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Aydin HB, Moon HR, Han B, Ozcelikkale A, Acar A. Tumor-Microenvironment-on-Chip Platform for Assessing Drug Response in 3D Dynamic Culture. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2764:265-278. [PMID: 38393600 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3674-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems involving microfluidic 3D culture of cancer cells have emerged as a versatile toolkit to study tumor biological problems and evaluate potential treatment strategies. Incorporation of microfluidic technologies in 3D tissue culture offers opportunities for realistic simulation of tumor microenvironment in vitro by facilitating a dynamic culture environment mimicking features of human physiology such as reconstituted ECM, interstitial flow, and gradients of drugs and biomacromolecules. This protocol describes development of 3D microfluidic cell culture based on Tumor-Microenvironment-on-Chip (T-MOC) platform modeling tumor blood and lymphatic capillary vessels and the interstitial space in between. Based on earlier applications of T-MOC for transport characteristics, drug response, and tumor-stroma interactions in mammary carcinoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, this protocol provides detailed description of device fabrication, on-chip 3D culture, and drug treatment assays. This protocol can easily be adapted for applications involving other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Berk Aydin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hye-Ran Moon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Altug Ozcelikkale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Acar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
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2
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Akalın AA, Dedekargınoğlu B, Choi SR, Han B, Ozcelikkale A. Predictive Design and Analysis of Drug Transport by Multiscale Computational Models Under Uncertainty. Pharm Res 2023; 40:501-523. [PMID: 35650448 PMCID: PMC9712595 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Computational modeling of drug delivery is becoming an indispensable tool for advancing drug development pipeline, particularly in nanomedicine where a rational design strategy is ultimately sought. While numerous in silico models have been developed that can accurately describe nanoparticle interactions with the bioenvironment within prescribed length and time scales, predictive design of these drug carriers, dosages and treatment schemes will require advanced models that can simulate transport processes across multiple length and time scales from genomic to population levels. In order to address this problem, multiscale modeling efforts that integrate existing discrete and continuum modeling strategies have recently emerged. These multiscale approaches provide a promising direction for bottom-up in silico pipelines of drug design for delivery. However, there are remaining challenges in terms of model parametrization and validation in the presence of variability, introduced by multiple levels of heterogeneities in disease state. Parametrization based on physiologically relevant in vitro data from microphysiological systems as well as widespread adoption of uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis will help address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aykut Akalın
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06531, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Barış Dedekargınoğlu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06531, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sae Rome Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
| | - Altug Ozcelikkale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06531, Ankara, Turkey.
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3
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Afthinos A, Bera K, Chen J, Ozcelikkale A, Amitrano A, Choudhury MI, Huang R, Pachidis P, Mistriotis P, Chen Y, Konstantopoulos K. Migration and 3D Traction Force Measurements inside Compliant Microchannels. Nano Lett 2022; 22:7318-7327. [PMID: 36112517 PMCID: PMC9872269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cells migrate in vivo through channel-like tracks. While polydimethylsiloxane devices emulate such tracks in vitro, their channel walls are impermeable and have supraphysiological stiffness. Existing hydrogel-based platforms address these issues but cannot provide high-throughput analysis of cell motility in independently controllable stiffness and confinement. We herein develop polyacrylamide (PA)-based microchannels of physiological stiffness and prescribed dimensions for high-throughput analysis of cell migration and identify a biphasic dependence of speed upon confinement and stiffness. By utilizing novel four-walled microchannels with heterogeneous stiffness, we reveal the distinct contributions of apicolateral versus basal microchannel wall stiffness to confined versus unconfined migration. While the basal wall stiffness dictates unconfined migration, apicolateral stiffness controls confined migration. By tracking nanobeads embedded within channel walls, we innovate three-dimensional traction force measurements around spatially confining cells at subcellular resolution. Our unique and highly customizable device fabrication strategy provides a physiologically relevant in vitro platform to study confined cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Afthinos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
| | - Kaustav Bera
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21205, USA
| | - Altug Ozcelikkale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alice Amitrano
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
| | - Mohammad Ikbal Choudhury
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
| | - Randy Huang
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21205, USA
| | - Pavlos Pachidis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
| | - Panagiotis Mistriotis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn AL, 36849, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21205, USA
| | - Konstantinos Konstantopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, 21205, USA
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4
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Moon HR, Ozcelikkale A, Yang Y, Elzey BD, Konieczny SF, Han B. An engineered pancreatic cancer model with intra-tumoral heterogeneity of driver mutations. Lab Chip 2020; 20:3720-3732. [PMID: 32909573 PMCID: PMC9178523 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00707b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a complex disease with significant intra-tumoral heterogeneity (ITH). Currently, no reliable PDAC tumor model is available that can present ITH profiles in a controlled manner. We develop an in vitro microfluidic tumor model mimicking the heterogeneous accumulation of key driver mutations of human PDAC using cancer cells derived from genetically engineered mouse models. These murine pancreatic cancer cell lines have KPC (Kras and Trp53 mutations) and KIC genotypes (Kras mutation and Cdkn2a deletion). Also, the KIC genotypes have two distinct phenotypes - mesenchymal or epithelial. The tumor model mimics the ITH of human PDAC to study the effects of ITH on the gemcitabine response. The results show gemcitabine resistance induced by ITH. Remarkably, it shows that cancer cell-cell interactions induce the gemcitabine resistance potentially through epithelial-mesenchymal-transition. The tumor model can provide a useful testbed to study interaction mechanisms between heterogeneous cancer cell subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ran Moon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Ozcelikkale A, Dutton JC, Grinnell F, Han B. Effects of dynamic matrix remodelling on en masse migration of fibroblasts on collagen matrices. J R Soc Interface 2018; 14:rsif.2017.0287. [PMID: 28978745 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast migration plays a key role during various physiological and pathological processes. Although migration of individual fibroblasts has been well studied, migration in vivo often involves simultaneous locomotion of fibroblasts sited in close proximity, so-called 'en masse migration', during which intensive cell-cell interactions occur. This study aims to understand the effects of matrix mechanical environments on the cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions during en masse migration of fibroblasts on collagen matrices. Specifically, we hypothesized that a group of migrating cells can significantly deform the matrix, whose mechanical microenvironment dramatically changes compared with the undeformed state, and the alteration of the matrix microenvironment reciprocally affects cell migration. This hypothesis was tested by time-resolved measurements of cell and extracellular matrix movement during en masse migration on collagen hydrogels with varying concentrations. The results illustrated that a group of cells generates significant spatio-temporal deformation of the matrix before and during the migration. Cells on soft collagen hydrogels migrate along tortuous paths, but, as the matrix stiffness increases, cell migration patterns become aligned with each other and show coordinated migration paths. As cells migrate, the matrix is locally compressed, resulting in a locally stiffened and dense matrix across the collagen concentration range studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altug Ozcelikkale
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - J Craig Dutton
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Frederick Grinnell
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA .,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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6
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Liang Y, Clay NE, Sullivan KM, Leong J, Ozcelikkale A, Rich MH, Lee MK, Lai MH, Jeon H, Han B, Tong YW, Kong H. Enzyme-Induced Matrix Softening Regulates Hepatocarcinoma Cancer Cell Phenotypes. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17:10.1002/mabi.201700117. [PMID: 28683186 PMCID: PMC5784765 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The progression of cancer is often accompanied by changes in the mechanical properties of an extracellular matrix. However, limited efforts have been made to reproduce these biological events in vitro. To this end, this study demonstrates that matrix remodeling caused by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 regulates phenotypic activities and modulates radiosensitivity of cancer cells exclusively in a 3D matrix. In this study, hepatocarcinoma cells are cultured in a collagen-based gel tailored to present an elastic modulus of ≈4.0 kPa. The subsequent exposure of the gel to MMP-1 decreases the elastic modulus from 4.0 to 0.5 kPa. In response to MMP-1, liver cancer cells undergo active proliferation, downregulation of E-cadherin, and the loss of detoxification capacity. The resulting spheroids are more sensitive to radiation than the spheroids cultured in the stiffer gel not exposed to MMP-1. Overall, this study serves to better understand and control the effects of MMP-induced matrix remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyun Liang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576 Singapore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas Edwin Clay
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A
| | - Kathryn M. Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A
| | - Jiayu Leong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A
| | - Altug Ozcelikkale
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, U.S.A
| | - Max H. Rich
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A
| | - Min Kyung Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A
| | - Mei-Hsiu Lai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A
| | - Hojeong Jeon
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korean Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, U.S.A
| | - Yen Wah Tong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576 Singapore
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A
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Ozcelikkale A, Moon HR, Linnes M, Han B. In vitro microfluidic models of tumor microenvironment to screen transport of drugs and nanoparticles. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017; 9:10.1002/wnan.1460. [PMID: 28198106 PMCID: PMC5555839 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology have enabled numerous types of nanoparticles (NPs) to improve drug delivery to tumors. While many NP systems have been proposed, their clinical translation has been less than anticipated primarily due to failure of current preclinical evaluation techniques to adequately model the complex interactions between the NP and physiological barriers of tumor microenvironment. This review focuses on microfluidic tumor models for characterization of delivery efficacy and toxicity of cancer nanomedicine. Microfluidics offer significant advantages over traditional macroscale cell cultures by enabling recapitulation of tumor microenvironment through precise control of physiological cues such as hydrostatic pressure, shear stress, oxygen, and nutrient gradients. Microfluidic systems have recently started to be adapted for screening of drugs and NPs under physiologically relevant settings. So far the two primary application areas of microfluidics in this area have been high-throughput screening using traditional culture settings such as single cells or multicellular tumor spheroids, and mimicry of tumor microenvironment for study of cancer-related cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. These microfluidic technologies are also useful in modeling specific steps in NP delivery to tumor and characterize NP transport properties and outcomes by systematic variation of physiological conditions. Ultimately, it will be possible to design drug-screening platforms uniquely tailored for individual patient physiology using microfluidics. These in vitro models can contribute to development of precision medicine by enabling rapid and patient-specific evaluation of cancer nanomedicine. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1460. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1460 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altug Ozcelikkale
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hye-ran Moon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michael Linnes
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA,
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8
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Ozcelikkale A, Moon H, Linnes M, Han B. Cover Image, Volume 9, Issue 5. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Altug Ozcelikkale
- School of Mechanical Engineering Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Hye‐ran Moon
- School of Mechanical Engineering Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Michael Linnes
- School of Mechanical Engineering Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
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9
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Wan Q, TruongVo T, Steele HE, Ozcelikkale A, Han B, Wang Y, Oh J, Yokota H, Na S. Subcellular domain-dependent molecular hierarchy of SFK and FAK in mechanotransduction and cytokine signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9033. [PMID: 28831165 PMCID: PMC5567257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src family kinases (SFK) are known to play critical roles in mechanotransduction and other crucial cell functions. Recent reports indicate that they reside in different microdomains of the plasma membrane. However, little is known about their subcellular domain-dependent roles and responses to extracellular stimuli. Here, we employed fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors in conjunction with collagen-coupled agarose gels to detect subcellular activities of SFK and FAK in three-dimensional (3D) settings. We observed that SFK and FAK in the lipid rafts and nonrafts are differently regulated by fluid flow and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inhibition of FAK in the lipid rafts blocked SFK response to fluid flow, while inhibition of SFK in the non-rafts blocked FAK activation by the cytokines. Ex-vivo FRET imaging of mouse cartilage explants showed that intermediate level of interstitial fluid flow selectively decreased cytokine-induced SFK/FAK activation. These findings suggest that SFK and FAK exert distinctive molecular hierarchy depending on their subcellular location and extracellular stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - ThucNhi TruongVo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
| | - Hannah E Steele
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
| | - Altug Ozcelikkale
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Junghwan Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Sungsoo Na
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
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10
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Clay NE, Shin K, Ozcelikkale A, Lee MK, Rich MH, Kim DH, Han B, Kong H. Modulation of Matrix Softness and Interstitial Flow for 3D Cell Culture Using a Cell-Microenvironment-on-a-Chip System. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:1968-1975. [PMID: 33440532 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the past several decades, significant efforts have been devoted to recapitulating the in vivo tissue microenvironment within an in vitro platform. However, it is still challenging to recreate de novo tissue with physiologically relevant matrix properties and fluid flow. To this end, this study demonstrates a method to independently tailor matrix stiffness and interstitial fluid flow using a cell-microenvironment-on-a-chip (C-MOC) platform. Collagen-polyethylene glycol gels tailored to present controlled stiffness and hydraulic conductivity were fabricated in a microfluidic chip. The chip was assembled to continuously create a steady flow of media through the gel. In the C-MOC platform, interstitial flow mitigated the effects of matrix softness on breast cancer cell behavior, according to an immunostaining-based analysis of estrogen receptor-α (ER-α), integrin β1, and E-cadherin. This advanced cell culture platform serves to engineer tissue similar to in vitro tissue and contribute to better understanding and regulating of the biological roles of extracellular microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Edwin Clay
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 607 S. Mathews Avenue, 163 Davenport Hall, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kyeonggon Shin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Altug Ozcelikkale
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Min Kyung Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 607 S. Mathews Avenue, 163 Davenport Hall, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Max H Rich
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 607 S. Mathews Avenue, 163 Davenport Hall, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Human and Culture Convergence Technology R&BD Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 426-910, South Korea
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 607 S. Mathews Avenue, 163 Davenport Hall, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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11
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Ghosh S, Ozcelikkale A, Dutton JC, Han B. Role of intracellular poroelasticity on freezing-induced deformation of cells in engineered tissues. J R Soc Interface 2016; 13:rsif.2016.0480. [PMID: 27707905 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Freezing of biomaterials is important in a wide variety of biomedical applications, including cryopreservation and cryosurgeries. For the success of these applications to various biomaterials, biophysical mechanisms, which determine freezing-induced changes in cells and tissues, need to be well understood. Specifically, the significance of the intracellular mechanics during freezing is not well understood. Thus, we hypothesize that cells interact during freezing with the surroundings such as suspension media and the extracellular matrix (ECM) via two distinct but related mechanisms-water transport and cytoskeletal mechanics. The underlying rationale is that the cytoplasm of the cells has poroelastic nature, which can regulate both cellular water transport and cytoskeletal mechanics. A poroelasticity-based cell dehydration model is developed and confirmed to provide insight into the effects of the hydraulic conductivity and stiffness of the cytoplasm on the dehydration of cells in suspension during freezing. We further investigated the effect of the cytoskeletal structures on the cryoresponse of cells embedded in the ECM by measuring the spatio-temporal intracellular deformation with dermal equivalent as a model tissue. The freezing-induced change in cell, nucleus and cytoplasm volume was quantified, and the possible mechanism of the volumetric change was proposed. The results are discussed considering the hierarchical poroelasticity of biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Ghosh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Altug Ozcelikkale
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - J Craig Dutton
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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12
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Abstract
We demonstrate a DNAzyme-based walker system as a controlled oligonucleotide drug AS1411 release platform for breast cancer treatment. In this system, AS1411 strands are released from fuel strands as a walker moves along its carbon nanotube track. The release rate and amount of anticancer oligonucleotides are controlled by the walker operation. With a walker system embedded within the collagen extracellular matrix, we show that this drug release system can be used for in situ cancer cell growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiran Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tae-Gon Cha
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jing Pan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Altug Ozcelikkale
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jong Hyun Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Abstract
This study aims to characterize and understand the effects of freezing on collagen structures and functionality. Specifically, thermodynamic destabilization of collagen at molecular- and fibril-levels by combination of low temperatures and freezing were experimentally characterized using modulated differential scanning calorimetry. In order to delineate the effects of sub-zero temperature and water-ice phase change, we hypothesized that the extent of destabilization can be determined based on post-thaw heat induced thermal denaturation of collagen. It is found that thermal denaturation temperature of collagen in hydrogel decreases by 1.4–1.6°C after freeze/thaw while no such decrease is observed in the case of molecular solution. The destabilization is predominantly due to ice formation. Exposure to low temperatures in the absence of ice has only minimal effect. Calorimetry measurements combined with morphological examination of collagen matrices by scanning electron microscopy suggest that freezing results in destabilization of collagen fibrils due to expansion of intrafibrillar space by ice formation. This fibril-level damage can be alleviated by use of cryoprotectant DMSO at concentrations as low as 0.5 M. A theoretical model explaining the change in collagen post-thaw thermal stability by freezing-induced fibril expansion is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altug Ozcelikkale
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Kwak B, Ozcelikkale A, Shin CS, Park K, Han B. Simulation of complex transport of nanoparticles around a tumor using tumor-microenvironment-on-chip. J Control Release 2014; 194:157-67. [PMID: 25194778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of therapeutic agents selectively to tumor tissue, which is referred as "targeted delivery," is one of the most ardently pursued goals of cancer therapy. Recent advances in nanotechnology enable numerous types of nanoparticles (NPs) whose properties can be designed for targeted delivery to tumors. In spite of promising early results, the delivery and therapeutic efficacy of the majority of NPs are still quite limited. This is mainly attributed to the limitation of currently available tumor models to test these NPs and systematically study the effects of complex transport and pathophysiological barriers around the tumors. In this study, thus, we developed a new in vitro tumor model to recapitulate the tumor microenvironment determining the transport around tumors. This model, named tumor-microenvironment-on-chip (T-MOC), consists of 3-dimensional microfluidic channels where tumor cells and endothelial cells are cultured within extracellular matrix under perfusion of interstitial fluid. Using this T-MOC platform, the transport of NPs and its variation due to tumor microenvironmental parameters have been studied including cut-off pore size, interstitial fluid pressure, and tumor tissue microstructure. The results suggest that T-MOC is capable of simulating the complex transport around the tumor, and providing detailed information about NP transport behavior. This finding confirms that NPs should be designed considering their dynamic interactions with tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongseop Kwak
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Altug Ozcelikkale
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Crystal S Shin
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kinam Park
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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15
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Seawright A, Ozcelikkale A, Dutton C, Han B. Role of cells in freezing-induced cell-fluid-matrix interactions within engineered tissues. J Biomech Eng 2014; 135:91001. [PMID: 23719856 DOI: 10.1115/1.4024571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During cryopreservation, ice forms in the extracellular space resulting in freezing-induced deformation of the tissue, which can be detrimental to the extracellular matrix (ECM) microstructure. Meanwhile, cells dehydrate through an osmotically driven process as the intracellular water is transported to the extracellular space, increasing the volume of fluid for freezing. Therefore, this study examines the effects of cellular presence on tissue deformation and investigates the significance of intracellular water transport and cell-ECM interactions in freezing-induced cell-fluid-matrix interactions. Freezing-induced deformation characteristics were examined through cell image deformetry (CID) measurements of collagenous engineered tissues embedded with different concentrations of MCF7 breast cancer cells versus microspheres as their osmotically inactive counterparts. Additionally, the development of a biophysical model relates the freezing-induced expansion of the tissue due to the cellular water transport and the extracellular freezing thermodynamics for further verification. The magnitude of the freezing-induced dilatation was found to be not affected by the cellular water transport for the cell concentrations considered; however, the deformation patterns for different cell concentrations were different suggesting that cell-matrix interactions may have an effect. It was, therefore, determined that intracellular water transport during freezing was insignificant at the current experimental cell concentrations; however, it may be significant at concentrations similar to native tissue. Finally, the cell-matrix interactions provided mechanical support on the ECM to minimize the expansion regions in the tissues during freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Seawright
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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16
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Xu Z, Ozcelikkale A, Kim YL, Han B. Spatiotemporal Characterization of Extracellular Matrix Microstructures in Engineered Tissue: A Whole-Field Spectroscopic Imaging Approach. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 2013; 4:110051-110059. [PMID: 23908694 DOI: 10.1115/1.4024130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Quality and functionality of engineered tissues are closely related to the microstructures and integrity of their extracellular matrix (ECM). However, currently available methods for characterizing ECM structures are often labor-intensive, destructive, and limited to a small fraction of the total area. These methods are also inappropriate for assessing temporal variations in ECM structures. In this study, to overcome these limitations and challenges, we propose an elastic light scattering approach to spatiotemporally assess ECM microstructures in a relatively large area in a nondestructive manner. To demonstrate its feasibility, we analyze spectroscopic imaging data obtained from acellular collagen scaffolds and dermal equivalents as model ECM structures. For spatial characterization, acellular scaffolds are examined after a freeze/thaw process mimicking a cryopreservation procedure to quantify freezing-induced structural changes in the collagen matrix. We further analyze spatial and temporal changes in ECM structures during cell-driven compaction in dermal equivalents. The results show that spectral dependence of light elastically backscattered from engineered tissue is sensitively associated with alterations in ECM microstructures. In particular, a spectral decay rate over the wavelength can serve as an indicator for the pore size changes in ECM structures, which are at nanometer scale. A decrease in the spectral decay rate suggests enlarged pore sizes of ECM structures. The combination of this approach with a whole-field imaging platform further allows visualization of spatial heterogeneity of EMC microstructures in engineered tissues. This demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed method that nano- and micrometer scale alteration of the ECM structure can be detected and visualized at a whole-field level. Thus, we envision that this spectroscopic imaging approach could potentially serve as an effective characterization tool to nondestructively, accurately, and rapidly quantify ECM microstructures in engineered tissue in a large area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengbin Xu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907
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17
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Ozcelikkale A, Ghosh S, Han B. Multifaceted Transport Characteristics of Nanomedicine: Needs for Characterization in Dynamic Environment. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2111-26. [PMID: 23517188 DOI: 10.1021/mp3005947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Altug Ozcelikkale
- School
of Mechanical Engineering and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana,
United States
| | - Soham Ghosh
- School
of Mechanical Engineering and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana,
United States
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School
of Mechanical Engineering and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana,
United States
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18
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Park S, Wijethunga PA, Moon H, Han B, Ozcelikkale A. On-chip screening and characterization of CPA mixtures using microfluidics. Cryobiology 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2011.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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