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Park SA, Masunaga N, Kagara N, Ohi Y, Gondo N, Abe K, Yoshinami T, Sota Y, Miyake T, Tanei T, Shimoda M, Sagara Y, Shimazu K. Evaluation of RASSF1A methylation in the lysate of sentinel lymph nodes for detecting breast cancer metastasis: A diagnostic accuracy study. Oncol Lett 2023; 26:475. [PMID: 37809046 PMCID: PMC10551867 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The restriction enzyme-based digital methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (RE-dMSP) assay is useful for diagnosing sentinel lymph node (SN) metastasis in patients with breast cancer, by detecting tumor-derived methylated Ras association domain-containing protein 1 (RASSF1A). In addition, this assay has high concordance (95.0%) with one-step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA). The present study aimed to perform RE-dMSP using OSNA lysate from more patients and to re-evaluate its clinical usage. Overall, 418 SNs from 347 patients were evaluated using both OSNA and RE-dMSP. The concordance rate was 83.3% (348/418). RASSF1A methylation of the primary tumors was negative in 36 patients. When these patients were excluded, the concordance rate improved to 88.2% (330/374). Of the 79 OSNA-negative cases, 19 were RE-dMSP-positive, although all were positive for cytokeratin 19 expression in the primary tumor, suggesting that RE-dMSP can detect tumor-derived DNA with a higher sensitivity. The percent of methylated reference of the breast tumors showed a wide variety in the 16 OSNA-positive/RE-dMSP-negative cases, and such variability of methylation could have affected the results in these patients. In conclusion, although RE-dMSP can diagnose SN metastasis with high sensitivity and accuracy, and can be a supplementary tool to OSNA in breast cancer, RE-dMSP showed certain discordance with OSNA and critically depended on the absence or heterogeneity of DNA methylation in breast tumors. Further research is expected to develop an assay targeting other DNA alterations, such as mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ae Park
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nanae Masunaga
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naofumi Kagara
- Department of Breast Surgery, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka 558-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Ohi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hakuaikai Sagara Hospital, Kagoshima 892-0833, Japan
| | - Naomi Gondo
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hakuaikai Sagara Hospital, Kagoshima 892-0833, Japan
| | - Kaori Abe
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Yoshinami
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sota
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyake
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomonori Tanei
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shimoda
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Sagara
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hakuaikai Sagara Hospital, Kagoshima 892-0833, Japan
| | - Kenzo Shimazu
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Ichinose Y, Hasebe T, Hirasaki M, Sakakibara A, Yokogawa H, Nukui A, Hiratsuka M, Fujimoto A, Iso C, Wakui N, Shibasaki S, Kamada K, Suzuki N, Kamakura Y, Yasuda M, Aya A, Shimada H, Matsuura K, Ishiguro H, Osaki A, Saeki T. Vimentin-positive invasive breast carcinoma of no special type: A breast carcinoma with lethal biological characteristics. Pathol Int 2023; 73:413-433. [PMID: 37378453 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Vimentin is a stable mesenchymal immunohistochemical marker and is widely recognized as a major marker of mesenchymal tumors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate if the vimentin expression status might serve as a significant predictor of outcomes in patients with invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (IBC-NST) and to investigate, by comprehensive RNA sequencing analyses, the mechanisms involved in the heightened malignant potential of vimentin-positive IBC-NSTs. This study, conducted using the data of 855 patients with IBC-NST, clearly identified vimentin expression status as a very important independent biological parameter for accurately predicting the outcomes in patients with IBC-NST. RNA sequence analyses clearly demonstrated significant upregulation of coding RNAs known to be closely associated with cell proliferation or cellular senescence, and significant downregulation of coding RNAs known to be closely associated with transmembrane transport in vimentin-positive IBC-NSTs. We conclude that vimentin-positive IBC-NSTs show heightened malignant biological characteristics, possibly attributable to the upregulation of RNAs closely associated with proliferative activity and cellular senescence, and downregulation of RNAs closely associated with transmembrane transport in IBC-NSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ichinose
- Department of Breast Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hasebe
- Department of Breast Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masataka Hirasaki
- Department of Clinical Cancer Genomics, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ayaka Sakakibara
- Department of Breast Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hideki Yokogawa
- Department of Breast Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Asami Nukui
- Department of Breast Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miyuki Hiratsuka
- Department of Breast Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fujimoto
- Department of Breast Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chihiro Iso
- Department of Breast Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Noriko Wakui
- Department of Breast Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satomi Shibasaki
- Community Health Science Center, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koichi Kamada
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kamakura
- Department of Clinical Cancer Genomics, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masanori Yasuda
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Asano Aya
- Department of Breast Oncology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroko Shimada
- Department of Breast Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuo Matsuura
- Department of Breast Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishiguro
- Department of Breast Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Osaki
- Department of Breast Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Saeki
- Department of Breast Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka City, Saitama, Japan
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3
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O'Connell I, Dongre A. Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy for Breast Cancer: Lessons from Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Mol Diagn Ther 2023; 27:433-444. [PMID: 37193859 PMCID: PMC10299941 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-023-00652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade therapies have generated efficacious responses in certain tumor types; however, the responses of breast carcinomas have been largely limited. Moreover, the identity of various parameters that can predict responses to immunotherapies, and at the same time, serve as putative biomarkers that can be therapeutically targeted to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapies for breast cancers, remains to be comprehensively delineated. Activation of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in cancer cells, including those of the breast, increases their tumor-initiating potential and promotes their aggressiveness and resistance to multiple treatment regimens. Moreover, the residence of cancer cells in alternating epithelial or mesenchymal plastic phenotypic states can also influence their immuno-modulatory properties and susceptibilities to immune checkpoint blockade therapies. In this current opinion, we discuss the lessons that can be learnt from epithelial-mesenchymal transition to potentiate the efficacy of immunotherapy for breast cancers. We also discuss strategies to sensitize more-mesenchymal cancer cells to anti-tumor immunity and immune checkpoint blockade therapies, with the hope that these can serve as new translational avenues for the treatment of human breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel O'Connell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, T7-012A VRT, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Anushka Dongre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, T7-012A VRT, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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4
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Javed AA, Ding D, Hasanain A, van Oosten F, Yu J, Cameron JL, Burkhart RA, Zheng L, He J, Wolfgang CL. Persistent Circulating Tumor Cells at 1 Year After Oncologic Resection Predict Late Recurrence in Pancreatic Cancer. Ann Surg 2023; 277:859-865. [PMID: 36111892 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess the association between persistent circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and subsequent recurrence in patients who were clinically recurrence free ~12 months postoperatively. BACKGROUND Circulating tumor cells have been proposed as biomarkers to predict survival in pancreatic cancer. Some patients demonstrate persistent CTCs postoperatively, which could represent minimal residual disease. METHODS Patients from previously published prospective circulating tumor cell in pancreatic cancer trial without clinical evidence of recurrence 12 months postoperatively and CTC testing performed 9 to 15 months postoperatively were included. The presence of epithelial and transitional CTCs (trCTCs) was evaluated as predictor of recurrence. Kaplan-Meier curve, log-rank test, and Cox model were used for survival analysis. RESULTS Thirty-three of 129 eligible patients (circulating tumor cell in pancreatic cancer trial) were included. The trCTC-positive and negative patients were well balanced in clinicopathologic features. Patients with trCTCs had a recurrence rate per-person-month of 10.3% compared with 3.1% in trCTCs-negative patients with a median time to recurrence of 3.9 versus 27.1 months, respectively. On multivariable analysis, trCTCs positivity was associated with higher risk of late recurrence (hazard ratio: 4.7, 95% CI, 1.2-18.3, P =0.024). Fourteen (42.4%) patients recurred during the second postoperative year. One-year postoperative trCTCs positivity was associated with a higher rate of recurrence during the second year (odds ratio:13.1, 95% CI, 1.6-1953.4, P =0.028, area under curve=0.72). Integrating clinicopathologic features with trCTCs increased the area under curve to 0.80. A majority of trCTCs-positive patients (N=5, 62.5%) had multisite recurrence, followed by local-only (N=2, 25.0%) and liver-only (N=1, 12.5%) recurrence. This was in striking contrast to trCTCs-negative patients, where a majority (N=6, 66.7%) had a local-only recurrence, followed by liver-only (N=2, 22.2%) and multisite (N=1, 11.1%) recurrence. CONCLUSIONS In patients deemed to be clinically disease-free 12 months postoperatively, trCTCs positivity is associated with higher rates of subsequent recurrence with distinct patterns of recurrence. CTCs could be used a putative biomarker to guide patient prognostication and management in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar A Javed
- Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Hospital, New York City, NY
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ding Ding
- Department of Surgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alina Hasanain
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Floortje van Oosten
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Surgery, Regional Academic Cancer Center Utrecht, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center & St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - John L Cameron
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard A Burkhart
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jin He
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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5
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Circulating tumor cell isolation for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. EBioMedicine 2022; 83:104237. [PMID: 36041264 PMCID: PMC9440384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells that shed from the primary tumor and intravasate into the peripheral blood circulation system responsible for metastasis. Sensitive detection of CTCs from clinical samples can serve as an effective tool in cancer diagnosis and prognosis through liquid biopsy. Current CTC detection technologies mainly reply on the biomarker-mediated platforms including magnetic beads, microfluidic chips or size-sensitive microfiltration which can compromise detection sensitivity due to tumor heterogeneity. A more sensitive, biomarker independent CTCs isolation technique has been recently developed with the surface-charged superparamagnetic nanoprobe capable of different EMT subpopulation CTC capture from 1 mL clinical blood. In this review, this new strategy is compared with the conventional techniques on biomarker specificity, impact of protein corona, effect of glycolysis on cell surface charge, and accurate CTC identification. Correlations between CTC enumeration and molecular profiling in clinical blood and cancer prognosis are provided for clinical cancer management.
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6
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Katsuta E, Takabe K, Vujcic M, Gottlieb PA, Dai T, Mercado-Perez A, Beyder A, Wang Q, Opyrchal M. Mechano-Sensing Channel PIEZO2 Enhances Invasive Phenotype in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9909. [PMID: 36077309 PMCID: PMC9455988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanically gated PIEZO channels lead to an influx of cations, activation of additional Ca2+ channels, and cell depolarization. This study aimed to investigate PIEZO2's role in breast cancer. METHODS The clinical relevance of PIEZO2 expression in breast cancer patient was analyzed in a publicly available dataset. Utilizing PIEZO2 overexpressed breast cancer cells, and in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted. RESULTS High expression of PIEZO2 was correlated with a worse survival in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) but not in other subtypes. Increased PEIZO2 channel function was confirmed in PIEZO2 overexpressed cells after mechanical stimulation. PIEZO2 overexpressed cells showed increased motility and invasive phenotypes as well as higher expression of SNAIL and Vimentin and lower expression of E-cadherin in TNBC cells. Correspondingly, high expression of PIEZO2 was correlated with the increased expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes in a TNBC patient. Activated Akt signaling was observed in PIEZO2 overexpressed TNBC cells. PIEZO2 overexpressed MDA-MB-231 cells formed a significantly higher number of lung metastases after orthotopic implantation. CONCLUSION PIEZO2 activation led to enhanced SNAIL stabilization through Akt activation. It enhanced Vimentin and repressed E-cadherin transcription, resulting in increased metastatic potential and poor clinical outcomes in TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Katsuta
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Marija Vujcic
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Philip A. Gottlieb
- Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Tao Dai
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Arnaldo Mercado-Perez
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Arthur Beyder
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Qingfei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mateusz Opyrchal
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Ayanlaja AA, Hong X, Cheng B, Zhou H, Kanwore K, Alphayo-Kambey P, Zhang L, Tang C, Adeyanju MM, Gao D. Susceptibility of cytoskeletal-associated proteins for tumor progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:13. [PMID: 34964908 PMCID: PMC11072373 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The traditional functions of cytoskeletal-associated proteins (CAPs) in line with polymerization and stabilization of the cytoskeleton have evolved and are currently underrated in oncology. Although therapeutic drugs have been developed to target the cytoskeletal components directly in cancer treatment, several recently established therapeutic agents designed for new targets block the proliferation of cancer cells and suppress resistance to existing target agents. It would seem like these targets only work toward inhibiting the polymerization of cytoskeletal components or hindering mitotic spindle formation in cancer cells, but a large body of literature points to CAPs and their culpability in cell signaling, molecular conformation, organelle trafficking, cellular metabolism, and genomic modifications. Here, we review those underappreciated functions of CAPs, and we delineate the implications of cellular signaling instigated by evasive properties induced by aberrant expression of CAPs in response to stress or failure to exert normal functions. We present an analogy establishing CAPs as vulnerable targets for cancer systems and credible oncotargets. This review establishes a paradigm in which the cancer machinery may commandeer the conventional functions of CAPs for survival, drug resistance, and energy generation; an interesting feature overdue for attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiola Abdulrahman Ayanlaja
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 201 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Hong
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- The Affiliated Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kouminin Kanwore
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Piniel Alphayo-Kambey
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanxi Tang
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Dianshuai Gao
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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Detection of VAR2CSA-Captured Colorectal Cancer Cells from Blood Samples by Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235881. [PMID: 34884994 PMCID: PMC8657034 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Circulating tumor cells are cancer cells that have entered blood or lymphatic vessels wherefrom they might get access to distant body parts and form metastases. The presence of cancer cells in a blood sample can be exploited for non-invasive diagnostic purposes. However, as blood consists of a vast number of healthy red and white blood cells the task of identifying the few potential cancer cells in a sample is a technical challenge. In this study we explore strategies for detecting circulating tumor cells after a pre-enrichment through binding to VAR2CSA protein coupled to magnetic beads. We evaluate the performance of a novel workflow that recognizes and detects the cancer cells based on their gene expression and compare this with the more traditional detection strategy using antibodies for cell staining. The highly sensitive assay presented here could potentially provide a novel strategy for early cancer detection. Abstract Analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood samples provides a non-invasive approach for early cancer detection. However, the rarity of CTCs makes it challenging to establish assays with the required sensitivity and specificity. We combine a highly sensitive CTC capture assay exploiting the cancer cell binding recombinant malaria VAR2CSA protein (rVAR2) with the detection of colon-related mRNA transcripts (USH1C and CKMT1A). Cancer cell transcripts are detected by RT-qPCR using proprietary Target Enrichment Long-probe Quantitative Amplified Signal (TELQAS) technology. We validate each step of the workflow using colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines spiked into blood and compare this with antibody-based cell detection. USH1C and CKMT1A are expressed in healthy colon tissue and CRC cell lines, while only low-level expression can be detected in healthy white blood cells (WBCs). The qPCR reaction shows a near-perfect amplification efficiency for all primer targets with minimal interference of WBC cDNA. Spike-in of 10 cancer cells in 3 mL blood can be detected and statistically separated from control blood using the RT-qPCR assay after rVAR2 capture (p < 0.01 for both primer targets, Mann-Whitney test). Our results provide a validated workflow for highly sensitive detection of magnetically enriched cancer cells.
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9
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The Underappreciated Role of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Its Strong Link to Lung Cancer. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091394. [PMID: 34572606 PMCID: PMC8472619 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organisation reported COPD to be the third leading cause of death globally in 2019, and in 2020, the most common cause of cancer death was lung cancer; when these linked conditions are added together they come near the top of the leading causes of mortality. The cell-biological program termed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in organ development, fibrosis and cancer progression. Over the past decade there has emerged a substantial literature that also links EMT specifically to the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as primarily an airway fibrosis disease; COPD is a recognised strong independent risk factor for the development of lung cancer, over and above the risks associated with smoking. In this review, our primary focus is to highlight these linkages and alert both the COPD and lung cancer fields to these complex interactions. We emphasise the need for inter-disciplinary attention and research focused on the likely crucial roles of EMT (and potential for its inhibition) with recognition of its strategic place mechanistically in both COPD and lung cancer. As part of this we discuss the future potential directions for novel therapeutic opportunities, including evidence-based strategic repurposing of currently used familiar/approved medications.
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10
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Ac Kar L, Casjens S, Andreas A, Raiko I, Brüning T, Geffken M, Peine S, Kollmeier J, Johnen G, Bartkowiak K, Weber DG, Pantel K. Blood-based detection of lung cancer using cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CYR61) as a circulating protein biomarker: a pilot study. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:2877-2890. [PMID: 34510714 PMCID: PMC8564649 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most often diagnosed cancer and the main cause of cancer deaths in the world compared with other tumor entities. To date, the only screening method for high‐risk lung cancer patients is low‐dosed computed tomography which still suffers from high false‐positive rates and overdiagnosis. Therefore, there is an obvious need to identify biomarkers for the detection of lung cancer that could be used to guide the use of low‐dosed computed tomography or other imaging procedures. We aimed to assess the performance of the protein cysteine‐rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CYR61) as a circulating biomarker for the detection of lung cancer. CYR61 concentrations in plasma were significantly elevated in 87 lung cancer patients (13.7 ± 18.6 ng·mL−1) compared with 150 healthy controls (0.29 ± 0.22 ng·mL−1). Subset analysis stratified by sex revealed increased CYR61 concentrations for adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in men compared with women. For male lung cancer patients versus male healthy controls, the sensitivity was 84% at a specificity of 100%, whereas for females, the sensitivity was 27% at a specificity of 99%. The determination of circulating CYR61 protein in plasma might improve the detection of lung cancer in men. The findings of this pilot study support further verification of CYR61 as a biomarker for lung cancer detection in men. Additionally, CYR61 is significantly elevated in women but sensitivity and specificity for CYR61 are too low for the improvement of the detection of lung cancer in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Ac Kar
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Swaantje Casjens
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Antje Andreas
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Irina Raiko
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Maria Geffken
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Jens Kollmeier
- Lungenklinik Heckeshorn, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Johnen
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Kai Bartkowiak
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Gilbert Weber
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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11
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Menz A, Bauer R, Kluth M, Marie von Bargen C, Gorbokon N, Viehweger F, Lennartz M, Völkl C, Fraune C, Uhlig R, Hube-Magg C, De Wispelaere N, Minner S, Sauter G, Kind S, Simon R, Burandt E, Clauditz T, Lebok P, Jacobsen F, Steurer S, Wilczak W, Krech T, Marx AH, Bernreuther C. Diagnostic and prognostic impact of cytokeratin 19 expression analysis in human tumors: a tissue microarray study of 13,172 tumors. Hum Pathol 2021; 115:19-36. [PMID: 34102222 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate cytokeratin 19 (CK19) expression in normal and cancerous tissues, 15,977 samples from 122 tumor types and 608 samples of 76 normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). In normal tissues, CK19 expression occurred in epithelial cells of most glandular organs but was strictly limited to the basal cell layer of nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium and absent in the skin. CK19 expression in ≥90% of cases was seen in 34% of the tumor entities including the adenocarcinomas of the pancreas (99.4%), colorectum (99.8%), esophagus (98.7%), and stomach (97.7%), as well as breast cancer (90.0%-100%), high-grade serous (99.1%) or endometrioid (97.8%) ovarian cancer, and urothelial carcinoma (92.6%-100%). A low CK19 positivity rate (0.1-10%) was seen in 5 of 122 tumor entities including hepatocellular carcinoma and seminoma. A comparison of tumor versus normal tissue findings demonstrated that upregulation and downregulation of CK19 can occur in cancer and that both alterations can be linked to unfavorable phenotypes. CK19 downregulation was linked to high grade (p = 0.0017) and loss of estrogen receptor- and progesterone receptor-expression (p < 0.0001 each) in invasive breast carcinoma of no special type. CK19 upregulation was linked to nodal metastases in neuroendocrine tumors and papillary thyroid carcinomas (p < 0.05 each) and to poor grade in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (p < 0.05). CK19 upregulation was particularly common in squamous cell carcinomas. We concluded that CK19 IHC might separate primary liver cell carcinoma from liver metastases, seminoma from other testicular tumors, and helps in the detection of early neoplastic transformation in squamous epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Menz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rifka Bauer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clara Marie von Bargen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Gorbokon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Viehweger
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Lennartz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cosima Völkl
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ria Uhlig
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Noémi De Wispelaere
- Department and Clinic of Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Kind
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Andreas H Marx
- Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, 90766 Fuerth Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Liu S, Shi J, Liu Y, Wang L, Zhang J, Huang Y, Chen Z, Yang J. Analysis of mRNA expression differences in bladder cancer metastasis based on TCGA datasets. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:300060521996929. [PMID: 33787386 PMCID: PMC8020247 DOI: 10.1177/0300060521996929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the metastatic mechanism of muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), which accounts for approximately 30% of all bladder cancer cases, and is a considerable medical problem with high metastatic and mortality rates. METHODS The mRNA levels of patients with metastatic MIBC and nonmetastatic MIBC from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset were compared. An integrated bioinformatics analysis was performed of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and analyses of Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes pathway, protein-protein interaction, and survival were performed to investigate differences between metastatic and nonmetastatic MIBC. RESULTS Data from 264 patients were included (131 with, and 133 without, metastasis). A total of 385 significantly DEGs were identified, including 209 upregulated genes and 176 downregulated genes. Based on results using the STRING database and the MCODE plugin of Cytoscape software, two clusters were obtained. Moreover, two genes were identified that may be valuable for prognostic analysis: Keratin 38, type I (KRT38) and Histone cluster 1, H3f (HIST1H3F). CONCLUSION The KRT38 and HIST1H3F genes may be important in metastasis of MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Urology, Chinese People's Armed Police Force Tibet Corps Hospital, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Jiazhong Shi
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingqi Zhang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaqin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiwen Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Menz A, Weitbrecht T, Gorbokon N, Büscheck F, Luebke AM, Kluth M, Hube-Magg C, Hinsch A, Höflmayer D, Weidemann S, Fraune C, Möller K, Bernreuther C, Lebok P, Clauditz T, Sauter G, Uhlig R, Wilczak W, Steurer S, Minner S, Burandt E, Krech R, Dum D, Krech T, Marx A, Simon R. Diagnostic and prognostic impact of cytokeratin 18 expression in human tumors: a tissue microarray study on 11,952 tumors. Mol Med 2021; 27:16. [PMID: 33588765 PMCID: PMC7885355 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokeratin 18 (CK18) is an intermediate filament protein of the cytokeratin acidic type I group and is primarily expressed in single-layered or "simple" epithelial tissues and carcinomas of different origin. METHODS To systematically determine CK18 expression in normal and cancerous tissues, 11,952 tumor samples from 115 different tumor types and subtypes (including carcinomas, mesenchymal and biphasic tumors) as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format. RESULTS CK18 was expressed in normal epithelial cells of most organs but absent in normal squamous epithelium. At least an occasional weak CK18 positivity was seen in 90 of 115 (78.3%) tumor types. Wide-spread CK18 positivity was seen in 37 (31.9%) of tumor entities, including adenocarcinomas of the lung, prostate, colon and pancreas as well as ovarian cancer. Tumor categories with variable CK18 immunostaining included cancer types arising from CK18 positive precursor cells but show CK18 downregulation in a fraction of cases, tumor types arising from CK18 negative precursor cells occasionally exhibiting CK18 neo-expression, tumors derived from normal tissues with variable CK18 expression, and tumors with a mixed differentiation. CK18 downregulation was for example seen in renal cell cancers and breast cancers, whereas CK18 neo-expression was found in squamous cell carcinomas of various origins. Down-regulation of CK18 in invasive breast carcinomas of no special type and clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC) was related to adverse tumor features in both tumors (p ≤ 0.0001) and poor patient prognosis in ccRCC (p = 0.0088). Up-regulation of CK18 in squamous cell carcinomas was linked to high grade and lymph node metastasis (p < 0.05). In summary, CK18 is consistently expressed in various epithelial cancers, especially adenocarcinomas. CONCLUSIONS Down-regulation or loss of CK18 expression in cancers arising from CK18 positive tissues as well as CK18 neo-expression in cancers originating from CK18 negative tissues is linked to cancer progression and may reflect tumor dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Menz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timo Weitbrecht
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Gorbokon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ria Uhlig
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Krech
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - David Dum
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Andreas Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, Fuerth, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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14
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Borghesi J, Giancoli Kato Cano da Silva M, de Oliveira Pimenta Guimarães K, Mario LC, de Almeida da Anunciação AR, Silveira Rabelo AC, Gonçalves Hayashi R, Lima MF, Miglino MA, Oliveira Favaron P, Oliveira Carreira AC. Evaluation of immunohistopathological profile of tubular and solid canine mammary carcinomas. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:119-126. [PMID: 33609969 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, but the incidence of mammary carcinoma in female dogs is even higher than in humans. These two tumors have similarities that can be seen by its biological behavior, molecular genetic alterations, and histology. This suggest that female dogs can be an excellent model for preclinical oncological studies. And the mammary carcinoma most frequently found in this species is the tubular and solid carcinomas. The extracellular matrix (ECM) has an important role in the progression of these tumors. Because of that we proposed to evaluate the ECM components of these carcinomas through histology with specific stains such as Masson's Trichrome, Picrosirius Red and the technique of scanning electron microscopy. With that, we found the presence of collagen fibers in the tubular carcinoma and around its parenchyma. On the other hand, the solid carcinoma presented collagen fibers throughout the parenchyma and around each tumor cell. With the transmission electron microscopy, we observed the presence of mitochondrias and rough endoplasmic reticulum in both tumors. And finally, we evaluated the expression of proteins through the immunohistochemistry, in which we found a high expression of VEGF, PCNA, CK-18 and vimentin in solid carcinoma, and a positive mark in the tubular and solid carcinoma for collagen I, III and fibronectin. Thus, we demonstrated some differences in the ECM of these mammary carcinomas, allowing a better understanding of its histological characteristics, and these data may contribute to future studies about therapies focused on tumors ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Borghesi
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Lara Carolina Mario
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina Silveira Rabelo
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Gonçalves Hayashi
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ferreira Lima
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Angélica Miglino
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Phelipe Oliveira Favaron
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Oliveira Carreira
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; NUCEL (Cell and Molecular Therapy Center), School of Medicine, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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15
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Cysteine-Rich Angiogenic Inducer 61: Pro-Survival Function and Role as a Biomarker for Disseminating Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030563. [PMID: 33540545 PMCID: PMC7867178 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metastasis is the leading cause of death in breast cancer, and it can be predicted by the detection of circulating tumor cells in the blood and disseminated tumor cells in the bone marrow, which are usually detected by epithelial marker proteins. However, tumor cells with mesenchymal attributes down-regulate the expression of epithelial marker proteins, and are therefore difficult to detect. Here, we found that the protein-cysteine–rich angiogenetic inducer 61 (Cyr61) is strongly expressed in tumor cells with mesenchymal attributes. Cyr61 expression was undetectable in normal blood cells, suggesting that Cyr61 might represent a tumor-associated protein. Functional experiments showed that the loss of Cyr61 reduces the viability of breast tumor cells. Thus, Cyr61 might represent an interesting anti-metastatic target that needs to be explored in future studies. Abstract (1) Background: the early detection of cancer cells in the blood or bone marrow of breast cancer patients improves the understanding of metastasis. Disseminating tumor cells in the bone marrow with a pronounced manifestation of mesenchymal markers (mDTC) are difficult to detect by epithelial markers, but they are relevant in the initiation of metastasis. (2) Methods: the breast cancer mDTC cell line BC-M1 was analyzed by mass spectrometry, which revealed high levels of the protein-cysteine–rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61). The function of Cyr61 was investigated using shRNA and hypoxia. Peripheral blood samples from 35 breast cancer patients were investigated for CTCs defined as cytokeratin-positive/CD45-negative cells. (3) Results: the Cyr61 levels are elevated in mDTC lines from breast, lung, and prostate cancer patients. The loss of Cyr61 resulted in the diminished expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, and increased apoptosis. Cyr61 was present in 47 (43%) of the 109 detected circulating tumor cells (CTCs), while the blood and bone marrow cells from healthy controls were Cyr61-negative. (4) Conclusions: Cyr61 is expressed in mDTC lines, supports the viability of cancer cells, and classifies a new subset of cytokeratin-positive CTCs, which deserves further investigation.
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16
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Messaritakis I, Sfakianaki M, Vogiatzoglou K, Koulouridi A, Koutoulaki C, Mavroudis D, Tzardi M, Gouvas N, Tsiaoussis J, Souglakos J. Evaluation of the Role of Circulating Tumor Cells and Microsatellite Instability Status in Predicting Outcome of Advanced CRC Patients. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10040235. [PMID: 33217974 PMCID: PMC7712177 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10040235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related death due to its high metastatic potential. This study aimed to investigate the detection and heterogeneity of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and the microsatellite instability (MSI) status in advanced CRC patients prior to any systemic front-line treatment. Peripheral whole blood was obtained from 198 patients. CTCs were detected using double immunofluorescence and a real time-polymerase chain reaction assay; whereas MSI status was evaluated using fragment analysis. Median age of the patients was 66 years, 63.1% were males, 65.2% had a colon/sigmoid tumor location and 90.4% had a good performance status (PS). MSI-High status was detected in 4.9% of the patients; 33.3%, 56.1% and 8.6% patients had at least one detectable CEACAM5+/EpCAM+, CEACAM5+/EpCAM- and CEACAM5-/EpCAM+ CTC, respectively, and 9.1% of the patients had CEACAM5mRNA-positive CTCs. Following multivariate analysis, age, PS and MSI were confirmed as independent prognostic factors for decreased time to progression, whereas age, PS and CTC presence were confirmed as independent prognostic factors for decreased overall survival. In conclusion, our data support the use of CEACAM5 as a dynamic adverse prognostic CTC biomarker in patients with metastatic CRC and MSI-High is considered an unfavorable prognostic factor in metastatic CRC patient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippokratis Messaritakis
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.S.); (K.V.); (A.K.); (C.K.); (D.M.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2810-394926
| | - Maria Sfakianaki
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.S.); (K.V.); (A.K.); (C.K.); (D.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Konstantinos Vogiatzoglou
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.S.); (K.V.); (A.K.); (C.K.); (D.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Asimina Koulouridi
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.S.); (K.V.); (A.K.); (C.K.); (D.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Chara Koutoulaki
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.S.); (K.V.); (A.K.); (C.K.); (D.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Dimitrios Mavroudis
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.S.); (K.V.); (A.K.); (C.K.); (D.M.); (J.S.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71100 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Tzardi
- Laboratory of Pathology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Gouvas
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, 20537 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - John Souglakos
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.S.); (K.V.); (A.K.); (C.K.); (D.M.); (J.S.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71100 Heraklion, Greece
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17
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Gonias SL, Zampieri C. Plasminogen Receptors in Human Malignancies: Effects on Prognosis and Feasibility as Targets for Drug Development. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:647-656. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666191122101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The major proteases that constitute the fibrinolysis system are tightly regulated. Protease inhibitors target plasmin, the protease responsible for fibrin degradation, and the proteases that convert plasminogen into plasmin, including tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). A second mechanism by which fibrinolysis is regulated involves exosite interactions, which localize plasminogen and its activators to fibrin, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and cell surfaces. Once plasmin is generated in association with cell surfaces, it may cleave transmembrane proteins, activate growth factors, release growth factors from ECM proteins, remodel ECM, activate metalloproteases, and trigger cell-signaling by cleaving receptors in the Proteaseactivated Receptor (PAR) family. These processes are all implicated in cancer. It is thus not surprising that a family of structurally diverse but functionally similar cell-surface proteins, called Plasminogen Receptors (PlgRs), which increase the catalytic efficiency of plasminogen activation, have received attention for their possible function in cancer and as targets for anticancer drug development. In this review, we consider four previously described PlgRs, including: α-enolase, annexin-A2, Plg-RKT, and cytokeratin-8, in human cancer. To compare the PlgRs, we mined transcriptome profiling data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and searched for correlations between PlgR expression and patient survival. In glioma, the expression of specific PlgRs correlates with tumor grade. In a number of malignancies, including glioblastoma and liver cancer, increased expression of α-enolase or annexin-A2 is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Whether these correlations reflect the function of PlgRs as receptors for plasminogen or other activities is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L. Gonias
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Carlotta Zampieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, 00133, Italy
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18
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Cao Q, Dong Z, Liu S, An G, Yan B, Lei L. Construction of a metastasis-associated ceRNA network reveals a prognostic signature in lung cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:208. [PMID: 32518519 PMCID: PMC7271455 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, and metastasis is the leading cause of lung cancer related death. However, the molecular network involved in lung cancer metastasis remains incompletely described. Here, we aimed to construct a metastasis-associated ceRNA network and identify a lncRNA prognostic signature in lung cancer. Methods RNA expression profiles were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were performed to investigate the function of these genes. Using Cox regression analysis, we found that a 6 lncRNA signature may serve as a candidate prognostic factor in lung cancer. Finally, we used Transwell assays with lung cancer cell lines to verify that LINC01010 acts as a tumor suppressor. Results We identified 1249 differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs, 440 DE lncRNAs and 26 DE miRNAs between nonmetastatic and metastatic lung cancer tissues. GO and KEGG analyses confirmed that the identified DE mRNAs are involved in lung cancer metastasis. Using bioinformatics tools, we constructed a metastasis-associated ceRNA network for lung cancer that includes 117 mRNAs, 23 lncRNAs and 22 miRNAs. We then identified a 6 lncRNA signature (LINC01287, SNAP25-AS1, LINC00470, AC104809.2, LINC00645 and LINC01010) that had the greatest prognostic value for lung cancer. Furthermore, we found that suppression of LINC01010 promoted lung cancer cell migration and invasion. Conclusions This study might provide insight into the identification of potential lncRNA biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - Zewen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - Shuzhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - Guoyan An
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - Bianbian Yan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - Lei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069 Shaanxi China
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19
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Doolin MT, Moriarty RA, Stroka KM. Mechanosensing of Mechanical Confinement by Mesenchymal-Like Cells. Front Physiol 2020; 11:365. [PMID: 32390868 PMCID: PMC7193100 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and tumor cells have the unique capability to migrate out of their native environment and either home or metastasize, respectively, through extremely heterogeneous environments to a distant location. Once there, they can either aid in tissue regrowth or impart an immunomodulatory effect in the case of MSCs, or form secondary tumors in the case of tumor cells. During these journeys, cells experience physically confining forces that impinge on the cell body and the nucleus, ultimately causing a multitude of cellular changes. Most drastically, confining individual MSCs within hydrogels or confining monolayers of MSCs within agarose wells can sway MSC lineage commitment, while applying a confining compressive stress to metastatic tumor cells can increase their invasiveness. In this review, we seek to understand the signaling cascades that occur as cells sense confining forces and how that translates to behavioral changes, including elongated and multinucleated cell morphologies, novel migrational mechanisms, and altered gene expression, leading to a unique MSC secretome that could hold great promise for anti-inflammatory treatments. Through comparison of these altered behaviors, we aim to discern how MSCs alter their lineage selection, while tumor cells may become more aggressive and invasive. Synthesizing this information can be useful for employing MSCs for therapeutic approaches through systemic injections or tissue engineered grafts, and developing improved strategies for metastatic cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T. Doolin
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Moriarty
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Kimberly M. Stroka
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
- Maryland Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
- Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
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20
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Mohebi M, Ghafouri-Fard S, Modarressi MH, Dashti S, Zekri A, Kholghi-Oskooei V, Taheri M. Expression analysis of vimentin and the related lncRNA network in breast cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 115:104439. [PMID: 32283061 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vimentin (VIM) is a mesenchymal marker which is expressed in some cancer types including breast cancer. A long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has been identified to be transcribed from VIM gene locus and positively regulate expression of VIM. This lncRNA has been named as VIM-antisense 1 (VIM-AS1). Expression of VIM is also regulated by another lncRNA namely AGAP2-antisense RNA 1 (AGAP2-AS1). In the current study, we aimed at identification of the expression pattern of VIM, VIM-AS1, AGAP2 and AGAP2-AS1 in 78 breast cancer samples and their paired adjacent non-cancerous tissues (ANCTs) by means of real time PCR. All mentioned genes were significantly down-regulated in tumoral tissues compared with ANCTs (P values less than 0.000). Relative expression of VIM-AS1 in tumoral tissues versus ANCTs was associated with menopause age (P = .02) in a way that this gene was down-regulated in most of patients whose menopause age was between 40 and 50 years. Moreover, AGAP2-AS1 relative expression was associated with patients' body mass index (P = .03). There were trends toward association between VIM relative expression and tumor size (P = .07) and association between VIM-AS1 relative expression and obesity (P = .06). Expression of VIM was significantly higher in tumoral tissues of patients who had history of hormone replacement therapy compared with those without such history (P = .03). Moreover, expression levels of both VIM and AGAP2-AS1 were lower in patients whose menarche age was between 10 and 12 years old compared with those whose menarche age was between 13 and 15 years old (P values = .01 and 0.04, respectively). Transcript quantities of VIM, VIM-AS1, AGAP2 and AGAP2-AS1 were correlated with each other both in tumoral tissues and in ANCTs. Among four assessed genes, AGAP2 had the best diagnostic power for discrimination of tumoral tissues from ANCTs (AUC value = 0.87). Combination of four genes led to enhancement of AUC value to 0.94. The current study shows the importance of VIM and its associated lncRNAs in breast cancer and potentiates these genes as biomarkers for this malignancy. Moreover, these lncRNAs might be regarded as therapeutic targets in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mohebi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Sepideh Dashti
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zekri
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Kholghi-Oskooei
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Mohtar MA, Syafruddin SE, Nasir SN, Yew LT. Revisiting the Roles of Pro-Metastatic EpCAM in Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020255. [PMID: 32046162 PMCID: PMC7072682 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a cell surface protein that was discovered as a tumour marker of epithelial origins nearly four decades ago. EpCAM is expressed at basal levels in the basolateral membrane of normal epithelial cells. However, EpCAM expression is upregulated in solid epithelial cancers and stem cells. EpCAM can also be found in disseminated tumour cells and circulating tumour cells. Various OMICs studies have demonstrated that EpCAM plays roles in several key biological processes such as cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, EpCAM can be detected in the bodily fluid of cancer patients suggesting that EpCAM is a pathophysiologically relevant anti-tumour target as well as being utilized as a diagnostic/prognostic agent for a variety of cancers. This review will focus on the structure-features of EpCAM protein and discuss recent evidence on the pathological and physiological roles of EpCAM in modulating cell adhesion and signalling pathways in cancers as well as deliberating the clinical implication of EpCAM as a therapeutic target.
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22
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Werner S, Keller L, Pantel K. Epithelial keratins: Biology and implications as diagnostic markers for liquid biopsies. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 72:100817. [PMID: 31563278 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Keratins are essential elements of the cytoskeleton of normal and malignant epithelial cells. Because carcinomas commonly maintain their specific keratin expression pattern during malignant transformation, keratins are extensively used as tumor markers in cancer diagnosis including the detection of circulating tumor cells in blood of carcinoma patients. Interestingly, recent biological insights demonstrate that epithelial keratins should not only be considered as mere tumor markers. Emerging evidence suggests an active biological role of keratins in tumor cell dissemination and metastasis. In this review, we illustrate the family of keratin proteins, summarize the latest biological insights into keratin function related to cancer metastasis and discuss the current use of keratins for detection of CTCs and other blood biomarkers used in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Werner
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Keller
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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23
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Messaritakis I, Nikolaou M, Koinis F, Politaki E, Koutsopoulos A, Lagoudaki E, Vetsika EK, Georgoulias V, Kotsakis A. Characterization of DLL3-positive circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and evaluation of their clinical relevance during front-line treatment. Lung Cancer 2019; 135:33-39. [PMID: 31447000 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to characterize and evaluate the presence of DLL3-positive Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) in SCLC patients receiving front-line chemotherapy and assess their clinical relevance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peripheral blood was obtained from treatment-naïve patients with SCLC (n = 108 patients), after one etoposide/platinum cycle (n = 68 patients) and on disease progression (n = 48 patients). Immunofluorescence staining using antibodies against the DLL3, cytokeratins (CK), CD45 and vimentin (Vim) was used for the detection and characterization of CTCs. RESULTS Before treatment, 74.1% of patients had detectable DLL3+/CD45- CTCs. One-treatment cycle significantly decreased both the detection rate (p < 0.001) and the absolute number (p < 0.001) of DLL3+/CD45- CTCs. Triple immunofluorescence staining using anti-CK, anti-Vim and anti-DLL3 antibodies revealed an important CTC heterogeneity since DLL3 could be detected in Vim+, Vim-, CK+ and CK- CTCs. On disease progression, both the detection rate and the absolute number of DLL3+/CD45- CTCs were significantly increased compared to post-1st cycle values (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). In addition, 22.7% of patients had detectable DLL3+/CD45- cells which could not be captured by the CellSearch assay. In multivariate analysis, the detection of DLL3+/CD45- CTCs at baseline was significantly associated with decreased progression-free survival (HR = 10.8; p = 0.005) whereas their detection on disease progression was associated with decreased overall survival (HR: 28.2; p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate an important heterogeneity of CTCs, based on the expression of CK, Vim and DLL3, in patients with SCLC and the changes of DLL3+/CD45- CTCs during treatment seem to be a dynamic biomarker associated with patients' clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michalis Nikolaou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, "Marika Iliadi" Hospital of Athens, Greece
| | - Fillipos Koinis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Eleni Politaki
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Lagoudaki
- Department of Pathology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Greece
| | - Eleni-Kyriaki Vetsika
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Vassilis Georgoulias
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece; First Department of Medical Oncology, IASO General Hospital of Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Kotsakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Thessaly, Greece.
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24
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Mierke CT. The matrix environmental and cell mechanical properties regulate cell migration and contribute to the invasive phenotype of cancer cells. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:064602. [PMID: 30947151 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The minimal structural unit of a solid tumor is a single cell or a cellular compartment such as the nucleus. A closer look inside the cells reveals that there are functional compartments or even structural domains determining the overall properties of a cell such as the mechanical phenotype. The mechanical interaction of these living cells leads to the complex organization such as compartments, tissues and organs of organisms including mammals. In contrast to passive non-living materials, living cells actively respond to the mechanical perturbations occurring in their microenvironment during diseases such as fibrosis and cancer. The transformation of single cancer cells in highly aggressive and hence malignant cancer cells during malignant cancer progression encompasses the basement membrane crossing, the invasion of connective tissue, the stroma microenvironments and transbarrier migration, which all require the immediate interaction of the aggressive and invasive cancer cells with the surrounding extracellular matrix environment including normal embedded neighboring cells. All these steps of the metastatic pathway seem to involve mechanical interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment. The pathology of cancer due to a broad heterogeneity of cancer types is still not fully understood. Hence it is necessary to reveal the signaling pathways such as mechanotransduction pathways that seem to be commonly involved in the development and establishment of the metastatic and mechanical phenotype in several carcinoma cells. We still do not know whether there exist distinct metastatic genes regulating the progression of tumors. These metastatic genes may then be activated either during the progression of cancer by themselves on their migration path or in earlier stages of oncogenesis through activated oncogenes or inactivated tumor suppressor genes, both of which promote the metastatic phenotype. In more detail, the adhesion of cancer cells to their surrounding stroma induces the generation of intracellular contraction forces that deform their microenvironments by alignment of fibers. The amplitude of these forces can adapt to the mechanical properties of the microenvironment. Moreover, the adhesion strength of cancer cells seems to determine whether a cancer cell is able to migrate through connective tissue or across barriers such as the basement membrane or endothelial cell linings of blood or lymph vessels in order to metastasize. In turn, exposure of adherent cancer cells to physical forces, such as shear flow in vessels or compression forces around tumors, reinforces cell adhesion, regulates cell contractility and restructures the ordering of the local stroma matrix that leads subsequently to secretion of crosslinking proteins or matrix degrading enzymes. Hence invasive cancer cells alter the mechanical properties of their microenvironment. From a mechanobiological point-of-view, the recognized physical signals are transduced into biochemical signaling events that guide cellular responses such as cancer progression after the malignant transition of cancer cells from an epithelial and non-motile phenotype to a mesenchymal and motile (invasive) phenotype providing cellular motility. This transition can also be described as the physical attempt to relate this cancer cell transitional behavior to a T1 phase transition such as the jamming to unjamming transition. During the invasion of cancer cells, cell adaptation occurs to mechanical alterations of the local stroma, such as enhanced stroma upon fibrosis, and therefore we need to uncover underlying mechano-coupling and mechano-regulating functional processes that reinforce the invasion of cancer cells. Moreover, these mechanisms may also be responsible for the awakening of dormant residual cancer cells within the microenvironment. Physicists were initially tempted to consider the steps of the cancer metastasis cascade as single events caused by a single mechanical alteration of the overall properties of the cancer cell. However, this general and simple view has been challenged by the finding that several mechanical properties of cancer cells and their microenvironment influence each other and continuously contribute to tumor growth and cancer progression. In addition, basement membrane crossing, cell invasion and transbarrier migration during cancer progression is explained in physical terms by applying physical principles on living cells regardless of their complexity and individual differences of cancer types. As a novel approach, the impact of the individual microenvironment surrounding cancer cells is also included. Moreover, new theories and models are still needed to understand why certain cancers are malignant and aggressive, while others stay still benign. However, due to the broad variety of cancer types, there may be various pathways solely suitable for specific cancer types and distinct steps in the process of cancer progression. In this review, physical concepts and hypotheses of cancer initiation and progression including cancer cell basement membrane crossing, invasion and transbarrier migration are presented and discussed from a biophysical point-of-view. In addition, the crosstalk between cancer cells and a chronically altered microenvironment, such as fibrosis, is discussed including the basic physical concepts of fibrosis and the cellular responses to mechanical stress caused by the mechanically altered microenvironment. Here, is highlighted how biophysical approaches, both experimentally and theoretically, have an impact on classical hallmarks of cancer and fibrosis and how they contribute to the understanding of the regulation of cancer and its progression by sensing and responding to the physical environmental properties through mechanotransduction processes. Finally, this review discusses various physical models of cell migration such as blebbing, nuclear piston, protrusive force and unjamming transition migration modes and how they contribute to cancer progression. Moreover, these cellular migration modes are influenced by microenvironmental perturbances such as fibrosis that can induce mechanical alterations in cancer cells, which in turn may impact the environment. Hence, the classical hallmarks of cancer need to be refined by including biomechanical properties of cells, cell clusters and tissues and their microenvironment to understand mechano-regulatory processes within cancer cells and the entire organism.
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Tsai FJ, Lai MT, Cheng J, Chao SCC, Korla PK, Chen HJ, Lin CM, Tsai MH, Hua CH, Jan CI, Jinawath N, Wu CC, Chen CM, Kuo BYT, Chen LW, Yang J, Hwang T, Sheu JJC. Novel K6-K14 keratin fusion enhances cancer stemness and aggressiveness in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2019; 38:5113-5126. [PMID: 30867567 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Keratin intermediate filament (IF) is one component of cellular architectures, which provides necessary mechanical support to conquer environmental stresses. Recent findings reveal its involvement in mechano-transduction and the associated stem cell reprogramming, suggesting the possible roles in cancer development. Here, we report t(12;17)(q13.13;q21.2) chromosomal rearrangement as the most common fusion event in OSCC, resulting in a variety of inter-keratin fusions. Junction site mapping verified 9 in-frame K6-K14 variants, three of which were correlated with lymph node invasion, late tumor stages (T3/T4) and shorter disease-free survival times. When expressed in OSCC cells, those fusion variants disturbed wild-type K14 organization through direct interaction or aggregate formation, leading to perinuclear structure loss and nuclear deformation. Protein array analyses showed the ability of K6-K14 variant 7 (K6-K14/V7) to upregulate TGF-β and G-CSF signaling, which contributed to cell stemness, drug tolerance, and cell aggressiveness. Notably, K6-K14/V7-expressing cells easily adapted to a soft 3-D culture condition in vitro and formed larger, less differentiated tumors in vivo. In addition to the anti-mechanical-stress activity, our data uncover oncogenic functionality of novel keratin filaments caused by gene fusions during OSCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Human Genetic Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsung Lai
- Department of Pathology, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, 40343, Taiwan
| | - Jack Cheng
- Human Genetic Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Stev Chun-Chin Chao
- Human Genetic Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Praveen Kumar Korla
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yatsen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Jye Chen
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ming Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, 33348, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsui Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Hua
- Department of Otolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ing Jan
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Natini Jinawath
- Program in Translation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Chia-Chen Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yatsen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Mei Chen
- Human Genetic Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Brian Yu-Ting Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yatsen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yatsen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Jacky Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yatsen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Tritium Hwang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yatsen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Jim Jinn-Chyuan Sheu
- Human Genetic Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan. .,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yatsen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan. .,Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan.
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Jin Y, Zhang Y, Li B, Zhang J, Dong Z, Hu X, Wan Y. TRIM21 mediates ubiquitination of Snail and modulates epithelial to mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 124:846-853. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Transcripts of cytokeratins as predictors of breast cancer. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Sai B, Xiang J. Disseminated tumour cells in bone marrow are the source of cancer relapse after therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5776-5786. [PMID: 30255991 PMCID: PMC6237612 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that cancer cells spread much earlier than was previously believed. Recent technological advances have greatly improved the detection methods of circulating tumour cells (CTCs), suggesting that the dissemination of cancer cells into the circulation occurs randomly. Most CTCs die in circulation as a result of shear stress and/or anoikis. However, the persistence of disseminated tumour cells (DTCs) in the bone marrow is the result of interaction of DTCs with bone marrow microenvironment. DTCs in the bone marrow undergo successive clonal expansions and a parallel progression that leads to new variants. Compared to the CTCs, DTCs in the bone marrow have a unique signature, which displayed dormant, mesenchymal phenotype and osteoblast-like or osteoclast-like phenotype. The persistence of DTCs in the bone marrow is always related to minimal residual diseases (MRDs). This review outlines the difference between CTCs and DTCs in the bone marrow and describes how this difference affects the clinical values of CTCs and DTCs, such as metastasis and recurrence. We suggest that DTCs remaining in the bone marrow after therapy can be used as a superior marker in comparison with CTCs to define patients with an unfavourable prognosis and may therefore be a potential prognostic factor and therapeutic target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buqing Sai
- Hunan Cancer HospitalThe Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of MedicineCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Cancer Research InstituteSchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of HealthXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Juanjuan Xiang
- Hunan Cancer HospitalThe Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of MedicineCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Cancer Research InstituteSchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of HealthXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and CancerChangshaHunanChina
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29
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Zhang X, Wei L, Li J, Zheng J, Zhang S, Zhou J. Epithelial‑mesenchymal transition phenotype of circulating tumor cells is associated with distant metastasis in patients with NSCLC. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:601-608. [PMID: 30483792 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are closely associated with cancer metastasis in preclinical models and patients with cancer. However, to the best of the authors knowledge, it remains unknown which type of CTCs may serve the key role in cancer metastasis. The present study investigated the association between the epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype of CTCs from the peripheral blood and distant metastasis in patients with non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Expression of EMT markers in CTCs from a cohort of patients was detected using Canpatrol™ CTC assays. A total of 110 patients (85 patients with NSCLC and 25 patients with benign diseases) were recruited. Among the 110 patients, 88 (80.0%) were characterized as CTC positive with EMT markers. Receiver operating characteristic curves revealed that E+/M+ CTCs exhibited the highest area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.876 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.805‑0.948; P<0.001) in distinguishing between patients with NSCLC and benign pulmonary diseases, and M+ CTCs had the highest AUC value of 0.723 (95% CI, 0.612‑0.833; P<0.001) in differentiating patients with NSCLC with distant metastasis from those with non‑distant metastasis. The results indicate the potential predictive value of distant metastasis of the EMT phenotype of CTCs in the peripheral blood of patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Liyuan Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Shirong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Jianying Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
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EpCAM high and EpCAM low circulating tumor cells in metastatic prostate and breast cancer patients. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35705-35716. [PMID: 30479699 PMCID: PMC6235023 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of high expressing epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAMhigh) circulating tumor cells (CTC) enumerated by CellSearch® in blood of cancer patients is strongly associated with poor prognosis. This raises the question about the presence and relation with clinical outcome of low EpCAM expressing CTC (EpCAMlow CTC). In the EU-FP7 CTC-Trap program, we investigated the presence of EpCAMhigh and EpCAMlow CTC using CellSearch, followed by microfiltration of the EpCAMhigh CTC depleted blood. Blood samples of 108 castration-resistant prostate cancer patients and 22 metastatic breast cancer patients were processed at six participating sites, using protocols and tools developed in the CTC-Trap program. Of the prostate cancer patients, 53% had ≥5 EpCAMhigh CTC and 28% had ≥5 EpCAMlow CTC. For breast cancer patients, 32% had ≥5 EpCAMhigh CTC and 36% had ≥5 EpCAMlow CTC. 70% of prostate cancer patients and 64% of breast cancer patients had in total ≥5 EpCAMhigh and/or EpCAMlow CTC, increasing the number of patients in whom CTC are detected. Castration-resistant prostate cancer patients with ≥5 EpCAMhigh CTC had shorter overall survival versus those with <5 EpCAMhigh CTC (p = 0.000). However, presence of EpCAMlow CTC had no relation with overall survival. This emphasizes the importance to demonstrate the relation with clinical outcome when presence of CTC identified with different technologies are reported, as different CTC subpopulations can have different relations with clinical outcome.
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de Wit S, Zeune LL, Hiltermann TJN, Groen HJM, Dalum GV, Terstappen LWMM. Classification of Cells in CTC-Enriched Samples by Advanced Image Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10100377. [PMID: 30308977 PMCID: PMC6210778 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the CellSearch® system, blood is immunomagnetically enriched for epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) expression and cells are stained with the nucleic acid dye 4′6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), Cytokeratin-PE (CK), and CD45-APC. Only DAPI+/CK+ objects are presented to the operator to identify circulating tumor cells (CTC) and the identity of all other cells and potential undetected CTC remains unrevealed. Here, we used the open source imaging program Automatic CTC Classification, Enumeration and PhenoTyping (ACCEPT) to analyze all DAPI+ nuclei in EpCAM-enriched blood samples obtained from 192 metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and 162 controls. Significantly larger numbers of nuclei were detected in 300 patient samples with an average and standard deviation of 73,570 ± 74,948, as compared to 359 control samples with an average and standard deviation of 4191 ± 4463 (p < 0.001). In patients, only 18% ± 21% and in controls 23% ± 15% of the nuclei were identified as leukocytes or CTC. Adding CD16-PerCP for granulocyte staining, the use of an LED as the light source for CD45-APC excitation and plasma membrane staining obtained with wheat germ agglutinin significantly improved the classification of EpCAM-enriched cells, resulting in the identification of 94% ± 5% of the cells. However, especially in patients, the origin of the unidentified cells remains unknown. Further studies are needed to determine if undetected EpCAM+/DAPI+/CK-/CD45- CTC is present among these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne de Wit
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, University of Twente, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Leonie L Zeune
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, University of Twente, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands.
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Twente, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - T Jeroen N Hiltermann
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Harry J M Groen
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Guus van Dalum
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Leon W M M Terstappen
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, University of Twente, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Soltanian S, Dehghani H. BORIS: a key regulator of cancer stemness. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:154. [PMID: 30323717 PMCID: PMC6173857 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0650-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BORIS (CTCFL) is a DNA binding protein which is involved in tumorigenesis. Although, there are different opinions on the level of gene expression and function of BORIS in normal and cancer tissues, the results of many studies have classified BORIS as a protein belonging to cancer/testis (CT) genes, which are identified as a group of genes that are expressed normally in testis, and abnormally in various types of cancers. In testis, BORIS induces the expression of some male germ cell/testis specific genes, and plays crucial roles during spermatogenesis and production of sperm. In tumorigenesis, the role of BORIS in the expression induction of some CT genes and oncogenes, as well as increasing proliferation/viability of cancer cells has been demonstrated in many researches. In addition to cancer cells, some believe that BORIS is also expressed in normal conditions and plays a universal function in cell division and regulation of genes. The following is a comprehensive review on contradictory views on the expression pattern and biological function of BORIS in normal, as well as cancer cells/tissues, and presents some evidence that support the expression of BORIS in cancer stem cells (CSCs) and advanced stage/poorer differentiation grade of cancers. Boris is involved in the regulation of CSC cellular and molecular features such as self-renewal, chemo-resistance, tumorigenicity, sphere-forming ability, and migration capacity. Finally, the role of BORIS in regulating two important signaling pathways including Wnt/β-catenin and Notch in CSCs, and its ability in recruiting transcription factors or chromatin-remodeling proteins to induce tumorigenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Soltanian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Mashhad, 91775-1793 Iran
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Redfern AD, Spalding LJ, Thompson EW. The Kraken Wakes: induced EMT as a driver of tumour aggression and poor outcome. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:285-308. [PMID: 29948647 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) describes the shift of cells from an epithelial form to a contact independent, migratory, mesenchymal form. In cancer the change is linked to invasion and metastasis. Tumour conditions, including hypoxia, acidosis and a range of treatments can trigger EMT, which is implicated in the subsequent development of resistance to those same treatments. Consequently, the degree to which EMT occurs may underpin the entire course of tumour progression and treatment response in a patient. In this review we look past the protective effect of EMT against the initial treatment, to the role of the mesenchymal state, once triggered, in promoting disease growth, spread and future treatment insensitivity. In patients a correlation was found between the propensity of a treatment to induce EMT and failure of that treatment to provide a survival benefit, implicating EMT induction in accelerated tumour progression after treatment cessation. Looking to the mechanisms driving this detrimental effect; increased proliferation, suppressed apoptosis, stem cell induction, augmented angiogenesis, enhanced metastatic dissemination, and immune tolerance, can all result from treatment-induced EMT and could worsen outcome. Evidence also suggests EMT induction with earlier therapies attenuates benefits of later treatments. Looking beyond epithelial tumours, de-differentiation also has therapy-attenuating effects and reversal thereof may yield similar rewards. A range of potential therapies are in development that may address the diverse mechanisms and molecular control systems involved in EMT-induced accelerated progression. Considering the broad reaching effects of mesenchymal shift identified, successful deployment of such treatments could substantially improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Redfern
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia (UWA), Harry Perkins Building, Fiona Stanley Hospital Campus, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
| | - Lisa J Spalding
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia (UWA), Harry Perkins Building, Fiona Stanley Hospital Campus, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Aneuploid CTC and CEC. Diagnostics (Basel) 2018; 8:diagnostics8020026. [PMID: 29670052 PMCID: PMC6023477 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics8020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional circulating tumor cell (CTC) detection technologies are restricted to large tumor cells (> white blood cells (WBCs)), or those unique carcinoma cells with double positive expression of surface epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) for isolation, and intracellular structural protein cytokeratins (CKs) for identification. With respect to detecting the full spectrum of highly heterogeneous circulating rare cells (CRCs), including CTCs and circulating endothelial cells (CECs), it is imperative to develop a strategy systematically coordinating all tri-elements of nucleic acids, biomarker proteins, and cellular morphology, to effectively enrich and comprehensively identify CRCs. Accordingly, a novel strategy integrating subtraction enrichment and immunostaining-fluorescence in situ hybridization (SE-iFISH), independent of cell size variation and free of hypotonic damage as well as anti-EpCAM perturbing, has been demonstrated to enable in situ phenotyping multi-protein expression, karyotyping chromosome aneuploidy, and detecting cytogenetic rearrangements of the ALK gene in non-hematologic CRCs. Symbolic non-synonymous single nucleotide variants (SNVs) of both the TP53 gene (P33R) in each single aneuploid CTCs, and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) tumor suppressor gene in each examined aneuploid CECs, were identified for the first time across patients with diverse carcinomas. Comprehensive co-detecting observable aneuploid CTCs and CECs by SE-iFISH, along with applicable genomic and/or proteomic single cell molecular profiling, are anticipated to facilitate elucidating how those disparate categories of aneuploid CTCs and CECs cross-talk and functionally interplay with tumor angiogenesis, therapeutic drug resistance, tumor progression, and cancer metastasis.
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Scholz N. Cancer Cell Mechanics: Adhesion G Protein-coupled Receptors in Action? Front Oncol 2018; 8:59. [PMID: 29594040 PMCID: PMC5859372 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, numerous organ systems are equipped with adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) to shape cellular processes including migration, adhesion, polarity and guidance. All of these cell biological aspects are closely associated with tumor cell biology. Consistently, aberrant expression or malfunction of aGPCRs has been associated with dysplasia and tumorigenesis. Mounting evidence indicates that cancer cells comprise viscoelastic properties that are different from that of their non-tumorigenic counterparts, a feature that is believed to contribute to the increased motility and invasiveness of metastatic cancer cells. This is particularly interesting in light of the recent identification of the mechanosensitive facility of aGPCRs. aGPCRs are signified by large extracellular domains (ECDs) with adhesive properties, which promote the engagement with insoluble ligands. This configuration may enable reliable force transmission to the ECDs and may constitute a molecular switch, vital for mechano-dependent aGPCR signaling. The investigation of aGPCR function in mechanosensation is still in its infancy and has been largely restricted to physiological contexts. It remains to be elucidated if and how aGPCR function affects the mechanoregulation of tumor cells, how this may shape the mechanical signature and ultimately determines the pathological features of a cancer cell. This article aims to view known aGPCR functions from a biomechanical perspective and to delineate how this might impinge on the mechanobiology of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Scholz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Wei Z, Shan Z, Shaikh ZA. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast epithelial cells treated with cadmium and the role of Snail. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 344:46-55. [PMID: 29501589 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental studies have implicated cadmium (Cd) with breast cancer. In breast epithelial MCF10A and MDA-MB-231 cells, Cd has been shown to promote cell growth. The present study examined whether Cd also promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a hallmark of cancer progression. Human breast epithelial cells consisting of non-cancerous MCF10A, non-metastatic HCC 1937 and HCC 38, and metastatic MDA-MB-231 were treated with 1 or 3 μM Cd for 4 weeks. The MCF10A epithelial cells switched to a more mesenchymal-like morphology, which was accompanied by a decrease in the epithelial marker E-cadherin and an increase in the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin. In both non-metastatic HCC 1937 and HCC 38 cells, treatment with Cd decreased the epithelial marker claudin-1. In addition, E-cadherin also decreased in the HCC 1937 cells. Even the mesenchymal-like MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited an increase in the mesenchymal marker vimentin. These changes indicated that prolonged treatment with Cd resulted in EMT in both normal and cancer-derived breast epithelial cells. Furthermore, both the MCF10A and MDA-MB-231 cells labeled with Zcad, a dual sensor for tracking EMT, demonstrated a decrease in the epithelial marker E-cadherin and an increase in the mesenchymal marker ZEB-1. Treatment of cells with Cd significantly increased the level of Snail, a transcription factor involved in the regulation of EMT. However, the Cd-induced Snail expression was completely abolished by actinomycin D. Luciferase reporter assay indicated that the expression of Snail was regulated by Cd at the promotor level. Snail was essential for Cd-induced promotion of EMT in the MDA-MB-231 cells, as knockdown of Snail expression blocked Cd-induced cell migration. Together, these results indicate that Cd promotes EMT in breast epithelial cells and does so by modulating the transcription of Snail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxi Wei
- Center for Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Zhongguo Shan
- Center for Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Zahir A Shaikh
- Center for Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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Révillion F, Lhotellier V, Hornez L, Leroy A, Baranzelli M, Giard S, Bonneterre J, Peyrat J. Real-Time Reverse-Transcription PCR to Quantify a Panel of 19 Genes in Breast Cancer: Relationships with Sentinel Lymph Node Invasion. Int J Biol Markers 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080802300102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
At the Centre Oscar Lambret, the anticancer centre of the North of France, sentinel lymph node (SLN) procedures are routinely performed for localized (T0–T1, N0, M0) breast carcinoma without any previous treatment, in order to prevent the deleterious effects of axillary lymph node dissection. The present study was undertaken to assess if the expression in the tumor of a panel of 19 genes would allow to predict histological SLN involvement. We looked at cytokeratin 19 (CK19), mucin-1 (MUC1), mammaglobin (MGB1), cyclin D1 (CCND1), the four members of the HER/ErbB growth factor receptor family (EGFR, HER2–4), insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), estradiol receptors (ERcx, ERβ), progesterone receptor (PR), vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF, VEGF-C), urokinase-like plasminogen activator (uPA), matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP2, MMP9), ets-related transcription factor ERM, and E-cadherin (CDH1). Their expression was quantified by real-time RT-PCR in 134 breast cancer samples and the relationships with SLN metastases were analyzed. A slight increase (35–40%) in CK19 and HER3 expression was observed in the tumors of patients with SLN metastases compared to those of patients without metastases, even if neither CK19 expression nor HER3 expression allowed to distinguish patients with micrometastases from patients with macrometastases. We conclude that the tumoral expression of biological parameters involved in cell proliferation or playing a critical role in the metastatic process, including tumor invasion and angiogenesis, is not strongly associated with SLN metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L. Hornez
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire Humaine
| | - A. Leroy
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire Humaine
| | | | - S. Giard
- Département de Sénologie, Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Oscar Lambret, Lille - France
| | - J. Bonneterre
- Département de Sénologie, Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Oscar Lambret, Lille - France
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Vora HH, Patel NA, Rajvik KN, Mehta SV, Brahmbhatt BV, Shah MJ, Shukla SN, Shah PM. Cytokeratin and Vimentin Expression in Breast Cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 24:38-46. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080902400106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The transition from epithelial keratin to mesenchymal vimentin expression marks an important step in the malignant progression of breast cancer. This study analyzed the clinical significance of cytokeratin and vimentin in patients with breast cancer. Materials and methods Expression of cytokeratin and vimentin was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded tissue sections of patients with breast cancer. Results Loss of cytokeratin was seen in 11% of the patients. A clearer trend towards loss of cytokeratin was observed in patients with stage IV disease and PR negativity. Weak cytokeratin expression was present in patients who developed recurrence or metastatic disease. Loss of cytokeratin was associated with reduced overall survival in univariate and multi-variate analysis, gain of vimentin expression was seen in 57% of breast carcinoma patients. It was higher in patients with lymph node positivity, advanced stage, HER2 positivity, and disease recurrence or metastasis. Multivariate survival analysis indicated that gain of vimentin expression was associated with reduced relapse-free survival. Conclusion Loss of cytokeratin and gain of vimentin expression are indicators of biologically aggressive breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pankaj M. Shah
- Honorary Director, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Asarwa, Ahmedabad - India
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Abstract
The majority of cancer-related deaths result from metastasis, the process by which cancer cells escape the primary tumor site and enter into the blood circulation in order to disseminate to secondary locations throughout the body. Tumor cells found within the circulation are referred to as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and their detection and enumeration correlate with poor prognosis. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process that imparts epithelial cells with mesenchymal-like properties, thus facilitating tumor cell dissemination and contributing to metastasis. However, EMT also results in the downregulation of various epithelial proteins typically utilized by CTC technologies for enrichment and detection of these rare cells, resulting in reduced detection of some CTCs, potentially those with a more metastatic phenotype. In addition to the current clinical role of CTCs as a prognostic biomarker, they also have potential as a predictive biomarker via CTC characterization. However, CTC characterization is complicated by the unknown biological significance of CTCs possessing an EMT-like phenotype, and the ability to capture and understand this CTC subpopulation is an essential step in the utilization of CTCs for patient management. This chapter will review the process of EMT and its contribution to metastasis; discusses current and future clinical applications of CTCs; and describes both traditional and novel methods for CTC enrichment, detection, and characterization with a specific focus on CTCs with an EMT phenotype.
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Zhang S, Wu T, Peng X, Liu J, Liu F, Wu S, Liu S, Dong Y, Xie S, Ma S. Mesenchymal phenotype of circulating tumor cells is associated with distant metastasis in breast cancer patients. Cancer Manag Res 2017; 9:691-700. [PMID: 29200889 PMCID: PMC5703158 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s149801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the relationship between the epithelial–mesenchymal transition phenotype of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and distant metastasis in breast cancer patients. We analyzed the expression of epithelial (epithelial cell adhesion molecule, cytokeratin [CK]8, CK18 and CK19) and mesenchymal (vimentin and TWIST1) markers in CTCs from a large cohort of Chinese breast cancer patients (N=1083) using Canpatrol™ CTC assays. We identified CTCs in 84.9% (920/1083) of the breast cancer patients enrolled in this study. Among these 920 patients, 547 showed epithelial CTCs, 793 showed biphenotypic CTCs and 516 showed mesenchymal CTCs. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated circulation of both biphenotypic and mesenchymal CTCs (area under ROC curve value: 0.728; sensitivity: 68.7% and specificity: 71.6%) in patients was associated with distant metastasis. These findings demonstrate that the epithelial–mesenchymal transition phenotype of CTCs is a potential biomarker predictive of distant metastasis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Zhang
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tiecheng Wu
- Department of Oncology, PKUCare Luzhong Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Xinguo Peng
- Department of Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Liu
- SurExam Bio-Tech Co., Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Suyan Liu
- SurExam Bio-Tech Co., Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Dong
- SurExam Bio-Tech Co., Guangzhou, China
| | - Shujun Xie
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenglin Ma
- Department of Oncology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Wang L, Li Y, Xu J, Zhang A, Wang X, Tang R, Zhang X, Yin H, Liu M, Wang DD, Lin PP, Shen L, Dong J. Quantified postsurgical small cell size CTCs and EpCAM + circulating tumor stem cells with cytogenetic abnormalities in hepatocellular carcinoma patients determine cancer relapse. Cancer Lett 2017; 412:99-107. [PMID: 29031565 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma circulating tumor cells performed with conventional strategies, is significantly limited due to inherently heterogeneous and dynamic expression of EpCAM, as well as degradation of cytokeratins during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which inevitably lead to non-negligible false negative detection of such "uncapturable and invisible" CTCs. A novel SE-iFISH strategy, improved for detection of HCC CTCs in this study, was applied to comprehensively detect, in situ phenotypically and karyotypically characterize hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma CTCs (CD45-/CD31-) in patients subjected to surgical resection. Clinical significance of diverse subtypes of CTC was systematically investigated. Existence of small cell size CTCs (≤5 μm of WBCs) with cytogenetic abnormality of aneuploid chromosome 8, which constituted majority of the detected CTCs in HCC patients, was demonstrated for the first time. The stemness marker EpCAM+ aneuploid circulating tumor stem cells (CTSCs), and EpCAM- small CTCs with trisomy 8, promote tumor growth. Postsurgical quantity of small triploid CTCs (≥5 cells/6 ml blood), multiploid (≥pentasomy 8) CTSCs or CTM (either one ≥ 1) significantly correlated to HCC patients' poor prognosis, indicating that detection of those specific subtypes of CTCs and CTSCs in post-operative patients help predict neoplasm recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital (BTCH), School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital (BTCH), School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Aiqun Zhang
- Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital (BTCH), School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital (BTCH), School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjing Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital (BTCH), School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfang Yin
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital (BTCH), Beijing, China
| | - Manting Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital (BTCH), School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Lin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiahong Dong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital (BTCH), School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Comprehensive in situ co-detection of aneuploid circulating endothelial and tumor cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9789. [PMID: 28852197 PMCID: PMC5575124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional circulating tumor cell (CTC) detection strategies rely on cell surface marker EpCAM and intracellular cytokeratins (CKs) for isolation and identification, respectively. Application of such methods is considerably limited by inherent heterogeneous and dynamic expression or absence of EpCAM and/or CKs in CTCs. Here, we report a novel strategy, integrating antigen-independent subtraction enrichment and immunostaining-FISH (SE-iFISH), to detect a variety of aneuploid circulating rare cells (CRCs), including CTCs and circulating tumor endothelial cells (CECs). Enriched CRCs, maintained at high viability and suitable for primary tumor cell culture, are comprehensively characterized by in situ co-examination of chromosome aneuploidy by FISH and immunostaining of multiple biomarkers displayed in diverse fluorescence channels. We described and quantified for the first time the existence of individual aneuploid CD31+ CECs and co-existence of "fusion clusters" of endothelial-epithelial aneuploid tumor cells among enriched non-hematopoietic CRCs. Hence, SE-iFISH is feasible for efficient co-detection and in situ phenotypic and karyotypic characterization as well as quantification of various CRCs, allowing for their classification into diverse subtypes upon biomarker expression and chromosome ploidy. Enhanced SE-iFISH technology, assisted by the Metafer-iFISH automated CRC imaging system, provides a platform for the analysis of potential contributions of each subtype of CRCs to distinct clinical outcome.
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Jakabova A, Bielcikova Z, Pospisilova E, Matkowski R, Szynglarewicz B, Staszek-Szewczyk U, Zemanova M, Petruzelka L, Eliasova P, Kolostova K, Bobek V. Molecular characterization and heterogeneity of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 166:695-700. [PMID: 28815327 PMCID: PMC5680374 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4452-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction This study analyzes peripheral blood samples from breast cancer (BC) patients. CTCs from peripheral blood were enriched by size-based separation and were then cultivated in vitro. The primary aim of this study was to demonstrate the antigen independent CTC separation method with high CTC recovery. Subsequently, CTCs enriched several times during the treatment were characterized molecularly. Methods Patients with different stages of BC (N = 167) were included into the study. All patients were candidates for surgery, surgical diagnostics, or were undergoing chemotherapy. In parallel, 20 patients were monitored regularly and in addition to CTC presence, also CTC character was examined by qPCR, with special focus on HER2 and ESR status. Results CTC positivity in the cohort was 76%. There was no significant difference between the tested groups, but the highest CTC occurrence was identified in the group undergoing surgery and similarly in the group before the start of neoadjuvant treatment. On the other hand, the lowest CTC frequencies were observed in the menopausal patient group (56%), ESR+ patient group (60%), and DCIS group (44.4%). It is worth noting that after completion of neoadjuvant therapy (NACT) CTCs were present in 77.7% of cases. On the other hand, patients under hormonal treatment were CTC positive only in 52% of cases. Discussions Interestingly, HER2 and ESR status of CTCs differs from the status of primary tumor. In 50% of patients HER2 status on CTCs changed not only from HER2+ to HER2−, but also from HER2– to HER2+ (33%). ESR status in CTCs changed only in one direction from ESR+ to ESR−. Conclusions Data obtained from the present study suggest that BC is a heterogeneous disease but CTCs may be detected independently of the disease characteristics in 76% of patients at any time point during the course of the disease. This relatively high CTC occurrence in BC should be considered when planning the long-term patient monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jakabova
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Srobarova 50, 100 34, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bielcikova
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Pospisilova
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Srobarova 50, 100 34, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rafal Matkowski
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Ludwika Pasteura 1, 50-367, Wrocław, Poland.,Breast Unit, Lower Silesian Cancer Center, Wroclaw, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartlomiej Szynglarewicz
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Ludwika Pasteura 1, 50-367, Wrocław, Poland.,Breast Unit, Lower Silesian Cancer Center, Wroclaw, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Urszula Staszek-Szewczyk
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Ludwika Pasteura 1, 50-367, Wrocław, Poland.,Breast Unit, Lower Silesian Cancer Center, Wroclaw, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Milada Zemanova
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lubos Petruzelka
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Eliasova
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Srobarova 50, 100 34, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Kolostova
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Srobarova 50, 100 34, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Bobek
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Srobarova 50, 100 34, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Department of Surgery, University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Masaryk´s Hospital, Krajska zdravotni a.s., Socialni pece 3316/12A, 40113, Usti Nad Labem, Czech Republic. .,Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Ludwika Pasteura 1, 50-367, Wrocław, Poland.
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Phenotypic characterization of circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood of patients with small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181211. [PMID: 28719656 PMCID: PMC5515424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the phenotypic heterogeneity of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) based on the expression of proliferative, apoptotic and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transmission (EMT) markers during front-line treatment in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and to evaluate their clinical relevance. Methods CTCs from 108 chemotherapy-naïve patients with SCLC were analyzed by double immunofluorescence staining using anti-Ki67, anti-M30, anti-Vimentin along with anti-CKs antibodies. In 83 patients CTCs were also enumerated using the CellSearch. Results Sequential samples were available from 76 and 48 patients after one-treatment cycle and on disease progression (PD), respectively, for immunofluorescence and from 50 and 36 patients after one-cycle and on PD, respectively, for CellSearch. At baseline, 60.2% of the patients had detectable CTCs by either method. Both proliferative (CK67+) and non-proliferative (Ki67-), apoptotic (M30+) and non-apoptotic (M30-) as well as EMT (Vim+) CTCs were present in the same patient. Among 22 patients without detectable CTCs by CellSearch, CK+/Ki67+ and CK+/Vim+ CTCs could be detected in 6 (27.3%) and 6 (27.3%) patients, respectively. One-chemotherapy cycle reduced both the incidence of detection (p<0.001) and the absolute number (p<0.001) of CTCs; conversely, on PD both the incidence of detection and the number of CTCs were significantly increased (p = 0.002 and p = 0.04, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that the increased number of Vim+ CTCs at baseline and of non-apoptotic CTCs on PD could be emerged as independent prognostic factors associated with decreased OS(p = 0.009 and p = 0.023, respectively). Conclusions CK+/Ki67+, CK+/M30+ and CK+/Vim+ CTCs represent distinct subpopulations of CTCs in patients with SCLC, can be detected even in the absence of detectable CTCs by CellSearch; CK+/Ki67+ and CK+/Vim+ CTCs are associated with unfavorable clinical outcome.
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45
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Francart ME, Lambert J, Vanwynsberghe AM, Thompson EW, Bourcy M, Polette M, Gilles C. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity and circulating tumor cells: Travel companions to metastases. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:432-450. [PMID: 28407379 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) associated with metastatic progression may contribute to the generation of hybrid phenotypes capable of plasticity. This cellular plasticity would provide tumor cells with an increased potential to adapt to the different microenvironments encountered during metastatic spread. Understanding how EMT may functionally equip circulating tumor cells (CTCs) with an enhanced competence to survive in the bloodstream and niche in the colonized organs has thus become a major cancer research axis. We summarize here clinical data with CTC endpoints involving EMT. We then review the work functionally linking EMT programs to CTC biology and deciphering molecular EMT-driven mechanisms supporting their metastatic competence. Developmental Dynamics 247:432-450, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Emilie Francart
- GIGA-Cancer, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Justine Lambert
- GIGA-Cancer, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Aline M Vanwynsberghe
- GIGA-Cancer, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, and Translational Research Institute Brisbane, and University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Morgane Bourcy
- GIGA-Cancer, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Myriam Polette
- Inserm UMR-S 903, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Biopathology Laboratory, CHU of Reims, Reims, France
| | - Christine Gilles
- GIGA-Cancer, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Denisov EV, Skryabin NA, Gerashchenko TS, Tashireva LA, Wilhelm J, Buldakov MA, Sleptcov AA, Lebedev IN, Vtorushin SV, Zavyalova MV, Cherdyntseva NV, Perelmuter VM. Clinically relevant morphological structures in breast cancer represent transcriptionally distinct tumor cell populations with varied degrees of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and CD44 +CD24 - stemness. Oncotarget 2017; 8:61163-61180. [PMID: 28977854 PMCID: PMC5617414 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumor morphological heterogeneity in breast cancer is represented by different morphological structures (tubular, alveolar, solid, trabecular, and discrete) and contributes to poor prognosis; however, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this study, we performed 3D imaging, laser microdissection-assisted array comparative genomic hybridization and gene expression microarray analysis of different morphological structures and examined their association with the standard immunohistochemistry scorings and CD44+CD24- cancer stem cells. We found that the intratumor morphological heterogeneity is not associated with chromosomal aberrations. By contrast, morphological structures were characterized by specific gene expression profiles and signaling pathways and significantly differed in progesterone receptor and Ki-67 expression. Most importantly, we observed significant differences between structures in the number of expressed genes of the epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes and the association with cancer invasion pathways. Tubular (tube-shaped) and alveolar (spheroid-shaped) structures were transcriptionally similar and demonstrated co-expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers. Solid (large shapeless) structures retained epithelial features but demonstrated an increase in mesenchymal traits and collective cell migration hallmarks. Mesenchymal genes and cancer invasion pathways, as well as Ki-67 expression, were enriched in trabecular (one/two rows of tumor cells) and discrete groups (single cells and/or arrangements of 2-5 cells). Surprisingly, the number of CD44+CD24- cells was found to be the lowest in discrete groups and the highest in alveolar and solid structures. Overall, our findings indicate the association of intratumor morphological heterogeneity in breast cancer with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and CD44+CD24- stemness and the appeal of this heterogeneity as a model for the study of cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny V Denisov
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Tomsk State University, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay A Skryabin
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of Human Ontogenetics, Tomsk State University, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana S Gerashchenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Lubov A Tashireva
- Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Department of Internal Medicine, German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mikhail A Buldakov
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksei A Sleptcov
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Igor N Lebedev
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of Human Ontogenetics, Tomsk State University, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey V Vtorushin
- Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Department of Pathological Anatomy, Siberian State Medical University, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Marina V Zavyalova
- Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Department of Pathological Anatomy, Siberian State Medical University, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda V Cherdyntseva
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir M Perelmuter
- Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Department of Pathological Anatomy, Siberian State Medical University, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation
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47
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The Effect of Duloxetine on Tau Protein and Migration in Breast Cancer Cell Line. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.6422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Mooney SM, Talebian V, Jolly MK, Jia D, Gromala M, Levine H, McConkey BJ. The GRHL2/ZEB Feedback Loop-A Key Axis in the Regulation of EMT in Breast Cancer. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2559-2570. [PMID: 28266048 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
More than 90% of cancer-related deaths are caused by metastasis. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) causes tumor cell dissemination while the reverse process, Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition (MET) allows cancer cells to grow and establish a potentially deadly metastatic lesion. Recent evidence indicates that in addition to E and M, cells can adopt a stable hybrid Epithelial/Mesenchymal (E/M) state where they can move collectively leading to clusters of Circulating Tumor Cells-the "bad actors" of metastasis. EMT is postulated to occur in all four major histological breast cancer subtypes. Here, we identify a set of genes strongly correlated with CDH1 in 877 cancer cell lines, and differentially expressed genes in cell lines overexpressing ZEB1, SNAIL, and TWIST. GRHL2 and ESRP1 appear in both these sets and also correlate with CDH1 at the protein level in 40 breast cancer specimens. Next, we find that GRHL2 and CD24 expression coincide with an epithelial character in human mammary epithelial cells. Further, we show that high GRHL2 expression is highly correlated with worse relapse-free survival in all four subtypes of breast cancer. Finally, we integrate CD24, GRHL2, and ESRP1 into a mathematical model of EMT regulation to validate the role of these players in EMT. Our data analysis and modeling results highlight the relationships among multiple crucial EMT/MET drivers including ZEB1, GRHL2, CD24, and ESRP1, particularly in basal-like breast cancers, which are most similar to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and are considered the most dangerous subtype. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2559-2570, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Mooney
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L3G1, ON, Canada
| | - Vida Talebian
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L3G1, ON, Canada
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston 77005, Texas.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston 77005, Texas
| | - Dongya Jia
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston 77005, Texas.,Program in Systems/Synthetic/Physical Biology, Rice University, Houston 77005, Texas
| | - Monica Gromala
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L3G1, ON, Canada
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston 77005, Texas.,Program in Systems/Synthetic/Physical Biology, Rice University, Houston 77005, Texas.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston 77005, Texas
| | - Brendan J McConkey
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L3G1, ON, Canada
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Ory EC, Bhandary L, Boggs AE, Chakrabarti KR, Parker J, Losert W, Martin SS. Analysis of microtubule growth dynamics arising from altered actin network structure and contractility in breast tumor cells. Phys Biol 2017; 14:026005. [PMID: 28092269 PMCID: PMC5738915 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aa59a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The periphery of epithelial cells is shaped by opposing cytoskeletal physical forces generated predominately by two dynamic force generating systems-growing microtubule ends push against the boundary from the cell center, and the actin cortex contracts the attached plasma membrane. Here we investigate how changes to the structure and dynamics of the actin cortex alter the dynamics of microtubules. Current drugs target actin polymerization and contraction to reduce cell division and invasiveness; however, the impacts on microtubule dynamics remain incompletely understood. Using human MCF-7 breast tumor cells expressing GFP-tagged microtubule end-binding-protein-1 (EB1) and coexpression of cytoplasmic fluorescent protein mCherry, we map the trajectories of growing microtubule ends and cytoplasmic boundary respectively. Based on EB1 tracks and cytoplasmic boundary outlines, we calculate the speed, distance from cytoplasmic boundary, and straightness of microtubule growth. Actin depolymerization with Latrunculin-A reduces EB1 growth speed as well as allows the trajectories to extend beyond the cytoplasmic boundary. Blebbistatin, a direct myosin-II inhibitor, reduced EB1 speed and yielded less straight EB1 trajectories. Inhibiting signaling upstream of myosin-II contractility via the Rho-kinase inhibitor, Y-27632, altered EB1 dynamics differently from Blebbistatin. These results indicate that reduced actin cortex integrity can induce distinct alterations in microtubule dynamics. Given recent findings that tumor stem cell characteristics are increased by drugs which reduce actin contractility or stabilize microtubules, it remains important to clearly define how cytoskeletal drugs alter the interactions between these two filament systems in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Ory
- Department of Physics, IPST, and IREAP, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Lekhana Bhandary
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Amanda E Boggs
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Kristi R Chakrabarti
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Joshua Parker
- Department of Physics, IPST, and IREAP, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Losert
- Department of Physics, IPST, and IREAP, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Stuart S Martin
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Bressler Bldg. Rm 10-29, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
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50
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Oudin MJ, Weaver VM. Physical and Chemical Gradients in the Tumor Microenvironment Regulate Tumor Cell Invasion, Migration, and Metastasis. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 81:189-205. [PMID: 28424337 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2016.81.030817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis requires the invasion of tumor cells into the stroma and the directed migration of tumor cells through the stroma toward the vasculature and lymphatics where they can disseminate and colonize secondary organs. Physical and biochemical gradients that form within the primary tumor tissue promote tumor cell invasion and drive persistent migration toward blood vessels and the lymphatics to facilitate tumor cell dissemination. These microenvironment cues include hypoxia and pH gradients, gradients of soluble cues that induce chemotaxis, and ions that facilitate galvanotaxis, as well as modifications to the concentration, organization, and stiffness of the extracellular matrix that produce haptotactic, alignotactic, and durotactic gradients. These gradients form through dynamic interactions between the tumor cells and the resident fibroblasts, adipocytes, nerves, endothelial cells, infiltrating immune cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. Malignant progression results from the integrated response of the tumor to these extrinsic physical and chemical cues. Here, we first describe how these physical and chemical gradients develop, and we discuss their role in tumor progression. We then review assays to study these gradients. We conclude with a discussion of clinical strategies used to detect and inhibit these gradients in tumors and of new intervention opportunities. Clarifying the role of these gradients in tumor evolution offers a unique approach to target metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J Oudin
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
- UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research and The Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
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