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Nowicki TS, Peters CW, Quiros C, Kidd CK, Kawakami M, Klomhaus AM, Baselga-Carretero I, Kaplan-Lefko P, Macabali MH, Perez Garcilazo I, Berent-Maoz B, Comin-Anduix B, Ribas A. Infusion Product TNFα, Th2, and STAT3 Activities Are Associated with Clinical Responses to Transgenic T-cell Receptor Cell Therapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:1589-1597. [PMID: 37871333 PMCID: PMC10702871 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic T-cell receptor (TCR) T cell-based adoptive cell therapies for solid tumors are associated with dramatic initial response rates, but there remain many instances of treatment failure and disease relapse. The association of infusion product cytokine profiles with clinical response has not been explored in the context of TCR T-cell therapy products. Single-cell antigen-dependent secretomic and proteomic analysis of preinfusion clinical TCR T-cell therapy products revealed that TNFα cytokine functionality of CD8+ T cells and phospho-STAT3 signaling in these cells were both associated with superior clinical responsiveness to therapy. By contrast, CD4+ T-helper 2 cell cytokine profiles were associated with inferior clinical responses. In parallel, preinfusion levels of IL15, Flt3-L, and CX3CL1 were all found to be associated with clinical response to therapy. These results have implications for the development of therapeutic biomarkers and identify potential targets for enrichment in the design of transgenic TCR T-cell therapies for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore S. Nowicki
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Cole W. Peters
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Crystal Quiros
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Conner K. Kidd
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Moe Kawakami
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alexandra M. Klomhaus
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ignacio Baselga-Carretero
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paula Kaplan-Lefko
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mignonette H. Macabali
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ivan Perez Garcilazo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Beata Berent-Maoz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Begoña Comin-Anduix
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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2
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Gunatilaka AB, Marco N, Read GH, Sweeney M, Regan G, Tsang C, Abdulrahman L, Ampabathina S, Spindler A, Lu SS, Schink E, Gatti R, Ingersoll C, Telesca D, Weidhaas JB. Viral burden and clearance in asymptomatic COVID-19 Patients. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac126. [PMID: 35493121 PMCID: PMC8992297 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Containing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been difficult, due to both the large number of asymptomatic infected individuals and the long duration of infection. Managing these challenges requires understanding of the differences between asymptomatic vs symptomatic patients and those with a longer duration of infectivity. Methods Individuals from Los Angeles were tested for COVID-19, and a group positive for COVID-19 chose to have follow-up testing. Associations between symptoms and demographic factors, viral burden measured by cycle threshold (CT) value, and duration of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positivity were analyzed. Results Eighteen point eight percent of patients were positive for COVID-19. Asymptomatic COVID-19-positive patients were significantly younger than symptomatic patients (2.6 years; P < .001). There were no differences in average CT between asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. The estimated median duration of COVID-19 PCR positivity was 23 days. Being asymptomatic throughout the course of infection was the only factor associated with a shorter course of COVID-19 PCR positivity (21 vs 28 days; P = .002). Conclusions We found important differences and similarities between asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19-positive patients, the most meaningful being a similar level of virus as measured by PCR, but a shorter duration of PCR positivity for asymptomatic patients. These findings suggest that asymptomatic patients may have more efficient clearance of virus, which may be relevant for management and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanka B Gunatilaka
- University of California, Department of Radiation Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- MiraDx Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Marco
- University of California, Department of Biostatistics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Graham H Read
- University of California, Department of Radiation Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Cynthia Tsang
- University of California, Department of Radiation Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lobna Abdulrahman
- University of California, Department of Radiation Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Swetha Ampabathina
- University of California, Department of Radiation Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Elena Schink
- University of California, Department of Radiation Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard Gatti
- University of California, Department of Radiation Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- MiraDx Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Donatello Telesca
- University of California, Department of Biostatistics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joanne B Weidhaas
- University of California, Department of Radiation Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Nowicki TS, Farrell C, Morselli M, Rubbi L, Campbell KM, Macabali MH, Berent-Maoz B, Comin-Anduix B, Pellegrini M, Ribas A. Epigenetic Suppression of Transgenic T-cell Receptor Expression via Gamma-Retroviral Vector Methylation in Adoptive Cell Transfer Therapy. Cancer Discov 2020; 10:1645-1653. [PMID: 32699033 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic T-cell receptor (TCR) adoptive cell therapies recognizing tumor antigens are associated with robust initial response rates, but frequent disease relapse. This usually occurs in the setting of poor long-term persistence of cells expressing the transgenic TCR, generated using murine stem cell virus (MSCV) γ-retroviral vectors. Analysis of clinical transgenic adoptive cell therapy products in vivo revealed that despite strong persistence of the transgenic TCR DNA sequence over time, its expression was profoundly decreased over time at the RNA and protein levels. Patients with the greatest degrees of expression suppression displayed significant increases in DNA methylation over time within the MSCV promoter region, as well as progressive increases in DNA methylation within the entire MSCV vector over time. These increases in vector methylation occurred independently of its integration site within the host genomes. These results have significant implications for the design of future viral vector gene-engineered adoptive cell transfer therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: Cellular immunotherapies' reliance on retroviral vectors encoding foreign genetic material can be vulnerable to progressive acquisition of DNA methylation and subsequent epigenetic suppression of the transgenic product in TCR adoptive cell therapy. This must be considered in the design of future generations of cellular immunotherapies for cancer.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1611.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore S Nowicki
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. .,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Colin Farrell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Marco Morselli
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences - The Collaboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Liudmilla Rubbi
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Katie M Campbell
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mignonette H Macabali
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Beata Berent-Maoz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Begoña Comin-Anduix
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences - The Collaboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Gouttefangeas C, Schuhmacher J, Dimitrov S. Adhering to adhesion: assessing integrin conformation to monitor T cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1855-1863. [PMID: 31309255 PMCID: PMC11028104 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring T cells is of major importance for the development of immunotherapies. Recent sophisticated assays can address particular aspects of the anti-tumor T-cell repertoire or support very large-scale immune screening for biomarker discovery. Robust methods for the routine assessment of the quantity and quality of antigen-specific T cells remain, however, essential. This review discusses selected methods that are commonly used for T-cell monitoring and summarizes the advantages and limitations of these assays. We also present a new functional assay, which specifically detects activated β2 integrins within a very short time following CD8+ T-cell stimulation. Because of its unique and favorable characteristics, this assay could be useful for implementation into our T-cell monitoring toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Juliane Schuhmacher
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stoyan Dimitrov
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University, Otfried-Müller Straße 25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Otfried-Müller Straße 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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5
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Nowicki TS, Berent-Maoz B, Cheung-Lau G, Huang RR, Wang X, Tsoi J, Kaplan-Lefko P, Cabrera P, Tran J, Pang J, Macabali M, Garcilazo IP, Carretero IB, Kalbasi A, Cochran AJ, Grasso CS, Hu-Lieskovan S, Chmielowski B, Comin-Anduix B, Singh A, Ribas A. A Pilot Trial of the Combination of Transgenic NY-ESO-1-reactive Adoptive Cellular Therapy with Dendritic Cell Vaccination with or without Ipilimumab. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:2096-2108. [PMID: 30573690 PMCID: PMC6445780 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transgenic adoptive cell therapy (ACT) targeting the tumor antigen NY-ESO-1 can be effective for the treatment of sarcoma and melanoma. Preclinical models have shown that this therapy can be improved with the addition of dendritic cell (DC) vaccination and immune checkpoint blockade. We studied the safety, feasibility, and antitumor efficacy of transgenic ACT with DC vaccination, with and without CTLA-4 blockade with ipilimumab. PATIENTS AND METHODS Freshly prepared autologous NY-ESO-1-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic lymphocytes were adoptively transferred together with NY-ESO-1 peptide-pulsed DC vaccination in HLA-A2.1-positive subjects alone (ESO, NCT02070406) or with ipilimumab (INY, NCT01697527) in patients with advanced sarcoma or melanoma. RESULTS Six patients were enrolled in the ESO cohort, and four were enrolled in the INY cohort. Four out of six patients treated per ESO (66%), and two out of four patients treated per INY (50%) displayed evidence of tumor regression. Peripheral blood reconstitution with NY-ESO-1-specific T cells peaked within 2 weeks of ACT, indicating rapid in vivo expansion. Tracking of transgenic T cells to the tumor sites was demonstrated in on-treatment biopsies via TCR sequencing. Multiparametric mass cytometry of transgenic cells demonstrated shifting of transgenic cells from memory phenotypes to more terminally differentiated effector phenotypes over time. CONCLUSIONS ACT of fresh NY-ESO-1 transgenic T cells prepared via a short ex vivo protocol and given with DC vaccination, with or without ipilimumab, is feasible and results in transient antitumor activity, with no apparent clinical benefit of the addition of ipilimumab. Improvements are needed to maintain tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore S Nowicki
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Beata Berent-Maoz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gardenia Cheung-Lau
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rong Rong Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer Tsoi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paula Kaplan-Lefko
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paula Cabrera
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Justin Tran
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jia Pang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mignonette Macabali
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ivan Perez Garcilazo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ignacio Baselga Carretero
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anusha Kalbasi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Surgical-Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alistair J Cochran
- Department of Pathology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Catherine S Grasso
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Siwen Hu-Lieskovan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bartosz Chmielowski
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Begoña Comin-Anduix
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Surgical-Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Arun Singh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Surgical-Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Formenti SC, Lee P, Adams S, Goldberg JD, Li X, Xie MW, Ratikan JA, Felix C, Hwang L, Faull KF, Sayre JW, Hurvitz S, Glaspy JA, Comin-Anduix B, Demaria S, Schaue D, McBride WH. Focal Irradiation and Systemic TGFβ Blockade in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:2493-2504. [PMID: 29476019 PMCID: PMC5999326 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This study examined the feasibility, efficacy (abscopal effect), and immune effects of TGFβ blockade during radiotherapy in metastatic breast cancer patients.Experimental Design: Prospective randomized trial comparing two doses of TGFβ blocking antibody fresolimumab. Metastatic breast cancer patients with at least three distinct metastatic sites whose tumor had progressed after at least one line of therapy were randomized to receive 1 or 10 mg/kg of fresolimumab, every 3 weeks for five cycles, with focal radiotherapy to a metastatic site at week 1 (three doses of 7.5 Gy), that could be repeated to a second lesion at week 7. Research bloods were drawn at baseline, week 2, 5, and 15 to isolate PBMCs, plasma, and serum.Results: Twenty-three patients were randomized, median age 57 (range 35-77). Seven grade 3/4 adverse events occurred in 5 of 11 patients in the 1 mg/kg arm and in 2 of 12 patients in the 10 mg/kg arm, respectively. Response was limited to three stable disease. At a median follow up of 12 months, 20 of 23 patients are deceased. Patients receiving the 10 mg/kg had a significantly higher median overall survival than those receiving 1 mg/kg fresolimumab dose [hazard ratio: 2.73 with 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-7.30; P = 0.039]. The higher dose correlated with improved peripheral blood mononuclear cell counts and a striking boost in the CD8 central memory pool.Conclusions: TGFβ blockade during radiotherapy was feasible and well tolerated. Patients receiving the higher fresolimumab dose had a favorable systemic immune response and experienced longer median overall survival than the lower dose group. Clin Cancer Res; 24(11); 2493-504. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.
| | - Percy Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Compressive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sylvia Adams
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Judith D Goldberg
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Mike W Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Josephine A Ratikan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carol Felix
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lin Hwang
- Jonsson Compressive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kym F Faull
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - James W Sayre
- Public Health Biostatistics at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sara Hurvitz
- Jonsson Compressive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Medicine, Hematology & Oncology at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - John A Glaspy
- Jonsson Compressive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Medicine, Hematology & Oncology at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Begoña Comin-Anduix
- Jonsson Compressive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Medicine, Hematology & Oncology at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Compressive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
- Jonsson Compressive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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Preparation of peptide-MHC and T-cell receptor dextramers by biotinylated dextran doping. Biotechniques 2017; 62:123-130. [PMID: 28298179 DOI: 10.2144/000114525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) multimers enable the detection, characterization, and isolation of antigen-specific T-cell subsets at the single-cell level via flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. These labeling reagents exploit a multivalent scaffold to increase the avidity of individually weak T-cell receptor (TCR)-pMHC interactions. Dextramers are an improvement over the original streptavidin-based tetramer technology because they are more multivalent, improving sensitivity for rare, low-avidity T cells, including self/tumor-reactive clones. However, commercial pMHC dextramers are expensive, and in-house production is very involved for a typical biology research laboratory. Here, we present a simple, inexpensive protocol for preparing pMHC dextramers by doping in biotinylated dextran during conventional tetramer preparation. We use these pMHC dextramers to identify patient-derived, tumor-reactive T cells. We apply the same dextran doping technique to prepare TCR dextramers and use these novel reagents to yield new insight into MHC I-mediated antigen presentation.
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8
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Chodon T, Comin-Anduix B, Chmielowski B, Koya RC, Wu Z, Auerbach M, Ng C, Avramis E, Seja E, Villanueva A, McCannel TA, Ishiyama A, Czernin J, Radu CG, Wang X, Gjertson DW, Cochran AJ, Cornetta K, Wong DJL, Kaplan-Lefko P, Hamid O, Samlowski W, Cohen PA, Daniels GA, Mukherji B, Yang L, Zack JA, Kohn DB, Heath JR, Glaspy JA, Witte ON, Baltimore D, Economou JS, Ribas A. Adoptive transfer of MART-1 T-cell receptor transgenic lymphocytes and dendritic cell vaccination in patients with metastatic melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2457-65. [PMID: 24634374 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been demonstrated that large numbers of tumor-specific T cells for adoptive cell transfer (ACT) can be manufactured by retroviral genetic engineering of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes and expanding them over several weeks. In mouse models, this therapy is optimized when administered with dendritic cell (DC) vaccination. We developed a short 1-week manufacture protocol to determine the feasibility, safety, and antitumor efficacy of this double cell therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A clinical trial (NCT00910650) adoptively transferring MART-1 T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic lymphocytes together with MART-1 peptide-pulsed DC vaccination in HLA-A2.1 patients with metastatic melanoma. Autologous TCR transgenic cells were manufactured in 6 to 7 days using retroviral vector gene transfer, and reinfused with (n = 10) or without (n = 3) prior cryopreservation. RESULTS A total of 14 patients with metastatic melanoma were enrolled and 9 of 13 treated patients (69%) showed evidence of tumor regression. Peripheral blood reconstitution with MART-1-specific T cells peaked within 2 weeks of ACT, indicating rapid in vivo expansion. Administration of freshly manufactured TCR transgenic T cells resulted in a higher persistence of MART-1-specific T cells in the blood as compared with cryopreserved. Evidence that DC vaccination could cause further in vivo expansion was only observed with ACT using noncryopreserved T cells. CONCLUSION Double cell therapy with ACT of TCR-engineered T cells with a very short ex vivo manipulation and DC vaccines is feasible and results in antitumor activity, but improvements are needed to maintain tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thinle Chodon
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center; Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); The Angeles Clinic Research Institute, Los Angeles; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD) Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla; Divisions of Chemistry and Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, and the Indiana University Viral Production Facility (IU VPF), Indianapolis, Indiana; Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada; Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona; Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut; and Center for Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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9
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van der Burg SH. Therapeutic vaccines in cancer: moving from immunomonitoring to immunoguiding. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:1-5. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Ma C, Cheung AF, Chodon T, Koya RC, Wu Z, Ng C, Avramis E, Cochran AJ, Witte ON, Baltimore D, Chmielowski B, Economou JS, Comin-Anduix B, Ribas A, Heath JR. Multifunctional T-cell analyses to study response and progression in adoptive cell transfer immunotherapy. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:418-29. [PMID: 23519018 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of genetically engineered T cells expressing cancer-specific T-cell receptors (TCR) is a promising cancer treatment. Here, we investigate the in vivo functional activity and dynamics of the transferred cells by analyzing samples from 3 representative patients with melanoma enrolled in a clinical trial of ACT with TCR transgenic T cells targeted against the melanosomal antigen MART-1. The analyses included evaluating 19 secreted proteins from individual cells from phenotypically defined T-cell subpopulations, as well as the enumeration of T cells with TCR antigen specificity for 36 melanoma antigens. These analyses revealed the coordinated functional dynamics of the adoptively transferred, as well as endogenous, T cells, and the importance of highly functional T cells in dominating the antitumor immune response. This study highlights the need to develop approaches to maintaining antitumor T-cell functionality with the aim of increasing the long-term efficacy of TCR-engineered ACT immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE A longitudinal functional study of adoptively transferred TCR–engineered lymphocytes yielded revealing snapshots for understanding the changes of antitumor responses over time in ACT immunotherapy of patients with advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- NanoSystems Biology Cancer Center, Division of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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11
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Immune response and survival of refractory cancer patients who received TGF-β2 antisense/GM-CSF gene modified autologous tumor cell (TAG) vaccine. Gene Ther 2013; 20:875-9. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2013.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Singh SK, Tummers B, Schumacher TN, Gomez R, Franken KLMC, Verdegaal EM, Laske K, Gouttefangeas C, Ottensmeier C, Welters MJP, Britten CM, van der Burg SH. The development of standard samples with a defined number of antigen-specific T cells to harmonize T cell assays: a proof-of-principle study. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:489-501. [PMID: 22986454 PMCID: PMC3589624 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The validation of assays that quantify antigen-specific T cell responses is critically dependent on cell samples that contain clearly defined measurable numbers of antigen-specific T cells. An important requirement is that such cell samples are handled and analyzed in a comparable fashion to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We performed a proof-of-principle study to show that retrovirally TCR-transduced T cells spiked at defined numbers in autologous PBMC can be used as standard samples for HLA/peptide multimer staining. NY-ESO-1157-165-specific, TCR-transduced CD8+ T cell batches were successfully generated from PBMC of several HLA-A*0201 healthy donors, purified by magnetic cell sorting on the basis of HLA tetramer (TM) staining and expanded with specific antigen in vitro. When subsequently spiked into autologous PBMC, the detection of these CD3+CD8+TM+ T cells was highly accurate with a mean accuracy of 91.6 %. The standard cells can be preserved for a substantial period of time in liquid nitrogen. Furthermore, TM staining of fresh and cryopreserved standard samples diluted at decreasing concentrations into autologous cryopreserved unspiked PBMC revealed that the spiked CD3+CD8+TM+ T cells could be accurately detected at all dilutions in a linear fashion with a goodness-of-fit of over 0.99 at a frequency of at least 0.02 % among the CD3+CD8+ T cell population. Notably, the CD3+CD8+TM+ cells of the standard samples were located exactly within the gates used to analyze patient samples and displayed a similar scatter pattern. The performance of the cryopreserved standard samples in the hands of 5 external investigators was good with an inter-laboratory variation of 32.9 % and the doubtless identification of one outlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satwinder Kaur Singh
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Building 1, K1-P, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Tummers
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Building 1, K1-P, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ton N. Schumacher
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raquel Gomez
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees L. M. C. Franken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Els M. Verdegaal
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Building 1, K1-P, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karoline Laske
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Marij J. P. Welters
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Building 1, K1-P, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cedrik M. Britten
- Department of the Translational Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sjoerd H. van der Burg
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Building 1, K1-P, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Narayan R, Nguyen H, Bentow JJ, Moy L, Lee DK, Greger S, Haskell J, Vanchinathan V, Chang PL, Tsui S, Konishi T, Comin-Anduix B, Dauphine C, Vargas HI, Economou JS, Ribas A, Bruhn KW, Craft N. Immunomodulation by imiquimod in patients with high-risk primary melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:163-9. [PMID: 21850019 PMCID: PMC3229834 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Imiquimod is a synthetic Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist approved for the topical treatment of actinic keratoses, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and genital warts. Imiquimod leads to an 80–100% cure rate of lentigo maligna, but studies of invasive melanoma are lacking. We conducted a pilot study to characterize the local, regional, and systemic immune responses induced by imiquimod in patients with high-risk melanoma. After treatment of the primary melanoma biopsy site with placebo or imiquimod cream, we measured immune responses in the treated skin, sentinel lymph nodes (SLN), and peripheral blood. Treatment of primary melanomas with 5% imiquimod cream was associated with an increase in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the skin, and CD4+ T cells in the SLN. Most of the CD8+ T cells in the skin were CD25 negative. We could not detect any increases in CD8+ T cells specifically recognizing HLA-A*0201-restricted melanoma epitopes in the peripheral blood. The findings from this small pilot study demonstrate that topical imiquimod treatment results in enhanced local and regional T cell numbers in both the skin and SLN. Further research into TLR7 immunomodulating pathways as a basis for effective immunotherapy against melanoma in conjunction with surgery is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupa Narayan
- Division of Dermatology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
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14
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Ma C, Fan R, Ahmad H, Shi Q, Comin-Anduix B, Chodon T, Koya RC, Liu CC, Kwong GA, Radu CG, Ribas A, Heath JR. A clinical microchip for evaluation of single immune cells reveals high functional heterogeneity in phenotypically similar T cells. Nat Med 2011; 17:738-43. [PMID: 21602800 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cellular immunity has an inherent high level of functional heterogeneity. Capturing the full spectrum of these functions requires analysis of large numbers of effector molecules from single cells. We report a microfluidic platform designed for highly multiplexed (more than ten proteins), reliable, sample-efficient (∼1 × 10(4) cells) and quantitative measurements of secreted proteins from single cells. We validated the platform by assessment of multiple inflammatory cytokines from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human macrophages and comparison to standard immunotechnologies. We applied the platform toward the ex vivo quantification of T cell polyfunctional diversity via the simultaneous measurement of a dozen effector molecules secreted from tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that were actively responding to tumor and compared against a cohort of healthy donor controls. We observed profound, yet focused, functional heterogeneity in active tumor antigen-specific CTLs, with the major functional phenotypes quantitatively identified. The platform represents a new and informative tool for immune monitoring and clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- NanoSystems Biology Cancer Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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15
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The impact of ex vivo clinical grade activation protocols on human T-cell phenotype and function for the generation of genetically modified cells for adoptive cell transfer therapy. J Immunother 2011; 33:759-68. [PMID: 20842061 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181f1d644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Optimized conditions for the ex vivo activation, genetic manipulation, and expansion of human lymphocytes for adoptive cell therapy may lead to protocols that maximize their in vivo function. We analyzed the effects of 4 clinical grade activation and expansion protocols over 3 weeks on cell proliferative rate, immunophenotype, cell metabolism, and transduction efficiency of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Peak lentiviral transduction efficiency was early (days 2 to 4), at a time when cells showed a larger size, maximal uptake of metabolic substrates, and the highest level of proximal T-cell receptor signaling engagement. Anti-CD2/3/28 activation beads induced greater proliferation rate and skewed PBMCs early on to a CD4 phenotype when compared with the cells cultured in OKT3. Multicolor surface phenotyping demonstrated that changes in T-cell surface markers that define T-cell functional phenotypes were dependent on the time spent in culture as opposed to the particular activation protocol. In conclusion, ex vivo activation of human PBMCs for adoptive cell therapy demonstrate defined immunophenotypic and functional signatures over time, with cells early on showing larger sizes, higher transduction efficiency, maximal metabolic activity, and zeta-chain-associated protein-70 activation.
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16
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Huang RR, Jalil J, Economou JS, Chmielowski B, Koya RC, Mok S, Sazegar H, Seja E, Villanueva A, Gomez-Navarro J, Glaspy JA, Cochran AJ, Ribas A. CTLA4 blockade induces frequent tumor infiltration by activated lymphocytes regardless of clinical responses in humans. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:4101-9. [PMID: 21558401 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CTLA4 blocking monoclonal antibodies provide durable clinical benefit in a subset of patients with advanced melanoma mediated by intratumoral lymphocytic infiltrates. A key question is defining whether the intratumoral infiltration (ITI) is a differentiating factor between patients with and without tumor responses. METHODS Paired baseline and postdosing tumor biopsy specimens were prospectively collected from 19 patients with metastatic melanoma, including 3 patients with an objective tumor response, receiving the anti-CTLA4 antibody tremelimumab within a clinical trial with primary endpoint of quantitating CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) infiltration in tumors. Samples were analyzed for cell density by automated imaging capture and further characterized for functional lymphocyte properties by assessing the cell activation markers HLA-DR and CD45RO, the cell proliferation marker Ki67, and the regulatory T-cell marker FOXP3. RESULTS There was a highly significant increase in ITI by CD8(+) cells in biopsy samples taken after tremelimumab treatment. This included increases between 1-fold and 100-fold changes in 14 of 18 evaluable cases regardless of clinical tumor response or progression. There was no difference between the absolute number, location, or cell density of infiltrating cells between clinical responders and patients with nonresponding lesions that showed acquired intratumoral infiltrates. There were similar levels of expression of T-cell activation markers (CD45RO, HLA-DR) in both groups and no difference in markers for cell replication (Ki67) or the suppressor cell marker FOXP3. CONCLUSION CTLA4 blockade induces frequent increases in ITI by T cells despite which only a minority of patients have objective tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Rong Huang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, 11-934 Factor Building, UCLA Medical Center, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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17
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D'Aveni M, Aïssi-Rothé L, Venard V, Salmon A, Falenga A, Decot V, Virion JM, Wang Y, Clement L, Latger-Cannard V, Tomowiak C, Stoltz JF, Bordigoni P, Bensoussan D. The clinical value of concomitant Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-DNA load and specific immune reconstitution monitoring after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2011; 24:224-32. [PMID: 21440066 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring of EBV DNAemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is necessary, but not sufficient, to identify patients at risk of EBV-induced post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD). Combining this with quantifying EBV-specific cellular immunity was shown to be helpful. In this study, we evaluated the value of IFNγ-Elispot assay in monitoring EBV DNAemia after HSCT. METHODS EBV-DNA load in whole blood was monitored at least weekly using real-time PCR in 40 recipients of HSCT. Quantitative and qualitative T-cell recoveries, including EBV-specific T-cell quantification by Elispot assay, were studied 60, 100, 180 and 360 days after HSCT. RESULTS Among the 35 evaluable patients, 14 (35%) presented EBV DNAemia, only 2/14 (14%) needing pre-emptive treatment with rituximab. The greatest risk factor for EBV DNAemia was the presence of anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) (p=0.005). EBV-specific cellular immune recovery was monitored by IFNγ-Elispot assay. Using multivariate analysis, four factors were found to significantly influence IFNγ-Elispot results at defined times post-HSCT: EBV DNAemia, young age, global T-cell recovery and severe acute GVHD. In those cases where EBV DNAemia occurred and cleared spontaneously, Elispot results gave more than 1000 spot-forming cells (SFC)/10(6)PBMC. CONCLUSION Elispot assay may be usefully combined with EBV-DNA load monitoring to determine when a patient should receive pre-emptive treatment, or when the clinician should avoid Rituximab use which severely immunocompromises patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud D'Aveni
- CHU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie cellulaire et Tissus, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F54511, France
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18
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Abstract
Measuring cytokine production is an integral part of measuring immune response during immunotherapy. Current technologies allow the simultaneous quantification of multiple cytokines in a variety of tissues. Patterns of cytokine response can be referred to as cytokine profiles. This article discusses the experimental design and data analysis of a number of studies that examined cytokine profiles in humans. We highlight potential sources of variability, both due to assay nuances and the diversity of human populations. We present strategies for analyzing data, emphasizing both multidimensional analysis and the value of treating each donor as his or her own control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet C Siebert
- Robert W Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR 97213, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Tremelimumab (formerly CP-675,206) is a fully human IgG2 monoclonal antibody tested in patients with cancer, of whom the majority have had metastatic melanoma. Clinical trials using tremelimumab demonstrate that this antibody can induce durable tumor regressions (up to 8 years at this time) in 7% to 10% of patients with metastatic melanoma. These tumor responses are mediated by the intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) as demonstrated in patient-derived tumor biopsies. Grade 3 or 4 toxicities in the range of 20% to 25% are mainly inflammatory or autoimmune in nature, which are on-target effects after inhibiting CTLA-4-mediated self-tolerance. The lack of survival advantage in the early analysis of a phase III clinical trial comparing tremelimumab with standard chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma highlights the importance of gaining a better understanding of how this antibody modulates the human immune system and how to better select patients for this mode of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095–1782, USA.
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20
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Ribas A, Comin-Anduix B, Chmielowski B, Jalil J, de la Rocha P, McCannel TA, Ochoa MT, Seja E, Villanueva A, Oseguera DK, Straatsma BR, Cochran AJ, Glaspy JA, Hui L, Marincola FM, Wang E, Economou JS, Gomez-Navarro J. Dendritic cell vaccination combined with CTLA4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:6267-76. [PMID: 19789309 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DC) are believed to activate antitumor immunity by stimulating T cells, and CTL-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4)-blocking antibodies should release a key negative regulatory pathway on T cells. The combination was tested in a phase I clinical trial in patients with advanced melanoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Autologous DC were pulsed with MART-1(26-35) peptide and administered with a dose escalation of the CTLA4-blocking antibody tremelimumab. Sixteen patients were accrued to five dose levels. Primary end points were safety and immune effects; clinical efficacy was a secondary end point. RESULTS Dose-limiting toxicities of grade 3 diarrhea and grade 2 hypophysitis developed in two of three patients receiving tremelimumab at 10 mg/kg monthly. Four patients had an objective tumor response, two partial responses and two complete responses, all melanoma free between 2 and 4 years after study initiation. There was no difference in immune monitoring results between patients with an objective tumor response and those without a response. Exploratory gene expression analysis suggested that immune-related gene signatures, in particular for B-cell function, may be important in predicting response. CONCLUSION The combination of MART-1 peptide-pulsed DC and tremelimumab results in objective and durable tumor responses at the higher range of the expected response rate with either agent alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1782, USA.
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21
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Robert C, Ghiringhelli F. What is the role of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma? Oncologist 2009; 14:848-61. [PMID: 19648604 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With increasing knowledge of the molecular basis of the immune system and mechanisms of tumor tolerance, novel approaches to treating malignant diseases refractory to standard therapies are being investigated. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA)-4 can block inhibitory signals normally generated through this receptor, thus prolonging and sustaining T-cell activation and proliferation. These antibodies are being developed and tested in patients with metastatic melanoma. This article reviews data published or presented at scientific congresses describing the clinical safety and antitumor activity of two different anti-CTLA-4 mAbs: tremelimumab (CP-675,206) and ipilimumab (MDX-010). Overall, although the response rate has not been consistently higher than the response rates associated with other treatments, the induction of durable responses and the favorable safety profile observed with anti-CTLA-4 mAbs are encouraging. However, the true advantage of these new drugs may depend largely on the characterization of predictive biomarkers of activity and subsequent targeting of responsive patients.
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22
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Tahara H, Sato M, Thurin M, Wang E, Butterfield LH, Disis ML, Fox BA, Lee PP, Khleif SN, Wigginton JM, Ambs S, Akutsu Y, Chaussabel D, Doki Y, Eremin O, Fridman WH, Hirohashi Y, Imai K, Jacobson J, Jinushi M, Kanamoto A, Kashani-Sabet M, Kato K, Kawakami Y, Kirkwood JM, Kleen TO, Lehmann PV, Liotta L, Lotze MT, Maio M, Malyguine A, Masucci G, Matsubara H, Mayrand-Chung S, Nakamura K, Nishikawa H, Palucka AK, Petricoin EF, Pos Z, Ribas A, Rivoltini L, Sato N, Shiku H, Slingluff CL, Streicher H, Stroncek DF, Takeuchi H, Toyota M, Wada H, Wu X, Wulfkuhle J, Yaguchi T, Zeskind B, Zhao Y, Zocca MB, Marincola FM. Emerging concepts in biomarker discovery; the US-Japan Workshop on Immunological Molecular Markers in Oncology. J Transl Med 2009; 7:45. [PMID: 19534815 PMCID: PMC2724494 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Supported by the Office of International Affairs, National Cancer Institute (NCI), the "US-Japan Workshop on Immunological Biomarkers in Oncology" was held in March 2009. The workshop was related to a task force launched by the International Society for the Biological Therapy of Cancer (iSBTc) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to identify strategies for biomarker discovery and validation in the field of biotherapy. The effort will culminate on October 28th 2009 in the "iSBTc-FDA-NCI Workshop on Prognostic and Predictive Immunologic Biomarkers in Cancer", which will be held in Washington DC in association with the Annual Meeting. The purposes of the US-Japan workshop were a) to discuss novel approaches to enhance the discovery of predictive and/or prognostic markers in cancer immunotherapy; b) to define the state of the science in biomarker discovery and validation. The participation of Japanese and US scientists provided the opportunity to identify shared or discordant themes across the distinct immune genetic background and the diverse prevalence of disease between the two Nations. Converging concepts were identified: enhanced knowledge of interferon-related pathways was found to be central to the understanding of immune-mediated tissue-specific destruction (TSD) of which tumor rejection is a representative facet. Although the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) likely mediates the inflammatory process leading to tumor rejection, it is insufficient by itself and the associated mechanisms need to be identified. It is likely that adaptive immune responses play a broader role in tumor rejection than those strictly related to their antigen-specificity; likely, their primary role is to trigger an acute and tissue-specific inflammatory response at the tumor site that leads to rejection upon recruitment of additional innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Other candidate systemic and/or tissue-specific biomarkers were recognized that might be added to the list of known entities applicable in immunotherapy trials. The need for a systematic approach to biomarker discovery that takes advantage of powerful high-throughput technologies was recognized; it was clear from the current state of the science that immunotherapy is still in a discovery phase and only a few of the current biomarkers warrant extensive validation. It was, finally, clear that, while current technologies have almost limitless potential, inadequate study design, limited standardization and cross-validation among laboratories and suboptimal comparability of data remain major road blocks. The institution of an interactive consortium for high throughput molecular monitoring of clinical trials with voluntary participation might provide cost-effective solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Tahara
- Department of Surgery and Bioengineering, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marimo Sato
- Department of Surgery and Bioengineering, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Magdalena Thurin
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Ena Wang
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Center for Human Immunology (CHI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Mary L Disis
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Robert W Franz Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97213, USA
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Samir N Khleif
- Cancer Vaccine Section, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Jon M Wigginton
- Discovery Medicine-Oncology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center of Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Yasunori Akutsu
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, 75204, USA
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Oleg Eremin
- Section of Surgery, Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Wolf Hervé Fridman
- Centre de la Reserche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Paris Descarte University, 75270 Paris, France
| | | | - Kohzoh Imai
- Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - James Jacobson
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Masahisa Jinushi
- Department of Surgery and Bioengineering, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kanamoto
- Department of Surgery and Bioengineering, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazunori Kato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John M Kirkwood
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Thomas O Kleen
- Cellular Technology Ltd, Shaker Heights, Ohio, 44122, USA
| | - Paul V Lehmann
- Cellular Technology Ltd, Shaker Heights, Ohio, 44122, USA
| | - Lance Liotta
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, 10900, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Illman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Michele Maio
- Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department. of Oncology, University, Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, Aviano, 53100, Italy
| | - Anatoli Malyguine
- Laboratory of Cell Mediated Immunity, SAIC-Frederick, Inc. NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
| | - Giuseppe Masucci
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden
| | - Hisahiro Matsubara
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shawmarie Mayrand-Chung
- The Biomarkers Consortium (BC), Public-Private Partnership Program, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Nishikawa
- Department of Cancer Vaccine, Department of Immuno-gene Therapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - A Karolina Palucka
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, 75204, USA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, 10900, USA
| | - Zoltan Pos
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Center for Human Immunology (CHI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, IRCCS Foundation, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, 20100, Italy
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shiku
- Department of Cancer Vaccine, Department of Immuno-gene Therapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Howard Streicher
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, DCTD, NCI, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - David F Stroncek
- Cell Therapy Section (CTS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Hiroya Takeuchi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Toyota
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Wada
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Julia Wulfkuhle
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, 10900, USA
| | - Tomonori Yaguchi
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yingdong Zhao
- Biometric Research Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | | | - Francesco M Marincola
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Center for Human Immunology (CHI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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23
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Ribas A, Comin-Anduix B, Economou JS, Donahue TR, de la Rocha P, Morris LF, Jalil J, Dissette VB, Shintaku IP, Glaspy JA, Gomez-Navarro J, Cochran AJ. Intratumoral immune cell infiltrates, FoxP3, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in patients with melanoma undergoing CTLA4 blockade. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:390-9. [PMID: 19118070 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CTL-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4)-blocking monoclonal antibodies induce long-term regression of metastatic melanoma in some patients, but the exact mechanism is unknown. In this study, biopsies of selected accessible tumor lesions from patients treated with tremelimumab were examined to further elucidate the mechanism of its antitumor activity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Fifteen tumor biopsies from 7 patients who had been treated with tremelimumab (CP-675,206) were collected. Samples were analyzed for melanoma markers, immune cell subset markers, the presence of the T regulatory-specific transcription factor FoxP3 and the immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). RESULTS Clinically responding lesions had diffuse intratumoral infiltrates of CD8(+) T cells that were markedly increased in cases where comparison with a baseline biopsy was available. Nonregressing lesions had sparse, patchy CD8(+) intratumoral infiltrates. Patients with regressing lesions had an increased frequency of CD8(+) cells with or without a concomitant increase in CD4(+) cells. Two of 3 responding patients with paired samples showed a slight increase in the number of FoxP3(+) cells in the postdosing biopsies. In patients with regressing lesions who had paired samples, the intensity of IDO staining in macrophages and/or melanoma cells showed no clear pattern of change postdosing. CONCLUSIONS Administration of tremelimumab was associated with massive intratumoral infiltrates of CD8(+) CTLs in patients with regressing tumors but had varying effects on intratumoral infiltrates of CD4(+) and FoxP3(+) cells or intratumoral expression of IDO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Ribas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1782, USA.
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24
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Shu CJ, Radu CG, Shelly SM, Vo DD, Prins R, Ribas A, Phelps ME, Witte ON. Quantitative PET reporter gene imaging of CD8+ T cells specific for a melanoma-expressed self-antigen. Int Immunol 2008; 21:155-65. [PMID: 19106231 PMCID: PMC2638874 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer (AT) T-cell therapy provides significant clinical benefits in patients with advanced melanoma. However, approaches to non-invasively visualize the persistence of transferred T cells are lacking. We examined whether positron emission tomography (PET) can monitor the distribution of self-antigen-specific T cells engineered to express an herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase (sr39tk) PET reporter gene. Micro-PET imaging using the sr39tk-specific substrate 9-[4-[(18)F]fluoro-3-(hydroxymethyl)-butyl]guanine ([(18)F]FHBG) enabled the detection of transplanted T cells in secondary lymphoid organs of recipient mice over a 3-week period. Tumor responses could be predicted as early as 3 days following AT when a >25-fold increase of micro-PET signal in the spleen and 2-fold increase in lymph nodes (LNs) were observed in mice receiving combined immunotherapy versus control mice. The lower limit of detection was approximately 7 x 10(5) T cells in the spleen and 1 x 10(4) T cells in LNs. Quantification of transplanted T cells in the tumor was hampered by the sr39tk-independent trapping of [(18)F]FHBG within the tumor architecture. These data support the feasibility of using PET to visualize the expansion, homing and persistence of transferred T cells. PET may have significant clinical utility by providing the means to quantify anti-tumor T cells throughout the body and provide early correlates for treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi J Shu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
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25
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Butterfield LH, Disis ML, Fox BA, Lee PP, Khleif SN, Thurin M, Trinchieri G, Wang E, Wigginton J, Chaussabel D, Coukos G, Dhodapkar M, Håkansson L, Janetzki S, Kleen TO, Kirkwood JM, Maccalli C, Maecker H, Maio M, Malyguine A, Masucci G, Palucka AK, Potter DM, Ribas A, Rivoltini L, Schendel D, Seliger B, Selvan S, Slingluff CL, Stroncek DF, Streicher H, Wu X, Zeskind B, Zhao Y, Zocca MB, Zwierzina H, Marincola FM. A systematic approach to biomarker discovery; preamble to "the iSBTc-FDA taskforce on immunotherapy biomarkers". J Transl Med 2008; 6:81. [PMID: 19105846 PMCID: PMC2630944 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-6-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Society for the Biological Therapy of Cancer (iSBTc) has initiated in collaboration with the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) a programmatic look at innovative avenues for the identification of relevant parameters to assist clinical and basic scientists who study the natural course of host/tumor interactions or their response to immune manipulation. The task force has two primary goals: 1) identify best practices of standardized and validated immune monitoring procedures and assays to promote inter-trial comparisons and 2) develop strategies for the identification of novel biomarkers that may enhance our understating of principles governing human cancer immune biology and, consequently, implement their clinical application. Two working groups were created that will report the developed best practices at an NCI/FDA/iSBTc sponsored workshop tied to the annual meeting of the iSBTc to be held in Washington DC in the Fall of 2009. This foreword provides an overview of the task force and invites feedback from readers that might be incorporated in the discussions and in the final document.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Mary L Disis
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, 97213, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, OHSU Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97213, USA
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Samir N Khleif
- Cancer Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Magdalena Thurin
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, NCI, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
| | - Ena Wang
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jon Wigginton
- Bristol Myers-Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, USA
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, 75204, USA
| | - George Coukos
- Center for Research on the Early Detection and Cure of Ovarian Cancer, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | - Madhav Dhodapkar
- Department of Hematology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Leif Håkansson
- Division of Clinical Tumor Immunology, University of Lund, 581 85, Sweden
| | | | - Thomas O Kleen
- Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, Ohio, 44122, USA
| | - John M Kirkwood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Cristina Maccalli
- Unit of Immuno-Biotherapy of Solid Tumors, Department of Molecular Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute DIBIT, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Holden Maecker
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, 75204, Texas, USA
| | - Michele Maio
- Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department. of Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, Aviano, 53100, Italy
| | - Anatoli Malyguine
- Laboratory of Cell Mediated Immunity, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Giuseppe Masucci
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden
| | - A Karolina Palucka
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, 75204, USA
| | - Douglas M Potter
- Biostatistics Department, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, IRCCS Foundation, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, 20100, Italy
| | - Dolores Schendel
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, and Clinical Cooperation Group "Immune Monitoring" Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther University, Halle Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06112, Germany
| | | | - Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - David F Stroncek
- Cell Therapy Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Howard Streicher
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, 20852 USA
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | | | - Yingdong Zhao
- Biometrics Research Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | | | - Heinz Zwierzina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Francesco M Marincola
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Schaue D, Comin-Anduix B, Ribas A, Zhang L, Goodglick L, Sayre JW, Debucquoy A, Haustermans K, McBride WH. T-cell responses to survivin in cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4883-90. [PMID: 18676762 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to determine if radiation therapy (RT) of human cancer enhances or diminishes tumor-specific T-cell reactivity. This is important if immunotherapy is to be harnessed to improve the outcome of cancer radiotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Lymphocytes were isolated from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients before, during, and after presurgical chemoradiotherapy. Similar samples were taken from prostate cancer patients receiving standard RT. The level of CD8(+) T cells capable of binding tetramers for the tumor-associated antigen survivin, which is overexpressed in both cancer types, was enumerated in HLA-A*0201 patient samples. CD4(+), CD25(high), Foxp3(+) cells were also enumerated to evaluate therapy-induced changes in T(regulatory) cells. For CRC patients, most of whom were enrolled in a clinical trial, pathologic response data were available, as well as biopsy and resection specimens, which were stained for cytoplasmic and intranuclear survivin. RESULTS Survivin-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes were detected in the peripheral blood of CRC and prostate cancer patients and increased after therapy in some, but not all, patients. Increases were more common in CRC patients whose tumor was downstaged after chemoradiotherapy. Biopsy specimens from this cohort generally had higher nuclear to cytoplasmic survivin expression. T(regulatory) cells generally increased in the circulation following therapy but only in CRC patients. CONCLUSION This study indicates that RT may increase the likelihood of some cancer patients responding to immunotherapy and lays a basis for future investigations aimed at combining radiation and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1714, USA
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27
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Comin-Anduix B, Lee Y, Jalil J, Algazi A, de la Rocha P, Camacho LH, Bozon VA, Bulanhagui CA, Seja E, Villanueva A, Straatsma BR, Gualberto A, Economou JS, Glaspy JA, Gomez-Navarro J, Ribas A. Detailed analysis of immunologic effects of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4-blocking monoclonal antibody tremelimumab in peripheral blood of patients with melanoma. J Transl Med 2008; 6:22. [PMID: 18452610 PMCID: PMC2412852 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-6-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CTLA4-blocking antibodies induce tumor regression in a subset of patients with melanoma. Analysis of immune parameters in peripheral blood may help define how responses are mediated. METHODS Peripheral blood from HLA-A*0201-positive patients with advanced melanoma receiving tremelimumab (formerly CP-675,206) at 10 mg/kg monthly was repeatedly sampled during the first 4 cycles. Samples were analyzed by 1) tetramer and ELISPOT assays for reactivity to CMV, EBV, MART1, gp100, and tyrosinase; 2) activation HLA-DR and memory CD45RO markers on CD4+/CD8+ cells; and 3) real-time quantitative PCR of mRNA for FoxP3 transcription factor, preferentially expressed by T regulatory cells. The primary endpoint was difference in MART1-specific T cells by tetramer assay. Immunological data were explored for significant trends using clustering analysis. RESULTS Three of 12 patients eligible for immune monitoring had tumor regression lasting > 2 years without relapse. There was no significant change in percent of MART1-specific T cells by tetramer assay. Additionally, there was no generalized trend toward postdosing changes in other antigen-specific CD8+ cell populations, FoxP3 transcripts, or overall changes in surface expression of T-cell activation or memory markers. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering based on immune monitoring data segregated patients randomly. However, clustering according to T-cell activation or memory markers separated patients with clinical response and most patients with inflammatory toxicity into a common subgroup. CONCLUSION Administration of CTLA4-blocking antibody tremelimumab to patients with advanced melanoma results in a subset of patients with long-lived tumor responses. T-cell activation and memory markers served as the only readout of the pharmacodynamic effects of this antibody in peripheral blood. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00086489.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Comin-Anduix
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yohan Lee
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason Jalil
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alain Algazi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pilar de la Rocha
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Viviana A Bozon
- Pfizer Global Research and Development (PGRD), New London, CT, USA
| | | | - Elisabeth Seja
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UCLA; Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arturo Villanueva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UCLA; Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bradley R Straatsma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - James S Economou
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John A Glaspy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UCLA; Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UCLA; Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
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28
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Britten CM, Gouttefangeas C, Welters MJP, Pawelec G, Koch S, Ottensmeier C, Mander A, Walter S, Paschen A, Müller-Berghaus J, Haas I, Mackensen A, Køllgaard T, thor Straten P, Schmitt M, Giannopoulos K, Maier R, Veelken H, Bertinetti C, Konur A, Huber C, Stevanović S, Wölfel T, van der Burg SH. The CIMT-monitoring panel: a two-step approach to harmonize the enumeration of antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes by structural and functional assays. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:289-302. [PMID: 17721783 PMCID: PMC2150627 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The interpretation of the results obtained from immunomonitoring of clinical trials is a difficult task due to the variety of methods and protocols available to detect vaccine-specific T-cell responses. This heterogeneity as well as the lack of standards has led to significant scepticism towards published results. In February 2005, a working group was therefore founded under the aegis of the Association for Immunotherapy of Cancer ("CIMT") in order to compare techniques and protocols applied for the enumeration of antigen-specific T-cell responses. Here we present the results from two consecutive phases of an international inter-laboratory testing project referred to as the "CIMT monitoring panel". A total of 13 centers from six European countries participated in the study in which pre-tested PBMC samples, synthetic peptides and PE-conjugated HLA-tetramers were prepared centrally and distributed to participants. All were asked to determine the number of antigen-specific T-cells in each sample using tetramer staining and one functional assay. The results of the first testing round revealed that the total number of cells analyzed was the most important determinant for the sensitive detection of antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cells by tetramer staining. Analysis by ELISPOT was influenced by a combination of cell number and a resting phase after thawing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Therefore, the experiments were repeated in a second phase but now the participants were asked to change their protocols according to the new guidelines distilled from the results of the first phase. The recommendations improved the number of antigen-specific T-cell responses that were detected and decreased the variability between the laboratories. We conclude that a two-step approach in inter-laboratory testing allows the identification of distinct variables that influence the sensitivity of different T-cell assays and to formally show that a defined correction to the protocols successfully increases the sensitivity and reduces the inter-center variability. Such "two-step" inter-laboratory projects could define rational bases for accepted international guidelines and thereby lead to the harmonization of the techniques used for immune monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Britten
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C. Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - M. J. P. Welters
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G. Pawelec
- Centre for Medical Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - S. Koch
- Centre for Medical Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - C. Ottensmeier
- Cancer Sciences Division, Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton, UK
| | - A. Mander
- Cancer Sciences Division, Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton, UK
| | - S. Walter
- Immatics Biotechnologies, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - A. Paschen
- Skin Cancer Unit of the German Cancer Research Centre, University Clinics of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - I. Haas
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - A. Mackensen
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - T. Køllgaard
- Department of Haematology, Centre for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev, Denmark
| | - P. thor Straten
- Department of Haematology, Centre for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev, Denmark
| | - M. Schmitt
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - K. Giannopoulos
- Clinical Immunology Department, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - R. Maier
- Research Department, Kantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - H. Veelken
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C. Bertinetti
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A. Konur
- Third Medical Department, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - C. Huber
- Third Medical Department, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - S. Stevanović
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - T. Wölfel
- Third Medical Department, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - S. H. van der Burg
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Substantial evidence shows that inflammation promotes oncogenesis and, occasionally, participates in cancer rejection. This paradox can be accounted for by a dynamic switch from chronic smouldering inflammation promoting cancer-cell survival to florid, tissue-disruptive inflammatory reactions that trigger cancer-cell destruction. Clinical and experimental observations suggest that the mechanism of this switch recapitulates the events associated with pathogen infection, which stimulate immune cells to recognise danger signals and activate immune effector functions. Generally, cancers do not have danger signals and, therefore, they cannot elicit strong immune reactions. Synthetic molecules have been developed that mimic pathogen invasion at the tumour site. These compounds activate dendritic cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines, which in turn trigger cytotoxic mechanisms leading to cancer death. Simultaneously, dendritic cells capture antigen shed by dying cancer cells, undergo activation, and stimulate antigen-specific T and B cells. This process results in massive amplification of the antineoplastic inflammatory process. Thus, although anti-inflammatory drugs can prevent onset of some malignant diseases, induction of T cells specific for tumour antigen by active immunisation, combined with powerful activation signals within the cancer microenvironment, might yield the best strategy for treatment of established cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas and Institute of Pathology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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31
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Cranmer LD, Hersh E. The role of the CTLA4 blockade in the treatment of malignant melanoma. Cancer Invest 2007; 25:613-31. [PMID: 18027152 DOI: 10.1080/07357900701522315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma remains a disease with few effective treatments. The anti-tumor immune response has long been felt to be important in the prognosis of melanoma, and much work has focused on harnessing the immune system to fight this disease. Tumor-specific vaccines, immunomodulatory cytokines and non-specific immunostimulants (such as Bacille Calmette Guerin/BCG) have all been investigated. A new strategy has been identified involving cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4). This molecule is expressed on the surface of activated T-lymphocytes and exerts a suppressive effect on the induction of immune responses after interaction between T-cell receptor (TCR) and human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) molecules on the antigen-presenting cell (APC). Work in animal models demonstrated that antibody-mediated blockade of this target could lead to anti-tumor responses. Two fully human monoclonal antibodies, ipilimumab (MDX-010) and tremelimumab (CP-675, 206; formerly known as ticilimumab), are in clinical development. Both have demonstrated hints of clinical activity in metastatic melanoma. Both also have a toxicity profile consistent with their mechanism of action, involving inactivation of a normal immunosuppressive homeostatic mechanism: development of auto-immune breakthrough events (IBE). These include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), uveitis, dermatitis, arthritis, and others. Generally, these events have been easily managed by cessation of therapy and intravenous or topical steroid therapy and supportive care in most patients, although colectomy had been required in several severe cases and there have been several deaths. Interestingly, patients who develop IBE seem to have the greatest likelihood of clinical benefit, but it is unclear whether clinical benefit and IBE are dissociable events. Other than IBE, no other pharmacodynamic measure has been able to predict response, although certain autoimmune antibody titers may have promise in this regard. Further research will confirm the clinical benefit of these agents alone and in combination with other agents, further define the safety profile and protocols for toxicity management, and identify pharmacodynamic parameters predicting clinical benefit and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee D Cranmer
- Melanoma/Sarcoma Program, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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Abstract
The cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) is a main negative regulator of the immune system, which inhibits the costimulatory signaling for T cells. Preclinical studies demonstrated that antibodies against CTLA4 induced regression of some murine tumors. Two CTLA4 blocking monoclonal antibodies have entered clinical development and are currently in pivotal clinical trial testing. Ipilimumab (formerly MDX010) is an IgG1 and tremelimumab (formerly CP-675,206 and transiently ticilimumab), is an IgG2, both being fully human monoclonal antibodies. Across several early clinical trials, including dose escalation, single dose, multi-dose, and in combination with a variety of other immune stimulants like peptide vaccines or interleukin-2, objective tumor responses in patients with metastatic melanoma have been observed in the in the range of 5 to 20%. A key feature is that some of these responses are extremely long-lived responses, lasting years. The early clinical testing also demonstrated that these CTLA4 blocking antibodies can lead to significant toxicities, most with an inflammatory or immune mediated mechanism of action. These include colitis and skin rash as the most common toxicities, and a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory processes against multiple organs. Some of these toxicities require immune suppressive therapy and may lead to permanent damage in occasional patients. In conclusion, two monoclonal antibodies blocking CTLA4 have demonstrated ability to break tolerance to self-tissues and result in long lasting objective cancer regressions, and have moved onto late stages of clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology; Department Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology; and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA)
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33
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Britten CM, Janetzki S, van der Burg SH, Gouttefangeas C, Hoos A. Toward the harmonization of immune monitoring in clinical trials: quo vadis? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 57:285-8. [PMID: 17721782 PMCID: PMC2150641 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C M Britten
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Mitchell MS, Lund TA, Sewell AK, Marincola FM, Paul E, Schroder K, Wilson DB, Kan-Mitchell J. The cytotoxic T cell response to peptide analogs of the HLA-A*0201-restricted MUC1 signal sequence epitope, M1.2. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:287-301. [PMID: 16874487 PMCID: PMC11029875 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mucin MUC1 molecule is overexpressed on a variety of adenocarcinomas and is thus, a potential target for immunotherapy. Of the MUC1 peptides that bind to HLA-A*0201(A2), M1.2 (LLLLTVLTV) from the signal sequence appears to be the most immunogenic in humans. Here we have shown that large numbers (10(9)) of tetramer-binding M1.2-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can be generated ex vivo from circulating precursors, derived from healthy adults. However, there was significant interpersonal variation in the level of co-stimulatory signal required. Tetramer-binding cells also required maturation in culture to become proficient killers of the HLA-A2(+) MUC1(+) MCF7 cell line, known to express a low number of endogenously processed M1.2. The functional avidity of M1.2-specific CTL, however, was low as compared to CTL specific for an HIV-1 epitope. Despite the low avidity, M1.2-specific CTL were polyfunctional, secreting multiple cytokines upon degranulation with antigen recognition. To identify potential agonist peptides that may be superior immunogens, an M1.2-specific CTL culture was used to scan a large nonameric combinatorial peptide library. Of 54 predicted peptides, 4 were "consensus" agonists because they were recognized by CTL from two other donors. Two agonists, p29 (LLPWTVLTV) and p15 (VLLWTVLTV), were equally stimulatory when loaded onto C1R target cells transfected with wild-type HLA-A2. Both agonists induced IL-2, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and degranulation with M1.2-specific CTL. In contrast, production of these cytokines, which are tightly regulated by specific activation through the T cell receptor, was restricted when the CTL were stimulated with peptides loaded onto C1R cells that were transfected with an HLA-A2 molecule bearing a mutation that abrogates binding to the CD8 co-receptor. Thus, activation by both M1.2 and its agonists was dependent upon CD8, showing that compensation by the co-receptor was necessary for the human T cell response to M1.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm S. Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Teri A. Lund
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- T Cell Modulation Group, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francesco M. Marincola
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Elyse Paul
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Kim Schroder
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Darcy B. Wilson
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - June Kan-Mitchell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Present Address: Hudson-Webber Cancer Research Center, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
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Abstract
The cornerstone of the concept of immunosurveillance in cancer should be the experimental demonstration of immune responses able to alter the course of in vivo spontaneous tumor progression. Elegant genetic manipulation of the mouse immune system has proved this tenet. In parallel, progress in understanding human T cell mediated immunity has allowed to document the existence in cancer patients of naturally acquired T cell responses to molecularly defined tumor antigens. Various attributes of cutaneous melanoma tumors, notably their adaptability to in vitro tissue culture conditions, have contributed to convert this tumor in the prototype for studies of human antitumor immune responses. As a consequence, the first human cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL)-defined tumor antigen and numerous others have been identified using lymphocyte material from patients bearing this tumor, detailed analyses of specific T cell responses have been reported and a relatively large number of clinical trials of vaccination have been performed in the last 15 years. Thus, the "melanoma model" continues to provide valuable insights to guide the development of clinically effective cancer therapies based on the recruitment of the immune system. This chapter reviews recent knowledge on human CD8 and CD4 T cell responses to melanoma antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Romero
- Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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