, are often commercialized without a complete human risk assessment and safety evaluation. A health concern has been raised that high aspect ratio nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes may cause unintended health consequences, such as asbestos-like lung cancer and mesothelioma, when chronically inhaled. Considering the widespread industrial and clinical applications and the increasing incidence of human exposure to nanomaterials, it is important to address the issue of nanomaterial carcinogenicity in a timely manner. This review summarizes recent advances in nanomaterial genotoxicity and carcinogenicity with a focus on high aspect ratio carbon nanotubes, and discusses current knowledge gaps and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudjit Luanpitpong
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Liying Wang
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Donna C. Davidson
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Heimo Riedel
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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A Review on the Respiratory System Toxicity of Carbon Nanoparticles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13030325. [PMID: 26999172 PMCID: PMC4808988 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory system represents the main gateway for nanoparticles’ entry into the human body. Although there is a myriad of engineered nanoparticles, carbon nanoparticles/nanotubes (CNPs/CNTs) have received much attention mainly due to their light weight, very high surface area, durability, and their diverse applications. Since their discovery and manufacture over two decades ago, much has been learned about nanoparticles’ interactions with diverse biological system models. In particular, the respiratory system has been of great interest because various natural and man-made fibrous particles are known to be responsible for chronic and debilitating lung diseases. In this review, we present up-to-date the literature regarding the effects of CNTs or carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on the human respiratory system with respect to respiratory toxicity pathways and associated pathologies. This article is intended to emphasize the potentially dangerous effects to the human respiratory system if inadequate measures are used in the manufacture, handling, and preparation and applications of CNP or CNP-based products.
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Shvedova AA, Yanamala N, Kisin ER, Khailullin TO, Birch ME, Fatkhutdinova LM. Integrated Analysis of Dysregulated ncRNA and mRNA Expression Profiles in Humans Exposed to Carbon Nanotubes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150628. [PMID: 26930275 PMCID: PMC4773015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the application of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in consumer products continues to rise, studies have expanded to determine the associated risks of exposure on human and environmental health. In particular, several lines of evidence indicate that exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) could pose a carcinogenic risk similar to asbestos fibers. However, to date the potential markers of MWCNT exposure are not yet explored in humans. METHODS In the present study, global mRNA and ncRNA expression profiles in the blood of exposed workers, having direct contact with MWCNT aerosol for at least 6 months (n = 8), were compared with expression profiles of non-exposed (n = 7) workers (e.g., professional and/or technical staff) from the same manufacturing facility. RESULTS Significant changes in the ncRNA and mRNA expression profiles were observed between exposed and non-exposed worker groups. An integrative analysis of ncRNA-mRNA correlations was performed to identify target genes, functional relationships, and regulatory networks in MWCNT-exposed workers. The coordinated changes in ncRNA and mRNA expression profiles revealed a set of miRNAs and their target genes with roles in cell cycle regulation/progression/control, apoptosis and proliferation. Further, the identified pathways and signaling networks also revealed MWCNT potential to trigger pulmonary and cardiovascular effects as well as carcinogenic outcomes in humans, similar to those previously described in rodents exposed to MWCNTs. CONCLUSION This study is the first to investigate aberrant changes in mRNA and ncRNA expression profiles in the blood of humans exposed to MWCNT. The significant changes in several miRNAs and mRNAs expression as well as their regulatory networks are important for getting molecular insights into the MWCNT-induced toxicity and pathogenesis in humans. Further large-scale prospective studies are necessary to validate the potential applicability of such changes in mRNAs and miRNAs as prognostic markers of MWCNT exposures in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Shvedova
- Exposure Assessment Branch/HELD/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, WV - 26505, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV -26505, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- Exposure Assessment Branch/HELD/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, WV - 26505, United States of America
| | - Elena R. Kisin
- Exposure Assessment Branch/HELD/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, WV - 26505, United States of America
| | - Timur O. Khailullin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV -26505, United States of America
- Department of Hygiene and Occupational Health, Kazan State Medical University, ul. Butlerova 49, Kazan, 420012 Russia
| | - M. Eileen Birch
- NIOSH/CDC, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH - 45226, United States of America
| | - Liliya M. Fatkhutdinova
- Department of Hygiene and Occupational Health, Kazan State Medical University, ul. Butlerova 49, Kazan, 420012 Russia
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