1
|
Silva KMR, França DCH, de Queiroz AA, Fagundes-Triches DLG, de Marchi PGF, Morais TC, Honorio-França AC, França EL. Polarization of Melatonin-Modulated Colostrum Macrophages in the Presence of Breast Tumor Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12400. [PMID: 37569777 PMCID: PMC10419558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human colostrum and milk contain diverse cells and soluble components that have the potential to act against tumors. In breast cancer, macrophages play a significant role in immune infiltration and contribute to the progression and spread of tumors. However, studies suggest that these cells can be reprogrammed to act as an antitumor immune response. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of melatonin and its receptors, MT1 (melatonin receptor 1) and MT2 (melatonin receptor 2), in colostrum and assess the differentiation and polarization of the colostrum macrophages modulated by melatonin in the presence of breast tumor cells. Colostrum samples were collected from 116 mothers and tested for their melatonin and receptor levels. The colostrum cells were treated with or without melatonin and then cultured for 24 h in the presence or absence of breast tumor cells. The results showed that melatonin treatment increased the expression of MT1 and MT2 in the colostrum cells. Furthermore, melatonin treatment increased the percentage of M1 macrophages and decreased the percentage of M2 macrophages. When the colostrum macrophages were cocultured with breast tumor cells, melatonin reduced the percentage of both macrophage phenotypes and the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 8 (IL-8). These data suggest that melatonin can regulate the inflammatory process via M1 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment and, simultaneously, the progression of M2 macrophages that favor tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Maria Rezende Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças 78600-000, MT, Brazil (A.A.d.Q.); (D.L.G.F.-T.); (E.L.F.)
| | - Danielle Cristina Honório França
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças 78600-000, MT, Brazil; (D.C.H.F.); (P.G.F.d.M.)
| | - Adriele Ataídes de Queiroz
- Postgraduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças 78600-000, MT, Brazil (A.A.d.Q.); (D.L.G.F.-T.); (E.L.F.)
| | - Danny Laura Gomes Fagundes-Triches
- Postgraduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças 78600-000, MT, Brazil (A.A.d.Q.); (D.L.G.F.-T.); (E.L.F.)
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças 78600-000, MT, Brazil; (D.C.H.F.); (P.G.F.d.M.)
| | - Patrícia Gelli Feres de Marchi
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças 78600-000, MT, Brazil; (D.C.H.F.); (P.G.F.d.M.)
| | - Tassiane Cristina Morais
- Postgraduate Program in Public Policies and Local Development, Escola Superior de Ciências da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória EMESCAM, Vitória 29045-402, ES, Brazil;
| | - Adenilda Cristina Honorio-França
- Postgraduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças 78600-000, MT, Brazil (A.A.d.Q.); (D.L.G.F.-T.); (E.L.F.)
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças 78600-000, MT, Brazil; (D.C.H.F.); (P.G.F.d.M.)
| | - Eduardo Luzía França
- Postgraduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças 78600-000, MT, Brazil (A.A.d.Q.); (D.L.G.F.-T.); (E.L.F.)
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças 78600-000, MT, Brazil; (D.C.H.F.); (P.G.F.d.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stordal B. Breastfeeding reduces the risk of breast cancer: A call for action in high-income countries with low rates of breastfeeding. Cancer Med 2023; 12:4616-4625. [PMID: 36164270 PMCID: PMC9972148 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Women in the UK have a 15% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. Like other high-income countries, women in the UK are having children later in life which increases their risk. The risk of breast cancer is reduced by 4.3% for every 12 months of breastfeeding, this is in addition to the 7.0% decrease in risk observed for each birth. Breastfeeding reduces the risk of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (20%) and in carriers of BRCA1 mutations (22-55%). The mechanisms of reduced risk as a result of pregnancy are related to changes in RNA processing and cellular differentiation. The UK has a low rate of breastfeeding (81%) and this is contrasted to countries with higher (Sweden, Australia) and lower rates (Ireland). The low UK rate is in part due to a lack of experience in the population, todays grandmothers have less experience with breastfeeding (62%) than their daughters. An estimated 4.7% of breast cancer cases in the UK are caused by not breastfeeding. The UK only has 43% of maternity services with full Baby-Friendly accreditation which promotes compliance with the WHO 'Ten Steps to Successful Breast Feeding'. Legislation in the UK and Europe is far short of the WHO Guidance on restricting the advertising of formula milk. Expansion of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, stricter laws on the advertising of formula milk and legislation to support nursing mothers in the workplace have the potential to increase breastfeeding in the UK. Women with a family history of breast cancer should particularly be supported to breastfeed as a way of reducing their risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britta Stordal
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar R, Abreu C, Toi M, Saini S, Casimiro S, Arora A, Paul AM, Velaga R, Rameshwar P, Lipton A, Gupta S, Costa L. Oncobiology and treatment of breast cancer in young women. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:749-770. [PMID: 35488982 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Female breast cancer emerged as the leading cancer type in terms of incidence globally in 2020. Although mortality due to breast cancer has improved during the past three decades in many countries, this trend has reversed in women less than 40 years since the past decade. From the biological standpoint, there is consensus among experts regarding the clinically relevant definition of breast cancer in young women (BCYW), with an age cut-off of 40 years. The idea that breast cancer is an aging disease has apparently broken in the case of BCYW due to the young onset and an overall poor outcome of BCYW patients. In general, younger patients exhibit a worse prognosis than older pre- and postmenopausal patients due to the aggressive nature of cancer subtypes, a high percentage of cases with advanced stages at diagnosis, and a high risk of relapse and death in younger patients. Because of clinically and biologically unique features of BCYW, it is suspected to represent a distinct biologic entity. It is unclear why BCYW is more aggressive and has an inferior prognosis with factors that contribute to increased incidence. However, unique developmental features, adiposity and immune components of the mammary gland, hormonal interplay and crosstalk with growth factors, and a host of intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors and cellular regulatory interactions are considered to be the major contributing factors. In the present article, we discuss the status of BCYW oncobiology, therapeutic interventions and considerations, current limitations in fully understanding the basis and underlying cause(s) of BCYW, understudied areas of BCYW research, and postulated advances in the coming years for the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Cancer Research Institute, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India. .,Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA. .,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Catarina Abreu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de Santa Maria- Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Masakazu Toi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sunil Saini
- Cancer Research Institute, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Sandra Casimiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anshika Arora
- Cancer Research Institute, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Aswathy Mary Paul
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Ravi Velaga
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Allan Lipton
- Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University School of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sudeep Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Luis Costa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de Santa Maria- Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
AlEdeilah RD, Alanazi OHA, AlHarby BSF, Al Issa MSA, Al-Dhahry SAS, AlAnazi ANK, AlAnazi HOH, Alanazi SNS. Breastfeeding as a Protective Factor against Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review. CLINICAL CANCER INVESTIGATION JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.51847/cyzvpnmb4r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
5
|
Savino A, De Marzo N, Provero P, Poli V. Meta-Analysis of Microdissected Breast Tumors Reveals Genes Regulated in the Stroma but Hidden in Bulk Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3371. [PMID: 34282769 PMCID: PMC8268805 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome data provide a valuable resource for the study of cancer molecular mechanisms, but technical biases, sample heterogeneity, and small sample sizes result in poorly reproducible lists of regulated genes. Additionally, the presence of multiple cellular components contributing to cancer development complicates the interpretation of bulk transcriptomic profiles. To address these issues, we collected 48 microarray datasets derived from laser capture microdissected stroma or epithelium in breast tumors and performed a meta-analysis identifying robust lists of differentially expressed genes. This was used to create a database with carefully harmonized metadata that we make freely available to the research community. As predicted, combining the results of multiple datasets improved statistical power. Moreover, the separate analysis of stroma and epithelium allowed the identification of genes with different contributions in each compartment, which would not be detected by bulk analysis due to their distinct regulation in the two compartments. Our method can be profitably used to help in the discovery of biomarkers and the identification of functionally relevant genes in both the stroma and the epithelium. This database was made to be readily accessible through a user-friendly web interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Savino
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Niccolò De Marzo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Paolo Provero
- Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, Corso Massimo D’Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy;
- Center for Omics Sciences, Ospedale San Raffaele IRCCS, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Poli
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pader J, Basmadjian RB, O'Sullivan DE, Mealey NE, Ruan Y, Friedenreich C, Murphy R, Wang E, Quan ML, Brenner DR. Examining the etiology of early-onset breast cancer in the Canadian Partnership for Tomorrow's Health (CanPath). Cancer Causes Control 2021; 32:1117-1128. [PMID: 34173131 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-021-01460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer incidence among younger women (under age 50) has increased over the past 25 years, yet little is known about the etiology among this age group. The objective of this study was to investigate relationships between modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors and early-onset breast cancer among three prospective Canadian cohorts. METHODS A matched case-control study was conducted using data from Alberta's Tomorrow Project, BC Generations Project, and the Ontario Health Study. Participants diagnosed with breast cancer before age 50 were identified through provincial registries and matched to three control participants of similar age and follow-up. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the association between factors and risk of early-onset breast cancer. RESULTS In total, 609 cases and 1,827 controls were included. A body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 was associated with a lower risk of early-onset breast cancer (OR 0.65; 95% CI 0.47-0.90), while a waist circumference ≥ 88 cm was associated with an increased risk (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.18-2.11). A reduced risk was found for women with ≥ 2 pregnancies (OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.59-0.99) and a first-degree family history of breast cancer was associated with an increased risk (OR 1.95; 95% CI 1.47-2.57). CONCLUSIONS In this study, measures of adiposity, pregnancy history, and familial history of breast cancer are important risk factors for early-onset breast cancer. Evidence was insufficient to conclude if smoking, alcohol intake, fruit and vegetable consumption, and physical activity are meaningful risk factors. The results of this study could inform targeted primary and secondary prevention for early-onset breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joy Pader
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Robert B Basmadjian
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dylan E O'Sullivan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nicole E Mealey
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yibing Ruan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Christine Friedenreich
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rachel Murphy
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Public Health Practice, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Edwin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - May Lynn Quan
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Darren R Brenner
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3300 Hospital Dr NW, Room 382B, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nie H, Huang PQ, Jiang SH, Yang Q, Hu LP, Yang XM, Li J, Wang YH, Li Q, Zhang YF, Zhu L, Zhang YL, Yu Y, Xiao GG, Sun YW, Ji J, Zhang ZG. The short isoform of PRLR suppresses the pentose phosphate pathway and nucleotide synthesis through the NEK9-Hippo axis in pancreatic cancer. Theranostics 2021; 11:3898-3915. [PMID: 33664869 PMCID: PMC7914341 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin binding to the prolactin receptor exerts pleiotropic biological effects in vertebrates. The prolactin receptor (PRLR) has multiple isoforms due to alternative splicing. The biological roles and related signaling of the long isoform (PRLR-LF) have been fully elucidated. However, little is known about the short isoform (PRLR-SF), particularly in cancer development and metabolic reprogramming, a core hallmark of cancer. Here, we reveal the role and underlying mechanism of PRLR-SF in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Methods: A human PDAC tissue array was used to investigate the clinical relevance of PRLR in PDAC. The in vivo implications of PRLR-SF in PDAC were examined in a subcutaneous xenograft model and an orthotopic xenograft model. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tumor tissue obtained from genetically engineered KPC (KrasG12D/+; Trp53R172H/+; Pdx1-Cre) mice with spontaneous tumors. 13C-labeled metabolite measures, LC-MS, EdU incorporation assays and seahorse analyses were used to identify the effects of PRLR-SF on the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis. We identified the molecular mechanisms by immunofluorescence, coimmunoprecipitation, proximity ligation assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation and promoter luciferase activity. Public databases (TCGA, GEO and GTEx) were used to analyze the expression and survival correlations of the related genes. Results: We demonstrated that PRLR-SF is predominantly expressed in spontaneously forming pancreatic tumors of genetically engineered KPC mice and human PDAC cell lines. PRLR-SF inhibits the proliferation of PDAC cells (AsPC-1 and BxPC-3) in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. We showed that PRLR-SF reduces the expression of genes in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and nucleotide biosynthesis by activating Hippo signaling. TEAD1, a downstream transcription factor of Hippo signaling, directly regulates the expression of G6PD and TKT, which are PPP rate-limiting enzymes. Moreover, NEK9 directly interacts with PRLR-SF and is the intermediator between PRLR and the Hippo pathway. The PRLR expression level is negatively correlated with overall survival and TNM stage in PDAC patients. Additionally, pregnancy and lactation increase the ratio of PRLR-SF:PRLR-LF in the pancreas of wild-type mice and subcutaneous PDAC xenograft tumors. Conclusion: Our characterization of the relationship between PRLR-SF signaling, the NEK9-Hippo pathway, PPP and nucleotide synthesis explains a mechanism for the correlation between PRLR-SF and metabolic reprogramming in PDAC progression. Strategies to alter this pathway might be developed for the treatment or prevention of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Heterografts
- Hippo Signaling Pathway
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- NIMA-Related Kinases/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Nucleotides/biosynthesis
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- Precision Medicine
- Prognosis
- Protein Isoforms/chemistry
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Prolactin/chemistry
- Receptors, Prolactin/genetics
- Receptors, Prolactin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- TEA Domain Transcription Factors
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transketolase/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Heng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Li-Peng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yanqiu Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Gary Guishan Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Laboratory, Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Yong-Wei Sun
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jianguang Ji
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gutiérrez-Díez PJ, Gomez-Pilar J, Hornero R, Martínez-Rodríguez J, López-Marcos MA, Russo J. The role of gene to gene interaction in the breast's genomic signature of pregnancy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2643. [PMID: 33514799 PMCID: PMC7846553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Full-term pregnancy at an early age confers long-term protection against breast cancer. Published data shows a specific transcriptomic profile controlling chromatin remodeling that could play a relevant role in the pregnancy-induced protection. This process of chromatin remodeling, induced by the breast differentiation caused by the first full-term pregnancy, has mainly been measured by the expression level of genes individually considered. However, genes equally expressed during the process of chromatin remodeling may behave differently in their interaction with other genes. These changes at the gene cluster level could constitute an additional dimension of chromatin remodeling and therefore of the pregnancy-induced protection. In this research, we apply Information and Graph Theories, Differential Co-expression Network Analysis, and Multiple Regression Analysis, specially designed to examine structural and informational aspects of data sets, to analyze this question. Our findings demonstrate that, independently of the changes in the gene expression at the individual level, there are significant changes in gene-gene interactions and gene cluster behaviors. These changes indicate that the parous breast, through the process of early full-term pregnancy, generates more modules in the networks, with higher density, and a genomic structure performing additional and more complex functions than those found in the nulliparous breast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Gutiérrez-Díez
- IMUVA Mathematical Institute, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Faculty of Economics, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier Gomez-Pilar
- Biomedical Engineering Group, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén, 15, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Roberto Hornero
- IMUVA Mathematical Institute, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Biomedical Engineering Group, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén, 15, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Julia Martínez-Rodríguez
- IMUVA Mathematical Institute, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Faculty of Economics, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Miguel A López-Marcos
- IMUVA Mathematical Institute, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jose Russo
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aging-Associated Alterations in Mammary Epithelia and Stroma Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108566. [PMID: 33378681 PMCID: PMC7898263 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is closely associated with increased susceptibility to breast cancer, yet there have been limited systematic studies of aging-induced alterations in the mammary gland. Here, we leverage high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing to generate a detailed transcriptomic atlas of young and aged murine mammary tissues. By analyzing epithelial, stromal, and immune cells, we identify age-dependent alterations in cell proportions and gene expression, providing evidence that suggests alveolar maturation and physiological decline. The analysis also uncovers potential pro-tumorigenic mechanisms coupled to the age-associated loss of tumor suppressor function and change in microenvironment. In addition, we identify a rare, age-dependent luminal population co-expressing hormone-sensing and secretory-alveolar lineage markers, as well as two macrophage populations expressing distinct gene signatures, underscoring the complex heterogeneity of the mammary epithelia and stroma. Collectively, this rich single-cell atlas reveals the effects of aging on mammary physiology and can serve as a useful resource for understanding aging-associated cancer risk. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, Li et al. compare mammary epithelia and stroma in young and aged mice. Age-dependent changes at cell and gene levels provide evidence suggesting alveolar maturation, functional deterioration, and potential pro-tumorigenic and inflammatory alterations. Additionally, identification of heterogeneous luminal and macrophage subpopulations underscores the complexity of mammary lineages.
Collapse
|
10
|
Feigman MJ, Moss MA, Chen C, Cyrill SL, Ciccone MF, Trousdell MC, Yang ST, Frey WD, Wilkinson JE, Dos Santos CO. Pregnancy reprograms the epigenome of mammary epithelial cells and blocks the development of premalignant lesions. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2649. [PMID: 32461571 PMCID: PMC7253414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy causes a series of cellular and molecular changes in mammary epithelial cells (MECs) of female adults. In addition, pregnancy can also modify the predisposition of rodent and human MECs to initiate oncogenesis. Here, we investigate how pregnancy reprograms enhancer chromatin in the mammary epithelium of mice and influences the transcriptional output of the oncogenic transcription factor cMYC. We find that pregnancy induces an expansion of the active cis-regulatory landscape of MECs, which influences the activation of pregnancy-related programs during re-exposure to pregnancy hormones in vivo and in vitro. Using inducible cMYC overexpression, we demonstrate that post-pregnancy MECs are resistant to the downstream molecular programs induced by cMYC, a response that blunts carcinoma initiation, but does not perturb the normal pregnancy-induced epigenomic landscape. cMYC overexpression drives post-pregnancy MECs into a senescence-like state, and perturbations of this state increase malignant phenotypic changes. Taken together, our findings provide further insight into the cell-autonomous signals in post-pregnancy MECs that underpin the regulation of gene expression, cellular activation, and resistance to malignant development. Mammary epithelial cells are epigenetically modified during pregnancy, these changes can influence the pre-disposition to cancer. Here, the authors examine the epigenetic landscape of mammary epithelial cells pre and post pregnancy and identify changes to the epigenetic landscape, which can protect mice from Myc induced cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Feigman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Matthew A Moss
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Samantha L Cyrill
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Michael F Ciccone
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA
| | | | - Shih-Ting Yang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Wesley D Frey
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - John E Wilkinson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Camila O Dos Santos
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Barton M, Santucci-Pereira J, Vaccaro OG, Nguyen T, Su Y, Russo J. BC200 overexpression contributes to luminal and triple negative breast cancer pathogenesis. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:994. [PMID: 31646972 PMCID: PMC6813071 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into proteins, but regulate the transcription of genes involved in different cellular processes, including cancer. Epidemiological analyses have demonstrated that parous women have a decreased risk of developing breast cancer in postmenopausal years if they went through a full term pregnancy in their early twenties. We here provide evidence of the role of BC200 in breast cancer and, potentially, in pregnancy’s preventive effect in reducing the lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. Methods Transcriptome analysis of normal breast of parous and nulliparous postmenopausal women revealed that several lncRNAs are differentially expressed in the parous breast. RNA sequencing of healthy postmenopausal breast tissue biopsies from eight parous and eight nulliparous women showed that there are 42 novel lncRNAs differentially expressed between these two groups. Screening of several of these 42 lncRNAs by RT-qPCR in different breast cancer cell lines, provided evidence that one in particular, lncEPCAM (more commonly known as BC200), was a strong candidate involved in cancer progression. Proliferation, migration, invasion and xerograph studies confirmed this hypothesis. Results The poorly studied oncogenic BC200 was selected to be tested in vitro and in vivo to determine its relevance in breast cancer and also to provide us with an understanding of its role in the increased susceptibility of the nulliparous women to cancer. Our results show that BC200 is upregulated in nulliparous women, and breast cancer cells and tissue. The role of BC200 is not completely understood in any of the breast cancer subtypes. We here provide evidence that BC200 has a role in luminal breast cancer as well as in the triple negative breast cancer subtype. Conclusion When overexpressed in luminal and triple negative breast cancer cell lines, BC200 shows increased proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. In vivo, overexpression of BC200 increased tumor size. Although treatment for cancer using lncRNAs as targets is in its infancy, the advancement in knowledge and technology to study their relevance in disease could lead to the development of novel treatment and preventive strategies for breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Barton
- Biochemistry Department, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
| | - Julia Santucci-Pereira
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Olivia G Vaccaro
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Theresa Nguyen
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Yanrong Su
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Jose Russo
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Slocum E, Germain D. Collagen and PAPP-A in the Etiology of Postpartum Breast Cancer. Discov Oncol 2019; 10:137-144. [PMID: 31631239 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-019-00368-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy has a dual effect on the risk of breast cancer. On one hand, pregnancy at a young age is known to be protective. However, pregnancy is also associated with a transient increased risk of breast cancer. For women that have children after the age of 30, the risk remains higher than women who never had children for decades. Involution of the breast has been identified as a window of mammary development associated with the adverse effect of pregnancy. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of involution and describe the role of collagen in this setting. We also discuss the role of a collagen-dependent protease, pappalysin-1, in postpartum breast cancer and its role in activating both insulin-like growth factor signaling and discoidin domain collagen receptor 2, DDR2. Together, these novel advances in our understanding of postpartum breast cancer open the way to targeted therapies against this aggressive breast cancer sub-type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Slocum
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Doris Germain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Slepicka PF, Cyrill SL, Dos Santos CO. Pregnancy and Breast Cancer: Pathways to Understand Risk and Prevention. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:866-881. [PMID: 31383623 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have made strong efforts to understand how age and parity modulate the risk of breast cancer. A holistic understanding of the dynamic regulation of the morphological, cellular, and molecular milieu of the mammary gland offers insights into the drivers of breast cancer development as well as into potential prophylactic interventions, the latter being a longstanding ambition of the research and clinical community aspiring to eradicate the disease. In this review we discuss mechanisms that react to pregnancy signals, and we delineate the nuances of pregnancy-associated dynamism that contribute towards either breast cancer development or prevention. Further definition of the molecular basis of parity and breast cancer risk may allow the elaboration of tools to predict and survey those who are at risk of breast cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila F Slepicka
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Samantha L Cyrill
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Camila O Dos Santos
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nguyen B, Venet D, Lambertini M, Desmedt C, Salgado R, Horlings HM, Rothé F, Sotiriou C. Imprint of parity and age at first pregnancy on the genomic landscape of subsequent breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:25. [PMID: 30770770 PMCID: PMC6377756 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although parity and age at first pregnancy are among the most known extrinsic factors that modulate breast cancer risk, their impact on the biology of subsequent breast cancer has never been explored in depth. Recent data suggest that pregnancy-induced tumor protection is different according to breast cancer subtypes, with parity and young age at first pregnancy being associated with a marked reduction in the risk of developing luminal subtype but not triple negative breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the imprint of parity and age at first pregnancy on the pattern of somatic mutations, somatic copy number alterations, transcriptomic profiles, and tumor immune microenvironment by assessing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) levels of subsequent breast cancer. Methods A total of 313 patients with primary breast cancer with available whole genome, RNA sequencing, and TILs data were included in this study. We used a multivariate analysis adjusted for age at diagnosis, pathological stage, molecular subtypes, and histological subtypes. We compared nulliparous vs. parous, late parous vs. early parous, and nulliparous vs. pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) patients. Late and early parous patients were grouped by using the median age at first pregnancy. PABC was defined as patients diagnosed up to 10 years postpartum. Results Genomic alterations of breast cancer were associated with age at first pregnancy but not with parity status alone. Independently of clinicopathological features, early parous patients developed tumors characterized by a higher number of Indels (Padj = 0.002), a lower frequency of CDH1 mutations (1.2% vs. 12.7%; Padj = 0.013), a higher frequency of TP53 mutations (50% vs. 22.5%; Padj = 0.010), and MYC amplification (28% vs. 7%; Padj = 0.008). PABC were associated with increased TILs infiltration (Padj = 0.0495). Conclusions These findings highlight an unprecedented link between reproductive history and the genomic landscape of subsequent breast cancer. We further hypothesize that TP53-mutant premalignant lesions could be less susceptible to the protective effect of an early parity, which might explain the difference of parity-induced protection according to breast cancer subtypes. This work also advocates that reproductive history should be routinely collected in future large-scale genomic studies addressing the biology of female cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-019-1111-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Nguyen
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. .,Present Address: Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.
| | - David Venet
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matteo Lambertini
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Medical Oncology, Clinica di Oncologia Medica, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, & Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), School of Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Christine Desmedt
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roberto Salgado
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, GZA-ZNA, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hugo Mark Horlings
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Françoise Rothé
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christos Sotiriou
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mansoori Y, Zendehbad Z, Askari A, Kouhpayeh A, Tavakkoly-Bazzaz J, Nariman-Saleh-Fam Z, Bastami M, Saadatian Z, Mansoori B, Yousefvand A, Mansoori H, Daraei A. Breast cancer-linked lncRNA u-Eleanor is upregulated in breast of healthy women with lack or short duration of breastfeeding. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:9869-9876. [PMID: 30548300 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has been revealed that estrogen-related reproductive factors are linked with some early gene expression lesions associated with malignancy in clinically healthy breasts. Accordingly, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the association of expression levels of estrogen-related long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) upstream Eleanor (u-Eleanor) and HOX antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) with the different patterns of reproductive factors in breast tissue of healthy women. The subjects of this study were 98 cancer-free women who had undergone cosmetic mammoplasty. The expression levels of u-Eleanor and HOTAIR were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results of the current study showed that the women without a history of breastfeeding had a high-level expression of u-Eleanor compared with the women with a breastfeeding duration greater than 6 to 24 months (P = 0.03) as well as the women with a breastfeeding duration of more than 24 months (P = 0.005). Furthermore, a higher expression of u-Eleanor was found in the women with a short breastfeeding duration for 1 to 6 months than that in the women with a breastfeeding duration of greater than 24 months (P = 0.02). In the same way, the results of correlation test (r = -0.258; P = 0.036) and multivariate regression model (β = -0.321; P = 0.023) are indicative of a significant relationship of elevated expression of u-Eleanor with decreasing breastfeeding duration in the women. These findings could be important to identify the molecular mechanisms behind the relationship between a lack or short duration of the breastfeeding and the risk of breast cancer, which has previously been reported by epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Zahra Zendehbad
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Askari
- Department of Orthopedy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Kouhpayeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Javad Tavakkoly-Bazzaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ziba Nariman-Saleh-Fam
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Bastami
- Immunology Research Center, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Saadatian
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Amin Yousefvand
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hosein Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Daraei
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Husby A, Wohlfahrt J, Øyen N, Melbye M. Pregnancy duration and breast cancer risk. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4255. [PMID: 30353005 PMCID: PMC6199327 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Full-term pregnancies reduce a woman’s long-term breast cancer risk, while abortions have been shown to have no effect. The precise minimal duration of pregnancy necessary to lower a woman’s breast cancer risk is, however, unknown. Here we provide evidence which point to the protective effect of pregnancy on breast cancer risk arising precisely at the 34th pregnancy week. Using a cohort of 2.3 million Danish women, we found the reduction in breast cancer risk was not observed for pregnancies lasting 33 weeks or less, but restricted to those pregnancies lasting 34 weeks or longer. We further found that parity, socioeconomic status, and vital status of the child at birth did not explain the association, and also replicated our finding in data from 1.6 million women in Norway. We suggest that a distinct biological effect introduced around week 34 of pregnancy holds the key to understand pregnancy-associated breast cancer protection. It is known that full-term pregnancies can reduce a woman’s breast cancer risk. Here, the authors interrogate data from 2.3 million Danish women, showing that this protective effect arises at precisely the 34th week of the pregnancy, and replicated this finding in 1.6 million women from Norway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Husby
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Øyen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abubakar M, Chang‐Claude J, Ali HR, Chatterjee N, Coulson P, Daley F, Blows F, Benitez J, Milne RL, Brenner H, Stegmaier C, Mannermaa A, Rudolph A, Sinn P, Couch FJ, Devilee P, Tollenaar RA, Seynaeve C, Figueroa J, Lissowska J, Hewitt S, Hooning MJ, Hollestelle A, Foekens R, Koppert LB, Investigators KC, Bolla MK, Wang Q, Jones ME, Schoemaker MJ, Keeman R, Easton DF, Swerdlow AJ, Sherman ME, Schmidt MK, Pharoah PD, Garcia‐Closas M. Etiology of hormone receptor positive breast cancer differs by levels of histologic grade and proliferation. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:746-757. [PMID: 29492969 PMCID: PMC6041155 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Limited epidemiological evidence suggests that the etiology of hormone receptor positive (HR+) breast cancer may differ by levels of histologic grade and proliferation. We pooled risk factor and pathology data on 5,905 HR+ breast cancer cases and 26,281 controls from 11 epidemiological studies. Proliferation was determined by centralized automated measures of KI67 in tissue microarrays. Odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and p-values for case-case and case-control comparisons for risk factors in relation to levels of grade and quartiles (Q1-Q4) of KI67 were estimated using polytomous logistic regression models. Case-case comparisons showed associations between nulliparity and high KI67 [OR (95% CI) for Q4 vs. Q1 = 1.54 (1.22, 1.95)]; obesity and high grade [grade 3 vs. 1 = 1.68 (1.31, 2.16)] and current use of combined hormone therapy (HT) and low grade [grade 3 vs. 1 = 0.27 (0.16, 0.44)] tumors. In case-control comparisons, nulliparity was associated with elevated risk of tumors with high but not low levels of proliferation [1.43 (1.14, 1.81) for KI67 Q4 vs. 0.83 (0.60, 1.14) for KI67 Q1]; obesity among women ≥50 years with high but not low grade tumors [1.55 (1.17, 2.06) for grade 3 vs. 0.88 (0.66, 1.16) for grade 1] and HT with low but not high grade tumors [3.07 (2.22, 4.23) for grade 1 vs. 0.85 (0.55, 1.30) for grade 3]. Menarcheal age and family history were similarly associated with HR+ tumors of different grade or KI67 levels. These findings provide insights into the etiologic heterogeneity of HR+ tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Abubakar
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and GeneticsNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthRockvilleMD
- Division of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jenny Chang‐Claude
- Division of Cancer EpidemiologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - H. Raza Ali
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Nilanjan Chatterjee
- Department of BiostatisticsBloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer CenterJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD
| | - Penny Coulson
- Division of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Frances Daley
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Fiona Blows
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Javier Benitez
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO)MadridSpain
- Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)ValenciaSpain
| | - Roger L. Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council VictoriaMelbourneVICAustralia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging ResearchGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Division of Preventive OncologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT)HeidelbergGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Arto Mannermaa
- School of MedicineInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Imaging CenterKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Anja Rudolph
- Division of Cancer EpidemiologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Peter Sinn
- Department of PathologyInstitute of Pathology, Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Fergus J. Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Human Genetics & Department of PathologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Caroline Seynaeve
- Department of Medical OncologyFamily Cancer Clinic, Erasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jonine Figueroa
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of EdinburghScotlandUnited Kingdom
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and PreventionM. Sklodowska‐Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of OncologyWarsawPoland
| | - Stephen Hewitt
- Laboratory of PathologyNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthRockvilleMD
| | - Maartje J. Hooning
- Department of Medical OncologyFamily Cancer Clinic, Erasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Antoinette Hollestelle
- Department of Medical OncologyFamily Cancer Clinic, Erasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Renée Foekens
- Department of Medical OncologyFamily Cancer Clinic, Erasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Linetta B. Koppert
- Department of Surgical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - kConFab Investigators
- Research DepartmentPeter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVICAustralia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, ParkvilleMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Manjeet K. Bolla
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael E. Jones
- Division of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Minouk J. Schoemaker
- Division of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Renske Keeman
- Division of Molecular PathologyNetherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek HospitalAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Douglas F. Easton
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
- Division of Breast Cancer ResearchThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark E. Sherman
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFL
| | - Marjanka K. Schmidt
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Division of Psychosocial Research and EpidemiologyNetherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek HospitalAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Paul D. Pharoah
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Montserrat Garcia‐Closas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and GeneticsNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthRockvilleMD
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Martínez-Treviño DA, León-Cachón RBR, Villarreal-Garza C, Aguilar Y Méndez D, Aguilar-Martínez E, Barrera-Saldaña HA. A novel method to detect the Mexican founder mutation BRCA1 ex9‑12del associated with breast and ovarian cancer using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and TaqMan® probes. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1531-1537. [PMID: 29901183 PMCID: PMC6072190 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2015, according to the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), malignant breast tumors were the first cause of cancer fatality in women (6,273 fatalities) in Mexico, whereas 2,793 fatalities in women were due to ovarian cancer. A total of 5–10% of breast cancer and 10–15% of ovarian cancer cases are caused by a hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome, with mutations predominantly identified in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Recently, the Mexican founder mutation BRCA1 ex9-12del was identified (deletion of exons 9–12 with recombination between introns 8–12). This is the most frequently reported mutation in hereditary breast/ovarian cancer in Mexico. Current detection methods include end-point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA). In the present study a cheap, sensitive and fast detection method was developed based on quantitative PCR and two TaqMan® probes, one to detect the deletion (recombination region between introns 8 and 12), and the other one a region from exon 11. With this assay, 90 samples were able to be analyzed in 2 h using 2.5 ng of DNA/reaction at a cost of ~2–3 USD. This method is capable of detecting positive samples for DNA deletion and excluding negative ones. Therefore, the method proposed may be a useful high-throughput diagnostic option that could be useful in future association or prevalence studies that use large populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denisse Aideé Martínez-Treviño
- Center of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Monterrey, San Pedro Garza Garcia, Nuevo Leon 66238, Mexico
| | - Rafael Baltazar Reyes León-Cachón
- Center of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Monterrey, San Pedro Garza Garcia, Nuevo Leon 66238, Mexico
| | - Cynthia Villarreal-Garza
- Breast Cancer Center, Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64710, Mexico
| | - Dione Aguilar Y Méndez
- Breast Cancer Center, Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64710, Mexico
| | - Elisa Aguilar-Martínez
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mansoori Y, Tabei MB, Askari A, Izadi P, Daraei A, Naghizadeh MM, Zendehbad Z, Bastami M, Nariman-Saleh-Fam Z, Mansoori H, Tavakkoly-Bazzaz J. A link between expression level of long-non-coding RNA ZFAS1 in breast tissue of healthy women and obesity. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 33:500-506. [PMID: 29690801 DOI: 10.1177/1724600818762258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological and experimental literature indicates that the risk of breast cancer incidence is strongly linked to hormone-dependent factors, including reproductive history and obesity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the association between these factors and breast cancer risk are poorly understood. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine whether obesity and reproductive history are associated with expression levels of two breast cancer-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), namely ZFAS1 and SRA1 in cancer-free breast tissues of women. METHODS In the current research, 145 healthy women were recruited, and the quantitative expression levels of the two lncRNAs were determined through qPCR assay after gathering the mammoplasty breast tissue samples. RESULTS It was found that women with body mass index (BMI)≥30 kg/m2 and BMI 25-29 kg/m2 show a low expression of ZFAS1 compared to the BMI<25 kg/m2 (P=0.031 and P=0.027, respectively). Then, the correlation analysis disclosed a negative correlation of ZFAS1 low expression with increasing BMI (r=-0.194, P=0.019). Interestingly, this analysis demonstrated a negative correlation between low expression of the ZFAS1 and high BMI in women with menarche age below 14 (r=-221; P=0.028). Lastly, it was also revealed that there was a negative association of the low expression level of ZFAS1 with increasing BMI in women through regression models (B=-0.048, P=0.019). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest interesting clues about the links between high BMI and the expression levels of ZFAS1 in non-diseased breasts that may help us better understand the underlying mechanisms through which obesity contributes to breast carcinogenesis. However, such results need more validations in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Mansoori
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Tabei
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Askari
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.,Bone and Joint Reconstraction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Haspital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Pantea Izadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Daraei
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Zendehbad
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Bastami
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ziba Nariman-Saleh-Fam
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hosein Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Javad Tavakkoly-Bazzaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Breast cancer subtype and survival by parity and time since last birth. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 169:481-487. [PMID: 29426984 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4701-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy affects breast cancer risk but how it affects the subtype and prognosis remain controversial. We studied the effect of parity and time since last birth on breast cancer subtype and outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective multivariate cohort study including all premenopausal women with early breast cancer aged ≤ 50 years (N = 1306) at diagnosis at the University Hospitals Leuven (Jan. 2000-Dec. 2009). Primary study endpoints were the breast cancer subtype, disease-free survival, and distant disease-free survival by parity and time since last birth. Statistical methods used were baseline-category logits models and Cox proportional hazard models. Multivariable models were used to correct for possible confounders. RESULTS Breast cancer subtypes did not differ between nulliparous (N = 266) and parous women (N = 1040) but subtypes differed significantly in parous women by time since last birth (p < 0.001). Tumors within 5 years of last birth were proportionally more likely triple negative and HER-2 like, even when corrected for age at diagnosis. After a mean follow-up period of 10 years, parous women had a better disease-free survival compared to nulliparous women (HR 0.733; CI 0.560-0.961; p = 0.025, HR 0.738; CI 0.559-0.974; p = 0.032 before and after correction for known prognostic factors, respectively). In parous women, a longer time since last birth was correlated with a longer disease-free survival compared to patients with a recent pregnancy (HR 0.976; CI 0.957-0.996; p = 0.018). However, after correction, this association completely disappeared (HR 1.010; CI 0.982-1.040; p = 0.480). CONCLUSION We observed a better disease-free survival for parous than nulliparous women. The influence of recent birth on disease-free survival is probably due to tumor and patient characteristics, as recent birth is associated with more aggressive subtypes.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ruiz R, Herrero C, Strasser-Weippl K, Touya D, St. Louis J, Bukowski A, Goss PE. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of pregnancy-associated breast cancer: A review. Breast 2017; 35:136-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
22
|
Muenst S, Mechera R, Däster S, Piscuoglio S, Ng CK, Meier-Abt F, Weber WP, Soysal SD. Pregnancy at early age is associated with a reduction of progesterone-responsive cells and epithelial Wnt signaling in human breast tissue. Oncotarget 2017; 8:22353-22360. [PMID: 28423605 PMCID: PMC5410228 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy at early age is the most significant modifiable factor which consistently decreases lifetime breast cancer risk. However, the underlying mechanisms haven't been conclusively identified. Studies in mice suggest a reduction in progesterone-receptor (PR) sensitive epithelial cells as well as a downregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway as being one of the main mechanisms for the protective effect of early pregnancy. The aim of our study was to validate these findings in humans. METHODS We collected benign breast tissue of 125 women who had been stratified according to age at first pregnancy and the occurrence of subsequent breast cancer, and performed immunohistochemistry for PR, Wnt4 and the Wnt-target Versican. RESULTS The number of PR positive epithelial cells was significantly lower in the group of women with early pregnancy and no subsequent breast cancer compared to the group of nulliparous women with subsequent invasive breast cancer (p = 0.0135). In women with early pregnancy, expression of Versican and Wnt4 was significantly lower compared to nulliparous women (p = 0.0036 and p = 0.0241 respectively), and Versican expression was also significant lower compared to women with late pregnancy (p < 0.0001). DISCUSSION Our results confirm prior observations in mice and suggest a role of downregulation of epithelial Wnt signaling in the protective effect of early pregnancy in humans. This results in a decreased proliferation of stem/progenitor cells; therefore, the Wnt signaling pathway may represent a potential target for breast cancer prevention in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Muenst
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Mechera
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Däster
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Charlotte K.Y. Ng
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Meier-Abt
- Institute of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter P. Weber
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Savas D. Soysal
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rao CV. Protective Effects of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Against Breast Cancer: How Can We Use This Information to Prevent/Treat the Disease? Reprod Sci 2016; 24:1102-1110. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719116676396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. V. Rao
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Reproduction and Development Program, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Reproduction and Development Program, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproduction and Development Program, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Reproductive behaviors and risk of developing breast cancer according to tumor subtype: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 49:65-76. [PMID: 27529149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is composed of distinct subtypes defined mainly based on the expression of hormone receptors (HR) and HER2. For years, reproductive factors were shown to impact breast cancer risk but it is unclear whether this differs according to tumor subtype. In this meta-analysis we evaluated the association between parity, age at first birth, breastfeeding and the risk of developing breast cancer according to tumor subtype. METHODS PubMed and Embase were searched to identify epidemiological studies that evaluated the impact of parity and/or age at first birth and/or breastfeeding on breast cancer risk with available information on HR and HER2. Tumor subtypes were defined as: luminal (HR-positive, HER2-negative or HER2-positive), HER2 (HR-negative, HER2-positive) and triple-negative (HR-negative, HER2-negative). Summary risk estimates (pooled OR [pOR]) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random effects models. The MOOSE guidelines were applied. RESULTS This meta-analysis evaluated 15 studies, including 21,941 breast cancer patients and 864,177 controls. Parity was associated with a 25% reduced risk of developing luminal subtype (pOR 0.75; 95% CI, 0.70-0.81; p<0.0001). Advanced age at first birth was associated with an increased risk of developing luminal subtype (pOR 1.15; 95% CI, 1.00-1.32; p=0.05). Ever breastfeeding was associated with a reduced risk of developing both luminal (pOR 0.77; 95% CI, 0.66-0.88; p=0.003) and triple-negative (pOR 0.79, 95% CI, 0.66-0.94; p=0.01) subtypes. CONCLUSIONS The reproductive behaviors impact the risk of developing breast cancer but this varies according to subtype.
Collapse
|
25
|
Russo J. Reproductive history and breast cancer prevention. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2016; 27:3-10. [PMID: 27518906 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hormonal milieu of an early full-term pregnancy induces lobular development, completing the cycle of differentiation of the breast. This process induces a specific genomic signature in the mammary gland that is represented by the stem cell containing a heterochomatin condensed nucleus (HTN). Even though differentiation significantly reduces cell proliferation in the mammary gland, the mammary epithelium remains capable of responding with proliferation to given stimuli, such as a new pregnancy. The stem cell HTN is able to metabolize the carcinogen and repair the induced DNA damage more efficiently than the stem cell containing an euchromatinic structure (EUN), as it has been demonstrated in the rodent experimental system. The basic biological concept is that pregnancy shifts the stem cell EUN to the stem cell HTN that is refractory to carcinogenesis. Data generated by the use of cDNA micro array techniques have allowed to demonstrate that while lobular development regressed after pregnancy and lactation, programmed cell death genes, DNA repair genes, chromatin remodeling, transcription factors and immune-surveillance gene transcripts all of these genes are upregulated and are part of the genomic signature of pregnancy that is associated with the preventive effect of this physiological process.
Collapse
|
26
|
Honorio-França AC, Nunes GT, Fagundes DLG, de Marchi PGF, Fernandes RTDS, França JL, França-Botelho ADC, Moraes LCA, Varotti FDP, França EL. Intracellular calcium is a target of modulation of apoptosis in MCF-7 cells in the presence of IgA adsorbed to polyethylene glycol. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:617-26. [PMID: 26893571 PMCID: PMC4745958 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s99839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical and epidemiological studies have indicated that breastfeeding has a protective effect on breast cancer risk. Protein-based drugs, including antibodies, are being developed to attain better forms of cancer therapy. Secretory IgA (SIgA) is the antibody class in human breast milk, and its activity can be linked to the protective effect of breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) microspheres with adsorbed SIgA on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. METHODS The PEG microspheres were characterized by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The MCF-7 cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection. MCF-7 cells were pre-incubated for 24 hours with or without SIgA (100 ng/mL), PEG microspheres or SIgA adsorbed in PEG microspheres (100 ng/mL). Viability, intracellular calcium release, and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analyses revealed that SIgA was able to adsorb to the PEG microspheres. The MCF-7 cells that were incubated with PEG microspheres with adsorbed SIgA showed decreased viability. MCF-7 cells that were incubated with SIgA or PEG microspheres with adsorbed SIgA had increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels. In the presence of SIgA, an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells was observed. The highest apoptosis index was observed when the cells were treated with PEG microspheres with adsorbed SIgA. CONCLUSION These data suggest that colostral SIgA adsorbed to PEG microspheres has antitumor effects on human MCF-7 breast cancer cells and that the presence of large amounts of this protein in secreted breast milk may provide protection against breast tumors in women who breastfed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Triches Nunes
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Danny Laura Gomes Fagundes
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Luzia França
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil; Institute of Health Sciences, University Center of Planalto de Araxá, Araxá, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernando de Pilla Varotti
- Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu - Federal University of São João Del Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luzía França
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil; Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu - Federal University of São João Del Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Katz TA, Liao SG, Palmieri VJ, Dearth RK, Pathiraja TN, Huo Z, Shaw P, Small S, Davidson NE, Peters DG, Tseng GC, Oesterreich S, Lee AV. Targeted DNA Methylation Screen in the Mouse Mammary Genome Reveals a Parity-Induced Hypermethylation of Igf1r That Persists Long after Parturition. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:1000-9. [PMID: 26290394 PMCID: PMC4677681 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The most effective natural prevention against breast cancer is an early first full-term pregnancy. Understanding how the protective effect is elicited will inform the development of new prevention strategies. To better understand the role of epigenetics in long-term protection, we investigated parity-induced DNA methylation in the mammary gland. FVB mice were bred or remained nulliparous and mammary glands harvested immediately after involution (early) or 6.5 months following involution (late), allowing identification of both transient and persistent changes. Targeted DNA methylation (109 Mb of Ensemble regulatory features) analysis was performed using the SureSelectXT Mouse Methyl-seq assay and massively parallel sequencing. Two hundred sixty-nine genes were hypermethylated and 128 hypomethylated persistently at both the early and late time points. Pathway analysis of the persistently differentially methylated genes revealed Igf1r to be central to one of the top identified signaling networks, and Igf1r itself was one of the most significantly hypermethylated genes. Hypermethylation of Igf1r in the parous mammary gland was associated with a reduction of Igf1r mRNA expression. These data suggest that the IGF pathway is regulated at multiple levels during pregnancy and that its modification might be critical in the protective role of pregnancy. This supports the approach of lowering IGF action for prevention of breast cancer, a concept that is currently being tested clinically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Katz
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Women's Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Serena G Liao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vincent J Palmieri
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Women's Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert K Dearth
- Department of Biology, University of Texas-Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas
| | - Thushangi N Pathiraja
- Cancer Therapeutics and Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiguang Huo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patricia Shaw
- Department of Obstetrics. Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Small
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Women's Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nancy E Davidson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Women's Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David G Peters
- Department of Obstetrics. Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - George C Tseng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Women's Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Adrian V Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Women's Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
O'Malley P, Mulla Z, Nesic O. Multiple sclerosis and breast cancer. J Neurol Sci 2015; 356:137-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
29
|
Arendt LM, Kuperwasser C. Form and function: how estrogen and progesterone regulate the mammary epithelial hierarchy. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2015; 20:9-25. [PMID: 26188694 PMCID: PMC4596764 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-015-9337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland undergoes dramatic post-natal growth beginning at puberty, followed by full development occurring during pregnancy and lactation. Following lactation, the alveoli undergo apoptosis, and the mammary gland reverses back to resemble the nonparous gland. This process of growth and regression occurs for multiple pregnancies, suggesting the presence of a hierarchy of stem and progenitor cells that are able to regenerate specialized populations of mammary epithelial cells. Expansion of epithelial cell populations in the mammary gland is regulated by ovarian steroids, in particular estrogen acting through its receptor estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and progesterone signaling through progesterone receptor (PR). A diverse number of stem and progenitor cells have been identified based on expression of cell surface markers and functional assays. Here we review the current understanding of how estrogen and progesterone act together and separately to regulate stem and progenitor cells within the human and mouse mammary tissues. Better understanding of the hierarchal organization of epithelial cell populations in the mammary gland and how the hormonal milieu affects its regulation may provide important insights into the origins of different subtypes of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Arendt
- Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology Department, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory for the Convergence of Biomedical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Charlotte Kuperwasser
- Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology Department, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory for the Convergence of Biomedical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology Department, Tufts University School of Medicine, 800 Washington St, Box 5609, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Collins LC, Gelber S, Marotti JD, White S, Ruddy K, Brachtel EF, Schapira L, Come SE, Borges VF, Schedin P, Warner E, Wensley T, Tamimi RM, Winer EP, Partridge AH. Molecular Phenotype of Breast Cancer According to Time Since Last Pregnancy in a Large Cohort of Young Women. Oncologist 2015; 20:713-8. [PMID: 26025931 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in breast cancer risk during pregnancy and postpartum is well known; however, the molecular phenotype of breast cancers occurring shortly after pregnancy has not been well studied. Given this, we investigated whether nulliparity and the time interval since pregnancy among parous women affects the breast cancer phenotype in young women. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined molecular phenotype in relation to time since pregnancy in a prospective cohort of 707 young women (aged ≤40 years) with breast cancer. Parity was ascertained from study questionnaires. Using tumor histologic grade on central review and biomarker expression, cancers were categorized as luminal A- or B-like, HER2 enriched, and triple negative. RESULTS Overall, 32% were luminal A-like, 41% were luminal B-like, 9% were HER2 enriched, and 18% were triple negative. Although, numerically, patients diagnosed >5 years after pregnancy had more luminal A-like subtypes than women with shorter intervals since pregnancy, there was no evidence of a relationship between these intervals and molecular subtypes once family history of breast cancer and age at diagnosis were considered. CONCLUSION Distribution of breast cancer molecular phenotype did not differ significantly among young women by parity or time interval since parturition when important predictors of tumor phenotype such as age and family history were considered. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Distribution of breast cancer molecular phenotype did not differ among parous young women by time interval since pregnancy. The implication of these findings for clinical practice suggests that pregnancy-associated breast cancers may be seen up to 5 years beyond parturition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Collins
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shari Gelber
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan D Marotti
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah White
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathryn Ruddy
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elena F Brachtel
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lidia Schapira
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven E Come
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Virginia F Borges
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ellen Warner
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Taylor Wensley
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric P Winer
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann H Partridge
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Breast Cancer Prevention: Lessons to be Learned from Mechanisms of Early Pregnancy–Mediated Breast Cancer Protection. Cancer Res 2015; 75:803-7. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
32
|
Lee J, Oh M. Effects of interval between age at first pregnancy and age at diagnosis on breast cancer survival according to menopausal status: a register-based study in Korea. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2014; 14:113. [PMID: 25231360 PMCID: PMC4180146 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-14-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The influence of parity and time interval between age at first pregnancy (AFP) and age at diagnosis on breast cancer survival is not established in the same way as their influence on breast cancer risk. We aimed to investigate the association of time interval or parity with prognosis in pre- and postmenopausal women in Korea. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of 29,167 women with breast cancer through the Korean Breast Cancer Registry from 1993–2009. Information on reproductive factors, including breastfeeding, AFP, and parity were collected from a routine questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the associations between menopausal status and overall mortality (OM) and breast-cancer-specific mortality (BCSM), adjusting for treatment and stage. Results High parity (≥5) increased the hazard ratios (HR) of BCSM (HR = 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.83–2.11, p < 0.001) and OM (HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 0.85–1.68.73, p < 0.001) in premenopausal and postmenopausal women (BCSM, HR: 1.62, 95% CI: 0.93–2.82, p < 0.001; OM, HR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.14–2.21, p <0.001). A longer time interval between age at breast cancer diagnosis and AFP reduced the HRs of BCSM (HR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.96–0.98, p = 0.001) and OM (HR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97–0.98, p < 0.001) in premenopausal women, but had an adverse effect on the HR of OM (HR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02–1.03, p < 0.001) in postmenopausal women. Conclusions High parity (≥5) was associated with poor breast cancer prognosis in both pre- and postmenopausal women. The time intervals between reproductive events had different effects on breast cancer outcomes depending on menopausal status. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1472-6874-14-113) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JungSun Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Inje, Haeundae paik Hospital, Busan, #1435, Jwa-dong, Haeundae-gu, Gimhae Zip-code: 612-030, Korea.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Breast cancer arising at a young age is relatively uncommon, particularly in the developed world. Several studies have demonstrated that younger patients often experience a more aggressive disease course and have poorer outcome compared to older women. Expression of key biomarkers, including endocrine receptors, HER2 and proliferation markers, appears to be different in younger patients and young women are more likely to harbor a genetic predisposition. Despite these differences, little research to date has focused on the biology of these tumors to refine prognosis, and potentially direct treatment strategies, which remain similar to those offered to older patients. Accumulating evidence suggests the differences in breast stroma in younger patients and changes that occur with pregnancy and breastfeeding likely contribute to the different biology of these tumors. Reproductive behaviors appear to impact the biology of tumors developing later in life. In addition, tumors arising during or shortly following pregnancy appear to exhibit unique biological features. In this review, we discuss our emerging understanding of the biology of breast cancer arising at a young age at both the pathologic and the genomic level. We elucidate the potential role of genomic signatures, the impact of pregnancy and breastfeeding on breast cancer biology, and how even current knowledge might advance the clinical management of young breast cancer patients.
Collapse
|
34
|
Effects of parity and serum prolactin levels on the incidence and regression of DMBA-induced tumors in OFA hr/hr rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:210424. [PMID: 25136563 PMCID: PMC4124788 DOI: 10.1155/2014/210424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a key player in the development of mammary cancer. We studied the effects of parity or hyperprolactinemia on mammary carcinogenesis in OFA hr/hr treated with 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene. They were divided into three groups: nulliparous (Null), primiparous (PL, after pregnancy and lactation), and hyperprolactinemic rats (I, implanted in the arcuate nucleus with 17β-estradiol). The tumor incidence was similar in the three groups. However, a higher percentage of regressing tumors was evident in the PL group. Serum PRL, mammary development, and mammary β-casein content were higher in I rats compared to Null. The expression of hormone receptors was similar in the different groups. However, mammary tissue from PL rats bearing tumors had increased expression of PRL and estrogen alpha receptors compared to rats free of tumors. Our results suggest that serum PRL levels do not have relevance on the incidence of tumors, probably because the low levels of PRL in OFA rats are not further decreased by PL like in other strains. However, supraphysiological levels of PRL affect carcinogenesis. PL induces regression of the tumors due to the differentiation produced on the mammary cells. Alterations in the expression of hormonal receptors may be involved in progression and regression of tumors.
Collapse
|
35
|
Izadi P, Noruzinia M, Fereidooni F, Mostakhdemine Hosseini Z, Kamali F. Epigenetic marks in estrogen receptor alpha CpG island correlate with some reproductive risk factors in breast cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:7607-12. [PMID: 25135164 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive backgrounds, such as age at menarche and menopause, age of first full-term pregnancy (FFTP), number of full-term deliveries and oral contraceptive use are main hormone-related risk factors of breast cancer. It seems that the mentioned factors may affect the risk of breast cancer by enhancing the duration of exposure to estrogen as a potent carcinogen for breast tissue, but the molecular mechanism which links each risk factor to breast cancer is unclear. Estrogen mainly works via its nuclear receptor (ERα). As epigenetic alterations such as CpG methylation are potential links between endogenous or exogenous exposures and genome, we hypothesized that hormone-related risk factors may correlate with the epigenetic marks of the ERα promoter in breast tumors. In the present study, the CpG methylation status of the ERα gene in 99 samples of breast tumors belonged to women with different reproductive histories was evaluated. The reproductive history data were collected from patients. ERα CpG methylation was investigated by methylation specific PCR in DNA samples were obtained from the breast tumors. We could show that some of the hormone-related risk factors (early FFTP and increased number of pregnancies) were inversely correlated with epigenetic marks in ERα gene in breast tumors. Other hormone-related risk factors such as age of menarche and menopause and oral contraceptive use did not show any association with ERα methylation. It seems that pregnancy-related risk factors in comparison with other hormone-related factors work via different mechanism. As ERα methylation is a poor prognosis marker in breast tumors, its association with some modifiable reproductive risk factors (FFTP age and numbers of pregnancies) reiterates the importance of programming reproductive life style not only for prevention of breast cancer but also in favoring the prognosis of the affected women. The exact molecular mechanisms of the observed correlation need more investigation in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pantea Izadi
- Medical Genetics Department, Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Over the past 2 decades, soy foods have been the subject of a vast amount of research, primarily because they are uniquely rich sources of isoflavones. Isoflavones are classified as both phytoestrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators. The phytoestrogenic effects of isoflavones have led some to view soy foods and isoflavone supplements as alternatives to conventional hormone therapy. However, clinical research shows that isoflavones and estrogen exert differing effects on a variety of health outcomes. Nevertheless, there is substantial evidence that soy foods have the potential to address several conditions and diseases associated with the menopausal transition. For example, data suggest that soy foods can potentially reduce ischemic heart disease through multiple mechanisms. Soy protein directly lowers blood low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations, and the soybean is low in saturated fat and a source of both essential fatty acids, the omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid and the omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid. In addition, soflavones improve endothelial function and possibly slow the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis. Isoflavone supplements also consistently alleviate menopausal hot flashes provided they contain sufficient amounts of the predominant soybean isoflavone genistein. In contrast, the evidence that isoflavones reduce bone loss in postmenopausal women is unimpressive. Whether adult soy food intake reduces breast cancer risk is unclear. Considerable evidence suggests that for soy to reduce risk, consumption during childhood and/or adolescence is required. Although concerns have been raised that soy food consumption may be harmful to breast cancer patients, an analysis in 9514 breast cancer survivors who were followed for 7.4 y found that higher postdiagnosis soy intake was associated with a significant 25% reduction in tumor recurrence. In summary, the clinical and epidemiologic data indicate that adding soy foods to the diet can contribute to the health of postmenopausal women.
Collapse
|
37
|
Russo J, Santucci-Pereira J, Russo IH. The genomic signature of breast cancer prevention. Genes (Basel) 2014; 5:65-83. [PMID: 24705287 PMCID: PMC3978512 DOI: 10.3390/genes5010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The breast of parous postmenopausal women exhibits a specific signature that has been induced by a full term pregnancy. This signature is centered in chromatin remodeling and the epigenetic changes induced by methylation of specific genes which are important regulatory pathways induced by pregnancy. Through the analysis of the genes found to be differentially methylated between women of varying parity, multiple positions at which beta-catenin production and use is inhibited were recognized. The biological importance of the pathways identified in this specific population cannot be sufficiently emphasized because they could represent a safeguard mechanism mediating the protection of the breast conferred by full term pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Russo
- The Irma H. Russo MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
| | - Julia Santucci-Pereira
- The Irma H. Russo MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
| | - Irma H Russo
- The Irma H. Russo MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Meier-Abt F, Bentires-Alj M. How pregnancy at early age protects against breast cancer. Trends Mol Med 2013; 20:143-53. [PMID: 24355762 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy at an early age has a strong protective effect against breast cancer in humans and rodents. Postulated mechanisms underlying this phenomenon include alterations in the relative dynamics of hormone and growth factor-initiated cell fate-determining signaling pathways within the hierarchically organized mammary gland epithelium. Recent studies in epithelial cell subpopulations isolated from mouse and human mammary glands have shown that early pregnancy decreases the proportion of hormone receptor-positive cells and causes pronounced changes in gene expression as well as decreased proliferation in stem/progenitor cells. The changes include downregulation of Wnt and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling. These new findings highlight the importance of cell-cell interactions within the mammary gland epithelium in modulating cancer risk and provide potential targets for breast cancer prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Meier-Abt
- Mechanisms of Cancer, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Bentires-Alj
- Mechanisms of Cancer, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Maller O, Hansen KC, Lyons TR, Acerbi I, Weaver VM, Prekeris R, Tan AC, Schedin P. Collagen architecture in pregnancy-induced protection from breast cancer. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:4108-10. [PMID: 23843613 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.121590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction in breast cancer risk attributed to early-age pregnancy is mediated in part by changes in the mammary epithelium. Here, we address the role of the mammary stroma in this protection. Utilizing tumor cells capable of transitioning from indolent to proliferative or invasive states, we demonstrate that mammary extracellular matrix (ECM) from parous rats (parous matrix) decreases tumor growth and impedes cellular phenotypes associated with tumor cell invasion compared with that observed using nulliparous matrix. Proteomic analysis identifies an increased abundance of collagen I in parous matrix, an observation extended to breast tissue of parous women. Given the pro-tumorigenic attributes of fibrillar collagen, these results were unexpected. Second-harmonic generation imaging and atomic force microscopy revealed that the abundant collagen observed in the mammary glands of parous rats is less linearized and associated with a decrease in stromal stiffness, implicating collagen organization and stiffness in parity-induced protection. Using 3D cell culture models, we demonstrate that linearized (fibrillar) collagen I induces cellular phenotypes consistent with an invasive behavior in mammary tumor cells and alters the subcellular distribution of β1 integrin. Conversely, high-density non-fibrillar collagen I induces tumor-suppressive attributes, including increases in junctional E-cadherin in tumor cells, upregulation of genes encoding components of cell-cell junctions, and downregulation of mesenchymal-specific and metalloproteinase-encoding genes. These data show that collagen organization, rather than density alone, is a key contributor to the invasive phenotype. Furthermore, our data show that parity alters the composition and organization of mammary ECM, particularly fibrillar collagen, in a manner consistent with tumor suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ori Maller
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Molecular profiling of human mammary gland links breast cancer risk to a p27(+) cell population with progenitor characteristics. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 13:117-30. [PMID: 23770079 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early full-term pregnancy is one of the most effective natural protections against breast cancer. To investigate this effect, we have characterized the global gene expression and epigenetic profiles of multiple cell types from normal breast tissue of nulliparous and parous women and carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. We found significant differences in CD44(+) progenitor cells, where the levels of many stem cell-related genes and pathways, including the cell-cycle regulator p27, are lower in parous women without BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations. We also noted a significant reduction in the frequency of CD44(+)p27(+) cells in parous women and showed, using explant cultures, that parity-related signaling pathways play a role in regulating the number of p27(+) cells and their proliferation. Our results suggest that pathways controlling p27(+) mammary epithelial cells and the numbers of these cells relate to breast cancer risk and can be explored for cancer risk assessment and prevention.
Collapse
|
41
|
Meier-Abt F, Milani E, Roloff T, Brinkhaus H, Duss S, Meyer DS, Klebba I, Balwierz PJ, van Nimwegen E, Bentires-Alj M. Parity induces differentiation and reduces Wnt/Notch signaling ratio and proliferation potential of basal stem/progenitor cells isolated from mouse mammary epithelium. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R36. [PMID: 23621987 PMCID: PMC3672662 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Early pregnancy has a strong protective effect against breast cancer in humans and rodents, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Because breast cancers are thought to arise from specific cell subpopulations of mammary epithelia, we studied the effect of parity on the transcriptome and the differentiation/proliferation potential of specific luminal and basal mammary cells in mice. Methods Mammary epithelial cell subpopulations (luminal Sca1-, luminal Sca1+, basal stem/progenitor, and basal myoepithelial cells) were isolated by flow cytometry from parous and age-matched virgin mice and examined by using a combination of unbiased genomics, bioinformatics, in vitro colony formation, and in vivo limiting dilution transplantation assays. Specific findings were further investigated with immunohistochemistry in entire glands of parous and age-matched virgin mice. Results Transcriptome analysis revealed an upregulation of differentiation genes and a marked decrease in the Wnt/Notch signaling ratio in basal stem/progenitor cells of parous mice. Separate bioinformatics analyses showed reduced activity for the canonical Wnt transcription factor LEF1/TCF7 and increased activity for the Wnt repressor TCF3. This finding was specific for basal stem/progenitor cells and was associated with downregulation of potentially carcinogenic pathways and a reduction in the proliferation potential of this cell subpopulation in vitro and in vivo. As a possible mechanism for decreased Wnt signaling in basal stem/progenitor cells, we found a more than threefold reduction in the expression of the secreted Wnt ligand Wnt4 in total mammary cells from parous mice, which corresponded to a similar decrease in the proportion of Wnt4-secreting and estrogen/progesterone receptor-positive cells. Because recombinant Wnt4 rescued the proliferation defect of basal stem/progenitor cells in vitro, reduced Wnt4 secretion appears to be causally related to parity-induced alterations of basal stem/progenitor cell properties in mice. Conclusions By revealing that parity induces differentiation and downregulates the Wnt/Notch signaling ratio and the in vitro and in vivo proliferation potential of basal stem/progenitor cells in mice, our study sheds light on the long-term consequences of an early pregnancy. Furthermore, it opens the door to future studies assessing whether inhibitors of the Wnt pathway may be used to mimic the parity-induced protective effect against breast cancer.
Collapse
|
42
|
Nagatsuma AK, Shimizu C, Takahashi F, Tsuda H, Saji S, Hojo T, Sugano K, Takeuchi M, Fujii H, Fujiwara Y. Impact of recent parity on histopathological tumor features and breast cancer outcome in premenopausal Japanese women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 138:941-50. [PMID: 23553566 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although previous studies have reported that onset at young age is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer, the correlation between reproductive factors, breast cancer characteristics, and prognosis remains unclear. Five hundred and twenty-six premenopausal young women diagnosed with primary invasive breast cancer between January 2000 and December 2007 were included in this study. Patients were classified into four groups according to their reproductive history: women who gave birth within the previous 2 years (group A), women who gave birth between 3 and 5 years previously (group B), women who gave birth more than 5 years previously (group C), and nulliparous women (group N). The correlation between the time since last childbirth to diagnosis, histopathological tumor features, and breast cancer prognosis was evaluated. Breast cancer patients who had given birth more recently had more advanced stage tumors; larger sized tumors; a higher rate of axillary lymph node metastases; a higher histological tumor grade; and increased progesterone receptor (PgR)-, HER2+, and triple negative tumors than patients who had given birth less recently or not at all. Group A patients had significantly shorter survival times than patients in both groups C and N (log rank test; p < 0.001). After adjusting for tumor characteristics, the hazard ratio for death in group A was 2.19 compared with group N (p = 0.036), and the adjusted hazard ratio restricted to patients in group A with hormone-receptor-positive, and HER2- tumors was 3.07 (p = 0.011). Young breast cancer patients who had given birth more recently had tumors with more aggressive features and worse prognoses compared with patients who had given birth less recently or were nulliparous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kawano Nagatsuma
- Division of Breast and Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Genomic signatures of pregnancy-associated breast cancer epithelia and stroma and their regulation by estrogens and progesterone. Discov Oncol 2013; 4:140-53. [PMID: 23479404 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-013-0136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated breast cancers (PABC) generally present at advanced stages and have a poor prognosis. The reasons are unclear but we hypothesized that the continuous high levels of estrogens and progesterone were involved. We have now carried out a detailed analysis of PABC compared to tumors of age-matched nonpregnant (non-PABC) women. Malignant epithelia and tumor-associated stroma of PABC and non-PABC were isolated by laser capture microdissection and gene expression profiled. Additionally, normal breast epithelia and stroma adjacent to the two tumor types were analyzed. Lastly, subsets of previously identified E- and P-regulated genes were defined in all tissues. We find that PABC signatures cluster with established breast cancer subtypes. Major hormone-regulated genes whose expression correlated with epithelia of PABC dealt with regulation of cell proliferation, metabolism, and tumor aggressiveness, including genes used to predict tumor recurrence. Compared to normal epithelia, a significant number of genes associated with cell cycle processes were enriched in PABC, many of which are hormone regulated. Thus, compared to normal epithelia, many of the genes that were differentially expressed in epithelia of PABC were distinct from those differentially expressed in non-PABC. With regard to the tumor microenvironment, immune-related genes were enriched in tumor-associated stroma of PABC. Compared to normal stroma, PABC-associated stroma overexpressed immune response genes, while genes involved in angiogenesis and extracellular matrix deposition were more commonly downregulated. This suggests that the heightened aggressiveness of PABC may involve a predisposition to metastasis through extracellular matrix degradation, plus angiogenesis independence. Moreover, genes encoding cell proliferative factors, signaling, immunomodulators and cell death, were hormone regulated in stroma. In sum, these analyses demonstrate complex patterns of enrichment and hormonal regulation of genes in PABC and suggest that it may have a distinct biological nature.
Collapse
|
44
|
Bielak LF, Whaley DH, Sheedy PF, Peyser PA. Breast arterial calcification is associated with reproductive factors in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2012; 19:1721-6. [PMID: 20629578 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2010.1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The etiology of breast arterial calcification (BAC) is not well understood. We examined reproductive history and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor associations with the presence of detectable BAC in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. METHODS Reproductive history and CVD risk factors were obtained in 240 asymptomatic postmenopausal women from a community-based research study who had a screening mammogram within 2 years of their participation in the study. The mammograms were reviewed for the presence of detectable BAC. Age-adjusted logistic regression models were fit to assess the association between each risk factor and the presence of BAC. Multiple variable logistic regression models were used to identify the most parsimonious model for the presence of BAC. RESULTS The prevalence of BAC increased with increased age (p < 0.0001). The most parsimonious logistic regression model for BAC presence included age at time of examination, increased parity (p = 0.01), earlier age at first birth (p = 0.002), weight, and an age-by-weight interaction term (p = 0.004). Older women with a smaller body size had a higher probability of having BAC than women of the same age with a larger body size. CONCLUSIONS The presence or absence of BAC at mammography may provide an assessment of a postmenopausal woman's lifetime estrogen exposure and indicate women who could be at risk for hormonally related conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Barash I. Stat5 in breast cancer: potential oncogenic activity coincides with positive prognosis for the disease. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2320-5. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
46
|
Peri S, de Cicco RL, Santucci-Pereira J, Slifker M, Ross EA, Russo IH, Russo PA, Arslan AA, Belitskaya-Lévy I, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Bordas P, Lenner P, Åhman J, Afanasyeva Y, Johansson R, Sheriff F, Hallmans G, Toniolo P, Russo J. Defining the genomic signature of the parous breast. BMC Med Genomics 2012; 5:46. [PMID: 23057841 PMCID: PMC3487939 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-5-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is accepted that a woman's lifetime risk of developing breast cancer after menopause is reduced by early full term pregnancy and multiparity. This phenomenon is thought to be associated with the development and differentiation of the breast during pregnancy. Methods In order to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of pregnancy induced breast cancer protection, we profiled and compared the transcriptomes of normal breast tissue biopsies from 71 parous (P) and 42 nulliparous (NP) healthy postmenopausal women using Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 arrays. To validate the results, we performed real time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results We identified 305 differentially expressed probesets (208 distinct genes). Of these, 267 probesets were up- and 38 down-regulated in parous breast samples; bioinformatics analysis using gene ontology enrichment revealed that up-regulated genes in the parous breast represented biological processes involving differentiation and development, anchoring of epithelial cells to the basement membrane, hemidesmosome and cell-substrate junction assembly, mRNA and RNA metabolic processes and RNA splicing machinery. The down-regulated genes represented biological processes that comprised cell proliferation, regulation of IGF-like growth factor receptor signaling, somatic stem cell maintenance, muscle cell differentiation and apoptosis. Conclusions This study suggests that the differentiation of the breast imprints a genomic signature that is centered in the mRNA processing reactome. These findings indicate that pregnancy may induce a safeguard mechanism at post-transcriptional level that maintains the fidelity of the transcriptional process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Peri
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Russo J, Santucci-Pereira J, de Cicco RL, Sheriff F, Russo PA, Peri S, Slifker M, Ross E, Mello MLS, Vidal BC, Belitskaya-Lévy I, Arslan A, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Bordas P, Lenner P, Ahman J, Afanasyeva Y, Hallmans G, Toniolo P, Russo IH. Pregnancy-induced chromatin remodeling in the breast of postmenopausal women. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:1059-70. [PMID: 22025034 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Early pregnancy and multiparity are known to reduce the risk of women to develop breast cancer at menopause. Based on the knowledge that the differentiation of the breast induced by the hormones of pregnancy plays a major role in this protection, this work was performed with the purpose of identifying what differentiation-associated molecular changes persist in the breast until menopause. Core needle biopsies (CNB) obtained from the breast of 42 nulliparous (NP) and 71 parous (P) postmenopausal women were analyzed in morphology, immunocytochemistry and gene expression. Whereas in the NP breast, nuclei of epithelial cells were large and euchromatic, in the P breast they were small and hyperchromatic, showing strong methylation of histone 3 at lysine 9 and 27. Transcriptomic analysis performed using Affymetrix HG_U133 oligonucleotide arrays revealed that in CNB of the P breast, there were 267 upregulated probesets that comprised genes controlling chromatin organization, transcription regulation, splicing machinery, mRNA processing and noncoding elements including XIST. We concluded that the differentiation process induced by pregnancy is centered in chromatin remodeling and in the mRNA processing reactome, both of which emerge as important regulatory pathways. These are indicative of a safeguard step that maintains the fidelity of the transcription process, becoming the ultimate mechanism mediating the protection of the breast conferred by full-term pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Russo
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kauppila A, Kyyrönen P, Lehtinen M, Pukkala E. Dual effect of short interval between first and second birth on ductal breast cancer risk in Finland. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 23:187-93. [PMID: 22080277 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-011-9868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A short interval between the first and second birth was associated with an increased risk of advanced ductal breast cancer among women with 5+ childbirths in our previous study. We now evaluated the significance of this risk factor and its relation to the age at first birth among mothers with 2-4 children. METHODS The cohort of 190,949 Finnish women with 2-4 children comprised 3,834 women with ductal breast cancer diagnosed before 2009. Conditional logistic regression for case-control design nested within the cohort was used to estimate proportional hazard ratios (HR) associated with the birth interval. Controls were matched for age and number of children. Age at the first birth and the interval from the last birth to cancer were co-variables. RESULTS Among women with the first birth <30 years, the HR of advanced ductal breast cancer at 50+ years for a short (<1.5 years) versus long (>3 years) interval between the first and second birth was 0.48 (95% Confidence Interval 0.33-0.70). Among women with the first birth at 30+ years, the HR of this cancer type diagnosed before the age of 50 years for a short versus long interval between the first and second birth was 5.83 (95% CI 2.30-14.8). CONCLUSION The interval between first and second birth strongly influences the risk of ductal breast cancer. Because second pregnancy soon after the first one decreased the risk of ductal breast cancer in young primiparas but increased the risk in older primiparas, it is likely that in such circumstances second pregnancy continues the actions initiated by the first pregnancy/breast-feeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Kauppila
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oulu University Hospital, 90250 Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Breast cancer is the malignant disease most frequently diagnosed in women of all races and nationalities. Since the 1970s the worldwide incidence of this disease has increased 30-40% in postmenopausal women, in whom, paradoxically, the risk of developing breast cancer is significantly reduced by an early first full term pregnancy (FTP) as compared to nulliparous and late parous women. Although the cause of breast cancer is not known, the mechanisms mediating the protection conferred by an early FTP have been identified to reside in the breast itself, and to be modulated by endogenous and environmental exposures that might negatively affect this organ during specific windows in its development that extend from prenatal life until the first pregnancy. Soon after conception the embryo initiates the production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), the glycoprotein hormone that is diagnostic of pregnancy. HCG in conjunction with ovarian steroid hormones primes the hypothalamic neuroendocrine system for maintaining the pregnancy. Higher levels of hCG during the first trimester of pregnancy have been associated with a reduction in maternal breast cancer incidence after age 50. In preclinical studies it has been demonstrated that both FTP and hCG treatment of virgin rats prevent the development of chemically-induced mammary tumors, a phenomenon mediated by the differentiation of the mammary gland epithelial cells prior to carcinogen exposure. Complete differentiation proceeds through complex morphological, physiological and molecular changes that occur during pregnancy and lactation, that ultimately result in increased DNA repair capabilities of the mammary epithelium, activation of genes controlling differentiation and programmed cell death and imprinting in the breast epithelium a specific and permanent genomic signature of pregnancy. This signature is indicative of a reduced breast cancer risk and serves as a molecular biomarker of differentiation for evaluating the potential use of chemopreventive agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irma H Russo
- Molecular Endocrinology Section, Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Man YG, Izadjoo M, Song G, Stojadinovic A. In situ malignant transformation and progenitor-mediated cell budding: two different pathways for breast ductal and lobular tumor invasion. J Cancer 2011; 2:401-12. [PMID: 21811518 PMCID: PMC3148774 DOI: 10.7150/jca.2.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human breast lobular and ductal structures and the derived tumors from these structures differ substantial in their morphology, microenvironment, biological presentation, functions, and clinical prognosis. Based on these differences, we have proposed that pre-invasive lobular tumors may progress to invasive lesions through "in situ malignant transformation", in which the entire myoepithelial cell layer within a given lobule or lobular clusters undergoes extensive degeneration and disruptions, which allows the entire epithelial cell population associated with these myoepithelial cell layers directly invade the stroma or vascular structures. In contrast, pre-invasive ductal tumors may invade the stroma or vascular structures through "progenitor-mediated cell budding", in which focal myoepithelial cell degeneration-induced aberrant leukocyte infiltration causes focal disruptions in the tumor capsules, which selectively favor monoclonal proliferation of the overlying tumor stem cells or a biologically more aggressive cell clone. Our current study attempted to provide more direct morphological and immunohistochemical data that are consistent with our hypotheses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Gao Man
- 1. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and American Registry of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|