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Grant WB. Long Follow-Up Times Weaken Observational Diet-Cancer Study Outcomes: Evidence from Studies of Meat and Cancer Risk. Nutrients 2023; 16:26. [PMID: 38201857 PMCID: PMC10781074 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
For years, prospective cohort studies of diet and cancer incidence have reported smaller effects than do retrospective case-control (CC) studies. The differences have been attributed to problems with CC studies, including dietary recall bias, poor matching of cases and controls, and confounding. The hypothesis evaluated here is that long follow-up periods between ascertainment of diet and cancer incidence weaken the findings. Prospective studies of cancer incidence with respect to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration have already shown reduced benefit of higher concentrations for longer follow-up periods. Evaluating that hypothesis for dietary factors involved searching the journal literature for meta-analyses of red meat and processed meat and cancer incidence. I used findings from observational studies for bladder, breast, colorectal, and gastric cancers. To evaluate the effect of duration of follow-up time, I used two approaches. First, I plotted the relative risks for CC studies for gastric cancer with respect to consumption of 100 g/day of red meat and for bladder cancer for 50 g/day of processed meat against the interval between the dietary data and cancer incidence. Second, I compared nested CC studies of meat and cancer incidence for five breast cancer studies and one colorectal cancer study. Both approaches yielded an inverse correlation between interval or follow-up time and relative risk. My findings strongly suggest that diet near time of cancer diagnosis is more important than for longer intervals, that results from meta-analyses should be revised when possible with appropriate adjustments for duration of follow-up, and that dietary guidelines be revised accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Cancer Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA
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2
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Dolan M, St. John N, Zaidi F, Doyle F, Fasullo M. High-throughput screening of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome for 2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-f] quinoline resistance identifies colon cancer-associated genes. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad219. [PMID: 37738679 PMCID: PMC11025384 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are potent carcinogenic agents found in charred meats and cigarette smoke. However, few eukaryotic resistance genes have been identified. We used Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) to identify genes that confer resistance to 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoline (IQ). CYP1A2 and NAT2 activate IQ to become a mutagenic nitrenium compound. Deletion libraries expressing human CYP1A2 and NAT2 or no human genes were exposed to either 400 or 800 µM IQ for 5 or 10 generations. DNA barcodes were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform and statistical significance was determined for exactly matched barcodes. We identified 424 ORFs, including 337 genes of known function, in duplicate screens of the "humanized" collection for IQ resistance; resistance was further validated for a select group of 51 genes by growth curves, competitive growth, or trypan blue assays. Screens of the library not expressing human genes identified 143 ORFs conferring resistance to IQ per se. Ribosomal protein and protein modification genes were identified as IQ resistance genes in both the original and "humanized" libraries, while nitrogen metabolism, DNA repair, and growth control genes were also prominent in the "humanized" library. Protein complexes identified included the casein kinase 2 (CK2) and histone chaperone (HIR) complex. Among DNA Repair and checkpoint genes, we identified those that function in postreplication repair (RAD18, UBC13, REV7), base excision repair (NTG1), and checkpoint signaling (CHK1, PSY2). These studies underscore the role of ribosomal protein genes in conferring IQ resistance, and illuminate DNA repair pathways for conferring resistance to activated IQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dolan
- College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, State University of NewYork at Albany, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Nick St. John
- College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, State University of NewYork at Albany, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Faizan Zaidi
- College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, State University of NewYork at Albany, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Francis Doyle
- College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, State University of NewYork at Albany, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Michael Fasullo
- College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, State University of NewYork at Albany, Albany, NY 12203, USA
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3
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Reng Q, Zhu LL, Feng L, Li YJ, Zhu YX, Wang TT, Jiang F. Dietary meat mutagens intake and cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:962688. [PMID: 36211500 PMCID: PMC9537819 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.962688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical and preclinical studies suggested that certain mutagens occurring as a reaction of creatine, amino acids, and sugar during the high temperature of cooking meat are involved in the pathogenesis of human cancer. Here we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine whether meat mutagens [PhIP, MeIQx, DiMeIQx, total HCA, and B(a)P] present a risk factor for human cancer. Methods We searched the following databases for relevant articles published from inception to 10 Oct 2021 with no language restrictions: Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Baidu Academic, Zhejiang Digital Library. Two independent researchers screened all titles and obtained eligible texts for further screening. Independent data extraction was conducted, and meta-analysis was carried out using random-effects models to calculate the risk ratio of the meat mutagens exposure. Results A total of 1,786,410 participants and 70,653 cancer cases were identified. Among these, there were 12 different types of cancer at various sites, i.e., breast, bladder, colorectal, colon, rectum, prostate, lung, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, kidney, gastric, esophagus, pancreatic, hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer risk was significantly increased by intake of PhIP (OR = 1.13;95% CI 1.07–1.21; p < 0.001), MeIQx (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.07–1.21; p < 0.001), DiMeIQx (OR = 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01–1.13; p = 0.013), total HCA (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.03–1.38; p = 0.016), and cancer risk was not significantly increased by intake of B(a)P (OR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.98–1.10; p = 0.206). Conclusion Meat mutagens of PhIP, MeIQx, DiMeIQx, and total HCA have a positive association with the risk of cancer. Systematic review registration [www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero], identifier [CRD42022148856].
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4
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Yiannakou I, Barber LE, Li S, Adams-Campbell LL, Palmer JR, Rosenberg L, Petrick JL. A Prospective Analysis of Red and Processed Meat Intake in Relation to Colorectal Cancer in the Black Women's Health Study. J Nutr 2021; 152:1254-1262. [PMID: 34910194 PMCID: PMC9071344 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black Americans have the highest incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) of any racial/ethnic group in the United States. High intake of red and processed meats has been associated with an increased CRC risk in predominately White populations. However, 3 prior studies in Black populations, who have been reported to have high intakes of red and processed meats, have reported no associations. Data on a possible association between CRC risk and SFAs and MUFAs, the primary types of fat in red and processed meats, are inconclusive. OBJECTIVES We prospectively assessed intakes of processed and unprocessed red meat, SFAs, and MUFAs in relation to CRC risk, utilizing data from the Black Women's Health Study (BWHS, 1995-2018). METHODS Dietary data were derived from validated FFQs completed in 1995 and 2001. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS Among 52,695 BWHS participants aged 21-69 y at baseline and followed for ≤22 y, 564 women developed incident CRC. Unprocessed red meat intake was associated with a 33% increased CRC risk per 100 g/d (HR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.03-1.71). Examination of CRC anatomic sites revealed that unprocessed red meat was associated with 2-times increased rectal cancer risk (HR: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.15-4.26). There was no evidence of an interaction with age (pinteraction = 0.4), but unprocessed red meat intake was only associated with a significant increased risk of late-onset CRC (≥50 y of age, HR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.05-1.88). Processed red meat and total SFA and MUFA intakes were not associated with CRC risk. CONCLUSIONS Unprocessed red meat intake was associated with an increased CRC risk in the present study, the first positive evidence that red meat plays a role in the etiology of CRC in Black women. The findings suggest prevention opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Yiannakou
- Division of Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA,Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Lauren E Barber
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Shanshan Li
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Julie R Palmer
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Lynn Rosenberg
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA
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5
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Zhu C, Wang Z, Cai J, Pan C, Lin S, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Leng M, He C, Zhou P, Wu C, Fang Y, Li Q, Li A, Liu S, Lai Q. VDR Signaling via the Enzyme NAT2 Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Progression. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:727704. [PMID: 34867333 PMCID: PMC8635240 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.727704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological and preclinical evidence indicates that vitamin D3 inhibits colorectal cancer (CRC) progression, but the mechanism has not been completely elucidated. This study was designed to determine the protective effects of vitamin D3 and identify crucial targets and regulatory mechanisms in CRC. First, we confirmed that 1,25(OH)2D3, the active form of vitamin D3, suppressed the aggressive phenotype of CRC in vitro and in vivo. Based on a network pharmacological analysis, N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) was identified as a potential target of vitamin D3 against CRC. Clinical data of CRC patients from our hospital and bioinformatics analysis by online databases indicated that NAT2 was downregulated in CRC specimens and that the lower expression of NAT2 was correlated with a higher metastasis risk and lower survival rate of CRC patients. Furthermore, we found that NAT2 suppressed the proliferation and migration capacity of CRC cells, and the JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway might be the underlying mechanism. Moreover, Western blot and immunofluorescence staining assays demonstrated that 1,25(OH)2D3 promoted NAT2 expression, and the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay indicated that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) transcriptionally regulated NAT2. These findings expand the potential uses of vitamin D3 against CRC and introduce VDR signaling via the enzyme NAT2 as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojun Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianqun Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunqiu Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Simin Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengxin Leng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peirong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changjie Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aimin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Side Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuhua Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Kossenas K, Constantinou C. Epidemiology, Molecular Mechanisms, and Clinical Trials: an Update on Research on the Association Between Red Meat Consumption and Colorectal Cancer. Curr Nutr Rep 2021; 10:435-467. [PMID: 34665439 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-021-00377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in the world. The aim of this review is to provide an update on recent epidemiological studies, the molecular mechanisms involved, and ongoing clinical trials investigating the relationship between red meat consumption and colorectal cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence in the literature proposes an association between red meat consumption and development of colorectal cancer, and there is some insight with regard to the mechanisms involved. Twenty studies of the IARC report (1990-2015) showed that red meat is positively associated with colorectal cancer whereas 14 studies either supported no positive association or no statistically significant association between red meat consumption and risk for CRC. More recent epidemiological studies conducted from 2016 and onwards provided further evidence that adherence to diets low in red and/or processed meat reduces the risk of colorectal cancer. Evidence from recent studies supports that quantity, doneness, and preparation of red meat play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Red meat's degradation products allow for the creation of a pro-inflammatory colonic microenvironment, and the gut microbiome plays a role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Heme, hydrogen sulfide, lipid peroxidation, nitroso compounds, and the bacterium Fusobacterium Nucleatum (as well as possibly other bacteria such as Akkermansia muciniphila, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium eligens 1 and 2, and Eubacterium rectale 1 and 2) also partake in the process of colorectal carcinogenesis. Several clinical trials are underway investigating the effects of different diets and red meat substitution products on colorectal cancer incidence as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kossenas
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, P.O. Box 24005, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414 Engomi, CY-1700, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Constantina Constantinou
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, P.O. Box 24005, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414 Engomi, CY-1700, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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7
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Novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying risk of colorectal cancer from smoking and red/processed meat carcinogens by modeling exposure in normal colon organoids. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1863-1877. [PMID: 34548904 PMCID: PMC8448508 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke and red/processed meats are well-known risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC). Most research has focused on studies of normal colon biopsies in epidemiologic studies or treatment of CRC cell lines in vitro. These studies are often constrained by challenges with accuracy of self-report data or, in the case of CRC cell lines, small sample sizes and lack of relationship to normal tissue at risk. In an attempt to address some of these limitations, we performed a 24-hour treatment of a representative carcinogens cocktail in 37 independent organoid lines derived from normal colon biopsies. Machine learning algorithms were applied to bulk RNA-sequencing and revealed cellular composition changes in colon organoids. We identified 738 differentially expressed genes in response to carcinogens exposure. Network analysis identified significantly different modules of co-expression, that included genes related to MSI-H tumor biology, and genes previously implicated in CRC through genome-wide association studies. Our study helps to better define the molecular effects of representative carcinogens from smoking and red/processed meat in normal colon epithelial cells and in the etiology of the MSI-H subtype of CRC, and suggests an overlap between molecular mechanisms involved in inherited and environmental CRC risk.
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8
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Zhang C, Zhao Z, Liu H, Yao S, Zhao D. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis Identified a Novel Thirteen-Gene Signature Associated With Progression, Prognosis, and Immune Microenvironment of Colon Adenocarcinoma Patients. Front Genet 2021; 12:657658. [PMID: 34322151 PMCID: PMC8312261 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.657658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is one of the most common malignant tumors and has high migration and invasion capacity. In this study, we attempted to establish a multigene signature for predicting the prognosis of COAD patients. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis and differential gene expression analysis methods were first applied to identify differentially co-expressed genes between COAD tissues and normal tissues from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-COAD dataset and GSE39582 dataset, and a total of 309 overlapping genes were screened out. Then, our study employed TCGA-COAD cohort as the training dataset and an independent cohort by merging the GES39582 and GSE17536 datasets as the testing dataset. After univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed for these overlapping genes and overall survival (OS) of COAD patients in the training dataset, a 13-gene signature was constructed to divide COAD patients into high- and low-risk subgroups with significantly different OS. The testing dataset exhibited the same results utilizing the same predictive signature. The area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic analysis for predicting OS in the training and testing datasets were 0.789 and 0.868, respectively, which revealed the enhanced predictive power of the signature. Multivariate Cox regression analysis further suggested that the 13-gene signature could independently predict OS. Among the 13 prognostic genes, NAT1 and NAT2 were downregulated with deep deletions in tumor tissues in multiple COAD cohorts and exhibited significant correlations with poorer OS based on the GEPIA database. Notably, NAT1 and NAT2 expression levels were positively correlated with infiltrating levels of CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells, exhibiting a foundation for further research investigating the antitumor immune roles played by NAT1 and NAT2 in COAD. Taken together, the results of our study showed that the 13-gene signature could efficiently predict OS and that NAT1 and NAT2 could function as biomarkers for prognosis and the immune response in COAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cangang Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haibo Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shukun Yao
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyan Zhao
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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Le Marchand L. The role of heterocyclic aromatic amines in colorectal cancer: the evidence from epidemiologic studies. Genes Environ 2021; 43:20. [PMID: 34099058 PMCID: PMC8183058 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Dr. Sugimura’s discovery of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) in broiled fish, many epidemiological studies have been conducted to investigate their role in human cancers, often focusing on colorectal cancer. The difficulty in measuring HAA exposure from meat and fish intake in these studies has resulted in inconsistent findings. Because studying individuals who may be particularly susceptible to the carcinogenic effects of HAA might facilitate the demonstration of a link with cancer, multiple studies have focused on individuals with the high activity phenotype for CYP1A2 and/or NAT2, the two main metabolic enzymes involved in the bioactivation of HAA. These investigations have also yielded inconsistent results. Two recent large pooled analyses of colorectal cancer studies have helped clarify the overall evidence. One was conducted in whites and reported no interaction of red meat intake and NAT2 genotype on risk in Whites. The other was conducted in Japanese and African Americans, two populations with high rates of the disease and a prevalence of the at-risk rapid NAT2 phenotype 10- and 2-fold greater than in whites, respectively. In those groups, a significant interaction was found, with the association of red meat with colorectal cancer being strongest among individuals with the rapid NAT2 phenotype, intermediate among those with the intermediate phenotype and not significant among those with the slow NAT2 phenotype. Recent research on biomarkers has focused on PhIP hair content, as a marker of exposure to HAA, and on DNA adducts using new sensitive quantitative methods, as markers of early biological effects. These advances, when brought to bear, may contribute greatly to the further elucidation of the carcinogenicity of HAA in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 9681, USA.
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10
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Huang BZ, Wang S, Bogumil D, Wilkens LR, Wu L, Blot WJ, Zheng W, Shu XO, Pandol SJ, Le Marchand L, Setiawan VW. Red meat consumption, cooking mutagens, NAT1/2 genotypes and pancreatic cancer risk in two ethnically diverse prospective cohorts. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:10.1002/ijc.33598. [PMID: 33844845 PMCID: PMC8594451 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is limited evidence on the association between red meat consumption and pancreatic cancer among ethnic minorities. We assessed this relationship in two large prospective cohorts: the Multiethnic Cohort Study (MEC) and the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS). Demographic, dietary and other risk factor data were collected at cohort entry. Red meat intake was assessed using cohort-specific validated food frequency questionnaires. Incident pancreatic cancer cases were identified via linkages to state cancer registries. Cox regression was used to calculate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of red meat intake with pancreatic cancer risk in each cohort. We performed additional analyses to evaluate cooking methods, mutagens and effect modification by NAT1/2 genotypes. From a total of 184 542 (MEC) and 66 793 (SCCS) at-risk participants, we identified 1618 (MEC) and 266 (SCCS) incident pancreatic cancer cases. Red meat consumption was associated with pancreatic cancer risk in the MEC (RRQ4vsQ1 1.18, 95% CI 1.02-1.37) and with borderline statistical significance in the SCCS (RRQ4vsQ1 1.31, 95% CI 0.93-1.86). This association was significant in African Americans (RRQ4vsQ1 1.49, 95% CI 1.06-2.11) and Latinos (RRQ4vsQ1 1.44, 95% CI 1.02-2.04) in the MEC, and among African Americans (RRQ4vsQ1 1.55, 95% CI 1.03-2.33) in the SCCS. NAT2 genotypes appeared to modify the relationship between red meat and pancreatic cancer in the MEC (pinteraction = 0.03). Our findings suggest that the associations for red meat may be strongest in African Americans and Latinos. The mechanisms underlying the increased risk for these populations should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Z. Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - Songren Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - David Bogumil
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lynne R. Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI
| | - Lang Wu
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI
| | - William J. Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Veterans Affairs, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI
| | - Veronica Wendy Setiawan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
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11
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Fliss-Isakov N, Zelber-Sagi S, Ivancovsky-Wajcman D, Shibolet O, Kariv R. Ultra-Processed Food Intake and Smoking Interact in Relation with Colorectal Adenomas. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113507. [PMID: 33202603 PMCID: PMC7698317 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking and ultra-processed foods (UPFs), a substantial part of the western diet, have been suggested to have a potential carcinogenic effect, though epidemiologic data are lacking. We aimed to examine the association between high UPF intake and colorectal adenomas, and to test the interaction with smoking. In a case-control study among consecutive subjects undergoing colonoscopy in a tertiary center during 2010–2015, UPF intake and smoking were compared between cases with colorectal adenomas and controls. Within 652 participants (cases, n = 294 and controls, n = 358), high UPF intake (defined as percent of kcal from UPF above the study sample upper tertile) was positively associated with adenomas (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.75, 95% Confidence interval (CI) 1.14–2.68), advanced and proximal adenomas (OR = 2.17, 1.29–3.65 and OR = 2.38, 1.37–4.11) among the whole study sample; and with adenomas (OR = 3.54, 1.90–6.61), non-advanced adenomas (OR = 2.60, 1.20–5.63), advanced adenomas (OR = 4.76, 2.20–10.30), proximal adenomas (OR = 6.23, 2.67–14.52), and distal adenomas (OR = 2.49, 1.21–5.13) among smokers. Additionally, a dose-dependent association was observed between tertiles of UPF intake and adenomas only among smokers (p for trend < 0.001). A significant interaction between smoking and high UPF intake was detected (p for interaction = 0.004). High intake of UPFs is strongly and independently associated with colorectal adenomas, especially advanced and proximal adenoma, and interacts with smoking. Results highlight smokers as more susceptible to the negative health effects of UPF consumption on colorectal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Fliss-Isakov
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel; (S.Z.-S.); (O.S.); (R.K.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +97-(23)-6947305
| | - Shira Zelber-Sagi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel; (S.Z.-S.); (O.S.); (R.K.)
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
| | | | - Oren Shibolet
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel; (S.Z.-S.); (O.S.); (R.K.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Revital Kariv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel; (S.Z.-S.); (O.S.); (R.K.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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12
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Processed meat intake and incidence of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 74:1132-1148. [DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Budhathoki S, Iwasaki M, Yamaji T, Hamada GS, Miyajima NT, Zampieri JC, Sharma S, Pakseresht M, Kolahdooz F, Ishihara J, Takachi R, Charvat H, Le Marchand L, Tsugane S. Doneness preferences, meat and meat-derived heterocyclic amines intake, and N-acetyltransferase 2 polymorphisms: association with colorectal adenoma in Japanese Brazilians. Eur J Cancer Prev 2020; 29:7-14. [PMID: 30913095 PMCID: PMC6761046 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intake of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and other mutagenic compounds formed during cooking has been hypothesized to be responsible for the positive association observed between red meat and colorectal cancer. We evaluated whether well-done/very well-done preferences for various meat and fish items, higher intakes of meat and fish, and meat-derived and fish-derived HCA are associated with the risk of colorectal adenoma (CRA) in a Japanese-Brazilian population. We selected 302 patients with adenoma and 403 control individuals who underwent total colonoscopy between 2007 and 2013, and collected information on aspects of meat intake using a detailed questionnaire. We also estimated HCA intake of the study participants using an HCA database that matched the cooking methods of this population. Latent class analysis on the basis of response to doneness preferences for different cooking methods of commonly consumed meat and fish items identified four distinct subgroups. Compared with the subgroup characterized by a preference for rare/medium well-done cooking for most meat and fish items, the odds ratio of CRA for the well-done/very well-done preference subgroup was 1.19 (95% confidence interval: 0.51-2.75). High intake of mixed-meat dishes was suggestively associated inversely with CRA, whereas a high intake of poultry was associated positively with CRA. No clear association with intake of total or specific HCAs and no effect modification by N-acetyltransferase 2 acetylation genotype were observed. We found no statistically significant associations between meat and HCA intake and CRA. These findings do not support a positive association between meat and meat-derived HCA intake and the risk of CRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Budhathoki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiki Yamaji
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Sangita Sharma
- Indigenous and Global Health Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Mohammadreza Pakseresht
- Indigenous and Global Health Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Fariba Kolahdooz
- Indigenous and Global Health Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Junko Ishihara
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ribeka Takachi
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hadrien Charvat
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Loïic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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A Review of the In Vivo Evidence Investigating the Role of Nitrite Exposure from Processed Meat Consumption in the Development of Colorectal Cancer. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112673. [PMID: 31694233 PMCID: PMC6893523 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) 2007 stated that the consumption of processed meat is a convincing cause of colorectal cancer (CRC), and therefore, the public should avoid it entirely. Sodium nitrite has emerged as a putative candidate responsible for the CRC-inducing effects of processed meats. Sodium nitrite is purported to prevent the growth of Clostridium botulinum and other food-spoiling bacteria, but recent, contradictory peer-reviewed evidence has emerged, leading to media reports questioning the necessity of nitrite addition. To date, eleven preclinical studies have investigated the effect of consuming nitrite/nitrite-containing meat on the development of CRC, but the results do not provide an overall consensus. A sizable number of human clinical studies have investigated the relationship between processed meat consumption and CRC risk with widely varying results. The unique approach of the present literature review was to include analysis that limited the human studies to those involving only nitrite-containing meat. The majority of these studies reported that nitrite-containing processed meat was associated with increased CRC risk. Nitrite consumption can lead to the formation of N-nitroso compounds (NOC), some of which are carcinogenic. Therefore, this focused perspective based on the current body of evidence links the consumption of meat containing nitrites and CRC risk.
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15
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Emergence of mutagenic/carcinogenic heterocyclic amines in traditional Saudi chicken dishes prepared from local restaurants. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 132:110677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Turesky RJ. Mechanistic Evidence for Red Meat and Processed Meat Intake and Cancer Risk: A Follow-up on the International Agency for Research on Cancer Evaluation of 2015. Chimia (Aarau) 2018; 72:718-724. [PMID: 30376922 PMCID: PMC6294997 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2018.718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Working Group of the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified the consumption of processed meat as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), and classified red meat as probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A); consumption of both meat types is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. These classifications are based on a compilation of epidemiology data and mechanistic evidence from animal and human studies. The curing of meats with nitrite can produce carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds (NOCs), and the smoking of meat produces polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The high-temperature cooking of meat also produces carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs). The ingestion of heme from meat can catalyze the formation of NOCs and lipid peroxidation products (LPOs) in the digestive tract. Many of these chemicals form DNA adducts, some of which can induce mutations and initiate carcinogenesis. Another recent hypothesis is that N-glycolylneuraminic acid, a non-human sialic acid sugar present in red meat, becomes incorporated in the cell membrane, triggering the immune response with associated inflammation and reactive oxygen species, which can contribute to DNA damage, tumor promotion, and cancer. The mechanisms by which these chemicals in meat induce DNA damage, and the impact of dietary and host factors that influence the biological potency of these chemicals are highlighted in this updated report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center Department of Medicinal Chemistry College of Pharmacy, University of Minnestoa 2231 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA;,
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17
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Kopp TI, Vogel U, Tjonneland A, Andersen V. Meat and fiber intake and interaction with pattern recognition receptors (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR10) in relation to colorectal cancer in a Danish prospective, case-cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:465-479. [PMID: 29566186 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqx011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meat and dietary fiber are associated with increased and decreased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), respectively. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) regulate the intestinal immune response in a complex interplay between the mucosal epithelium and the microbiota and may therefore be important modulators of diet-induced CRC together with other inflammatory mediators. Objective Our aim was to investigate the association between functional TLR polymorphisms and risk of CRC and the interaction with dietary factors. Additionally, interactions with previously studied polymorphisms in IL10, IL1B, PTGS2, and NFKB1 were assessed in order to examine possible biological pathways in meat-induced CRC. Design A nested case-cohort study of 897 CRC cases and 1689 randomly selected participants from the Danish prospective "Diet, Cancer and Health" study encompassing 57,053 persons was performed using Cox proportional hazard models and the likelihood ratio test. Results We found associations between polymorphisms in TLR2 (P = 0.018) and TLR4 (P = 0.044) and risk of CRC per se, interactions between intake of red and processed meat (10 g/d) and polymorphisms in TLR1 (P-interaction = 0.032) and TLR10 (P-interaction = 0.026 and 0.036), and intake of cereals (50 g/d) and TLR4 (P-interaction = 0.044) in relation to risk of CRC. Intake of red and processed meat also interacted with combinations of polymorphisms in TLR1 and TLR10 and polymorphisms in NFKB1, IL10, IL1B, and PTGS2 (P-interaction; TLR1/rs4833095 × PTGS2/rs20417 = 0.021, TLR10/rs11096955 × IL10/rs3024505 = 0.047, TLR10/rs11096955 × PTGS2/rs20417 = 0.017, TLR10/rs4129009 × NFKB1/rs28362491 = 0.027, TLR10/rs4129009 × IL1B/rs4848306 = 0.020, TLR10/rs4129009 × IL1B/rs1143623 = 0.021, TLR10/rs4129009 × PTGS2/rs20417 = 0.027), whereas intake of dietary fiber (10 g/d) interacted with combinations of polymorphisms in TLR4, IL10, and PTGS2 (P-interaction; TLR4/rs1554973 × IL10/rs3024505 = 0.0012, TLR4/rs1554973 × PTGS2/rs20417 = 0.0041, TLR4/rs1554973 × PTGS2/rs5275 = 0.0064). Conclusions Our study suggests that meat intake may activate TLRs at the epithelial surface, leading to CRC via inflammation by nuclear transcription factor-κB-initiated transcription of inflammatory genes, whereas intake of fiber may protect against CRC via TLR4-mediated secretion of interleukin-10 and cyclooxygenase-2. Our results should be replicated in other prospective cohorts with well-characterized participants. The trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03250637.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Iskov Kopp
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark.,Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Vibeke Andersen
- Focused Research Unit for Molecular Diagnostic and Clinical Research, Laboratory Center, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Aabenraa, Denmark.,Institute of Regional Health Research-Center Sønderjylland.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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18
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Dissecting the mechanisms and molecules underlying the potential carcinogenicity of red and processed meat in colorectal cancer (CRC): an overview on the current state of knowledge. Infect Agent Cancer 2018; 13:3. [PMID: 29371880 PMCID: PMC5769331 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-018-0174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Meat is a crucial nutrient for human health since it represents a giant supply of proteins, minerals, and vitamins. On the opposite hand, the intake of red and processed meat is taken into account dangerous due to its potential of carcinogenesis and cancer risk improvement, particularly for colorectal cancer (CRC), although it has been reported that also the contaminations of beef infected by oncogenic bovine viruses could increase colorectal cancer's risk. Regarding the mechanisms underlying the potential carcinogenicity of red and processed meat, different hypotheses have been proposed. A suggested mechanism describes the potential role of the heterocyclic amines (HACs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAs) in carcinogenesis induced by DNA mutation. Another hypothesis states that heme, through the lipid peroxidation process and therefore the formation of N-nitroso compounds (NOCs), produces cytotoxic and genotoxic aldehydes, resulting in carcinogenesis. Furthermore, a recent proposed hypothesis, is based on the combined actions between the N-Glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and genotoxic compounds. The purpose of this narrative review is to shed a light on the mechanisms underlying the potential carcinogenicity of red and processed meat, by summarizing the data reported in literature on this topic.
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19
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Chiavarini M, Bertarelli G, Minelli L, Fabiani R. Dietary Intake of Meat Cooking-Related Mutagens (HCAs) and Risk of Colorectal Adenoma and Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9050514. [PMID: 28524104 PMCID: PMC5452244 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Much evidence suggests that the positive association between meat intake and colorectal adenoma (CRA) and cancer (CRC) risk is mediated by mutagenic compounds generated during cooking at high temperature. A number of epidemiological studies have estimated the effect of meat-related mutagens intake on CRC/CRA risk with contradictory and sometimes inconsistent results. A literature search was carried out (PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus) to identify articles reporting the relationship between the intake of meat-related mutagens (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline: DiMeIQx, benzo(a) pyrene (B(a)P) and "meat derived mutagenic activity" (MDM)) and CRC/CRA risk. A random-effect model was used to calculate the risk association. Thirty-nine studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Polled CRA risk (15229 cases) was significantly increased by intake of PhIP (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.13,1.28; p < 0.001), MeIQx (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.05,1.23; p = 0.001), DiMeIQx (OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.05,1.21; p = 0.001), B(a)P (OR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.02,1.19; p = 0.017) and MDM (OR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.07,1.28; p = 0.001). A linear and curvilinear trend was observed in dose-response meta-analysis between CRA risk in association with PhIP, MDM, and MeIQx. CRC risk (21,344 cases) was increased by uptake of MeIQx (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.04,1.25; p = 0.004), DiMeIQx (OR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.02,1.22; p = 0.014) and MDM (OR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.06,1.19; p < 0.001). No publication bias could be detected, whereas heterogeneity was in some cases rather high. Mutagenic compounds formed during cooking of meat at high temperature may be responsible of its carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Chiavarini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Gaia Bertarelli
- Department of Economics, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Liliana Minelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Roberto Fabiani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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20
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A critical overview on the biological and molecular features of red and processed meat in colorectal carcinogenesis. J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:407-418. [PMID: 27913919 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-016-1294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A recent investigation by the World Health Organisation (WHO) has found that the consumption of processed meat and potentially red meat promotes carcinogenesis and can increase the risk of colorectal cancer. This literature review aims to summarise both the red and processed meat molecules associated with colorectal carcinogenesis and investigate their relationship with the pathogenic process of colorectal cancer. Literature relating to the carcinogenic effect of red and processed meat molecules was critically reviewed. There are multiple molecules present in red and processed meat with a potential carcinogenic effect on colorectal tissues. Processed meat is more carcinogenic compared to red meat because of the abundance of potent nitrosyl-heme molecules that form N-nitroso compounds. Studies have also noted that other molecules such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic amines have potential mechanisms for the initiation of colorectal cancer pathogenesis. The non-human sugar molecule N-glycolylneuraminic acid may account for the carcinogenic effects of pork despite its heme content being comparable to that of chicken. Red meat products, especially those that have been processed, have a wide variety of carcinogenic molecules known to increase the risk of colorectal cancer. Thus, the outcome of this review is consistent with the recent findings of WHO.
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21
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Procopciuc LM, Osian G, Iancu M. N-acetyl transferase 2/environmental factors and their association as a modulating risk factor for sporadic colon and rectal cancer. J Clin Lab Anal 2016; 31. [PMID: 27883249 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between environmental factors and colon or rectal cancer after adjusting for N-acetyl transferase 2 (NAT2) phenotypes. METHODS Ninety-six patients with sporadic colon cancer, 54 with sporadic rectal cancer and 162 control subjects were genotyped for NAT2-T341C, G590A, G857A, A845C, and C481T using sequencing and PCR-RFLP analysis. RESULTS The risk for colon cancer was increased in carriers of the homozygous negative genotypes for NAT2*5C-T341C, NAT2*6B-G590A, NAT2*7B-G857A, NAT2*18-A845C, and NAT2*5A-C481T. The risk for rectal cancer was increased in carriers of the homozygous negative genotypes for NAT2*5C-T341C, NAT2*7B-G857A, and NAT2*5A-C481T. High fried red meat intake associated with NAT2-T341C, G590A, G857A, A845C, and C481T rapid acetylator allele determines a risk of 2.39 (P=.002), 2.39 (P=.002), 2.37 (P=.002), 2.28 (P=.004), and 2.51 (P=.001), respectively, for colon cancer, whereas in the case of rectal cancer, the risk increased to 7.55 (P<.001), 7.7 (P<.001), 7.83 (P<.001), 7.51 (P<.001), and 8.62 (P<.001), respectively. Alcohol consumption associated with the NAT2 -T341C, G590A, G857A, A845C, and C481T rapid acetylator allele induces a risk of 10.63 (P<.001), 12.04 (P<.001), 9.76 (P<.001), 10.25 (P<.001), and 9.54 (P<.001), respectively, for colon cancer, whereas the risk for rectal cancer is 9.72 (P<.001), 11.24 (P<.001), 13.07 (P<.001), 10.04 (P<.001), and 9.43 (P<.001), respectively. Smokers with NAT2-T341C, G590A, G857A, A845C, and C481T rapid acetylator allele have a risk of 4.87, 4.25, 4.18, 3.81, and 3.82, respectively, to develop colon cancer. CONCLUSIONS Fried red meat, alcohol, and smoking increase the risk of sporadic CRC, especially of colon cancer, in the case of rapid acetylators for the NAT2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia M Procopciuc
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gelu Osian
- Multi Organ Transplant Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mihaela Iancu
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Le NT, Michels FAS, Song M, Zhang X, Bernstein AM, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, Ogino S, Chan AT, Sinha R, Willett WC, Wu K. A Prospective Analysis of Meat Mutagens and Colorectal Cancer in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1529-1536. [PMID: 27105317 PMCID: PMC5047780 DOI: 10.1289/ehp238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in cooked meats may play a role in colorectal cancer (CRC) development. OBJECTIVES We aimed to prospectively examine the association between estimated intakes of HCAs and meat-derived mutagenicity (MDM) in two cohorts of health professionals, the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) and the Nurses' Health Study (NHS). METHODS In 29,615 men and 65,875 women, intake of the HCAs 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-j)quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline (DiMeIQx), and MDM was estimated using a 1996 cooking questionnaire, the 1994 food frequency questionnaire, and an online database. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and to adjust for potential confounders. Estimates for both cohorts were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS Between 1996 and 2010, 418 male and 790 female CRC cases were identified. Meat mutagen intake was not statistically significantly associated with risk of CRC [highest vs. lowest quintile, pooled HR (95% CI) for MeIQx: 1.12 (0.93, 1.34), p for trend 0.23; PhIP: 1.10 (0.90, 1.33), p for trend 0.35; MDM: 1.03 (0.86, 1.24), p for trend 0.75] or subtypes of CRC defined by tumor location (proximal or distal colon, or rectum). When analyzed by source of meat, PhIP from red but not from white meat was nonsignificantly positively associated with CRC and significantly positively associated with proximal cancers [HR (95% CI) per standard deviation increase of log-transformed intake: PhIP red meat: CRC: 1.06 (0.99, 1.12), proximal: 1.11 (1.02, 1.21); PhIP white meat: CRC: 0.99 (0.94, 1.04), proximal: 1.00 (0.93, 1.09)]. CONCLUSIONS Estimated intakes of meat mutagens were not significantly associated with CRC risk over 14 years of follow-up in the NHS and HPFS cohorts. Results for PhIP from red but not from white meat warrant further investigation. CITATION Le NT, Michels FA, Song M, Zhang X, Bernstein AM, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, Ogino S, Chan AT, Sinha R, Willett WC, Wu K. 2016. A prospective analysis of meat mutagens and colorectal cancer in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Environ Health Perspect 124:1529-1536; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP238.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoan Tran Le
- Department of Occupational Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles S. Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Walter C. Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Park Y, Lee J, Oh JH, Shin A, Kim J. Dietary patterns and colorectal cancer risk in a Korean population: A case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3759. [PMID: 27336862 PMCID: PMC4998300 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has been recognized as one of the major malignancies in Korea. Analyses of dietary patterns can provide insight into the complex interactions of foods, nutrients, and biologically active components within a diet, which vary among populations. We aimed to investigate the associations between dietary patterns and colorectal cancer risk in Koreans. In a study of 923 cases and 1846 controls, principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns based on 33 predefined food groups using a 106-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ). The associations between dietary patterns and CRC risk were assessed using binary and polytomous logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Three dietary patterns (traditional, Westernized, and prudent) were derived. The proportion of total variation explained by 3 patterns was 24.2% for men and 25.3% for women. The traditional and prudent patterns were inversely associated with CRC risk [OR and 95% CI for the highest intake tertile of pattern score vs. the lowest = 0.35 (0.27-0.46) and 0.37 (0.28-0.48), respectively], whereas the Westernized pattern showed a positive association, especially among women [OR = 2.13 (1.35-3.34) for the highest tertile vs. the lowest]. A decrease in CRC risk among those with the highest intake of the prudent pattern was observed in all anatomical subsites in both men [OR = 0.36 (0.19-0.68) for proximal colon; 0.21 (0.12-0.36) for distal colon; 0.28 (0.18-0.44) for rectum] and women [OR = 0.28 (0.11-0.71); 0.27 (0.13-0.54); 0.45 (0.25-0.83)]. Our results indicate that individuals who prefer the Westernized dietary pattern should be made aware of their increased CRC risk. The traditional dietary pattern and the prudent pattern, which are rich in fruits and dairy products, are recommended for the Korean population to prevent CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Park
- Department of Cancer Control and Policy, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Institute, National Cancer Center
| | - Jeonghee Lee
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Institute, National Cancer Center
| | - Jae Hwan Oh
- Center for Colorectal Cancer, National Cancer Center Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do
| | - Aesun Shin
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Institute, National Cancer Center
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeongseon Kim
- Department of Cancer Control and Policy, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Institute, National Cancer Center
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24
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Wang H, Iwasaki M, Haiman CA, Kono S, Wilkens LR, Keku TO, Berndt SI, Tsugane S, Le Marchand L. Interaction between Red Meat Intake and NAT2 Genotype in Increasing the Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Japanese and African Americans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144955. [PMID: 26683305 PMCID: PMC4684304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic amines formed in cooked meat may be an underlying mechanism for the red meat-colorectal cancer (CRC) association. These compounds require bioactivaction by N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2). An interaction effect between red meat consumption and NAT2 in increasing CRC risk has been inconsistently reported in whites. We investigated this interaction in two populations in which the high-activity rapid NAT2 phenotype is 10- and 2-fold more common than in whites. We meta-analyzed four studies of Japanese (2,217 cases, 3,788 controls) and three studies of African Americans (527 cases, 4,527 controls). NAT2 phenotype was inferred from an optimized seven-SNP genotyping panel. Processed and total red meat intakes were associated with an increased CRC risk in Japanese and in both ethnic groups combined (P’s ≤ 0.002). We observed an interaction between processed meat intake and NAT2 in Japanese (P = 0.04), African Americans (P = 0.02), and in both groups combined (P = 0.006). The association of processed meat with CRC was strongest among individuals with the rapid NAT2 phenotype (combined analysis, OR for highest vs. lowest quartile: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.28–2.05; Ptrend = 8.0×10−5), intermediate among those with the intermediate NAT2 phenotype (1.29, 95% CI: 1.05–1.59; Ptrend = 0.05) and null among those with the slow phenotype (Ptrend = 0.45). A similar interaction was found for NAT2 and total red meat (Pinteraction = 0.03). Our findings support a role for NAT2 in modifying the association between red meat consumption and CRC in Japanese and African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansong Wang
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Suminori Kono
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Lynne R. Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Temitope O. Keku
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sonja I. Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common malignancies in low- and medium-income countries and represents a disease of public health importance because of its poor prognosis and high mortality rate in these regions. The striking variation in the prevalence of EC among different ethnic groups suggests a significant contribution of population-specific environmental and dietary factors to susceptibility to the disease. Although individuals within a demarcated geographical area are exposed to the same environment and share similar dietary habits, not all of them will develop the disease; thus genetic susceptibility to environmental risk factors may play a key role in the development of EC. A wide range of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of carcinogens introduced via the diet or inhaled from the environment. Such dietary or environmental carcinogens can bind to DNA, resulting in mutations that may lead to carcinogenesis. Genes involved in the biosynthesis of these enzymes are all subject to genetic polymorphisms that can lead to altered expression or activity of the encoded proteins. Genetic polymorphisms may, therefore, act as molecular biomarkers that can provide important predictive information about carcinogenesis. The aim of this review is to discuss our current knowledge on the genetic risk factors associated with the development of EC in different populations; it addresses mainly the topics of genetic polymorphisms, gene-environment interactions, and carcinogenesis. We have reviewed the published data on genetic polymorphisms of enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and discuss some of the potential gene-environment interactions underlying esophageal carcinogenesis. The main enzymes discussed in this review are the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), N-acetyltransferases (NATs), cytochrome P450s (CYPs), sulfotransferases (SULTs), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), and epoxide hydrolases (EHs), all of which have key roles in the detoxification of environmental and dietary carcinogens. Finally, we discuss recent advances in the study of genetic polymorphisms associated with EC risk, specifically with regard to genome-wide association studies, and examine possible challenges of case-control studies that need to be addressed to better understand the interaction between genetic and environmental factors in esophageal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Matejcic
- a International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component , Observatory , Cape Town , South Africa , and
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26
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Zhang K, Gao L, Wu Y, Chen J, Lin C, Liang S, Su J, Ye J, He X. NAT1 polymorphisms and cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:9177-9191. [PMID: 26309576 PMCID: PMC4537954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between the N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) slow and rapid acetylation phenotypes with cancer risk based on a meta-analysis. METHODS Previously published case-control studies were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined to assess the relationship between NAT1 polymorphisms and cancer risk. RESULTS A total of 73 studies (24874 cases and 30226 controls) were included in this meta-analysis. No significant association was identified between NAT1 polymorphisms (slow acetylation versus rapid acetylation genotypes: OR = 0.978, 95% CI = 0.927-1.030, P < 0.001 for heterogeneity, I(2) = 45.5%) and cancer risk, whereas a significantly reduced risk of pancreatic cancer was identified in individuals with NAT1 slow acetylation genotype (OR = 0.856, 95% CI = 0.733-0.999, P =0.509 for heterogeneity, I(2) = 0). When the NAT1 slow acetylation genotype was analysed on the basis of stratified analyses of ethnicity, a significantly reduced risk of head and neck cancers was found among Asian (OR=0.281, 95% CI = 0.127-0.622). When the NAT1 slow acetylation genotype was analysed on the basis of stratified analyses of source of control, only significantly reduced risks of colorectal cancer (OR = 0.882, 95% CI = 0.798- 0.974, P = 0.212 for heterogeneity, I(2) = 22.9) and pancreatic cancer (OR=0.856, 95% CI = 0.733-0.999, P = 0.509 for heterogeneity, I(2) = 0) were found among hospital-based studies. CONCLUSIONS No significant association between the NAT1 polymorphisms and the risk of cancer was found except for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyi Zhang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Wu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianyi Chen
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengguang Lin
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Liang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Su
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinming Ye
- Internal Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Police HospitalNo. 88 West Shitan Road, Guangzhou 510430, PR. China
| | - Xuyu He
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences106 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Chiang VSC, Quek SY. The relationship of red meat with cancer: Effects of thermal processing and related physiological mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:1153-1173. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.967833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Siew-Young Quek
- Department of Food Sciences, School of Chemistry Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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28
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Alexander DD, Weed DL, Miller PE, Mohamed MA. Red Meat and Colorectal Cancer: A Quantitative Update on the State of the Epidemiologic Science. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 34:521-43. [PMID: 25941850 PMCID: PMC4673592 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2014.992553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential relationship between red meat consumption and colorectal cancer (CRC) has been the subject of scientific debate. Given the high degree of resulting uncertainty, our objective was to update the state of the science by conducting a systematic quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic literature. Specifically, we updated and expanded our previous meta-analysis by integrating data from new prospective cohort studies and conducting a broader evaluation of the relative risk estimates by specific intake categories. Data from 27 independent prospective cohort studies were meta-analyzed using random-effects models, and sources of potential heterogeneity were examined through subgroup and sensitivity analyses. In addition, a comprehensive evaluation of potential dose-response patterns was conducted. In the meta-analysis of all cohorts, a weakly elevated summary relative risk was observed (1.11, 95% CI: 1.03-1.19); however, statistically significant heterogeneity was present. In general, summary associations were attenuated (closer to the null and less heterogeneous) in models that isolated fresh red meat (from processed meat), adjusted for more relevant factors, analyzed women only, and were conducted in countries outside of the United States. Furthermore, no clear patterns of dose-response were apparent. In conclusion, the state of the epidemiologic science on red meat consumption and CRC is best described in terms of weak associations, heterogeneity, an inability to disentangle effects from other dietary and lifestyle factors, lack of a clear dose-response effect, and weakening evidence over time. KEY TEACHING POINTS: •The role of red meat consumption in colorectal cancer risk has been widely contested among the scientific community.•In the current meta-analysis of red meat intake and colorectal cancer, we comprehensively examined associations by creating numerous sub-group stratifications, conducting extensive sensitivity analyses, and evaluating dose-response using several different methods.•Overall, all summary associations were weak in magnitude with no clear dose-response patterns.•Interpretation of findings from epidemiologic studies investigating diet and health outcomes involves numerous methodological considerations, such as accurately measuring food intake, dietary pattern differences across populations, food definitions, outcome classifications, bias and confounding, multicollinearity, biological mechanisms, genetic variation in metabolizing enzymes, and differences in analytical metrics and statistical testing parameters.
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29
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Song M, Garrett WS, Chan AT. Nutrients, foods, and colorectal cancer prevention. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:1244-60.e16. [PMID: 25575572 PMCID: PMC4409470 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diet has an important role in the development of colorectal cancer. In the past few decades, findings from extensive epidemiologic and experimental investigations have linked consumption of several foods and nutrients to the risk of colorectal neoplasia. Calcium, fiber, milk, and whole grains have been associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer, and red meat and processed meat have been associated with an increased risk. There is substantial evidence for the potential chemopreventive effects of vitamin D, folate, fruits, and vegetables. Nutrients and foods also may interact, as a dietary pattern, to influence colorectal cancer risk. Diet likely influences colorectal carcinogenesis through several interacting mechanisms. These include the direct effects on immune responsiveness and inflammation, and the indirect effects of overnutrition and obesity-risk factors for colorectal cancer. Emerging evidence also implicates the gut microbiota as an important effector in the relationship between diet and cancer. Dietary modification therefore has the promise of reducing colorectal cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Wendy S. Garrett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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30
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Joshi AD, Kim A, Lewinger JP, Ulrich CM, Potter JD, Cotterchio M, Le Marchand L, Stern MC. Meat intake, cooking methods, dietary carcinogens, and colorectal cancer risk: findings from the Colorectal Cancer Family Registry. Cancer Med 2015; 4:936-52. [PMID: 25846122 PMCID: PMC4472216 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diets high in red meat and processed meats are established colorectal cancer (CRC) risk factors. However, it is still not well understood what explains this association. We conducted comprehensive analyses of CRC risk and red meat and poultry intakes, taking into account cooking methods, level of doneness, estimated intakes of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) that accumulate during meat cooking, tumor location, and tumor mismatch repair proficiency (MMR) status. We analyzed food frequency and portion size data including a meat cooking module for 3364 CRC cases, 1806 unaffected siblings, 136 unaffected spouses, and 1620 unaffected population-based controls, recruited into the CRC Family Registry. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for nutrient density variables were estimated using generalized estimating equations. We found no evidence of an association between total nonprocessed red meat or total processed meat and CRC risk. Our main finding was a positive association with CRC for pan-fried beefsteak (P(trend) < 0.001), which was stronger among MMR deficient cases (heterogeneity P = 0.059). Other worth noting associations, of borderline statistical significance after multiple testing correction, were a positive association between diets high in oven-broiled short ribs or spareribs and CRC risk (P(trend) = 0.002), which was also stronger among MMR-deficient cases, and an inverse association with grilled hamburgers (P(trend) = 0.002). Our results support the role of specific meat types and cooking practices as possible sources of human carcinogens relevant for CRC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit D Joshi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089
| | - Andre Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089
| | - Juan Pablo Lewinger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John D Potter
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109.,Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Mariana C Stern
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089
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31
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Matejcic M, Vogelsang M, Wang Y, Iqbal Parker M, Parker IM. NAT1 and NAT2 genetic polymorphisms and environmental exposure as risk factors for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a case-control study. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:150. [PMID: 25886288 PMCID: PMC4379954 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco smoking and red meat consumption are some of the known risk factors associated with the development of oesophageal cancer. N-acetytransferases (NAT1 and NAT2) play a key role in metabolism of carcinogenic arylamines present in tobacco smoke and overcooked red meat. We hypothesized that NAT1 and NAT2 genetic polymorphisms may influence the risk of oesophageal cancer upon exposure to environmental carcinogens. Methods Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NAT1 and NAT2 genes were investigated by genotyping 732 cases and 768 healthy individuals from two South African populations to deduce the acetylator phenotype (slow, intermediate or rapid) from the combination of the genotyped SNPs. Results The 341 CC genotype (rs1801280) was significantly associated with a reduced risk for oesophageal cancer in the Mixed Ancestry population (OR = 0.31; 95% CI 0.11-0.87). The NAT2 slow/intermediate acetylator status significantly increased the risk among cigarette smokers in the Black population (OR = 2.76; 95% CI 1.69-4.52), as well as among alcohol drinkers in the Mixed Ancestry population (OR = 2.77; 95% CI 1.38-5.58). Similarly, the NAT1 slow/intermediate acetylator status was a risk factor for tobacco smokers in the Black population (OR = 3.41; 95% CI 1.95-5.96) and for alcohol drinkers in the Mixed Ancestry population (OR = 3.41; 95% CI 1.70-6.81). In a case-only analysis, frequent red meat consumption was associated with a significantly increased cancer risk for NAT2 slow/intermediate acetylators in the Mixed Ancestry population (OR = 3.55; 95% CI 1.29-9.82; P = 0.019), whereas daily white meat intake was associated with an increased risk among NAT1 slow/intermediate acetylators in the Black population (OR = 1.82; 95% CI 1.09-3.04; P = 0.023). Conclusions Our findings indicate that N-acetylation polymorphisms may modify the association between environmental risk factors and oesophageal cancer risk and that N-acetyltransferases may play a key role in detoxification of carcinogens. Prevention strategies in lifestyle and dietary habits may reduce the incidence of oesophageal cancer in high-risk populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1105-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Matejcic
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Observatory, UCT Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Division of Medical Biochemistry and IDM, UCT Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Matjaz Vogelsang
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Observatory, UCT Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Division of Medical Biochemistry and IDM, UCT Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Yabing Wang
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Observatory, UCT Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Division of Medical Biochemistry and IDM, UCT Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - M Iqbal Parker
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Observatory, UCT Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Division of Medical Biochemistry and IDM, UCT Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa.
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32
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Beyerle J, Frei E, Stiborova M, Habermann N, Ulrich CM. Biotransformation of xenobiotics in the human colon and rectum and its association with colorectal cancer. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:199-221. [PMID: 25686853 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.996649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the liver is generally considered to be the major organ contributing to drug metabolism, but studies during the last years have suggested an important role of the extra-hepatic drug metabolism. The gastrointestinal tract (GI-tract) is the major path of entry for a wide variety of compounds including food, and orally administered drugs, but also compounds - with neither nutrient nor other functional value - such as carcinogens. These compounds are metabolized by a large number of enzymes, including the cytochrome P450 (CYP), the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family, the uridine 5'-diphospho- glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase - UGT) superfamily, alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, sulfotransferases, etc. These enzymes can either inactivate carcinogens or, in some cases, generate reactive species with higher reactivity compared to the original compound. Most data in this field of research originate from animal or in vitro studies, wherein human studies are limited. Here, we review the human studies, in particular the studies on the phenotypic expression of these enzymes in the colon and rectum to get an impression of the actual enzyme levels in this primary organ of exposure. The aim of this review is to give a summary of currently available data on the relation between the CYP, the GST and the UGT biotransformation system and colorectal cancer obtained from clinical and epidemiological studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolantha Beyerle
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg , Germany
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33
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Budhathoki S, Iwasaki M, Yamaji T, Sasazuki S, Takachi R, Sakamoto H, Yoshida T, Tsugane S. Dietary Heterocyclic Amine Intake, NAT2 Genetic Polymorphism, and Colorectal Adenoma Risk: The Colorectal Adenoma Study in Tokyo. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:613-20. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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34
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Ananthakrishnan AN, Du M, Berndt SI, Brenner H, Caan BJ, Casey G, Chang-Claude J, Duggan D, Fuchs CS, Gallinger S, Giovannucci EL, Harrison TA, Hayes RB, Hoffmeister M, Hopper JL, Hou L, Hsu L, Jenkins MA, Kraft P, Ma J, Nan H, Newcomb PA, Ogino S, Potter JD, Seminara D, Slattery ML, Thornquist M, White E, Wu K, Peters U, Chan AT. Red meat intake, NAT2, and risk of colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 11 studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:198-205. [PMID: 25342387 PMCID: PMC4294960 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red meat intake has been associated with risk of colorectal cancer, potentially mediated through heterocyclic amines. The metabolic efficiency of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) required for the metabolic activation of such amines is influenced by genetic variation. The interaction between red meat intake, NAT2 genotype, and colorectal cancer has been inconsistently reported. METHODS We used pooled individual-level data from the Colon Cancer Family Registry and the Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium. Red meat intake was collected by each study. We inferred NAT2 phenotype based on polymorphism at rs1495741, highly predictive of enzyme activity. Interaction was assessed using multiplicative interaction terms in multivariate-adjusted models. RESULTS From 11 studies, 8,290 colorectal cancer cases and 9,115 controls were included. The highest quartile of red meat intake was associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer compared with the lowest quartile [OR, 1.41; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.29-1.55]. However, a significant association was observed only for studies with retrospective diet data, not for studies with diet prospectively assessed before cancer diagnosis. Combining all studies, high red meat intake was similarly associated with colorectal cancer in those with a rapid/intermediate NAT2 genotype (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.20-1.59) as with a slow genotype (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.28-1.61; P interaction = 0.9). CONCLUSION We found that high red meat intake was associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer only from retrospective case-control studies and not modified by NAT2 enzyme activity. IMPACT Our results suggest no interaction between NAT2 genotype and red meat intake in mediating risk of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengmeng Du
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Graham Casey
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany. Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Duggan
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - John L Hopper
- Melbourne School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine and The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Li Hsu
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mark A Jenkins
- Melbourne School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Kraft
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hongmei Nan
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Shuji Ogino
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John D Potter
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington. Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Daniela Seminara
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Emily White
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kana Wu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Andersen V, Vogel U. Interactions between meat intake and genetic variation in relation to colorectal cancer. GENES AND NUTRITION 2014; 10:448. [PMID: 25491747 PMCID: PMC4261072 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-014-0448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Meat intake is associated with the risk of colorectal cancer. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate interactions between meat intake and genetic variation in order to identify biological pathways involved in meat carcinogenesis. We performed a literature search of PubMed and Embase using “interaction”, “meat”, “polymorphisms”, and “colorectal cancer”, and data on meat–gene interactions were extracted. The studies were divided according to whether information on meat intake was collected prospectively or retrospectively. In prospective studies, interactions between meat intake and polymorphisms in PTGS2 (encoding COX-2), ABCB1, IL10, NFKB1, MSH3, XPC (Pint = 0.006, 0.01, 0.04, 0.03, 0.002, 0.01, respectively), but not IL1B, HMOX1, ABCC2, ABCG2, NR1I2 (encoding PXR), NR1H2 (encoding LXR), NAT1, NAT2, MSH6, or MLH1 in relation to CRC were found. Interaction between a polymorphism in XPC and meat was found in one prospective and one case–control study; however, the directions of the risk estimates were opposite. Thus, none of the findings were replicated. The results from this systematic review suggest that genetic variation in the inflammatory response and DNA repair pathway is involved in meat-related colorectal carcinogenesis, whereas no support for the involvement of heme and iron from meat or cooking mutagens was found. Further studies assessing interactions between meat intake and genetic variation in relation to CRC in large well-characterised prospective cohorts with relevant meat exposure are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Andersen
- Organ Center, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Aabenraa, Denmark,
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36
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Patel SAA, Bhambra U, Charalambous MP, David RM, Edwards RJ, Lightfoot T, Boobis AR, Gooderham NJ. Interleukin-6 mediated upregulation of CYP1B1 and CYP2E1 in colorectal cancer involves DNA methylation, miR27b and STAT3. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:2287-96. [PMID: 25333344 PMCID: PMC4264448 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL6) promotes colorectal cancer (CRC) development. It is also known to regulate cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, which are involved in CRC tumour initiation and promotion via activation of chemical carcinogens. Here, IL6 regulation of CYP450 expression was investigated in CRC. Methods: The effect of IL6 on CYP 1A1, 1B1 and 2E1 expression was determined in vitro using CRC cell lines HCT116 and SW480, and CYP450 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in CRC tissues previously shown to have increased levels of IL6. Results: In mechanistic studies, IL6 treatment significantly induced CYP1B1 and CYP2E1, but not CYP1A1, gene expression in HCT116 and SW480 cells. CYP2E1 expression regulation occurred via a transcriptional mechanism involving STAT3. For CYP1B1 regulation, IL6 downregulated the CYP1B1-targeting microRNA miR27b through a mechanism involving DNA methylation. In clinical samples, the expression of CYP1B1 and CYP2E1, but not CYP1A1, was significantly increased in malignant tissue overexpressing IL6 compared with matched adjacent normal tissue. Conclusions: Colonic inflammation with the presence of IL6 associated with neoplastic tissue can alter metabolic competency of epithelial cells by manipulating CYP2E1 and CYP1B1 expression through transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms. This can lead to increased activation of dietary carcinogens and DNA damage, thus promoting colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A A Patel
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - U Bhambra
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - M P Charalambous
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - R M David
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - R J Edwards
- Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - T Lightfoot
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - A R Boobis
- Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - N J Gooderham
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Ho V, Peacock S, Massey TE, Ashbury JE, Vanner SJ, King WD. Meat-derived carcinogens, genetic susceptibility and colorectal adenoma risk. GENES AND NUTRITION 2014; 9:430. [PMID: 25231222 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-014-0430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), carcinogens produced when meat is cooked at high temperatures, is an emerging risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). In a cross-sectional study of 342 patients undergoing a screening colonoscopy, the role of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) and 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx), the three most abundant HAAs found in cooked meats, and total mutagenic activity in cooked meats were examined in relation to colorectal adenoma risk. Given that genetic differences in the ability to biotransform HAAs and repair DNA are postulated to modify the HAA-CRC relationship, gene-diet interactions were also examined. Among the total study population, no relationships were observed between dietary HAAs or meat mutagenicity, and colorectal adenoma risk; however, in males, positive associations between dietary HAAs/meat mutagenicity exposures and adenoma risk were suggestive of a relationship. In a separate analysis, polymorphisms in CYP1B1 were found to be associated with colorectal adenoma risk. Additionally, gene-diet interactions were observed for dietary PhIP and polymorphisms in CYP1B1 and XPD, dietary DiMeIQx and XPD polymorphisms, and meat mutagenicity exposure and CYP1B1 polymorphisms. Overall, increased colorectal adenoma risk was observed with higher HAA/meat mutagenicity exposures among those with polymorphisms which confer greater activity to biotransform HAAs and/or lower ability to repair DNA. This research supports the link between dietary HAAs and genetic susceptibility in colorectal adenoma etiology. The vast majority of CRCs arise from colorectal adenomas; thus, the results of this study suggest that changes in meat preparation practices limiting the production of HAAs may be beneficial for CRC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikki Ho
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada,
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Helmus DS, Thompson CL, Zelenskiy S, Tucker TC, Li L. Red meat-derived heterocyclic amines increase risk of colon cancer: a population-based case-control study. Nutr Cancer 2013; 65:1141-50. [PMID: 24168237 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.834945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Formation of mutagenic heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is one pathway believed to drive the association of colon cancer with meat consumption. Limited data exist on the associations of individual HCAs and PAHs in red or white meat with colon cancer. Analyzing data from a validated meat preparation questionnaire completed by 1062 incident colon cancer cases and 1645 population controls from an ongoing case-control study, risks of colon cancer were estimated using unconditional logistic regression models, comparing the fourth to the first quartile of mutagen estimates derived from a CHARRED based food frequency questionnaire. Total dietary intake of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.44-2.44, P(trend) < 0.0001], 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) (aOR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.29-2.17, P(trend) = 0.001) and meat-derived mutagenic activity (aOR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.36-2.30, P(trend) < 0.0001) were statistically significantly associated with colon cancer risk. Meat type specific analyses revealed statistically significant associations for red meat-derived MeIQx, DiMeIQx, and mutagenic activity but not for the same mutagens derived from white meat. Our study adds evidence supporting red meat-derived, but not white-meat derived HCAs and PAHs, as an important pathway for environmental colon cancer carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew S Helmus
- a Department of Family Medicine and Community Health-Research Division and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio , USA
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Nauwelaërs G, Bellamri M, Fessard V, Turesky RJ, Langouët S. DNA adducts of the tobacco carcinogens 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole and 4-aminobiphenyl are formed at environmental exposure levels and persist in human hepatocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1367-77. [PMID: 23898916 PMCID: PMC3904354 DOI: 10.1021/tx4002226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic amines and structurally related heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are produced during the combustion of tobacco or during the high-temperature cooking of meat. Exposure to some of these chemicals may contribute to the etiology of several common types of human cancers. 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) is the most abundant HAA formed in mainstream tobacco smoke: it arises in amounts that are 25-100 times greater than the levels of the arylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), a human carcinogen. 2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) is a prevalent HAA formed in cooked meats. AαC and MeIQx are rodent carcinogens; however, their carcinogenic potency in humans is unknown. A preliminary assessment of the carcinogenic potential of these HAAs in humans was conducted by examining the capacity of primary human hepatocytes to form DNA adducts of AαC and MeIQx, in comparison to 4-ABP, followed by the kinetics of DNA adduct removal by cellular enzyme repair systems. The principal DNA adducts formed were N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl) (dG-C8) adducts. Comparable levels of DNA adducts were formed with AαC and 4-ABP, whereas adduct formation was ∼5-fold lower for MeIQx. dG-C8-AαC and dG-C8-4-ABP were formed at comparable levels in a concentration-dependent manner in human hepatocytes treated with procarcinogens over a 10,000-fold concentration range (1 nM-10 μM). Pretreatment of hepatocytes with furafylline, a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 1A2, resulted in a strong diminution of DNA adducts signifying that P450 1A2 is a major P450 isoform involved in bioactivation of these procarcinogens. The kinetics of adduct removal varied for each hepatocyte donor. Approximately half of the DNA adducts were removed within 24 h of treatment; however, the remaining lesions persisted over 5 days. The high levels of AαC present in tobacco smoke and its propensity to form persistent DNA adducts in human hepatocytes suggest that AαC can contribute to DNA damage and the risk of hepatocellular cancer in smokers.
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Ifere GO, Desmond R, Demark-Wahnefried W, Nagy TR. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism influences aggressive behavior in prostate cancer cells by deregulating cholesterol homeostasis. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1002-10. [PMID: 23934233 PMCID: PMC3829771 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High circulating cholesterol and its deregulated homeostasis may facilitate prostate cancer progression. Genetic polymorphism in Apolipoprotein (Apo) E, a key cholesterol regulatory protein may effect changes in systemic cholesterol levels. In this investigation, we determined whether variants of the Apo E gene can trigger defective intracellular cholesterol efflux, which could promote aggressive prostate cancer. ApoE genotypes of weakly (non-aggressive), moderate and highly tumorigenic (aggressive) prostate cancer cell lines were characterized, and we explored whether the ApoE variants were associated with tumor aggressiveness generated by intra cellular cholesterol imbalance, using the expression of caveolin-1 (cav-1), a pro-malignancy surrogate of cholesterol overload. Restriction isotyping of ApoE isoforms revealed that the non-aggressive cell lines carried ApoE ε3/ε3 or ε3/ε4 alleles, while the aggressive cell lines carried the Apoε2/ε4 alleles. Our data suggest a contrast between the non-aggressive and the aggressive prostate cancer cell lines in the pattern of cholesterol efflux and cav-1 expression. Our exploratory results suggest a relationship between prostate aggressiveness, ApoE isoforms and cholesterol imbalance. Further investigation of this relationship may elucidate the molecular basis for considering cholesterol as a risk factor of aggressive prostate tumors, and underscore the potential of the dysfunctional ApoE2/E4 isoform as a biomarker of aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin O Ifere
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Tang Y, Kassie F, Qian X, Ansha B, Turesky RJ. DNA adduct formation of 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole and 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline in mouse liver and extrahepatic tissues during a subchronic feeding study. Toxicol Sci 2013; 133:248-58. [PMID: 23535364 PMCID: PMC3663563 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a risk factor for cancers of the liver and gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but the causal agents responsible for these cancers are uncertain. 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) is an abundant heterocyclic aromatic amine present in tobacco smoke. AαC is a liver carcinogen and both a transgene mutagen and inducer of aberrant crypt foci in the colon of mice. We hypothesize that AαC may contribute to DNA damage and tumorigenesis in these organs of smokers. The potential of AαC to induce DNA adduct formation in liver, organs of the GI tract, lung, and urinary bladder, which are target organs of cancer in smokers, was examined using the C57BL/6 mouse as an animal model. AαC (400 or 800 ppm) and 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ) (300 ppm), a liver and colon carcinogen in C57BL/6 mice, were given in the diet for up to 12 weeks. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was employed to measure DNA adducts. The major DNA adducts of both carcinogens were identified as deoxyguanosine-C8 adducts. The levels of formation of AαC- and MeIQ-DNA adducts were similar in liver and extrahepatic tissues when adjusted for dose. The highest levels of adducts occurred in liver, followed by urinary bladder, and then in cecum and colon; lower DNA adduct levels were formed in the lung and pancreas following 12 weeks of feeding. The high levels of AαC adduct formed in liver, GI tract, and bladder of C57BL/6 mice reinforce the notion that AαC may contribute to DNA damage and cancer of these organs in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Tang
- *Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201; and
| | - Fekadu Kassie
- Masonic Cancer Center and
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Robert J. Turesky
- *Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201; and
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Meta-analyses of colorectal cancer risk factors. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:1207-22. [PMID: 23563998 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Demographic, behavioral, and environmental factors have been associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We reviewed the published evidence and explored associations between risk factors and CRC incidence. METHODS We identified 12 established non-screening CRC risk factors and performed a comprehensive review and meta-analyses to quantify each factor's impact on CRC risk. We used random-effects models of the logarithms of risks across studies: inverse-variance weighted averages for dichotomous factors and generalized least squares for dose-response for multi-level factors. RESULTS Significant risk factors include inflammatory bowel disease (RR = 2.93, 95 % CI 1.79-4.81); CRC history in first-degree relative (RR = 1.80, 95 % CI 1.61-2.02); body mass index (BMI) to overall population (RR = 1.10 per 8 kg/m(2) increase, 95 % CI 1.08-1.12); physical activity (RR = 0.88, 95 % CI 0.86-0.91 for 2 standard deviations increased physical activity score); cigarette smoking (RR = 1.06, 95 % CI 1.03-1.08 for 5 pack-years); and consumption of red meat (RR = 1.13, 95 % CI 1.09-1.16 for 5 servings/week), fruit (RR = 0.85, 95 % CI 0.75-0.96 for 3 servings/day), and vegetables (RR = 0.86, 95 % CI 0.78-0.94 for 5 servings/day). CONCLUSIONS We developed a comprehensive risk modeling strategy that incorporates multiple effects to predict an individual's risk of developing CRC. Inflammatory bowel disease and history of CRC in first-degree relatives are associated with much higher risk of CRC. Increased BMI, red meat intake, cigarette smoking, low physical activity, low vegetable consumption, and low fruit consumption were associated with moderately increased risk of CRC.
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Fu Z, Shrubsole MJ, Li G, Smalley WE, Hein DW, Cai Q, Ness RM, Zheng W. Interaction of cigarette smoking and carcinogen-metabolizing polymorphisms in the risk of colorectal polyps. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:779-86. [PMID: 23299405 PMCID: PMC3616674 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The causal role of cigarette smoking in the risk of colorectal neoplasm has been suggested but not established. In a case-control study including 2060 colorectal polyp patients and 3336 polyp-free controls, we evaluated 21 functional genetic variants to construct a tobacco-carcinogen-metabolizing genetic risk score. Data regarding cigarette smoking were obtained through telephone interviews. Cigarette smoking was associated with an elevated risk of both adenomas and hyperplastic polyps. The association with smoking was stronger in participants with a high carcinogen-metabolizing risk score than those with a low risk score. Smoking 30 or more cigarettes per day was associated with a 1.7-fold elevated risk of any polyps (95% confidence interval = 1.3-2.2) among those with a low genetic risk score and 2.9-fold elevated risk (95% confidence interval = 1.8-4.8) among those with a high genetic risk score (P interaction = 0.025). A similar pattern of interaction was observed in analyses conducted separately for those with adenomas only (P interaction = 0.039) and hyperplastic polyps only (P interaction = 0.024). Interaction between carcinogen-metabolizing genetic risk and cigarette smoking was found in relation to high-risk adenomas (P interaction = 0.010) but not low-risk adenomas (P interaction = 0.791). No apparent interaction was found for duration of smoking. This study shows that the association between cigarette smoking and colorectal polyp risk is modified by tobacco-carcinogen-metabolizing polymorphisms, providing support for a causal role of cigarette smoking in the etiology of colorectal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Fu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Martha J. Shrubsole
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Guoliang Li
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Walter E. Smalley
- VA Tennessee Valley Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA and
| | - David W. Hein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Reid M. Ness
- VA Tennessee Valley Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA and
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Voutsinas J, Wilkens LR, Franke A, Vogt TM, Yokochi LA, Decker R, Le Marchand L. Heterocyclic amine intake, smoking, cytochrome P450 1A2 and N-acetylation phenotypes, and risk of colorectal adenoma in a multiethnic population. Gut 2013; 62:416-22. [PMID: 22628494 PMCID: PMC4491437 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heterocyclic amines (HAA) are animal carcinogens that are present in meat cooked at high temperature and in tobacco smoke. These compounds require activation by cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) and N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) before they can damage DNA. This study tested the hypotheses that well-done meat and cigarette smoking increase the risk of adenoma, the precursor to most colorectal cancers, especially in individuals with rapid CYP1A2 and rapid NAT2 activities. DESIGN An endoscopy-based case-control study of adenoma was conducted among Caucasians, Japanese and native Hawaiians to test this hypothesis. The overall diet and consumption of well-done meat cooked by various high-temperature methods were assessed by interview in 1016 patients with a first adenoma and 1355 controls with a normal endoscopy. A caffeine test was used to assess CYP1A2 and NAT2 activities in 635 cases and 845 controls. Logistic regression was used to account for matching factors and potential confounders. RESULTS Smoking was associated with an increased risk of adenoma. Weak non-significant elevated OR were observed for the main effects of HAA intakes or NAT2 activity. However, the combined effects of HAA intakes and NAT2 activity were statistically significant. Subjects in both the upper tertiles of NAT2 activity and HAA intake were at increased risk of adenoma compared with subjects in the lower tertiles of NAT2 activity and exposure (2-amino-3,4,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline intake OR 1.70, 95% CI I 1.06 to 2.75; 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline intake OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.16 to 3.16; and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine intake OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.31 to 3.49). CONCLUSION The data suggest that rapid N-acetylators with high HAA intake may be at increased risk of adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adrian Franke
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | | | - Lance A Yokochi
- Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Andersen V, Holst R, Vogel U. Systematic review: diet-gene interactions and the risk of colorectal cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:383-91. [PMID: 23216531 PMCID: PMC3565452 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet contributes significantly to colorectal cancer (CRC) aetiology and may be potentially modifiable. AIM To review diet-gene interactions, aiming to further the understanding of the underlying biological pathways in CRC development. METHODS The PubMed and Medline were systematically searched for prospective studies in relation to diet, colorectal cancer and genetics. RESULTS In a meta-analysis, no interaction between NAT1 phenotypes and meat intake in relation to risk of CRC was found (P-value for interaction 0.95). We found a trend towards interaction between NAT2 phenotypes and meat intake in relation to risk of CRC. High meat intake was not associated with risk of CRC among carriers of the slow NAT2 phenotype, whereas NAT2 fast acetylators with high meat intake were at increased risk of CRC (OR = 1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92-2.01) compared with slow acetylators with low meat intake (reference), P-value for interaction = 0.07. Low meat intake in the studied populations may influence the result. Interactions between meat, cruciferous vegetables, fibres, calcium, vitamins, and alcohol and ABCB1, NFKB1, GSTM1, GSTT1, CCND1, VDR, MGTM, IL10 and PPARG are suggested. CONCLUSIONS A number of interactions between genetic variation and diet are suggested, but the findings need replication in independent, prospective, and well-characterised cohorts before conclusions regarding the underlying biological mechanisms can be reached. When the above criteria are met, studies on diet-gene interactions may contribute valuable insight into the biological mechanisms underlying the role of various dietary items in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Andersen
- Medical Department, Hospital of Southern JutlandAabenraa, Denmark,Institute of Regional Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern DenmarkOdense, Denmark,Medical Department, RHV ViborgViborg, Denmark
| | - R Holst
- Institute of Regional Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern DenmarkOdense, Denmark
| | - U Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working EnvironmentCopenhagen, Denmark
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Turesky RJ, Liu L, Gu D, Yonemori KM, White KK, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L. Biomonitoring the cooked meat carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine in hair: impact of exposure, hair pigmentation, and cytochrome P450 1A2 phenotype. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:356-64. [PMID: 23329727 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair is a promising tissue to assess exposure to 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), a carcinogen formed in cooked meats. However, an understanding of how dietary exposure to PhIP, cytochrome P450 1A2 activity-a key enzyme involved in PhIP metabolism, and hair pigmentation affect the level of PhIP accrued in hair is required to determine the reliability of the PhIP hair level as a biomarker of exposure to this carcinogen. METHODS We examined the impact of PhIP exposure, cytochrome P450 1A2 activity, and hair pigmentation on the levels of PhIP accumulated in the hair of volunteers on a 4-week semicontrolled diet of cooked meat containing known quantities of PhIP. RESULTS The amount of PhIP in hair increased, on average, 15-fold in light- and dark-haired individuals during consumption of cooked meat. PhIP levels in hair were correlated to PhIP intake (ρ = 0.53; P < 0.001), and the relationship was strengthened when PhIP levels were normalized for the melanin content of hair (ρ = 0.71; P < 0.001). However, PhIP accrual in hair was not correlated to cytochrome P450 1A2 activity, as assessed by the caffeine test, or to the levels of unmetabolized PhIP in urine or to the metabolic ratio of the major urinary metabolite N(2)-(β-1-glucosiduronyl-2-(hydroxyamino)-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine to unmetabolized PhIP. CONCLUSIONS The use of the PhIP hair biomarker should take hair pigmentation into account for accurate exposure assessment of PhIP. IMPACT PhIP hair levels can serve as a biomarker in epidemiologic studies investigating the association of heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA), cooked meat, and cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Turesky
- Corresponding Authors: Robert J. Turesky, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY 12201, USA.
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Friedman A, Lee C. Producing knowledge about racial differences: tracing scientists' use of "race" and "ethnicity" from grants to articles. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2013; 41:720-732. [PMID: 24088163 DOI: 10.1111/jlme.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The research and publication practices by which scientists produce biomedical knowledge about race and ethnicity remain largely unexamined, and most of the existing research looks at the knowledge production process at a single point in time. In light of this, we specifically focus on the questions of whether and in what ways researchers' discussions of race and ethnicity change over the course of the research process by comparing grant proposals to published articles. Using content analysis, we investigated the use of race and ethnicity in 72 grants funded by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health between 1990 and 1999 and 144 matched articles published between 1996 and 2010, tracing the production of biomedical knowledge from study design to published findings. This is also the first study to look at whether the NIH Inclusion Mandate, which went into effect in June of 1994, changed the way investigators research and write about racial and ethnic differences. In following this knowledge production process, we explore how scientists "deliver" on their research proposal goals. In addition, we provide insight into whether and how state policies directed at guiding research practices can shape output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asia Friedman
- Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice at the University of Delaware. Associate Professor of sociology and a faculty associate at the Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research at Rutgers University
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Miller PE, Lazarus P, Lesko SM, Cross AJ, Sinha R, Laio J, Zhu J, Harper G, Muscat JE, Hartman TJ. Meat-related compounds and colorectal cancer risk by anatomical subsite. Nutr Cancer 2013; 65:202-26. [PMID: 23441608 PMCID: PMC3584417 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.756534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since meat may be involved in the etiology of colorectal cancer, associations between meat-related compounds were examined to elucidate underlying mechanisms in a population-based case-control study. Participants (989 cases/1,033 healthy controls) completed a food frequency questionnaire with a meat-specific module. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations between meat variables and colorectal cancer; polytomous logistic regression was used for subsite-specific analyses. The following significant positive associations were observed for meat-related compounds: 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) and colorectal, distal colon, and rectal tumors; 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) and colorectal and colon cancer tumors; nitrites/nitrates and proximal colon cancer; 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and rectal cancer; and benzo[a]pyrene and rectal cancer (P-trends < 0.05). For analyses by meat type, cooking method, and doneness preference, positive associations between red processed meat and proximal colon cancer and pan-fried red meat and colorectal cancer were found (P-trends < 0.05). Inverse associations were observed between unprocessed poultry and colorectal, colon, proximal colon, and rectal tumors; grilled/barbequed poultry and proximal colon cancer; and well-done/charred poultry and colorectal, colon, and proximal colon tumors (P-trends < 0.05). HCAs, PAHs, nitrites, and nitrates may be involved in colorectal cancer etiology. Further examination into the unexpected inverse associations between poultry and colorectal cancer is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Miller
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Fu Z, Shrubsole MJ, Li G, Smalley WE, Hein DW, Chen Z, Shyr Y, Cai Q, Ness RM, Zheng W. Using gene-environment interaction analyses to clarify the role of well-done meat and heterocyclic amine exposure in the etiology of colorectal polyps. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:1119-28. [PMID: 23015320 PMCID: PMC3471199 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.040345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of well-done meat intake and meat-derived mutagen heterocyclic amine (HCA) exposure in the risk of colorectal neoplasm has been suggested but not yet established. OBJECTIVE With the use of gene-environment interaction analyses, we sought to clarify the association of HCA exposure with colorectal polyp risk. DESIGN In a case-control study including 2057 colorectal polyp patients and 3329 controls, we evaluated 16 functional genetic variants to construct an HCA-metabolizing score. To derive dietary HCA-exposure amount, data were collected regarding dietary intake of meat by cooking method and degree of doneness. RESULTS A 2-fold elevated risk associated with high red meat intake was found for colorectal polyps or adenomas in subjects with a high HCA-metabolizing risk score, whereas the risk was 1.3- to 1.4-fold among those with a low risk score (P-interaction ≤ 0.05). The interaction was stronger for the risk of advanced or multiple adenomas, in which an OR of 2.8 (95% CI: 1.8, 4.6) was observed for those with both a high HCA-risk score and high red meat intake (P-interaction = 0.01). No statistically significant interaction was found in analyses that used specific HCA exposure derived from dietary data. CONCLUSION High red meat intake is associated with an elevated risk of colorectal polyps, and this association may be synergistically modified by genetic factors involved in HCA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Fu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
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