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Berbecka M, Berbecki M, Gliwa AM, Szewc M, Sitarz R. Managing Colorectal Cancer from Ethology to Interdisciplinary Treatment: The Gains and Challenges of Modern Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2032. [PMID: 38396715 PMCID: PMC10889298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal tract, which has become a serious threat to human health worldwide. This article exhaustively reviews colorectal cancer's incidence and relevance, carcinogenesis molecular pathways, up-to-date treatment opportunities, prophylaxis, and screening program achievements, with attention paid to its regional variations and changes over time. This paper provides a concise overview of known CRC risk factors, including familial, hereditary, and environmental lifestyle-related risk factors. The authors take a closer look into CRC's molecular genetic pathways and the role of specific enzymes involved in carcinogenesis. Moreover, the role of the general practitioner and multidisciplinary approach in CRC treatment is summarized and highlighted based on recent recommendations and experience. This article gives a clear understanding and review of the gains and challenges of modern medicine towards CRC. The authors believe that understanding the current patterns of CRC and its revolution is imperative to the prospects of reducing its burden through cancer prevention and cancer-adjusted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Berbecka
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.B.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Maciej Berbecki
- General Surgery Ward, Independent Health Center in Kraśnik, 23-200 Kraśnik, Poland;
| | - Anna Maria Gliwa
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.B.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Monika Szewc
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.B.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Robert Sitarz
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.B.); (A.M.G.)
- I Department of Surgical Oncology, Center of Oncology of the Lublin Region, St. Jana z Dukli, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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Gholamalizadeh M, Majidi N, Tajaddod S, Abdollahi S, Poorhosseini SM, Ahmadzadeh M, Naimi Joubani M, Mirzaei Dahka S, Shafaei H, Hajiesmaeil M, Alizadeh A, Doaei S, Houshiar-Rad A. Interactions of Colorectal Cancer, Dietary Fats, and Polymorphisms of Arachidonate Lipoxygenase and Cyclooxygenase Genes: A Literature Review. Front Oncol 2022; 12:865208. [PMID: 35928873 PMCID: PMC9343633 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.865208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveGenetics and dietary factors play important roles in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the underlying mechanisms of the interactions between CRC, gene polymorphisms, and dietary fat are unclear. This review study investigated the effects of polymorphisms of arachidonate lipoxygenase (ALOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) genes in the association between CRC and dietary fat.MethodsAll the related papers published from 2000 to 2022 were collected from different databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Cochran using related keywords such as colorectal cancer, ALOX, COX, polymorphism, and dietary fat. Non-English and unrelated documents were excluded.ResultsSome single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ALOX and COX genes, such as rs2228065, rs6413416, and rs4986832 in the ALOX gene, and rs689465 in the COX gene may play significant roles in the association between the risk of CRC and dietary fats. SNPs of ALOX and COX genes may influence the effects of dietary fatty acids on the risk of CRC.ConclusionSome polymorphisms of the ALOX and COX genes may have important roles in the effects of dietary fat on the risk of CRC. If future studies confirm these results, dietary recommendations for preventing colorectal cancer may be personalized based on the genotype of the ALOX and COX genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Gholamalizadeh
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Majidi
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Tajaddod
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Abdollahi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Poorhosseini
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naimi Joubani
- Research Center of Health and Enviroment, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Hanieh Shafaei
- Nursing and Midwifery School, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mogge Hajiesmaeil
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ”Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Atiyeh Alizadeh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Doaei
- Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Al-Zahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- *Correspondence: Saeid Doaei, ; Anahita Houshiar-Rad,
| | - Anahita Houshiar-Rad
- Dept. of Nutrition Research, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Saeid Doaei, ; Anahita Houshiar-Rad,
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A multicenter case-control study of the effect of e-nos VNTR polymorphism on upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in NSAID users. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19923. [PMID: 34620931 PMCID: PMC8497469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99402-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bleeding in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) users limited their prescription. This first multicenter full case–control study (325 cases and 744 controls), explored the association of e-NOS intron 4 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (UGIH) in NSAID exposed and unexposed populations and assessed any interaction between this polymorphism and NSAIDs. NSAID users carrying e-NOS intron 4 wild type genotype or VNTR polymorphism have higher odds of UGIH than those unexposed to NSAIDs [Odds Ratio (OR): 6.62 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 4.24, 10.36) and OR: 5.41 (95% CI 2.62, 11.51), respectively], with no effect modification from VNTR polymorphism-NSAIDs interaction [Relative Excess Risk due to Interaction (RERI): −1.35 (95% CI −5.73, 3.03); Synergism Index (S): 0.77 (95% CI 0.31, 1.94)]. Similar findings were obtained for aspirin exposure. Non-aspirin NSAID users who carry e-NOS intron 4 VNTR polymorphism have lower odds of UGIH [OR: 4.02 (95% CI 1.85, 8.75) than those users with wild type genotype [OR: 6.52 (95% CI 4.09, 10.38)]; though the interaction estimates are not statistically significant [RERI: −2.68 (95% CI −6.67, 1.31); S: 0.53 (95% CI 0.18, 1.55)]. This exploratory study suggests that the odds of UGIH in NSAID or aspirin users does not modify according to patient´s e-NOS intron 4 genotype.
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Yarla NS, Madka V, Pathuri G, Rao CV. Molecular Targets in Precision Chemoprevention of Colorectal Cancer: An Update from Pre-Clinical to Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249609. [PMID: 33348563 PMCID: PMC7765969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. The initiation and progression of CRC is a multi-step process that proceeds via precursor lesions to carcinoma, with each stage characterized by its distinct molecular and tissue microenvironment changes. Precursor lesions of CRC, aberrant crypt foci, and adenoma exhibit drastic changes in genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic profiles compared to normal tissue. The identification of these changes is essential and provides further validation as an initiator or promoter of CRC and, more so, as lesion-specific druggable molecular targets for the precision chemoprevention of CRC. Mutated/dysregulated signaling (adenomatous polyposis coli, β-catenin, epidermal growth factor receptor, V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), tumor protein53, Akt, etc.), inflammatory (cyclooxygenase-2, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and other pro-inflammatory mediators), and metabolic/growth factor (fatty acid synthase, β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, and ornithine decarboxylase) related targets are some of the well-characterized molecular targets in the precision chemoprevention of CRC. In this review, we discuss precursor-lesion specific targets of CRC and the current status of pre-clinical studies regarding clinical interventions and combinations for better efficacy and safety toward future precision clinical chemoprevention. In addition, we provide a brief discussion on the usefulness of secondary precision chemopreventive targets for tertiary precision chemoprevention to improve the disease-free and overall survival of advanced stage CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra S. Yarla
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (N.S.Y.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Venkateshwar Madka
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (N.S.Y.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Gopal Pathuri
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (N.S.Y.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Chinthalapally V. Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (N.S.Y.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
- VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-405-271-3224; Fax: +1-405-271-3225
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Thibault MP, Tremblay É, Wallace JL, Beaulieu JF. Effect of Ketoprofen and ATB-352 on the Immature Human Intestine: Identification of Responders and Non-responders. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 68:623-629. [PMID: 31022092 PMCID: PMC6510328 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with a broad spectrum of life-threatening adverse effects on the immature gastrointestinal tract. NSAID derivatives exploiting the beneficial effects of biologically active gases, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), have been developed. Herein, we determined the effects of ketoprofen and ATB-352, a H2S-releasing ketoprofen derivative, on selected metabolic pathways previously identified to be significantly altered by indomethacin in the human immature intestine. METHODS Ketoprofen and ATB-352 were tested on human mid-gestation small intestinal explants maintained in a serum-free organ culture system for 48 hours. The expression levels of the representative genes involved in selected metabolic pathways were measured by real-time PCR after a treatment of 48 hours. RESULTS Tested at a concentration that allows more than 80% inhibition of PGE2 production, ketoprofen was found to be less damaging than indomethacin at an equivalent dosage. However, based on the inducibility of cyclooxygenase-2 transcript expression, we were able to discriminate between responder individuals in which the deleterious effects observed with indomethacin were attenuated, and non-responder specimens in which the effects were similar to those observed with indomethacin. ATB-352 did not induce significant changes compared to ketoprofen on these metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS These results show less damaging effects of ketoprofen compared to indomethacin on the immature intestine and indicate that the intestinal response to this NSAID significantly varies between individuals. However, the results did not allow us to demonstrate a specific beneficial effect of H2S release in organ culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pier Thibault
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec
| | - Éric Tremblay
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec
| | - John L. Wallace
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec
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Sasaki Y, Ochiai T, Takamura M, Kondo Y, Yokoyama C, Hara S. Role of prostacyclin synthase in carcinogenesis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 133:49-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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HARA S. Prostaglandin terminal synthases as novel therapeutic targets. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:703-723. [PMID: 29129850 PMCID: PMC5743848 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects by reducing prostaglandin (PG) production via the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX). However, the gastrointestinal, renal and cardiovascular side effects associated with the pharmacological inhibition of the COX enzymes have focused renewed attention onto other potential targets for NSAIDs. PGH2, a COX metabolite, is converted to each PG species by species-specific PG terminal synthases. Because of their potential for more selective modulation of PG production, PG terminal synthases are now being investigated as a novel target for NSAIDs. In this review, I summarize the current understanding of PG terminal synthases, with a focus on microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and PGI synthase (PGIS). mPGES-1 and PGIS cooperatively exacerbate inflammatory reactions but have opposing effects on carcinogenesis. mPGES-1 and PGIS are expected to be attractive alternatives to COX as therapeutic targets for several diseases, including inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro HARA
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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Singh D, Cantu M, Marx MHM, Akingbola O. Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Fluid Refractory Hypotension. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2016; 55:182-4. [PMID: 25948040 DOI: 10.1177/0009922815584549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Singh
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Marissa Cantu
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Sasaki Y, Kamiyama S, Kamiyama A, Matsumoto K, Akatsu M, Nakatani Y, Kuwata H, Ishikawa Y, Ishii T, Yokoyama C, Hara S. Genetic-deletion of Cyclooxygenase-2 Downstream Prostacyclin Synthase Suppresses Inflammatory Reactions but Facilitates Carcinogenesis, unlike Deletion of Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17376. [PMID: 26611322 PMCID: PMC4661703 DOI: 10.1038/srep17376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) are prostaglandin (PG) terminal synthases that function downstream of inducible cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in the PGI2 and PGE2 biosynthetic pathways, respectively. mPGES-1 has been shown to be involved in various COX-2-related diseases such as inflammatory diseases and cancers, but it is not yet known how PGIS is involved in these COX-2-related diseases. Here, to clarify the pathophysiological role of PGIS, we investigated the phenotypes of PGIS and mPGES-1 individual knockout (KO) or double KO (DKO) mice. The results indicate that a thioglycollate-induced exudation of leukocytes into the peritoneal cavity was suppressed by the genetic-deletion of PGIS. In the PGIS KO mice, lipopolysaccharide-primed pain nociception (as assessed by the acetic acid-induced writhing reaction) was also reduced. Both of these reactions were suppressed more effectively in the PGIS/mPGES-1 DKO mice than in the PGIS KO mice. On the other hand, unlike mPGES-1 deficiency (which suppressed azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis), PGIS deficiency up-regulated both aberrant crypt foci formation at the early stage of carcinogenesis and polyp formation at the late stage. These results indicate that PGIS and mPGES-1 cooperatively exacerbate inflammatory reactions but have opposing effects on carcinogenesis, and that PGIS-derived PGI2 has anti-carcinogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sasaki
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kamiyama
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Azusa Kamiyama
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Konomi Matsumoto
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Moe Akatsu
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Nakatani
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuwata
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yukio Ishikawa
- Pathology Section, Itabashi Medical Laboratory, Tokyo 174-0051, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Ishii
- Department of Pathology, Saiseikai Yokohama City Tobu Hospital, Yokohama 230-8765, Japan
| | | | - Shuntaro Hara
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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Fedirko V, Bradshaw PT, Figueiredo JC, Sandler RS, Barry EL, Ahnen DJ, Milne GL, Bresalier RS, Baron JA. Urinary metabolites of prostanoids and risk of recurrent colorectal adenomas in the Aspirin/Folate Polyp Prevention Study (AFPPS). Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:1061-8. [PMID: 26304466 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aspirin has been shown to protect against colorectal neoplasms; however, the optimal chemopreventive dose and underlying mechanisms are unclear. We aimed to study the relationship between prostanoid metabolites and aspirin's effect on adenoma occurrence. We used data from the Aspirin/Folate Polyp Prevention Study, in which 1,121 participants with a recent adenoma were randomized to placebo or two doses of aspirin (81 or 325 mg/d) to be taken until the next surveillance colonoscopy, anticipated about 3 years later. Urinary metabolites of prostanoids (PGE-M, PGI-M, and dTxB2) were measured using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry or GC/NICI-MS in 876 participants near the end of treatment follow-up. Poisson regression with a robust error variance was used to calculate relative risks and 95% confidence intervals. PGE-M, PGI-M, and dTxB2 levels were 28%, 37%, and 60% proportionately lower, respectively, in individuals who took 325 mg of aspirin compared with individuals who took placebo (all P < 0.001). Similarly, among individuals who took 81 mg of aspirin, PGE-M, PGI-M, and dTxB2 were, respectively, 18%, 30%, and 57% proportionally lower compared with placebo (all P < 0.005). None of the metabolites or their ratios were statistically significantly associated with the risk of adenoma occurrence. The effect of aspirin in reducing adenoma risk was independent of prostanoid levels. Aspirin use is associated with lower levels of urinary prostanoid metabolites. However, our findings do not support the hypothesis that these metabolites are associated with adenoma occurrence, suggesting that COX-dependent mechanisms may not completely explain the chemopreventive effect of aspirin on colorectal neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Fedirko
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Patrick T Bradshaw
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jane C Figueiredo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert S Sandler
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth L Barry
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Dennis J Ahnen
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Ginger L Milne
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert S Bresalier
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John A Baron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Al-Waili N, Salom K, Al-Ghamdi A, Ansari MJ, Al-Waili A, Al-Waili T. Honey and cardiovascular risk factors, in normal individuals and in patients with diabetes mellitus or dyslipidemia. J Med Food 2014; 16:1063-78. [PMID: 24328699 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, hypercholesteremia, hypertension (HTN), and obesity are well-known risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Various medications are currently in use for management of these comorbidities. Undesirable side effects are unavoidable and the ultimate and ideal goal is hardly achieved. Honey and other bee products are widely used in traditional medicine for management of many diseases. Others and the authors have found potent biological activities of these products. Honey is now reintroduced in modern medicine as part of wound and burn management. Honey has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. More studies are exploring other aspects of honey activity such as its effect on blood sugar, body weight, lipid profile, C-reactive protein, nitric oxide, proinflammatory prostaglandins, and homocysteine. Growing evidence and scientific data support the use of honey in patients with diabetes, HTN, dyslipidemia, obesity, and CVD. This review discusses clinical and preclinical studies on potential influence of honey on diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk factors, and emphasizes the importance of conducting more clinical and controlled studies.
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Rajkumar R, Ahmad F. The genomic complexity underlying pulmonary arterial hypertension: from mendel to networks. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:1152-4. [PMID: 24832737 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201403-0556ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Resler AJ, Makar KW, Heath L, Whitton J, Potter JD, Poole EM, Habermann N, Scherer D, Duggan D, Wang H, Lindor NM, Passarelli MN, Baron JA, Newcomb PA, Le Marchand L, Ulrich CM. Genetic variation in prostaglandin synthesis and related pathways, NSAID use and colorectal cancer risk in the Colon Cancer Family Registry. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2121-6. [PMID: 24908683 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) generally decreases colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, inherited genetic variation in inflammatory pathways may alter their potential as preventive agents. We investigated whether variation in prostaglandin synthesis and related pathways influences CRC risk in the Colon Cancer Family Registry by examining associations between 192 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two variable nucleotide tandem repeats (VNTRs) within 17 candidate genes and CRC risk. We further assessed interactions between these polymorphisms and NSAID use on CRC risk. Using a case-unaffected-sibling-control design, this study included 1621 primary invasive CRC cases and 2592 sibling controls among Caucasian men and women aged 18-90. After adjustment for multiple comparisons, two intronic SNPs were associated with rectal cancer risk: rs11571364 in ALOX12 [OR(het/hzv) = 1.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.19-2.95, P = 0.03] and rs45525634 in PTGER2 (OR(het/hzv) = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.29-0.82, P = 0.03). Additionally, there was an interaction between NSAID use and the intronic SNP rs2920421 in ALOX12 on risk of CRC (P = 0.03); among those with heterozygous genotypes, risk was reduced for current NSAID users compared with never or former users (OR(het) = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.45-0.80), though not among those with homozygous wild-type or variant genotypes. The results of this study suggest that genetic variation in ALOX12 and PTGER2 may affect the risk of rectal cancer. In addition, this study suggests plausible interactions between NSAID use and variants in ALOX12 on CRC risk. These results may aid in the development of genetically targeted cancer prevention strategies with NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa J Resler
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA, Department of Epidemiology and, Department of Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Karen W Makar
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Laura Heath
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA, Department of Epidemiology and, Department of Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John Whitton
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - John D Potter
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA, Department of Epidemiology and, Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth M Poole
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nina Habermann
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Dominique Scherer
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - David Duggan
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Hansong Wang
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Noralane M Lindor
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Michael N Passarelli
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA, Department of Epidemiology and, Department of Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John A Baron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA and
| | - Polly A Newcomb
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA, Department of Epidemiology and
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA, Department of Epidemiology and, Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg 69120, Germany, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Kleinstein SE, Heath L, Makar KW, Poole EM, Seufert BL, Slattery ML, Xiao L, Duggan DJ, Hsu L, Curtin K, Koepl L, Muehling J, Taverna D, Caan BJ, Carlson CS, Potter JD, Ulrich CM. Genetic variation in the lipoxygenase pathway and risk of colorectal neoplasia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013; 52:437-49. [PMID: 23404351 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonate lipoxygenase (ALOX) enzymes metabolize arachidonic acid to generate potent inflammatory mediators and play an important role in inflammation-associated diseases. We investigated associations between colorectal cancer risk and polymorphisms in ALOX5, FLAP, ALOX12, and ALOX15, and their interactions with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. We genotyped fifty tagSNPs, one candidate SNP, and two functional promoter variable nucleotide tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms in three US population-based case-control studies of colon cancer (1,424 cases/1,780 controls), rectal cancer (583 cases/775 controls), and colorectal adenomas (485 cases/578 controls). Individuals with variant genotypes of the ALOX5 VNTR had a decreased risk of rectal cancer, with the strongest association seen for individuals with one or more alleles of >5 repeats (wild type = 5, OR>5/≥5 = 0.42, 95% CI 0.20-0.92; P = 0.01). Four SNPs in FLAP (rs17239025), ALOX12 (rs2073438), and ALOX15 (rs4796535 and rs2619112) were associated with rectal cancer risk at P ≤ 0.05. One SNP in FLAP (rs12429692) was associated with adenoma risk. A false discovery rate (FDR) was applied to account for false positives due to multiple testing; the ALOX15 associations were noteworthy at 25% FDR. Colorectal neoplasia risk appeared to be modified by NSAID use in individuals with variant alleles in FLAP and ALOX15. One noteworthy interaction (25% FDR) was observed for rectal cancer. Genetic variability in ALOXs may affect risk of colorectal neoplasia, particularly for rectal cancer. Additionally, genetic variability in FLAP and ALOX15 may modify the protective effect of NSAID use against colorectal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Kleinstein
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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15
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Wen CTP, Hussein SZ, Abdullah S, Karim NA, Makpol S, Mohd Yusof YA. Gelam and Nenas honeys inhibit proliferation of HT 29 colon cancer cells by inducing DNA damage and apoptosis while suppressing inflammation. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:1605-10. [PMID: 22799375 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.4.1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelam and Nenas monofloral honeys were investigated in this study for their chemopreventive effects against HT 29 colon cancer cells. MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H- tetrazolim) assays showed more effective inhibition of colon cancer cells proliferation by Gelam honey with IC₅₀ values of 39.0 mg/ml and 85.5 mg/ml respectively after 24 hours of treatment. Alkali comet assays revealed both honeys increased DNA damage significantly in a dose dependent manner. In addition, annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry demonstrated that at IC₅₀ concentrations and above, both Gelam and Nenas honeys induced apoptosis significantlyat values higher than for necrosis (p<0.05). Measurement of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) confirmed that Gelam and Nenas honeys reduced its production in H₂O₂ inflammation-induced colon cancer cells. In conclusion, our study indicated and confirmed that both Gelam and Nenas honeys are capable of suppressing the growth of HT 29 colon cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and suppressing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christinal Teh Pey Wen
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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16
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Seufert BL, Poole EM, Whitton J, Xiao L, Makar KW, Campbell PT, Kulmacz RJ, Baron JA, Newcomb PA, Slattery ML, Potter JD, Ulrich CM. IκBKβ and NFκB1, NSAID use and risk of colorectal cancer in the Colon Cancer Family Registry. Carcinogenesis 2012; 34:79-85. [PMID: 23002237 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The NFκB-signaling pathway regulates cell proliferation and inflammation. Activation of the pathway is implicated in the etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC). NSAIDs may reduce CRC risk partially through a nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB)-dependent pathway. In this study, we investigated associations between 34 NFκB1 and 8 IκBKβ tagSNPs and CRC risk and examined interactions with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Using conditional logistic regression, we investigated these associations among 1584 incident CRC cases and 2516 sibling controls from the Colon Cancer Family Registry. Three IκBKβ SNPs were associated with a statistically significant lower colorectal or colon cancer risk: rs9694958 (A>G intron 5) (colorectal: OR(hzv) = 0.26(0.07-0.99), P(trend) = 0.048, P(adj) = 0.25), rs10958713 (A>C intron 19) (colon: OR(hzv) = 0.62(0.42-0.92), P(trend) = 0.005, P(adj) = 0.03) and rs5029748 (C>A intron 2) (colon: OR(het) = 0.72(0.56-0.91), P(trend) = 0.01, P(adj) = 0.08). We replicated trends associated with NFκB1 and IκBKβ variants identified in a previous study (rs4648110 (T>A intron 22), rs13117745 (G>A intron 5) and rs3747811 (T>A intron 1)). IκBKβ's rs6474387 (C>T intron 20) and rs11986055 (A>C intron 2) showed substantially lower colon cancer risk among current NSAID users (P(interaction) = 0.01 and P(interaction) = 0.045, respectively), whereas NFκB1's rs230490 (G>A 5' (outside UTR)) and rs997476 (C>A 3' (outside UTR)) showed higher CRC risk among current NSAID users (P(interaction) = 0.01 and P(interaction) = 0.03, respectively). These findings suggest that variants in NFκB1 and IκBKβ are associated with CRC risk and NSAIDs may function partially through an NFκB-dependent pathway. The SNPs identified here should be considered for future functional studies and may be useful in designing a pharmacogenetic approach to preventive NSAID use.
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17
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PTGS1, PTGS2, ALOX5, ALOX12, ALOX15, and FLAP SNPs: interaction with fatty acids in colon cancer and rectal cancer. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 8:115-26. [PMID: 22678777 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-012-0302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can be converted to prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Oxygenation of omega-6 PUFAs generally results in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, whereas oxygenated products of omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs generally have lower inflammatory activity. We hypothesize that elevated n-3 PUFA intakes from fish are associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer among those with genetic variants that result in higher levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. In population-based case-control studies of colon (case n = 1,574) and rectal cancer (case n = 791) and disease-free controls (n = 2,969), we investigated interactions between dietary fatty acid intake and 107 candidate polymorphisms and tagSNPs in PTGS1, PTGS2, ALOX12, ALOX5, ALOX15, and FLAP. The two studies used an identical genotyping protocol. We observed interactions and statistically significant increases in colon cancer risk for low docosahexaenoic acid intake among those with the PTGS1 rs10306110 (-1,053 A > G) variant genotypes (OR = 1.6, 95 % confidence interval = 1.1-2.3, adj. p = 0.06) and rectal cancer risk for low total fat intake among those with the variant PTGS1 rs10306122 (7,135 A > G) (OR(vs.wt) = 1.80, 1.02-2.99; adj. p = 0.08). The ALOX15 rs11568131 (10,339 C > T) wild type in combination with a high inflammation score (low EPA intake, high AA intake, no regular NSAID use, high BMI, smoking) was associated with increased colon cancer risk (OR = 2.28, 1.7-3.07). Rectal cancer risk was inversely associated with a low inflammation score among PTGS2 rs4648276 (3,934 T > C) variant allele carriers (OR = 0.49, 0.25-0.75). Overall, these data provide some modest evidence for interactions between dietary fat intake and genetic variation in genes involved in eicosanoid metabolism and colorectal cancer risk.
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18
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Epigenetic deregulation of the COX pathway in cancer. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:301-13. [PMID: 22580191 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a major cause of cancer and may condition its progression. The deregulation of the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway is implicated in several pathophysiological processes, including inflammation and cancer. Although, its targeting with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and COX-2 selective inhibitors has been investigated for years with promising results at both preventive and therapeutic levels, undesirable side effects and the limited understanding of the regulation and functionalities of the COX pathway compromise a more extensive application of these drugs. Epigenetics is bringing additional levels of complexity to the understanding of basic biological and pathological processes. The deregulation of signaling and biosynthetic pathways by epigenetic mechanisms may account for new molecular targets in cancer therapeutics. Genes of the COX pathway are seldom mutated in neoplastic cells, but a large proportion of them show aberrant expression in different types of cancer. A growing body of evidence indicates that epigenetic alterations play a critical role in the deregulation of the genes of the COX pathway. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the contribution of epigenetic processes to the deregulation of the COX pathway in cancer, getting insights into how these alterations may be relevant for the clinical management of patients.
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Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) play important roles in the normal physiology and in pathological states including inflammation and cancer. While much is known about the biosynthesis and biological activities of eicosanoids derived from ω6 PUFA, our understanding of the corresponding ω3 series lipid mediators is still rudimentary. The purpose of this review is not to offer a comprehensive summary of the literature on fatty acids in prostate cancer but rather to highlight some of the areas where key questions remain to be addressed. These include substrate preference and polymorphic variants of enzymes involved in the metabolism of PUFA, the relationship between de novo lipid synthesis and dietary lipid metabolism pathways, the contribution of cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases as well as terminal synthases and prostanoid receptors in prostate cancer, and the potential role of PUFA in angiogenesis and cell surface receptor signaling.
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20
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Hossein-Nezhad A, Mirzaei K, Jamal FB, Mirfakhraei R, Sedighi N. Variation in the Cox-2 Gene May Modify the Effect of Alendronate on Vertebral Fracture Prevention. EUR J INFLAMM 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1000800302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates such as alendronate, which are potent specific inhibitors of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, are widely used for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis as well as other diseases related to bone remodeling. We evaluated whether the reportedly functional PTGS2 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2/cyclooxygenase [COX] 2) genotypes influence the efficacy of alendronate on vertebral fracture prevention. Sixty postmenopausal osteoporotic women participated in this interventional study. The extent of vertebral fracture was evaluated in all participants before and after intervention using X-ray imaging. Alendronate (10mg/day), calcium (1gr/day) and vitamin D (400mg/day) were given to participants for 2 years. Laboratory measurements included circulating crosslaps, osteocalcin, PTH, osteoporotegrin, RANKL, vitamin D, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1 levels. Hip and spine BMD (bone mass density) were measured using DEXA. Genotyping for cox-2 gene SNP (−765G/C) was performed using PCR- RFLP method. Genotype frequency of homozygous major allele (GG), heterozygous (GC) and homozygous minor allele (CC) were 61.7%, 33.3% and 5% respectively. Evaluation of vertebral fracture before alendronate therapy in participants demonstrated no significant difference between carriers of G and C alleles, although the difference appeared near to significant after alendronate therapy at the end of 2 years. Serum PTH level and L2-L4 BMD were significantly different between subjects with different alleles. Moreover, IL-1 had prominently higher concentration in C allele carries. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in terms of the extent of vertebral fracture between two allelic groups after two years of treatment. Since bone remodeling process has been proved to be affected by inflammatory factors; it appears that variation in COX-2 genotypes may influence alendronate efficacy in fracture prevention among postmenopausal osteoporotic women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - F. Birami Jamal
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Bio Technology
| | - R. Mirfakhraei
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Bio Technology
| | - N. Sedighi
- Radiology Department of Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical sciences
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21
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Liu W, Poole EM, Ulrich CM, Kulmacz RJ. Polymorphic human prostaglandin H synthase-2 proteins and their interactions with cyclooxygenase substrates and inhibitors. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2010; 11:337-47. [PMID: 20548327 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2010.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cyclooxygenase (COX) activity of prostaglandin H synthase-2 (PGHS-2) is implicated in colorectal cancer and is targeted by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and dietary n-3 fatty acids. We used purified, recombinant proteins to evaluate the functional impacts of the R228H, E488G, V511A and G587R PGHS-2 polymorphisms on COX activity, fatty acid selectivity and NSAID actions. Compared to wild-type PGHS-2, COX activity with arachidonate was ∼20% lower in 488G and ∼20% higher in 511A. All variants showed time-dependent inhibition by the COX-2-specific inhibitor (coxib) nimesulide, but 488G and 511A had 30-60% higher residual COX activity; 511A also showed up to 70% higher residual activity with other time-dependent inhibitors. In addition, 488G and 511A differed significantly from wild type in Vmax values with the two fatty acids: 488G showed ∼20% less and 511A showed ∼20% more discrimination against eicosapentaenoic acid. The Vmax value for eicosapentaenoate was not affected in 228H or 587R, nor were the Km values or the COX activation efficiency (with arachidonate) significantly altered in any variant. Thus, the E488G and V511A PGHS-2 polymorphisms may predict who will most likely benefit from interventions with some NSAIDs or n-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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22
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Frank B, Hoffmeister M, Klopp N, Illig T, Chang-Claude J, Brenner H. Polymorphisms in inflammatory pathway genes and their association with colorectal cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:2822-30. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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Poole EM, Hsu L, Xiao L, Kulmacz RJ, Carlson CS, Rabinovitch PS, Makar KW, Potter JD, Ulrich CM. Genetic variation in prostaglandin E2 synthesis and signaling, prostaglandin dehydrogenase, and the risk of colorectal adenoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:547-57. [PMID: 20086108 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandins are important inflammatory mediators; prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the predominant prostaglandin in colorectal neoplasia and affects colorectal carcinogenesis. Prostaglandins are metabolites of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; their biosynthesis is the primary target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), which reduce colorectal neoplasia risk. METHODS We investigated candidate and tagSNPs in PGE2 synthase (PGES), PGE2 receptors (EP2 and EP4), and prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) in a case-control study of adenomas (n = 483) versus polyp-free controls (n = 582) and examined interactions with NSAID use or fish intake, a source of omega-3 fatty acids. RESULTS A 30% adenoma risk reduction was observed for EP2 4950G>A (intron 1; OR(GA/AA vs. GG), 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.99). For the candidate polymorphism EP4 Val294Ile, increasing fish intake was associated with increased adenoma risk among those with variant genotypes, but not among those with the Val/Val genotype (P(interaction) = 0.02). An interaction with fish intake was also observed for PGES -664A>T (5' untranslated region; P(interaction) = 0.01). Decreased risk with increasing fish intake was only seen among those with the AT or TT genotypes (OR(>2 t/wk vs. <1 t/wk), 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.28-1.13). We also detected interactions between NSAIDs and EP2 9814C>A (intron 1) and PGDH 343C>A (intron 1). However, none of the observed associations was statistically significant after adjustment for multiple testing. We investigated potential gene-gene interactions using the Chatterjee 1 degree of freedom Tukey test and logic regression; neither method detected significant interactions. CONCLUSIONS These data provide little support for associations between adenoma risk and genetic variability related to PGE(2), yet suggest gene-environment interactions with anti-inflammatory exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Poole
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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24
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Zhao D, Zhang X, Guo Y, Tan W, Lin D. Cyclooxygenase-2 Gly587Arg variant is associated with differential enzymatic activity and risk of esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2009; 48:934-41. [PMID: 19347867 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Functional SNPs in the COX-2 promoter region have been associated with susceptibility to esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC). In this study, we investigated SNPs in the COX-2 coding region and their impact on risk of ESCC. The coding region of COX-2 in DNAs from 30 Han Chinese individuals was sequenced to identify SNPs. Different coding region variants identified were cloned and expressed in MCE-7 cells for the measurement of COX-2 enzymatic activity. Genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP in 1026 patients with ESCC and 1270 controls and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed by logistic regression model. A SNP at exon 10 (1759G>A, rs3218625) was identified, which causes (587)Gly to (587)Arg amino acid substitution. Enzymatic assays using different recombinant COX-2 variants showed that COX-2-(587)Arg had significantly higher activity towards arachidonic acid than COX-2-(587)Gly (13.8 +/- 3.2 U/mg vs. 11.2 +/- 2.4 U/mg; P = 0.012). Case-control analysis showed that 10.2% of ESCC patients carried the 1759A allele whereas only 5.4% of controls had this allele (P < 0.0001). No homozygous 1759AA genotype was presented in controls albeit two patients carrying this genotype. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that subjects with at least one 1759A allele had increased risk for the development of ESCC (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.39-2.62) compared with those with the 1759GG genotype. These results extend our previous findings and indicate that inherited variant in arachidonic acid-metabolizing enzyme, which results in heightened enzymatic activity, may confer susceptibility to ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Department of Etiology & Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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25
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Schentrup AM, Allayee H, Lima JJ, Johnson JA, Langaee TY. Genotyping the GGGCGG tandem repeat promoter polymorphism in the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme gene (ALOX5) by pyrosequencing assay. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2009; 13:361-5. [PMID: 19473080 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2008.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Efficient genotyping methods for many biologically significant repeat genetic polymorphisms, particularly in GC-rich regions of the genome, are limited. In particular, a short tandem repeat polymorphism [GGCGGG] in the promoter region of ALOX5 has been implicated as an important marker for inflammatory diseases. We developed a pyrosequencing assay to genotype the ALOX5 short tandem repeat polymorphism using pyrosequencing technology that will make assessing this important genetic marker in large, diverse populations more accessible than using current methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a nested polymerase chain reaction approach to amplify DNA for pyrosequencing. Population allele frequencies were assessed in two cohorts of previously collected human DNA samples with 188 and 1032 samples, respectively. Sixteen genetic samples with known genotypes were used to confirm the accuracy of the method. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Genotypes were 100% concordant with samples of known genotype. Genotype frequencies in European American, Hispanic, and African American agreed with previously published results (wild-type homozygotes 66%, 64%, and 19%, respectively). The method presented here will facilitate both genetic association and pharmacogenomic research on this polymorphism in large samples that are ethnically and/or racially admixed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzeela M Schentrup
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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26
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C-reactive protein genotypes and haplotypes, polymorphisms in NSAID-metabolizing enzymes, and risk of colorectal polyps. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2009; 19:113-20. [PMID: 19077918 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e32831bd976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION C-reactive protein (CRP) is a nonspecific marker of inflammation linked to cardiovascular disease and possibly colon cancer. Polymorphisms in CRP have been associated with differential CRP concentrations among healthy adults, with some evidence for functional effects on CRP expression. METHODS A linkage disequilibrium-based tag single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-selection algorithm identified six tagSNPs for Europeans (-821A>G, -390C>T/A, 90A>T, 838G>C, 2043G>A, and 4363C>A), defining six haplotypes with more than 1% frequency. In a case-control study of adenomatous (n=491) or hyperplastic (n=184) polyps versus polyp-free controls (n=583) we investigated these SNPs in relation to colorectal polyp risk. RESULTS Individuals with 838 GC or CC genotypes had a modestly, although not statistically significantly, increased risk of adenomas (odds ratio: 1.4 95% confidence interval: 0.9-2.1) and a nearly 2-fold increased risk of concurrent adenomas and hyperplastic polyps (odds ratio: 2.0 95% confidence interval: 1.1-3.6). Increased risk for concurrent adenomas and hyperplastic polyps was also observed for haplotype ACACAC. No other main associations were detected. Risk of adenomas associated with 2043G>A differed with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Among NSAID nonusers, there was a suggestion that the GA or AA genotypes were associated with decreased risk of adenomas; this was not seen among NSAID users (P interaction=0.03). We also observed interactions between UGT1A1 [TA](7) promoter repeat polymorphism and CRP tagSNPs -390C>T/A and 90A>T, in which only the homozygous variant CRP genotype was associated with increased risk of adenoma among those with the UGT1A1 6rpt/6rpt genotype (P interaction=0.02 and 0.04 for -390C>T/A and 90A>T, respectively). CONCLUSION These results provide limited support for associations between genetic variation in CRP and colorectal polyp risk. The observed interactions should be evaluated further.
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Abstract
Asthma is a common disease characterized by airway inflammation and bronchorestriction. There are several common categories of medications for treating asthma; however, not all asthmatics have the same response to these medications, some of which are adverse responses that are potentially life threatening. Because interindividual responses to asthma medications can vary considerably, the potential for genetic contributions to variable drug responses is significant. This chapter reviews the most common biological pathways targeted by asthma therapy and briefly discusses the genetic contribution to varied responses to asthma therapy for four common types of asthma medications: beta-agonists, anticholinergics, leukotriene modifiers, and corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Hawkins
- Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Diseases, Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
Dietary intake of lycopene is inversely associated with the risk of many cancers. Preclinical studies show that lycopene has potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects, suggesting potential preventive and therapeutic roles for the compound. However, clinical trials with lycopene have only recently been started, and available clinical data preclude firm conclusions with regard to its use in cancer prevention and treatment. Further mechanistic studies and randomized controlled clinical intervention trials with lycopene involving cancer patients are warranted.
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Andreotti G, Chen J, Gao YT, Rashid A, Chen BE, Rosenberg P, Sakoda LC, Deng J, Shen MC, Wang BS, Han TQ, Zhang BH, Yeager M, Welch R, Chanock S, Fraumeni JF, Hsing AW. Polymorphisms of genes in the lipid metabolism pathway and risk of biliary tract cancers and stones: a population-based case-control study in Shanghai, China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:525-34. [PMID: 18296645 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract cancers, encompassing the gallbladder, extrahepatic bile duct, and ampulla of Vater, are uncommon yet highly fatal malignancies. Gallstones, the primary risk factor for biliary cancers, are linked with hyperlipidemia. We examined the associations of 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms of five genes in the lipid metabolism pathway with the risks of biliary cancers and stones in a population-based case-control study in Shanghai, China. We included 235 gallbladder, 125 extrahepatic bile duct, and 46 ampulla of Vater cancer cases, 880 biliary stone cases, and 779 population controls. Subjects completed an in-person interview and gave blood. Genotyping was conducted by TaqMan assay using DNA from buffy coats. The effects of APOE IVS1+69 (rs440446) and APOB IVS6+360C>T (rs520354) markers were limited to men. Men carrying the G allele of APOE IVS1+69 had a 1.7-fold risk of stones [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.2-2.4], a 1.8-fold risk of gallbladder cancer (95% CI, 1.0-3.3), a 3.7-fold risk of bile duct cancer (95% CI, 2.0-7.0), and a 4-fold risk of ampullary cancer (95% CI, 1.4-12.4). Male carriers of the T allele of APOB IVS6+360C>T had a 2-fold risk of bile duct cancer (95% CI, 1.2-3.4). The APOB T-T haplotype (APOB IVS6+360C>T, EX4+56C>T) was associated with a 1.6-fold risk of bile duct cancer (95% CI, 1.1-2.3). Male and female carriers of the T allele of LDLR IVS9-30C>T (rs1003723) had a 1.5-fold risk of bile duct cancer. Our findings suggest that gene variants in the lipid metabolism pathway contribute to the risk of biliary tract stones and cancers, particularly of the bile duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Andreotti
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, 6120 Executive Boulevard, EPS 8011, MSC 7240, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Sud'ina GF, Pushkareva MA, Shephard P, Klein T. Cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) selectivity of COX inhibitors. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 78:99-108. [PMID: 18280718 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In vitro evaluations of the selectivity of COX inhibitors are based on a great variety of experimental protocols. As a result, data available on cyclooxygenase (COX)-1/COX-2/5- lipoxygenase (LOX) selectivity of COX inhibitors lack consistency. We, therefore, performed a systematic analysis of the COX-1/COX-2/5-LOX selectivity of 14 compounds with selective COX inhibitory activity (Coxibs). The compounds belonged to different structural classes and were analyzed employing the well-recognized whole-blood assay. 5-LOX activity was also tested on isolated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Among COX inhibitors, celecoxib and ML-3000 (licofelone) inhibited 5-LOX in human neutrophils at micromolar ranges. Surprisingly, ML-3000 had no effect on 5-LOX product synthesis in whole-blood assay. In addition, we could show that inhibition of COX pathways did not increase the transformation of arachidonic acid by the 5-LOX pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Sud'ina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology of the Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Building A, 199991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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31
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Cross JT, Poole EM, Ulrich CM. A review of gene-drug interactions for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in preventing colorectal neoplasia. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2008; 8:237-47. [PMID: 18195728 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown to be effective chemopreventive agents for colorectal neoplasia. Polymorphisms in NSAID targets or metabolizing enzymes may affect NSAID efficacy or toxicity. We conducted a literature review to summarize current evidence of gene-drug interactions between NSAID use and polymorphisms in COX1, COX2, ODC, UGT1A6 and CYP2C9 on risk of colorectal neoplasia by searching OVID and PubMed. Of 134 relevant search results, thirteen investigated an interaction. One study reported a significant interaction between NSAID use and the COX1 Pro17Leu polymorphism (P=0.03) whereby the risk reduction associated with NSAID use among homozygous wild-type genotypes was not observed among NSAID users with variant alleles. Recent pharmacodynamic data support the potential for gene-drug interactions for COX1 Pro17Leu. Statistically significant interactions have also been reported for ODC (315G>A), UGT1A6 (Thr181Ala+Arg184Ser or Arg184Ser alone), and CYP2C9 (*2/*3). No statistically significant interactions have been reported for polymorphisms in COX2; however, an interaction with COX2 -765G>C approached significance (P=0.07) in one study. Among seven remaining studies, reported interactions were not statistically significant for COX1, COX2 and ODC gene polymorphisms. Most studies were of limited sample size. Definitions of NSAID use differed substantially between studies. The literature on NSAID-gene interactions to date is limited. Reliable detection of gene-NSAID interactions will require greater sample sizes, consistent definitions of NSAID use and evaluation of clinical trial subjects of chemoprevention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Cross
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Neuhouser ML, Barnett MJ, Kristal AR, Ambrosone CB, King I, Thornquist M, Goodman G. (n-6) PUFA increase and dairy foods decrease prostate cancer risk in heavy smokers. J Nutr 2007; 137:1821-7. [PMID: 17585037 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.7.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies offer suggestive, but not definitive, evidence that total fat or specific fats may increase prostate cancer risk. This study investigates associations of dietary fat, meat, and dairy foods with prostate cancer risk among 12,025 men in the Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET). After 11 y of follow-up, 890 incident prostate cancers were reported and confirmed. Diet was assessed by a biannual FFQ. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of intake of fat and fat-related foods (meat and dairy) with prostate cancer incidence. Multiplicative interaction terms tested whether associations differed by family history, race, or smoking. Overall, fat was not associated with total, nonaggressive or aggressive prostate cancer. In subgroup analyses the HR for men with a family history of prostate cancer were 2.47 (95%CI = 0.96-6.37) and 2.61 (95% CI = 1.01-6.72) for total polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) and (n-6) PUFA for the 4th vs. 1st quartiles of intake, respectively. Red meat was not associated with total or aggressive prostate cancer. However, higher dairy intake had a statistically significant reduced risk of aggressive prostate cancer than lower dairy intake (HR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.40-0.85). Dairy foods also protected current, but not former, smokers against aggressive cancer (HR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.25-0.70). Our findings suggest that associations of dietary fat with prostate cancer risk may vary by type of fat or fat-containing food, and that risk may vary by host factors, including family history and smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian L Neuhouser
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Guo Y, Zhang X, Tan W, Miao X, Sun T, Zhao D, Lin D. Platelet 12-lipoxygenase Arg261Gln polymorphism: functional characterization and association with risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in combination with COX-2 polymorphisms. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2007; 17:197-205. [PMID: 17460548 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328010bda1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant arachidonic acid metabolism by 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been implicated in human carcinogenesis. Inherited polymorphisms in 12-LOX and COX-2 contributed to differential expression or activity of these enzymes might confer interindividual susceptibility to cancer. OBJECTIVE To examine the functional significance of 12-LOX 261 Arg> Gln polymorphism and its association, alone and in combination with COX-2 -1195G > A and -765G > C polymorphisms, with risk of developing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS The platelet 12-LOX activity was measured by quantifying 12-HETE in the lipoxygenation reaction. Genotypes of 12-LOX261Arg>Gln and COX-2 -1195G>A and -765G>C polymorphisms were determined in a case-control study consisting of 1026 patients and 1270 controls. Associations with the risk of ESCC were estimated by logistic regression. RESULTS Subjects with the 12-LOX Gln/Gln genotype had higher platelet 12-LOX activity (mean+/-SEM nmol/mg/min) than those with the Arg/Arg genotype (0.405+/-0.047 [n=10] versus 0.136+/-0.022 [n=6]; P=0.001). Genotyping data showed that the 12-LOX Gln/Gln genotype was associated with increased risk of developing ESCC (odds ratio [OR]=1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.12-1.81), compared with the Arg/Arg genotype adjusted for sex, age, and smoking. An increased risk of ESCC was also associated with the COX-2 -1195GA (OR=1.34, 95% CI=1.08-1.68; P=0.008), -1195AA (OR=1.72, 95% CI=1.35-2.20; P=<0.001), and -765GC (OR=2.24, 95% CI=1.59-3.16; P<0.001) genotypes. Furthermore, a multiplicative interaction between the 12-LOX Gln/Gln and COX-2 -1195AA or -765GC genotype in intensifying risk of ESCC was observed, with the ORs for the presence of both 12-LOX Gln/Gln and COX-2 -1195AA or -765GC genotypes being 3.21 (95% CI=1.93-5.34) and 3.33 (95% CI=1.59-6.98). A multiplicative interaction between the -765GC genotype and smoking was also evident (OR=4.45, 95% CI=2.71-7.29). CONCLUSION These observations suggest that inherited polymorphisms in arachidonic acid-metabolizing enzymes, which result in heightened gene expression or enzymatic activity, may confer host susceptibility to ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Guo
- Department of Etiology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Stearman RS, Grady MC, Nana-Sinkam P, Varella-Garcia M, Geraci MW. Genetic and epigenetic regulation of the human prostacyclin synthase promoter in lung cancer cell lines. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 5:295-308. [PMID: 17374734 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the arachidonic acid pathway has been established in colon and lung cancers, as well as in inflammatory diseases. In these diseases, prostacyclin I(2) (PGI2) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE2) are thought to have antagonistic activities, with PGI2 exerting anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities, whereas PGE2 is proinflammatory and antiapoptotic. In human lung cancer, prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) and PGI2 are down-regulated, whereas PGE2 synthase (PGES) and PGE2 are up-regulated. Murine carcinogenesis models of human lung cancer reciprocate the relationship between PGIS and PGES expression. PGIS-overexpressing transgenic mice are protected from carcinogen- and tobacco smoke-induced lung tumor formation, suggesting that PGI2 may play a role in chemoprevention. We investigated several potential mechanisms for the down-regulation of PGIS in human lung cancer. Using transcription reporter assays, we show that single nucleotide polymorphisms in the PGIS promoter can affect transcriptional activity. In addition, PGIS expression in several human lung cancer cell lines is silenced by CpG methylation, and we have mapped these sites across the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) sequence in the promoter, as well as CpGs within exon 1 and the first intron. Finally, using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we show that human lung cancer cell lines and lung cancer tissues do not have a loss of the PGIS genomic region but multiple copies. These results show that an individual's PGIS promoter haplotype can play an important role in the predisposition for lung cancer and CpG methylation provides an epigenetic mechanism for the down-regulated PGIS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Stearman
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Division, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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Gong Z, Hebert JR, Bostick RM, Deng Z, Hurley TG, Dixon DA, Nitcheva D, Xie D. Common polymorphisms in 5-lipoxygenase and 12-lipoxygenase genes and the risk of incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma. Cancer 2007; 109:849-57. [PMID: 17236225 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoxygenases (LOX) are major enzymes that metabolize arachidonic acid to hydroxyl-eicosatetraenoic acids and leukotrienes, which have been implicated in inflammation and colorectal cancer risk. Polymorphisms in LOX genes may influence their function and/or expression and, thus, may modify the risk for colorectal adenoma. The authors investigated the associations of 3 polymorphisms (2 in 5-LOX, -1708 guanine-->adenine and 21 cytosine-->thymine; and 1 in 12-LOX, arginine 261 glutamine [Arg261Gln]) in LOX genes with the risk of colorectal adenoma and also explored possible interactions of these polymorphisms with several inflammation-pathway or arachidonic acid metabolism-pathway related factors with the risk of colorectal adenoma. METHODS By using data from a community-based, case-control study of incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma that included 162 cases and 211 controls, the authors constructed multiple logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of colorectal adenoma after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Overall, there were no significant associations of the 2 5-LOX polymorphisms with the risk of colorectal adenoma. However, there was an inverse association between the Arg261Gln polymorphism in 12-LOX and colorectal adenoma (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.40-1.00). A significant interaction also was observed between the 12-LOX polymorphism (Arg261Gln) and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (P(interaction) = .02). CONCLUSIONS The current results suggested that polymorphisms of LOX genes may act independently or with other factors to affect the risk of colorectal adenoma. Further studies will be needed to confirm these findings. Cancer 2007 (c) 2007 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Gong
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Masker K, Golden A, Gaffney CJ, Mazack V, Schwindinger WF, Zhang W, Wang LH, Carey DJ, Sudol M. Transcriptional profile of Rous Sarcoma Virus transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts reveals new signaling targets of viral-src. Virology 2007; 364:10-20. [PMID: 17448514 PMCID: PMC1974879 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of chicken fibroblasts in vitro by Rous Sarcoma Virus represents a model of cancer in which a single oncogene, viral src, uniformly and rapidly transforms primary cells in culture. We experimentally surveyed the transcriptional program affected by Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) in primary culture of chicken embryo fibroblasts. As a control, we used cells infected with non-transforming RSV mutant td106, in which the src gene was deleted. Using Affymetrix GeneChip Chicken Genome Arrays, we report 811 genes that were modulated more than 2.5 fold in the virus transformed cells. Among these, 409 genes were induced and 402 genes were repressed by viral src. From the repertoire of modulated genes, we selected 20 genes that were robustly changed. We then validated and quantified the transcriptional changes of most of the 20 selected genes by real-time PCR. The set of strongly induced genes contains vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, MAP kinase phosphatase 2 and follistatin, among others. The set of strongly repressed genes contains TGF beta 3, TGF beta-induced gene, and deiodinase. The function of several robustly modulated genes sheds new light on the molecular mechanism of oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Weizhou Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lu-Hai Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Marius Sudol
- Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: M Sudol, Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Proteomic Profiling, Weis Center for Research, 100 North Academy Avenue, Lab 202, Danville, PA 17822-2608, USA. Phone: 1-570-271-6677, e.mail:
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Bigler J, Sibert JG, Poole EM, Carlson CS, Potter JD, Ulrich CM. Polymorphisms predicted to alter function in prostaglandin E2 synthase and prostaglandin E2 receptors. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2007; 17:221-7. [PMID: 17460551 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e3280119d50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Prostaglandin synthesis is the primary target of aspirin and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and thus is a pathway of major interest to pharmacology, pharmacogenetics, and epidemiology. Several lines of evidence implicate prostaglandin E2 in carcinogenesis; this study aimed to identify genetic variants in genes related to prostaglandin E2 synthesis and signaling. METHODS We resequenced the coding regions of human prostaglandin E2 synthase (PGES), and prostaglandin E2 receptors EP1, EP2, and EP4 in 48 African-Americans and 47 Caucasians. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We identified 23 variants, 6 of which cause amino acid changes. The non-synonymous polymorphisms in PGES, EP1, and EP2 were present only among African-Americans; both populations carried non-synonymous polymorphisms in EP4. We used two sequence homology-based programs, SIFT and PolyPhen, to predict the impact of these polymorphisms. These programs predicted that the amino-acid changes p.Phe119Val in EP1, p.Ala44Glu in EP2, and possibly p.Val7Glu in PGES, p.Thr176Ile in EP4 and p.Gly420Asp in EP4 are likely to affect protein function. Thus, these variants may be relevant for inflammatory conditions, carcinogenesis, and pharmacogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Bigler
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA.
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Barry ELR, Baron JA, Bhat S, Grau MV, Burke CA, Sandler RS, Ahnen DJ, Haile RW, O'Brien TG. Ornithine decarboxylase polymorphism modification of response to aspirin treatment for colorectal adenoma prevention. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98:1494-500. [PMID: 17047198 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research suggests that the G315A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene may be a genetic marker for risk of colorectal neoplasia and may also modify the association of aspirin use with risk. METHODS We tested these hypotheses among participants in the Aspirin/Folate Polyp Prevention Study who were randomly assigned to placebo or to aspirin treatment (81 or 325 mg daily) and followed for 3 years for the occurrence of new adenomas. Genomic DNA from 973 subjects was analyzed for ODC genotype. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to test the association between ODC genotype and adenoma occurrence and interactions with aspirin treatment. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Of the 973 subjects, 54% were homozygous wild-type (GG), 7% were homozygous variant (AA), and 39% were heterozygous individuals; the allele frequencies varied statistically significantly by race and ethnicity. Among these subjects, the absolute risk of any adenoma was 45% and the risk of an advanced lesion was 10%. Overall, no association was found between ODC genotype and the occurrence of new adenomas, but genotype did modify the effect of aspirin on adenoma risk. Although aspirin treatment had no protective effect among subjects with a GG genotype, among subjects with at least one A allele, it was associated with statistically significant reduced risks of any adenoma (RR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.63 to 0.95; P = .02, P(interaction) = .04) and of advanced lesions (RR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.29 to 0.90; P = .02, P(interaction) = .02). Among subjects with at least one A allele, 40.8% who took aspirin versus 52.9% who took placebo developed adenomas; 7.1% versus 14.0% developed advanced lesions. CONCLUSION ODC genotype may modify the response to aspirin treatment for colorectal adenoma prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L R Barry
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, 46 Centerra Parkway, Ste. 300, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA.
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Ulrich CM, Bigler J, Potter JD. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for cancer prevention: promise, perils and pharmacogenetics. Nat Rev Cancer 2006; 6:130-40. [PMID: 16491072 DOI: 10.1038/nrc1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) show indisputable promise as chemopreventive agents. Possible targets include cancers of the colon, stomach, breast and lung. However, recent studies raise concern about potential cardiovascular toxicity associated with the use of NSAIDs that specifically target the enzyme cyclooxygenase 2. These findings, and others that show that inherited genetic characteristics might determine preventive success, argue for new strategies that are tailored to individual medical history and genetic make-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M Ulrich
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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