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Patel M, Gomes A, Ruderman S, Hardee D, Crespo S, Raimondo M, Woodward T, Backman V, Roy H, Wallace M. Polarization gating spectroscopy of normal-appearing duodenal mucosa to detect pancreatic cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2014; 80:786-93.e1-2. [PMID: 24861243 PMCID: PMC4241379 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the field effect theory, by detecting microvasculature changes such as early increase in blood supply (EIBS) in the surrounding tissue, neoplastic lesions can be identified from a distance. OBJECTIVE To determine the feasibility and efficacy of a fiberoptic probe containing novel polarization gating spectroscopy technology to identify patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) by the field effect theory. DESIGN Prospective cohort (pilot) study. SETTING Outpatient tertiary care center. PATIENTS Adult (≥ 18 years) patients undergoing EGD-EUS were screened. Patients with PAC were included in the "cancer" group and patients without PAC were included in the "control" group. We excluded patients with other known malignancies and gastroduodenal premalignant lesions. INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Spectroscopic measurements of EIBS variables, such as deoxyhemoglobin concentration (DHb) and mean blood vessel radius (BVR), were obtained from 5 periampullary locations. The Mann-Whitney rank sum test was used for the statistical analysis (P ≤ .05). RESULTS Fourteen patients (mean age 72 years, 79% male) in the cancer group and 15 patients (mean age 63 years, 60% male) in the control group were included in the final analysis. At the ampullary site, both DHb (P = .001) and BVR (P = .03) were higher in PAC patients than in the control subjects. The DHb alone (92% sensitivity, 86% specificity) or in combination with BVR (92% sensitivity, 79% specificity) can differentiate PAC from control subjects with high accuracy. LIMITATIONS Small sample size, unmatched control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Spectroscopic measurements of EIBS by fiberoptic probes are feasible. Preliminary evidence suggests that in vivo measurement of normal-appearing duodenal tissue can differentiate PAC patients from a distance with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Patel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Andrew Gomes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Sarah Ruderman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Darla Hardee
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Sergio Crespo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Massimo Raimondo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Timothy Woodward
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Hemant Roy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Wallace
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
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Roy HK, Damania DP, DelaCruz M, Kunte DP, Subramanian H, Crawford SE, Tiwari AK, Wali RK, Backman V. Nano-architectural alterations in mucus layer fecal colonocytes in field carcinogenesis: potential for screening. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:1111-9. [PMID: 23983085 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Current fecal tests (occult blood, methylation, DNA mutations) target minute amounts of tumor products among a large amount of fecal material and thus have suboptimal performance. Our group has focused on exploiting field carcinogenesis as a modality to amplify the neoplastic signal. Specifically, we have shown that endoscopically normal rectal brushings have striking nano-architectural alterations which are detectable using a novel optical technique, partial wave spectroscopic microscopy (PWS). We therefore wished to translate this approach to a fecal assay. We examined mucus layer fecal colonocytes (MLFC) at preneoplastic and neoplastic time points (confirmed with rat colonoscopy) in the azoxymethane (AOM)-treated rat model and conducted PWS analysis to derive the nano-architectural parameter, disorder strength (Ld). We confirmed these results with studies in a genetic model (the Pirc rat). We showed that MLFC appeared microscopically normal, consistent with field carcinogenesis. Ld was elevated at an early time point (5 weeks post-AOM injection, effect size = 0.40, P = 0.024) and plateaued before adenoma formation (10 weeks post-AOM, effect size = 0.66, P = 0.001), with no dramatic increase once tumors developed. We replicated these data in the preneoplastic Pirc rat with an effect size in the MLFC that replicated the rectal brushings (increase vs. age-matched controls of 62% vs. 74%, respectively). We provide the first demonstration of a biophotonics approach to fecal assay. Furthermore, targeting the nano-architectural changes of field carcinogenesis rather than the detection of tumor products may provide a novel paradigm for colorectal cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant K Roy
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 650 Albany Street, Suite 526, Boston, MA 02118.
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Xu Z, Ozcelikkale A, Kim YL, Han B. Spatiotemporal Characterization of Extracellular Matrix Microstructures in Engineered Tissue: A Whole-Field Spectroscopic Imaging Approach. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 2013; 4:110051-110059. [PMID: 23908694 DOI: 10.1115/1.4024130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Quality and functionality of engineered tissues are closely related to the microstructures and integrity of their extracellular matrix (ECM). However, currently available methods for characterizing ECM structures are often labor-intensive, destructive, and limited to a small fraction of the total area. These methods are also inappropriate for assessing temporal variations in ECM structures. In this study, to overcome these limitations and challenges, we propose an elastic light scattering approach to spatiotemporally assess ECM microstructures in a relatively large area in a nondestructive manner. To demonstrate its feasibility, we analyze spectroscopic imaging data obtained from acellular collagen scaffolds and dermal equivalents as model ECM structures. For spatial characterization, acellular scaffolds are examined after a freeze/thaw process mimicking a cryopreservation procedure to quantify freezing-induced structural changes in the collagen matrix. We further analyze spatial and temporal changes in ECM structures during cell-driven compaction in dermal equivalents. The results show that spectral dependence of light elastically backscattered from engineered tissue is sensitively associated with alterations in ECM microstructures. In particular, a spectral decay rate over the wavelength can serve as an indicator for the pore size changes in ECM structures, which are at nanometer scale. A decrease in the spectral decay rate suggests enlarged pore sizes of ECM structures. The combination of this approach with a whole-field imaging platform further allows visualization of spatial heterogeneity of EMC microstructures in engineered tissues. This demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed method that nano- and micrometer scale alteration of the ECM structure can be detected and visualized at a whole-field level. Thus, we envision that this spectroscopic imaging approach could potentially serve as an effective characterization tool to nondestructively, accurately, and rapidly quantify ECM microstructures in engineered tissue in a large area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengbin Xu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Backman V, Roy HK. Advances in biophotonics detection of field carcinogenesis for colon cancer risk stratification. J Cancer 2013; 4:251-61. [PMID: 23459690 PMCID: PMC3584838 DOI: 10.7150/jca.5838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of neoplastic transformation of the colon involves a progression through hyperproliferative epithelium through the aberrant crypt foci→small adenoma→large adenoma→invasive cancer→metastatic disease. These are orchestrated by sequential genetic and epigenetic events which provide the underpinnings of cellular alterations such as early induction in proliferation/suppression of apoptosis, along with the late stage increase in invasiveness. Colorectal cancer (CRC) averages 49-111 mutations per tumor encompassing 10-15 critical signaling pathways[1]. Accumulating such a high number of mutations requires a fertile mutational field, which is the hallmark of colon carcinogenesis. While genetic susceptibility to colorectal cancer is well-known, at least half of the risk is believed to be due to exogeneous factors (e.g., obesity, diet, exercise). Understanding these risk factors represents a promising mode of tailoring screening modality and intensity. However, previous attempts using these factors (i.e., NCI risk calculator) have only been modestly successful with an area under receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC) of just 0.61. One of the most important concepts is that risk is the interaction between these genetic and environmental components and is driven by the variety of polymorphisms. Thus, predicting risk is difficult given the complexity. On the other hand, the colonic mucosa represents the end product of the complex interplay between these multiple factors. The power of field carcinogenesis is that it reflects this interplay between genetics and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Backman
- 1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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5
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Singh SP, Sahu A, Deshmukh A, Chaturvedi P, Krishna CM. In vivo Raman spectroscopy of oral buccal mucosa: a study on malignancy associated changes (MAC)/cancer field effects (CFE). Analyst 2013; 138:4175-82. [PMID: 23392131 DOI: 10.1039/c3an36761d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Occurrence of metachronous and synchronous secondary tumors in oral cavities has been associated with poor prognosis and decreased 5-year disease-free survival rates. The origin of secondary tumors in the oral cavity has been primarily attributed to cancer field effects (CFE) or malignancy-associated changes (MAC) in uninvolved areas. Classification of normal, cancerous and pre-cancerous oral lesions by in vivo Raman spectroscopy (RS) has already been demonstrated. In the present study, MAC/CFE in oral buccal mucosa were explored. In vivo Raman spectra from 84 subjects (722 spectra) under five categories - cancer and contralateral normal (opposite side of tumor), healthy controls (no tobacco habit, no cancer), habitués healthy controls (tobacco habit, no cancer) and non-habitués contralateral normal (no tobacco habit with cancer) were acquired. Mean and difference spectra suggest that loss of lipids and additional features representing proteins and DNA are characteristics of all pathological conditions, with respect to healthy controls. Spectral data were analyzed by PC-LDA followed by leave-one-out cross-validation. Results suggest that Raman characteristics of mucosa of healthy controls are exclusive, while those of habitués healthy controls are similar to those of contralateral normal mucosa. It was observed that the cluster of non-habitués contralateral normal mucosa is different from habitués healthy controls, suggesting that malignancy associated changes can be identified and also indicating that transformation of uninvolved oral mucosa due to tobacco habit or malignancy is different. The findings of the study demonstrate the potential of RS in identifying early transformation changes in oral mucosa and the efficacy of this approach in oral cancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Singh
- Chilakapati lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Center, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
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Bista RK, Brentnall TA, Bronner MP, Langmead CJ, Brand RE, Liu Y. Using optical markers of nondysplastic rectal epithelial cells to identify patients with ulcerative colitis-associated neoplasia. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:2427-35. [PMID: 21351200 PMCID: PMC3139749 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current surveillance guidelines for patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis (UC) recommend repeated colonoscopy with random biopsies, which is time-consuming, discomforting, and expensive. A less invasive strategy is to identify neoplasia by analyzing biomarkers from the more accessible rectum to predict the need for a full colonoscopy. The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate whether optical markers of rectal mucosa derived from a novel optical technique, partial-wave spectroscopic microscopy (PWS), could identify UC patients with high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or cancer (CA) present anywhere in their colon. METHODS Banked frozen nondysplastic mucosal rectal biopsies were used from 28 UC patients (15 without dysplasia and 13 with concurrent HGD or CA). The specimen slides were made using a touch prep method and underwent PWS analysis. We divided the patients into two groups: 13 as a training set and an independent 15 as a validation set. RESULTS We identified six optical markers, ranked by measuring the information gain with respect to the outcome of cancer. The most effective markers were selected by maximizing the cross-validated training accuracy of a Naive Bayes classifier. The optimal classifier was applied to the validation data yielding 100% sensitivity and 75% specificity. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the PWS-derived optical markers can accurately predict UC patients with HGD/CA through assessment of rectal epithelial cells. By aiming for high sensitivity, our approach could potentially simplify the surveillance of UC patients and improve overall resource utilization by identifying patients with HGD/CA who should proceed with colonoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan K. Bista
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Mary P. Bronner
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Christopher J. Langmead
- Department of Computer Science and Lane Center for Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Randall E. Brand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Chalut KJ, Kulangara K, Wax A, Leong KW. Stem cell differentiation indicated by noninvasive photonic characterization and fractal analysis of subcellular architecture. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:863-7. [PMID: 21695342 DOI: 10.1039/c1ib00003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesised that global structural changes in stem cells would manifest with differentiation, and that these changes would be observable with light scattering microscopy. Analysed with a fractal dimension formalism, we observed significant structural changes in differentiating human mesenchymal stem cells within one day after induction, earlier than could be detected by gene expression profiling. Moreover, light scattering microscopy is entirely non-perturbative, so the same sample could be monitored throughout the differentiation process. We explored one possible mechanism, chromatin remodelling, to account for the changes we observed. Correlating with the staining of HP1α, a heterochromatin protein, we applied novel microscopy methods and fractal analysis to monitor the plastic dynamics of chromatin within stem cell nuclei. We showed that the level of chromatin condensation changed during differentiation, and provide one possible explanation for the changes seen with the light scattering method. These results lend physical insight into stem cell differentiation while providing physics-based methods for non-invasive detection of the differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Chalut
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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8
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Backman V, Roy HK. Light-scattering technologies for field carcinogenesis detection: a modality for endoscopic prescreening. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:35-41. [PMID: 21078318 PMCID: PMC3319699 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colonoscopy has revolutionized colorectal cancer (CRC) screening resulting in a decrease in both CRC mortality and incidence. Despite this, CRC still ranks as the second leading cause of cancer deaths among Americans underscoring the need to both increase availability and accuracy of colonoscopy. The latter considerations provide the impetus for much of the current research into adjunctive imaging technologies. Recent advances in improving detection of dysplasia that have translated into clinical practice include high-definition scopes, narrow-band imaging, and chromo-endoscopy. Another major direction of research into improving endoscopy is determining histology of lesions in situ (“optical biopsy”) with confocal endomicroscopy, fluorescence and elastic scattering spectroscopy. All these techniques are of great promise in improving delivery of endoscopy but, to date, have not addressed the potentially more important hurdle associated with logistic challenges of providing accurate CRC screening for the entire at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Backman
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
| | - Hemant K. Roy
- Section of Gastroenterology, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston IL
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9
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Lieber CA, Nethercott HE, Kabeer MH. Cancer field effects in normal tissues revealed by Raman spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:975-982. [PMID: 21258523 PMCID: PMC3018056 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the presence of cancer results in detectable changes to uninvolved tissues, collectively termed cancer field effects (CFE). In this study, we directly assessed the ability of Raman microspectroscopy to detect CFE via in-vitro study of organotypic tissue rafts approximating human skin. Raman spectra were measured from both epidermis and dermis after transfer of the rafts to dishes containing adherent cultures of either normal human fibroblasts or fibrosarcoma (HT1080) cells. Principal components analyses allowed discrimination between the groups with 86% classification accuracy in the epidermis and 94% in the dermis. These results encourage further study to evaluate the Raman capacity for detecting CFE as a possible tool for noninvasive screening for tumor presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A. Lieber
- CHOC Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Orange County,
455 South Main Street, Orange, California 92868, USA
| | - Hubert E. Nethercott
- CHOC Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Orange County,
455 South Main Street, Orange, California 92868, USA
| | - Mustafa H. Kabeer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Orange County,
455 South Main Street, Orange, California 92868, USA
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Ruderman S, Gomes AJ, Stoyneva V, Rogers JD, Fought AJ, Jovanovic BD, Backman V. Analysis of pressure, angle and temporal effects on tissue optical properties from
polarization-gated spectroscopic probe measurements. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:489-499. [PMID: 21258484 PMCID: PMC3017986 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive optical techniques for tissue characterization, in particular, light scattering properties and blood supply quantification of mucosa, is useful in a wide variety of applications. However, fiber-optic probes that require contact with the tissue surface can present a challenging problem in the variability of in vivo measurements due the nature of interactions, for example affects due to variations in pressure applied to the probe tip. We present an in vivo evaluation of pressure, angle, and temporal effects on tissue properties for polarization-gated spectroscopy at superficial depths (within 100 to 200 microns of tissue surface) for oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ruderman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Andrew J. Gomes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Valentina Stoyneva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jeremy D. Rogers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Angela J. Fought
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, 680 North Lake Shore Drive,
Suite 1400, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Borko D. Jovanovic
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, 680 North Lake Shore Drive,
Suite 1400, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Roy HK, Turzhitsky V, Kim Y, Goldberg MJ, Watson P, Rogers JD, Gomes AJ, Kromine A, Brand RE, Jameel M, Bogovejic A, Pradhan P, Backman V. Association between rectal optical signatures and colonic neoplasia: potential applications for screening. Cancer Res 2009; 69:4476-83. [PMID: 19417131 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Field carcinogenesis detection represents a promising means for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, although current techniques (e.g., flexible sigmoidoscopy) lack the requisite sensitivity. The novel optical technology low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) spectroscopy, allows identification of microscale architectural consequences of the field carcinogenesis in preclinical CRC models with unprecedented accuracy. To investigate the potential clinical translatability of this approach, we obtained biopsies from the normal-appearing rectal mucosa from patients undergoing colonoscopy (n = 219). LEBS signals were recorded through a bench-top instrument. Four parameters characterizing LEBS signal were linearly combined into a single marker. We found that LEBS signal parameters generally mirrored neoplasia progression from patients with no neoplasia, to 5 to 9 mm adenoma and to advanced adenomas. The composite LEBS marker calculated from the LEBS signal paralleled this risk status (ANOVA P < 0.001). Moreover, this was independent of CRC risk factors, benign colonic findings, or clinically unimportant lesions (diminutive adenomas, hyperplastic polyps). For advanced adenomas, the LEBS marker had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 80%, and area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.895. Leave-one-out cross-validation and an independent data set (n = 51) supported the robustness of these findings. In conclusion, we provide the first demonstration that LEBS-detectable alterations in the endoscopically normal rectum were associated with the presence of neoplasia located elsewhere in the colon. This study provides the proof of concept that rectal LEBS analysis may potentially provide a minimally intrusive CRC screening technique. Further studies with an endoscopically compatible fiber optic probe are under way for multicenter clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant K Roy
- Department of Medicine, Evanston-Northwestern Healthcare, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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Jiang S, Bailey AS, Goldman DC, Swain JR, Wong MH, Streeter PR, Fleming WH. Hematopoietic stem cells contribute to lymphatic endothelium. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3812. [PMID: 19043576 PMCID: PMC2583952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the lymphatic system arises as an extension of venous vessels in the embryo, little is known about the role of circulating progenitors in the maintenance or development of lymphatic endothelium. Here, we investigated whether hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the potential to give rise to lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC). Methodology/Principal Findings Following the transfer of marked HSCs into irradiated recipients, donor-derived LEC that co-express the lymphatic endothelial markers Lyve-1 and VEGFR-3 were identified in several tissues. HSC-derived LEC persisted for more than 12 months and contributed to ∼3–4% of lymphatic vessels. Donor-derived LECs were not detected in mice transplanted with common myeloid progenitors and granulocyte/macrophage progenitors, suggesting that myeloid lineage commitment is not a requisite step in HSC contribution to lymphatic endothelium. Analysis of parabiotic mice revealed direct evidence for the existence of functional, circulating lymphatic progenitors in the absence of acute injury. Furthermore, the transplantation of HSCs into ApcMin/+ mice resulted in the incorporation of donor-derived LEC into the lymphatic vessels of spontaneously arising intestinal tumors. Conclusions/Significance Our results indicate that HSCs can contribute to normal and tumor associated lymphatic endothelium. These findings suggest that the modification of HSCs may be a novel approach for targeting tumor metastasis and attenuating diseases of the lymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Jiang
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Oregon Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Alexis S. Bailey
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Oregon Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Devorah C. Goldman
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Oregon Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - John R. Swain
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Oregon Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Melissa H. Wong
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Oregon Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Philip R. Streeter
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Oregon Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - William H. Fleming
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Oregon Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Roy HK, Turzhitsky V, Kim YL, Goldberg MJ, Muldoon JP, Liu Y, Brand RE, Hall C, Hasabou N, Jameel M, Backman V. Spectral slope from the endoscopically-normal mucosa predicts concurrent colonic neoplasia: a pilot ex-vivo clinical study. Dis Colon Rectum 2008; 51:1381-6. [PMID: 18536963 PMCID: PMC2913285 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-008-9384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously reported that analysis of histologically normal intestinal epithelium for spectral slope, a marker for aberrations in nanoscale tissue architecture, had outstanding accuracy in identifying field carcinogenesis in preclinical colorectal cancer models. In this study, we assessed the translatability of spectral slope analysis to human colorectal cancer screening. METHODS Subjects (n = 127) undergoing colonoscopy had spectral slope determined from two endoscopically normal midtransverse colonic biopsies using four-dimensional elastic light-scattering fingerprinting and correlated with clinical findings. RESULTS Four-dimensional elastic light-scattering fingerprinting analysis showed the submicron particles size progressively shifted toward larger sizes in subjects harboring neoplasia. There was a corresponding decrease in spectral slope values from the endoscopically normal mucosa in subjects harboring adenomas (n = 41) and advanced adenomas (n = 10), compared to neoplasia-free subjects (P </= 0.00001). These factors did not appear to be confounded by either age or adenoma location. For detecting advanced adenomas, spectral slope had a negative and positive predictive value of 95 percent and 50 percent respectively. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate, for the first time, that spectral slope in "normal" mucosa can accurately risk-stratify patients for colonic neoplasia. This proof of concept study serves to underscore the promise of four-dimensional elastic light-scattering fingerprinting analysis for colorectal cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant K. Roy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston-Northwestern Healthcare Evanston IL
| | | | - Young L. Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University Evanston, IL
| | - Michael J. Goldberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston-Northwestern Healthcare Evanston IL
| | | | - Yang Liu
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University Evanston, IL
| | - Randall E. Brand
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston-Northwestern Healthcare Evanston IL
| | - Curtis Hall
- Department of Pathology, Evanston-Northwestern Healthcare Evanston IL
| | - Nahla Hasabou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston-Northwestern Healthcare Evanston IL
| | - Mohammed Jameel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston-Northwestern Healthcare Evanston IL
| | - Vadim Backman
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University Evanston, IL
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Liu Y, Brand RE, Turzhitsky V, Kim YL, Roy HK, Hasabou N, Sturgis C, Shah D, Hall C, Backman V. Optical markers in duodenal mucosa predict the presence of pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:4392-9. [PMID: 17671121 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most deadly cancers and carries a dismal 5-year survival rate of <5%. Therefore, there is urgent need to develop a highly accurate and minimally invasive (e.g., without instrumentation of the pancreatic duct given high rate of complications) method of detection. Our group has developed a collection of novel light-scattering technologies that provide unprecedented quantitative assessment of the nanoscale architecture of the epithelium. We propose a novel approach to predict pancreatic cancer through the assessment of the adjacent periampullary duodenal mucosa without any interrogation of the pancreatic duct or imaging of the pancreas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Endoscopically and histologically normal-appearing periampullary duodenal biopsies obtained from 19 pancreatic cancer patients were compared with those obtained at endoscopy from 32 controls. Biopsies were analyzed using our newly developed optical technologies, four-dimensional elastic light-scattering fingerprinting (4D-ELF) and low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) spectroscopy. RESULTS 4D-ELF- and LEBS-derived optical markers from normal-appearing periampullary duodenal mucosa can discriminate between pancreatic cancer patients and normal controls with 95% sensitivity and 91% specificity. Moreover, the diagnostic performance of these optical markers was not compromised by confounding factors such as tumor location and stage. CONCLUSIONS Here, we showed, for the first time, that optical analysis of histologically normal duodenal mucosa can predict the presence of pancreatic cancer without direct visualization of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Illinois, USA
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Roy HK, Kunte DP, Koetsier JL, Hart J, Kim YL, Liu Y, Bissonnette M, Goldberg M, Backman V, Wali RK. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by polyethylene glycol: suppression of epithelial proliferation via modulation of SNAIL/beta-catenin signaling. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:2060-9. [PMID: 16928827 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is one of the most potent chemopreventive agents against colorectal cancer; however, the mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, we assessed the ability of PEG to target cyclin D1-beta-catenin-mediated hyperproliferation in the azoxymethane-treated rat model and the human colorectal cancer cell line, HT-29. Azoxymethane-treated rats were randomized to AIN-76A diet alone or supplemented with 5% PEG-8000. After 30 weeks, animals were euthanized and biopsies of aberrant crypt foci and uninvolved crypts were subjected to immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses. PEG markedly suppressed both early and late markers of azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis (fractal dimension by 80%, aberrant crypt foci by 64%, and tumors by 74%). In both azoxymethane-treated rats and HT-29 cells treated with 5% PEG-3350 for 24 hours, PEG decreased proliferation (45% and 52%, respectively) and cyclin D1 (78% and 56%, respectively). Because beta-catenin is the major regulator of cyclin D1 in colorectal cancer, we used the T-cell factor (Tcf)-TOPFLASH reporter assay to show that PEG markedly inhibited beta-catenin transcriptional activity. PEG did not alter total beta-catenin expression but rather its nuclear localization, leading us to assess E-cadherin expression (a major determinant of beta-catenin subcellular localization), which was increased by 73% and 71% in the azoxymethane-rat and HT-29 cells, respectively. We therefore investigated the effect of PEG treatment on levels of the negative regulator of E-cadherin, SNAIL, and observed a 50% and 75% decrease, respectively. In conclusion, we show, for the first time, a molecular mechanism through which PEG imparts its antiproliferative and hence profound chemopreventive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant K Roy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, 2650 Ridge Avenue, IL, USA
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Roy HK, Kim YL, Liu Y, Wali RK, Goldberg MJ, Turzhitsky V, Horwitz J, Backman V. Risk stratification of colon carcinogenesis through enhanced backscattering spectroscopy analysis of the uninvolved colonic mucosa. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:961-8. [PMID: 16467111 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our group has been interested in applying advances in biomedical optics to colorectal cancer risk stratification. Through a recent technological breakthrough, we have been able to harness information from enhanced backscattering spectroscopy, an optics phenomenon that allows quantitative, depth-selective analysis of the epithelial microscale/nanoscale architecture. In the present study, we investigated the ability of enhanced backscattering analysis of the preneoplastic mucosa to predict risk of colon carcinogenesis. METHODS Enhanced backscattering analysis was done on intestinal mucosa at preneoplastic time points from two experimental models of colorectal cancer: the azoxymethane-treated rat and the multiple intestinal neoplasia (MIN) mouse. Data were analyzed using two previously validated spectral markers: spectral slope and principle components. We then did a pilot study on mucosal biopsies from 63 subjects undergoing screening colonoscopy. RESULTS In the azoxymethane-treated rat, when compared with saline-treated controls, significant changes in the enhanced backscattering markers were observed as early as 2 weeks after azoxymethane treatment (before the development of aberrant crypt foci and adenomas). Enhanced backscattering markers continued to progress over time in a manner consonant with future neoplasia. These data were replicated in the preneoplastic MIN mouse mucosa. In humans, spectral slopes in the endoscopically normal cecum, midtransverse colon, and rectum were markedly reduced in patients harboring adenomas when compared with those who were neoplasia free. CONCLUSIONS We show, for the first time, that enhanced backscattering analysis of an aliquot of uninvolved mucosa has the potential for predicting neoplastic risk throughout the colon in both experimental colorectal cancer models and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant K Roy
- Department of Medicine, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA.
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