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Martínez LE, Ibarrondo J, Guo Y, Penichet ML, Epeldegui M. Follicular CD8+ T Cells Are Elevated in HIV Infection and Induce PD-L1 on B Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:33-39. [PMID: 36445393 PMCID: PMC9840893 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Follicular CD8+CXCR5+ T cells are a specialized CD8+ T cell subset with unique follicular-homing capabilities that have been reported to display effector functions in viral immunity, tumor immunity, and autoimmunity. CD8+CXCR5+ T cells exhibit B cell helper functions and express CD40L, ICOS, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and BCL-6, the transcriptional regulator of CD4+CXCR5+ T follicular helper cells and of germinal center B cells. HIV is known to be sequestered in lymphoid follicles, and CD8+CXCR5+ T cell frequency is a marker for disease severity, given that HIV-infected patients with lower numbers of circulating CD8+CXCR5+ T cells display lower CD4+ T cell counts. Likewise, several groups have reported a direct correlation between the quantity of CD8+CXCR5+ T cells and suppression of HIV viral load. In this study, we observed elevated absolute numbers of CD8+CXCR5+ and CD8+CXCR5+BCL-6+PD-1+ T cells in the blood of HIV-infected participants of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. We further demonstrated in vitro that activated human CD8+CXCR5+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood and tonsil from healthy donors show increased CD40L expression and induce the production of PD ligand 1 (PD-L1)+IgG+ B cells. Moreover, absolute numbers of CD8+CXCR5+ T cells significantly and positively correlated with numbers of PD-L1+ B cells found in blood of HIV-infected individuals. Altogether, these results show that activated CD8+CXCR5+ T cells have the ability to activate B cells and increase the percentage of PD-L1+ and PD-L1+IgG+ B cells, which provides insights into the early events of B cell activation and differentiation and may play a role in disease progression and lymphomagenesis in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Martínez
- AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Yu Guo
- AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Manuel L. Penichet
- AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Marta Epeldegui
- AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
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Chatzis L, Goules AV, Stergiou IE, Voulgarelis M, Tzioufas AG, Kapsogeorgou EK. Serum, but Not Saliva, CXCL13 Levels Associate With Infiltrating CXCL13+ Cells in the Minor Salivary Gland Lesions and Other Histologic Parameters in Patients With Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705079. [PMID: 34484201 PMCID: PMC8416055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that elevated CXCL13 serum levels in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) associate with minor salivary gland (MSG) histologic features, disease severity, as well as high-risk status for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) development and NHL itself. In contrast, limited discriminative value of CXCL13 saliva levels has been reported. Prompt by these reports, we sought to validate the clinical utility of CXCL13 by investigating potential correlations of serum and saliva levels with MSG histopathologic [including CXCL13+-cell number, severity of infiltrates and germinal center (GC) formation], serologic and clinical parameters, as well as NHL. CXCL13 levels were evaluated in paired serum and saliva specimens of 45 pSS patients (15 with NHL; pSS-associated NHL: SSL), 11 sicca-controls (sicca-complaining individuals with negative MSG biopsy and negative autoantibody profile), 10 healthy individuals (healthy-controls) and 6 non-SS-NHLs. CXCL13+-cells were measured in paired MSG-tissues of 22 of pSS patients studied (including 7 SSLs) and all sicca-controls. CXCL13 serum levels were significantly increased in pSS and SSL patients compared to sicca- and healthy-controls and were positively correlated with the CXCL13+-cell number and biopsy focus-score. Serum CXCL13 was significantly higher in pSS patients with GCs, rheumatoid factor, hypocomplementemia, high disease activity, NHL and in high-risk patients for NHL development. CXCL13 saliva levels were significantly increased in SSL patients (compared to non-SS-NHLs), patients with GCs and in high-risk for NHL patients. Univariate analysis revealed that CXCL13 serum, but not saliva, levels were associated with lymphoma, an association that did not survive multivariate analysis. Conclusively, our findings confirm that serum, but not saliva, levels of CXCL13 are associated with histologic, serologic and clinical features indicative of more severe pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukas Chatzis
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Autoimmune Systemic and Neurological Diseases, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas V Goules
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Autoimmune Systemic and Neurological Diseases, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna E Stergiou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Autoimmune Systemic and Neurological Diseases, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Voulgarelis
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Autoimmune Systemic and Neurological Diseases, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Tzioufas
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Autoimmune Systemic and Neurological Diseases, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathia K Kapsogeorgou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Autoimmune Systemic and Neurological Diseases, Athens, Greece
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Martínez LE, Lensing S, Chang D, Magpantay LI, Mitsuyasu R, Ambinder RF, Sparano JA, Martínez-Maza O, Epeldegui M. Immune Activation and Microbial Translocation as Prognostic Biomarkers for AIDS-Related Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in the AMC-034 Study. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:4642-4651. [PMID: 34131000 PMCID: PMC8364886 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-4167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma (ARL) is the most common cancer in HIV-infected individuals in the United States and other countries in which HIV-positive persons have access to effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Our prior work showed that pretreatment/postdiagnosis plasma levels of some cytokines, such as IL6, IL10, and CXCL13, have the potential to serve as indicators of clinical response to treatment and survival in ARL. The aims of this study were to identify novel prognostic biomarkers for response to treatment and/or survival in persons with ARL, including biomarkers of microbial translocation and inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We quantified plasma levels of several biomarkers (sCD14, LBP, FABP2, EndoCab IgM, IL18, CCL2/MCP-1, sCD163, IP-10/CXCL10, TARC/CCL17, TNFα, BAFF/BLyS, sTNFRII, sCD44, and sIL2Rα/sCD25) by multiplexed immunometric assays (Luminex) or ELISA in plasma specimens obtained from ARL patients enrolled in the AMC-034 trial, which compared infusional combination chemotherapy (EPOCH: etoposide, vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone) with concurrent or sequential rituximab. Plasma was collected prior to the initiation of therapy (n = 57) and after treatment initiation (n = 55). RESULTS We found that several biomarkers decreased significantly after treatment, including TNFα, sCD25, LBP, and TARC (CCL17). Moreover, pretreatment plasma levels of BAFF, sCD14, sTNFRII, and CCL2/MCP-1 were univariately associated with overall survival, and pretreatment levels of BAFF, sTNFRII, and CCL2/MCP-1 were also associated with progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that patients with ARL who responded to therapy had lower pretreatment levels of inflammation and microbial translocation as compared with those who did not respond optimally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Martínez
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shelly Lensing
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Di Chang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Larry I Magpantay
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ronald Mitsuyasu
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Richard F Ambinder
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph A Sparano
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Marta Epeldegui
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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Hussain SK, Golozar A, Widney DP, Rappocciolo G, Penugonda S, Bream JH, Martínez-Maza O, Jacobson LP. Effect of Statin Use on Inflammation and Immune Activation Biomarkers in HIV-Infected Persons on Effective Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:357-367. [PMID: 33238713 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune activation and inflammation are hallmarks of chronic HIV infection and are etiologically linked to major causes of morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected persons, including coronary artery disease and cancer. Systemic immune activation is dampened, but not resolved, with use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Statins are cardioprotective drugs that also appear to have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. We sought to understand the association between statin use, cART, and levels of circulating immune markers in a longitudinal cohort study. From 2004 to 2009, statin use was ascertained in male participants of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Twenty-four circulating markers of immune activation and inflammation were measured in archived serial samples from a subset of cohort members using multiplex assays. Propensity-adjusted generalized gamma models were used to compare biomarkers' distributions by statin use, and multivariable linear regression models were used to assess the effect of initiating statin on these biomarkers. Overall, 1,031 cART-exposed individuals with HIV infection were included in this study. Statin use was reported by 31.5% of cART-exposed participants. Compared to nonstatin users on cART, statin users on cART had lower levels of IP-10, IL-10, and IL-12p70, and the effect of statin use was decreased in participants using lipophilic statins (atorvastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, or lovastatin); these results were statistically significant (p < .05). Among cART users not on aspirin, starting statins decreased levels of high sensitivity c-reactive protein (hsCRP), IL-12p70, and IL-6. Statin therapy is associated with reduced levels of certain biomarkers of immune activation and inflammation in cART users, which may contribute to a lower burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehnaz K. Hussain
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Asieh Golozar
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel P. Widney
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Giovanna Rappocciolo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sudhir Penugonda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jay H. Bream
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lisa P. Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Makgoeng SB, Bolanos RS, Jeon CY, Weiss RE, Arah OA, Breen EC, Martínez-Maza O, Hussain SK. Markers of Immune Activation and Inflammation, and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2019; 2:pky082. [PMID: 30873511 PMCID: PMC6400235 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pky082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic inflammation and immune activation are reported to play a key role in the etiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We conducted a meta-analysis on the associations between prediagnosis circulating levels of immune stimulatory markers, interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), CXCL13, soluble CD23 (sCD23), sCD27, sCD30, and the risk of NHL. Methods Relevant studies were identified from PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to January 1, 2017. We calculated summary odds ratio (OR) estimates for the association between one natural log increase in concentration of each biomarker and NHL using random-effects models for NHL as a composite outcome and for several histological subtypes of NHL. Results Seventeen nested case control studies were included. Elevated levels of several biomarkers were more strongly associated with increased odds of NHL: TNF-α, OR = 1.18 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04 to 1.34); CXCL13, OR = 1.47 (95% CI = 1.03 to 2.08); sCD23, OR = 1.57 (95% CI = 1.21 to 2.05); sCD27, OR = 2.18 (95% CI = 1.20 to 3.98); sCD30, OR = 1.65 (95% CI = 1.22 to 2.22). In stratified analyses, IL-6, TNF-α, sCD27, and sCD30 were more strongly associated with NHL in HIV-infected individuals compared to HIV-uninfected individuals. Between-study heterogeneity was observed across multiple biomarkers for overall NHL and by subtypes. Conclusion This meta-analysis provides evidence that elevated circulating levels of TNF-α, CXCL13, sCD23, sCD27, and sCD30 are consistently associated with an increased risk of NHL, suggesting the potential utility of these biomarkers in population risk stratification and prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon B Makgoeng
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA
| | - Rachel S Bolanos
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA
| | - Christie Y Jeon
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA.,Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Robert E Weiss
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Onyebuchi A Arah
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA
| | - Elizabeth C Breen
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA.,Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shehnaz K Hussain
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA.,Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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Flepisi BT, Bouic P, Sissolak G, Rosenkranz B. B-cell and T-cell activation in South African HIV-1-positive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients. South Afr J HIV Med 2018; 19:809. [PMID: 30473875 PMCID: PMC6244198 DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v19i1.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Altered immune mechanisms play a critical role in the pathogenesis of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). HIV-1 (HIV) infection is associated with a state of excessive T-cell activation, which can lead to increased T-cell turnover and lymph node fibrosis. Objectives This study aimed to determine the serum levels of circulating B-cell activation markers, and the expression of T-cell activation and regulatory markers in HIV-positive NHL patients. Method The serum levels of circulating soluble(s) sCD20, sCD23, sCD27, sCD30 and sCD44 molecules, all of which are biomarkers of B-cell activation, were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), while biomarkers of T-cell activation (CD8+CD38+) and regulation (FoxP3) were determined by flow cytometry in 141 subjects who were divided into five groups: Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve HIV-positive patients; ART-treated HIV-positive patients; HIV-negative NHL patients; HIV-positive NHL patients on ART; and healthy controls. Results HIV-positive NHL patients had significantly higher serum levels of sCD20, sCD23, sCD30 and sCD44 than HIV-negative NHL patients, while all five biomarkers were significantly elevated in HIV-positive NHL patients when compared with ART-treated HIV-positive patients. HIV-positive NHL patients had higher CD8+CD38+ and lower FoxP3 expression than HIV-negative NHL and ART-treated HIV-positive patients. Conclusion B-cell activation is increased in HIV-positive NHL patients and is associated with reduced regulatory T-cell populations and increased CD8+ T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Flepisi
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Patrick Bouic
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Sissolak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Haematology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Bernd Rosenkranz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
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Elevated soluble CD23 level indicates increased risk of B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: evidence from a meta-analysis. Ann Hematol 2018; 97:1317-1325. [PMID: 29750316 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-018-3349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether circulating soluble CD23 (sCD23) was associated with B cells non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-NHL). PubMed, EMBASE, and ISI Web of Science were extensively searched without language restriction. Data was extracted in a standardized data collection sheet after two reviewers scanned studies independently. The association between sCD23 and NHL was indicated as odds ratio (OR) along with its related 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Meta-analysis was conducted via RevMan 5.3. A total of five studies, which included 964 B-NHL patients and 1243 matched controls without B-NHL, among which 257 were HIV-positive donors and 986 were general controls, were included in our study. Meta-analysis revealed a significant association between peripheral sCD23 level and B-NHL in HIV-positive samples (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.25, 2.20; P = 0.0005) as well as the general population (OR 2.51; 95% CI 1.71, 3.86; P < 0.00001). Meta-analysis, stratified by sampling time prior to diagnosis, indicated potential HIV-NHL patients are 2.34-folds more likely to have higher blood sCD23 level, although this association is statistically meaningful only during 3-5 years prior to diagnosis (95% CI 1.27, 4.33). Subgroup analysis based on B-NHL type demonstrated a significant association between sCD23 level and diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and follicular lymphoma (FL). The findings of our study indicate a positive association of circulating sCD23 level and B-NHL risks and highlight the possibility of sCD23 as a predictive marker of B-NHL. However, to better understand the underlying mechanism, further studies are needed.
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Predictive value of galectin-1 in the development and progression of HIV-associated lymphoma. AIDS 2017; 31:2311-2313. [PMID: 28991028 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Späth F, Wibom C, Krop EJM, Johansson AS, Bergdahl IA, Vermeulen R, Melin B. Biomarker Dynamics in B-cell Lymphoma: A Longitudinal Prospective Study of Plasma Samples Up to 25 Years before Diagnosis. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1408-1415. [PMID: 28108506 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The B-cell activation markers CXCL13, sCD23, sCD27, and sCD30 are associated with future lymphoma risk. However, a lack of information about the individual dynamics of marker-disease association hampers interpretation. In this study, we identified 170 individuals who had donated two prediagnostic blood samples before B-cell lymphoma diagnosis, along with 170 matched cancer-free controls from the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study. Lymphoma risk associations were investigated by subtype and marker levels measured at baseline, at the time of the repeated sample, and with the rate of change in the marker level. Notably, we observed strong associations between CXCL13, sCD23, sCD27, and sCD30 and lymphoma risk in blood samples collected 15 to 25 years before diagnosis. B-cell activation marker levels increased among future lymphoma cases over time, while remaining stable among controls. Associations between slope and risk were strongest for indolent lymphoma subtypes. We noted a marked association of sCD23 with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (ORSlope = 28, Ptrend = 7.279 × 10-10). Among aggressive lymphomas, the association between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma risk and slope was restricted to CXCL13. B-cell activation seemed to play a role in B-cell lymphoma development at early stages across different subtypes. Furthermore, B-cell activation presented differential trajectories in future lymphoma patients, mainly driven by indolent subtypes. Our results suggest a utility of these markers in predicting the presence of early occult disease and/or the screening and monitoring of indolent lymphoma in individual patients. Cancer Res; 77(6); 1408-15. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Späth
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Carl Wibom
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Esmeralda J M Krop
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Beatrice Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Peckham-Gregory EC, Thapa DR, Martinson J, Duggal P, Penugonda S, Bream JH, Chang PY, Dandekar S, Chang SC, Detels R, Martínez-Maza O, Zhang ZF, Hussain SK. MicroRNA-related polymorphisms and non-Hodgkin lymphoma susceptibility in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol 2016; 45:47-57. [PMID: 27701053 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs, small non-coding RNAs involved in gene regulation, are implicated in lymphomagenesis. We evaluated whether genetic variations in microRNA coding regions, binding sites, or biogenesis genes (collectively referred to as miRNA-SNPs) were associated with risk of AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma (AIDS-NHL), and serum levels of four lymphoma-related microRNAs. METHODS Twenty-five miRNA-SNPs were genotyped in 180 AIDS-NHL cases and 529 HIV-infected matched controls from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), and real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify serum microRNA levels. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) estimated using conditional logistic regression evaluated associations between miRNA-SNPs and AIDS-NHL risk. A semi-Bayes shrinkage approach was employed to reduce likelihood of false-positive associations. Adjusted mean ratios (MR) calculated using linear regression assessed associations between miRNA-SNPs and serum microRNA levels. RESULTS DDX20 rs197412, a non-synonymous miRNA biogenesis gene SNP, was associated with AIDS-NHL risk (OR=1.34 per minor allele; 95% CI: 1.02-1.75), and higher miRNA-222 serum levels nearing statistical significance (MR=1.21 per minor allele; 95% CI: 0.98-1.49). MiRNA-196a2 rs11614913 was associated with decreased central nervous system (CNS) AIDS-NHL (CT vs. CC OR=0.52; 95% CI: 0.27-0.99). The minor allele of HIF1A rs2057482, which creates a miRNA-196a2 binding site, was associated with systemic AIDS-NHL risk (OR=1.73 per minor allele; 95% CI: 1.12-2.67), and decreased CNS AIDS-NHL risk (OR=0.49 per minor allele; 95% CI: 0.25-0.94). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a few miRNA-SNPs are associated with AIDS-NHL risk and may modulate miRNA expression. These results support a role for miRNA in AIDS-NHL and may highlight pathways to be targeted for risk stratification or therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Peckham-Gregory
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Box 951772, 71-267 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA.
| | - Dharma R Thapa
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Box 951740, 153 BSRB, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740, USA
| | - Jeremy Martinson
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 403 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room E6539, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sudhir Penugonda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 645 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 900, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jay H Bream
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room E5624, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Po-Yin Chang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Box 951772, 71-267 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
| | - Sugandha Dandekar
- The UCLA Genotyping and Sequencing Core, Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CHS 36-125, 650 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shen-Chih Chang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Box 951772, 71-267 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
| | - Roger Detels
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Box 951772, 71-267 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Box 951772, 71-267 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Box 951740, 153 BSRB, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Box 951740, 153 BSRB, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA, Box 951740, 153 BSRB, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740, USA
| | - Zuo-Feng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Box 951772, 71-267 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
| | - Shehnaz K Hussain
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Box 951772, 71-267 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA; Department of Medicine and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, West Hollywood, CA 90048, USA
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11
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Proteomic profiling of pretreatment serum from HIV-infected patients identifies candidate markers predictive of lymphoma development. AIDS 2016; 30:1889-98. [PMID: 27177314 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-infected individuals have an increased risk of developing lymphoma. We sought to identify markers predictive of lymphoma development by comparing protein expression patterns in serum obtained at the time of HIV diagnosis from patients who later developed malignant lymphoma or benign lymphadenopathy, with samples from patients with no subsequent history of neoplasia. DESIGN All patients were identified retrospectively from the Danish HIV cohort. METHODS Serum samples (N = 21), obtained at time of HIV diagnosis, were subjected to high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A tissue microarray, containing diagnostic HIV-lymphoma tissue samples (N = 40), was used to investigate immunohistochemical expression of markers in tumoural lesions. RESULTS Fourteen differentially expressed protein spots were detected. Using principal components analysis, spots containing immunoglobulin J chain, apolipoprotein A-I, procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer-1 and complement C4-A were associated with lymphoma development (P < 0.0001). Serum amyloid A-2 was increased almost 10-fold in patients with subsequent lymphoma compared with patients without subsequent lymphoma. In the tissue microarray, amyloid A was widely expressed, and high expression showed a tendency towards inferior outcome (log-rank 0.073). CONCLUSION We identified several differentially expressed protein spots present already at the time of HIV diagnosis. Analysis of biological differences correlating to lymphoma development at this early stage of a possible malignant transformation may lead to the identification of predictive markers. Further investigation of the potential clinical application of differentially expressed proteins as risk stratification markers for monitoring HIV-positive individuals is warranted.
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12
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Hosnijeh FS, Portengen L, Späth F, Bergdahl IA, Melin B, Mattiello A, Masala G, Sacerdote C, Naccarati A, Krogh V, Tumino R, Chadeau-Hyam M, Vineis P, Vermeulen R. Soluble B-cell activation marker of sCD27 and sCD30 and future risk of B-cell lymphomas: A nested case-control study and meta-analyses. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:2357-67. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Saberi Hosnijeh
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Lutzen Portengen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florentin Späth
- Department of Radiation Sciences; Oncology, Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Ingvar A. Bergdahl
- Department of Biobank Research; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Beatrice Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences; Oncology, Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Amalia Mattiello
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery; Federico II University; Naples Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit; Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-ISPO; Florence Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, AO Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza; University of Turin and Center for Cancer Prevention; Turin Italy
| | - Alessio Naccarati
- Unit of Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology; Human Genetics Foundation-HUGEF; Turin Italy
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori; Milan Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit; “CIVIC-M.P.AREZZO” Hospital; ASP Ragusa Italy
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health; Imperial College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Unit of Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology; Human Genetics Foundation-HUGEF; Turin Italy
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health; Imperial College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health; Imperial College London; London United Kingdom
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13
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Epeldegui M, Lee JY, Martínez AC, Widney DP, Magpantay LI, Regidor D, Mitsuyasu R, Sparano JA, Ambinder RF, Martínez-Maza O. Predictive Value of Cytokines and Immune Activation Biomarkers in AIDS-Related Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treated with Rituximab plus Infusional EPOCH (AMC-034 trial). Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:328-36. [PMID: 26384320 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study were to determine whether pretreatment plasma levels of cytokines and immune activation-associated molecules changed following treatment for AIDS-NHL with rituximab plus infusional EPOCH, and to determine whether pretreatment levels of these molecules were associated with response to treatment and/or survival. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We quantified plasma levels of B-cell activation-associated molecules (sCD27, sCD30, and sCD23) and cytokines (IL6, IL10, and CXCL13) before and after the initiation of treatment in persons with AIDS-NHL (n = 69) in the AIDS Malignancies Consortium (AMC) 034 study, which evaluated treatment of AIDS-NHL with EPOCH chemotherapy and rituximab. RESULTS Treatment resulted in decreased plasma levels of some of these molecules (CXCL13, sCD27, and sCD30), with decreased levels persisting for one year following the completion of treatment. Lower levels of CXCL13 before treatment were associated with complete responses following lymphoma therapy. Elevated levels of IL6 pretreatment were associated with decreased overall survival, whereas higher IL10 levels were associated with shorter progression-free survival (PFS), in multivariate analyses. Furthermore, patients with CXCL13 or IL6 levels higher than the median levels for the NHL group, as well as those who had detectable IL10, had lower overall survival and PFS, in Kaplan-Meier analyses. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that CXCL13, IL6, and IL10 have significant potential as prognostic biomarkers for AIDS-NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Epeldegui
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California. UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California. Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeannette Y Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arizona
| | - Anna C Martínez
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel P Widney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California. UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Larry I Magpantay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California. UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California. Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Deborah Regidor
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California. Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ronald Mitsuyasu
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California. Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, California. Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arizona
| | - Joseph A Sparano
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Richard F Ambinder
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California. UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California. Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, California. Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
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14
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Dysregulated B-cell TLR2 expression and elevated regulatory B-cell frequency precede the diagnosis of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma. AIDS 2015; 29:1659-64. [PMID: 26372276 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated patients, to determine if AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma (AIDS-NHL) is preceded by: elevated frequency of potentially malignant abnormal activated/germinal center-like B cells, elevated serum prevalence of B-cell stimulatory Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands resulting from HIV infection-associated microbial translocation, dysregulated B-cell TLR expression/signaling, and perturbations in the frequency of immunoregulatory cells. DESIGN A case-control study nested with a cohort study of HIV-infected women. METHODS Prediagnostic AIDS-NHL cases (n = 12, collected 1-12 months before diagnosis) and controls (n = 42) from the Women's Interagency HIV Study cohort, were matched for HIV and ART status, age, race, and CD4 lymphocyte count. Serum levels of TLR ligands, the prevalence of malignancy-associated abnormal activated/germinal center-like (CD19CD10CD71CD86AID) B cells, TLR2 expression on B cells, expression of TLR2-modulating micro-RNA, and the frequency of regulatory T and B cells were assessed. RESULTS Diagnosis of AIDS-NHL was preceded by a significantly elevated frequency of activated/germinal center-like CD19CD10CD71CD86AID B cells (P = 0.0072), elevated serum prevalence of the TLR2 ligand, and significantly elevated B-cell TLR2 expression (P = 0.0015), positively correlating with the frequency of activated/germinal center-like B cells (rho = 0.7273, P = 0.0144). In cases, a purified subset of activated/germinal center-like B cells exhibited decreased expression of microRNAs that modulate TLR2 signaling, including miR-21, 146a, 146b, and 155. Finally, cases also exhibited significantly elevated frequencies of antitumor immunity inhibitory regulatory B cells (P = 0.0024), but not regulatory T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that increased microbial translocation and dysregulated TLR expression/signaling, coupled with an elevated frequency of regulatory B cells, precede the diagnosis of AIDS-NHL in HIV-infected ART-treated patients.
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15
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Bachegowda LS, Barta SK. Genetic and molecular targets in lymphoma: implications for prognosis and treatment. Future Oncol 2015; 10:2509-28. [PMID: 25525858 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphomas are the most common hematologic malignancies with approximately 79,000 new cases estimated for 2013 in the USA. Despite improved outcomes, relapse or recurrence remains a common problem with conventional cytotoxic therapy. Recently, many genetic and molecular mechanisms that drive various cellular events like apoptosis, angiogenesis and cell motility have been more clearly delineated. These new findings, coupled with the advent of high-throughput screening technology have led to the discovery of many compounds that can target specific mutations and/or influence deregulated transcription. In this review, we intend to provide a concise overview of genetic and molecular events that drive cellular processes in lymphomas and represent potential therapeutic targets. Additionally, we briefly discuss the prognostic significance of select biological markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohith S Bachegowda
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, 110, E 210 Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since the discovery of Epstein-Barr virus in Burkitt's lymphoma 50 years ago, only one other virus, namely Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8, has been confirmed to be a direct cause of B-cell lymphoma. Here we will review the evidence for Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus as causal lymphoma agents. RECENT FINDINGS A deeper understanding of specific mechanisms by which Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus cause B-cell lymphomas has been acquired over the past years, in particular with respect to viral protein interactions with host cell pathways, and microRNA functions. Specific therapies based on knowledge of viral functions are beginning to be evaluated, mostly in preclinical models. SUMMARY Understanding the causal associations of specific infectious agents with certain B-cell lymphomas has allowed more accurate diagnosis and classification. A deeper knowledge of the specific mechanisms of transformation is essential to begin assessing whether virus-targeted treatment modalities may be used in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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17
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Dysregulated B-cell TLR2 expression and elevated regulatory B-cell frequency precede the diagnosis of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma. AIDS 2015. [DOI: 10.1097/qad.000000000000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Bassig BA, Shu XO, Koh WP, Gao YT, Purdue MP, Butler LM, Adams-Haduch J, Xiang YB, Kemp TJ, Wang R, Pinto LA, Zheng T, Ji BT, Hosgood HD, Hu W, Yang G, Zhang H, Chow WH, Kim C, Seow WJ, Zheng W, Yuan JM, Lan Q, Rothman N. Soluble levels of CD27 and CD30 are associated with risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in three Chinese prospective cohorts. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2688-95. [PMID: 26095604 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prospective studies conducted in Western populations have suggested that alterations in soluble CD27 (sCD27) and soluble CD30 (sCD30), two markers indicative of B-cell activation, are associated with risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Given that the characteristics of NHL in East Asia differ from the West and mechanistic commonalities between these populations with respect to the role of intermediate endpoint biomarkers in lymphomagenesis have not been explored, we conducted a pooled nested case-control study from three prospective studies of Chinese men and women including 218 NHL cases and 218 individually matched controls. Compared with the lowest quartile, ORs (95% CIs) for the second, third and fourth quartiles of sCD27 were 1.60 (0.83-3.09), 1.94 (0.98-3.83) and 4.45 (2.25-8.81), respectively (p(trend) = 0.000005). The corresponding ORs for sCD30 were 1.74 (0.85-3.58), 1.86 (0.94-3.67) and 5.15 (2.62-10.12; p(trend) = 0.0000002). These associations remained statistically significant in individuals diagnosed with NHL 10 or more years after blood draw. Notably, the magnitude of the associations with NHL risk was very similar to those in Western populations in previous studies. These findings of the similar association between sCD27 or sCD30 and NHL risk across different populations support an important underlying mechanism of B-cell activation in lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Bassig
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mark P Purdue
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lesley M Butler
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jennifer Adams-Haduch
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Troy J Kemp
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Renwei Wang
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ligia A Pinto
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | | | - Bu-Tian Ji
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - H Dean Hosgood
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY
| | - Wei Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Gong Yang
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heping Zhang
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Wong-Ho Chow
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Christopher Kim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Wei Jie Seow
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
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19
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Kaaks R, Sookthai D, Łuczyńska A, Oakes CC, Becker S, Johnson T, Johansson A, Melin B, Sjöberg K, Trichopoulos D, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Mattiello A, Tumino R, Masala G, Agnoli C, Boeing H, Aleksandrova K, Brennan P, Franceschi S, Roulland S, Casabonne D, de Sanjose S, Sánchez MJ, Huerta JM, Ardanaz E, Sala N, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Halkjær J, Weiderpass E, Bueno-de-Mesquita HBA, Vermeulen R, Peeters PH, Vineis P, Kelly RS, Khaw KT, Travis RC, Key TJ, Riboli E, Nieters A. Lag times between lymphoproliferative disorder and clinical diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a prospective analysis using plasma soluble CD23. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:538-45. [PMID: 25542829 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a chronic disease that often progresses slowly from a precursor stage, monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL), and that can remain undiagnosed for a long time. METHODS Within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer cohort, we measured prediagnostic plasma sCD23 for 179 individuals who eventually were diagnosed with CLL and an equal number of matched control subjects who remained free of cancer. RESULTS In a very large proportion of CLL patients' plasma sCD23 was clearly elevated 7 or more years before diagnosis. Considering sCD23 as a disease predictor, the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) was 0.95 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.90-1.00] for CLL diagnosed within 0.1 to 2.7 years after blood measurement, 0.90 (95% CI, 0.86-0.95) for diagnosis within 2.8 to 7.3 years, and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.65-0.86) for CLL diagnosed between 7.4 and 12.5 years. Even at a 7.4-year and longer time interval, elevated plasma sCD23 could predict a later clinical diagnosis of CLL with 100% specificity at >45% sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide unique documentation for the very long latency times during which measurable B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder exists before the clinical manifestation of CLL. IMPACT Our findings have relevance for the interpretation of prospective epidemiologic studies on the causes of CLL in terms of reverse causation bias. The lag times indicate a time frame within which an early detection of CLL would be theoretically possible. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(3); 538-45. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Disorn Sookthai
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Łuczyńska
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christopher C Oakes
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susen Becker
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Theron Johnson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annsofie Johansson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Klas Sjöberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dimitrios Trichopoulos
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece. Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Pagona Lagiou
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece. Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Amalia Mattiello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II, University, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic-M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, ASP Ragusa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Agnoli
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Via Venezian, Milano, Italy
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrüucke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Krasimira Aleksandrova
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrüucke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Paul Brennan
- Section of Genetics, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Silvia Franceschi
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Sandrine Roulland
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Delphine Casabonne
- Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), IDIBELL, Institut Català d' Oncologia, L' Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia de Sanjose
- Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), IDIBELL, Institut Català d' Oncologia, L' Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María-José Sánchez
- Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain. Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Granada.ibs), Granada, Spain
| | - José María Huerta
- Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain. Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain. Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nuria Sala
- Translational Research Laboratory and Unit of Nutrition, Environment, and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kim Overvad
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jytte Halkjær
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway. Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H B As Bueno-de-Mesquita
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands. School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Petra H Peeters
- School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom. Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paolo Vineis
- School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom. Human Genetic Foundation (HuGeF), Turin, Italy. MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel S Kelly
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Nieters
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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20
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Epeldegui M, Martínez-Maza O. Immune Activation: Contribution to AIDS-Associated Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6:79-90. [PMID: 28702272 DOI: 10.1615/forumimmundisther.2016014177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection is associated with a greatly elevated risk for the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), which while diminished, remains elevated in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. Chronic B cell activation, driven by contact with HIV virions, B cell-stimulatory cytokines, viruses (EBV, HPV, HCV), and by high levels of antigenic stimulation occurs in HIV infected persons, and it is seen at even higher levels in those who go on to develop AIDS-NHL. Evidence from multiple studies indicates that elevated serum levels of several B cell-stimulatory cytokines and biomarkers are seen preceding AIDS-NHL, as well as in immunocompetent persons that develop NHL. Phenotypic changes in circulating B cells also are seen preceding AIDS-NHL, including the expression of AICDA, and of cell-surface molecules and miRNA that are associated with activated B cells. HAART only partially normalizes the immune system of treated HIV+ persons as they still show clear evidence for ongoing inflammation and immune activation in, even those who show complete suppression of HIV viremia. Together, this provides ample evidence to support the notion that chronic activation of B cells contributes to the genesis of B cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Epeldegui
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, Los Angeles, CA.,UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
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21
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Flepisi BT, Bouic P, Sissolak G, Rosenkranz B. Biomarkers of HIV-associated Cancer. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2014; 6:11-20. [PMID: 25057241 PMCID: PMC4085100 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s15056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer biomarkers have provided great opportunities for improving the management of cancer patients by enhancing the efficiency of early detection, diagnosis, and efficacy of treatment. Every cell type has a unique molecular signature, referred to as biomarkers, which are identifiable characteristics such as levels or activities of a myriad of genes, proteins, or other molecular features. Biomarkers can facilitate the molecular definition of cancer, provide information about the course of cancer, and predict response to chemotherapy. They offer the hope of early detection as well as tracking disease progression and recurrence. Current progress in the characterization of molecular genetics of HIV-associated cancers may form the basis for improved patient stratification and future targeted or individualized therapies. Biomarker use for cancer staging and personalization of therapy at the time of diagnosis could improve patient care. This review focuses on the relevance of biomarkers in the most common HIV-associated malignancies, namely, Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and invasive cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Thabile Flepisi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Patrick Bouic
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Sissolak
- Division of Clinical Haematology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bernd Rosenkranz
- Clinical Pharmacology Division, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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22
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Carbone A, Vaccher E, Gloghini A, Pantanowitz L, Abayomi A, de Paoli P, Franceschi S. Diagnosis and management of lymphomas and other cancers in HIV-infected patients. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014; 11:223-38. [PMID: 24614140 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy or combination antiretroviral therapy (HAART and cART, respectively) patients infected with HIV might develop certain types of cancer more frequently than uninfected people. Lymphomas represent the most frequent malignancy among patients with HIV. Other cancer types that have increased in these patients include Kaposi sarcoma, cancer of the cervix, anus, lung and liver. In the post-HAART era, however, patients with HIV have experienced a significant improvement in their morbidity, mortality and life expectancy. This Review focuses on the different types of lymphomas that generally occur in patients with HIV. The combination of cART and antineoplastic treatment has resulted in remarkable prolongation of disease-free survival and overall survival among patients with HIV who develop lymphoma. However, the survival in these patients still lags behind that of patients with lymphoma who are not infected with HIV. We also provide an update of epidemiological data, diagnostic issues, and strategies regarding the most-appropriate management of patients with both HIV and lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Carbone
- Department of Pathology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Aviano (CRO), Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Italy
| | - Emanuela Vaccher
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Aviano (CRO), Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Italy
| | - Annunziata Gloghini
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milano, Italy
| | - Liron Pantanowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, USA
| | - Akin Abayomi
- Department of Pathology, Division of Haematology, Tygerberg Hospital, South Africa
| | - Paolo de Paoli
- Molecular Virology and Scientific Directorate, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Aviano (CRO), Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Italy
| | - Silvia Franceschi
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, France
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23
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Vendrame E, Hussain SK, Breen EC, Magpantay L, Widney DP, Jacobson LP, Variakojis D, Knowlton ER, Bream JH, Ambinder RF, Detels R, Martínez-Maza O. Serum levels of cytokines and biomarkers for inflammation and immune activation, and HIV-associated non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:343-9. [PMID: 24220912 PMCID: PMC3948172 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV infection is associated with a marked increase in risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (AIDS-NHL). However, the mechanisms that promote the development of AIDS-NHL are not fully understood. METHODS In this study, serum levels of several cytokines and other molecules associated with immune activation were measured in specimens collected longitudinally during 1 to 5 years preceding AIDS-NHL diagnosis, in 176 AIDS-NHL cases and 176 HIV(+) controls from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). RESULTS Multivariate analyses revealed that serum levels of immunoglobulin free light chains (FLC), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IP-10/CXCL10, neopterin, and TNF-α were elevated in those HIV(+) individuals who went on to develop AIDS-NHL. In addition, the fraction of specimens with detectable IL-2 was increased and the fraction with detectable IL-4 was decreased in these subjects. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that long-term, chronic immune activation, possibly driven by macrophage-produced cytokines, precedes development of NHL in HIV(+) individuals. IMPACT FLC, IL-6, IL-10, IP-10/CXCL10, neopterin, and TNF-α may serve as biomarkers for AIDS-NHL. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vendrame
- UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CAy
| | - Shehnaz K. Hussain
- UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Elizabeth Crabb Breen
- UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Larry Magpantay
- UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CAy
| | - Daniel P. Widney
- UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CAy
| | - Lisa P. Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daina Variakojis
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Emilee R. Knowlton
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jay H. Bream
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Roger Detels
- UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CAy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
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