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Hajaj E, Pozzi S, Erez A. From the Inside Out: Exposing the Roles of Urea Cycle Enzymes in Tumors and Their Micro and Macro Environments. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041538. [PMID: 37696657 PMCID: PMC10982720 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Catabolic pathways change in anabolic diseases such as cancer to maintain metabolic homeostasis. The liver urea cycle (UC) is the main catabolic pathway for disposing excess nitrogen. Outside the liver, the UC enzymes are differentially expressed based on each tissue's needs for UC intermediates. In tumors, there are changes in the expression of UC enzymes selected for promoting tumorigenesis by increasing the availability of essential UC substrates and products. Consequently, there are compensatory changes in the expression of UC enzymes in the cells that compose the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, extrahepatic tumors induce changes in the expression of the liver UC, which contribute to the systemic manifestations of cancer, such as weight loss. Here, we review the multilayer changes in the expression of UC enzymes throughout carcinogenesis. Understanding the changes in UC expression in the tumor and its micro and macro environment can help identify biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis and vulnerabilities that can be targeted for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Hajaj
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sabina Pozzi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ayelet Erez
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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2
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Li L, Wang Z, Guo H, Lin Q. Nanomaterials: a promising multimodal theranostics platform for thyroid cancer. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:7544-7566. [PMID: 37439780 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01175e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent malignant neoplasm of the cervical region and endocrine system, characterized by a discernible upward trend in incidence over recent years. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration is the current standard for preoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancer, albeit with limitations and a certain degree of false-negative outcomes. Although differentiated thyroid carcinoma generally exhibits a favorable prognosis, dedifferentiation is associated with an unfavorable clinical course. Anaplastic thyroid cancer, characterized by high malignancy and aggressiveness, remains an unmet clinical need with no effective treatments available. The emergence of nanomedicine has opened new avenues for cancer theranostics. The unique features of nanomaterials, including multifunctionality, modifiability, and various detection modes, enable non-invasive and convenient thyroid cancer diagnosis through multimodal imaging. For thyroid cancer treatment, nanomaterial-based photothermal therapy or photodynamic therapy, combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or gene therapy, holds promise in reducing invasiveness and prolonging patient survival or alleviating pain in individuals with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Furthermore, nanomaterials enable simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer. This review aims to provide a comprehensive survey of the latest developments in nanomaterials for thyroid cancer diagnosis and treatment and encourage further research in developing innovative and effective theranostic approaches for thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
- Department of Endocrinology, Lequn Branch, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130031, China.
| | - Ze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Lequn Branch, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130031, China.
| | - Quan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
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Niu F, Yu Y, Li Z, Ren Y, Li Z, Ye Q, Liu P, Ji C, Qian L, Xiong Y. Arginase: An emerging and promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112840. [PMID: 35316752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginase is a key hydrolase in the urea cycle that hydrolyses L-arginine to urea and L-ornithine. Increasing number of studies in recent years demonstrate that two mammalian arginase isoforms, arginase 1 (ARG1) and arginase 2 (ARG2), were aberrantly upregulated in various types of cancers, and played crucial roles in the regulation of tumor growth and metastasis through various mechanisms such as regulating L-arginine metabolism, influencing tumor immune microenvironment, etc. Thus, arginase receives increasing focus as an attractive target for cancer therapy. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological and biological roles of arginase in a variety of cancers, and shed light on the underlying mechanisms of arginase mediating cancer cells growth and development, as well as summarize the recent clinical research advances of targeting arginase for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Niu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuozhuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zi Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an 710018, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenshuang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Qian
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an 710018, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yuyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Diana P, Carvalheira GMG. NIBAN1, Exploring its Roles in Cell Survival Under Stress Context. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:867003. [PMID: 35517496 PMCID: PMC9062034 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.867003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell survival must quickly activate specific mechanisms that enable to detect changes in the cellular microenvironment. The impact of these cell alteration has direct consequences on cellular homeostasis. Cellular stress, as well as its regulation and implication, has been studied in different pathologies. In this sense, the alteration in NIBAN1 expression seems to act in response to different cellular disturbances. Over the years, the knowledge of NIBAN1 functions has improved, demonstrating its important cell roles, favoring the cell survival under stress context. In response to the disturbances, NIBAN1 seems to be involved in the decision-making process between cell survival and death. The increase in NIBAN1 expression has been related to cellular mechanisms that seek to minimize the damage caused to cellular homeostasis. In this review, the main biological insights attributed to the NIBAN1 gene in different cellular contexts and its role as a mediator of cellular stress are discussed.
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Hajaj E, Sciacovelli M, Frezza C, Erez A. The context-specific roles of urea cycle enzymes in tumorigenesis. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3749-3759. [PMID: 34469752 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the urea cycle (UC) proteins is dysregulated in multiple cancers, providing metabolic benefits to tumor survival, proliferation, and growth. Here, we review the main changes described in the expression of UC enzymes and metabolites in different cancers at various stages and suggest that these changes are dynamic and should hence be viewed in a context-specific manner. Understanding the evolvability in the activity of the UC pathway in cancer has implications for cancer-immune cell interactions and for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Hajaj
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Marco Sciacovelli
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Box 197, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Christian Frezza
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Box 197, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK.
| | - Ayelet Erez
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Weis-Banke SE, Hübbe ML, Holmström MO, Jørgensen MA, Bendtsen SK, Martinenaite E, Carretta M, Svane IM, Ødum N, Pedersen AW, Met Ö, Madsen DH, Andersen MH. The metabolic enzyme arginase-2 is a potential target for novel immune modulatory vaccines. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1771142. [PMID: 32923127 PMCID: PMC7458644 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1771142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
One way that tumors evade immune destruction is through tumor and stromal cell expression of arginine-degrading enzyme arginase-2 (ARG2). Here we describe the existence of pro-inflammatory effector T-cells that recognize ARG2 and can directly target tumor and tumor-infiltrating cells. Using a library of 34 peptides covering the entire ARG2 sequence, we examined reactivity toward these peptides in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cancer patients and healthy individuals. Interferon-γ ELISPOT revealed frequent immune responses against several of the peptides, indicating that ARG2–specific self-reactive T-cells are natural components of the human T-cell repertoire. Based on this, the most immunogenic ARG2 protein region was further characterized. By identifying conditions in the microenvironment that induce ARG2 expression in myeloid cells, we showed that ARG2-specific CD4T-cells isolated and expanded from a peripheral pool from a prostate cancer patient could recognize target cells in an ARG2-dependent manner. In the ‘cold’ in vivo tumor model Lewis lung carcinoma, we found that activation of ARG2-specific T-cells by vaccination significantly inhibited tumor growth. Immune-modulatory vaccines targeting ARG2 thus are a candidate strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Emilie Weis-Banke
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mie Linder Hübbe
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Orebo Holmström
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mia Aaboe Jørgensen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simone Kloch Bendtsen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Evelina Martinenaite
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark.,IO Biotech ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marco Carretta
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Özcan Met
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Hargbøl Madsen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark.,IO Biotech ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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AATF and SMARCA2 are associated with thyroid volume in Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1754. [PMID: 32019955 PMCID: PMC7000742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid volume of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) patients varies in size over the course of disease and it may reflect changes in biological function of thyroid gland. Patients with subclinical hypothyroidism predominantly have increased thyroid volume whereas patients with more pronounced hypothyroidism have smaller thyroid volumes. Suggested mechanism for thyroid atrophy is thyrocyte death due to apoptosis. We performed the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of thyroid volume in two groups of HT patients, depending on levothyroxine (LT4) therapy, and then meta-analysed across. Study included 345 HT patients in total and 6 007 322 common autosomal genetic variants. Underlying hypothesis was that genetic components that are involved in regulation of thyroid volume display their effect in specific pathophysiologic conditions of thyroid gland of HT patients. We additionally performed immunohistochemical analysis using thyroid tissues and analysed differences in expression levels of identified proteins and apoptotic marker between HT patients and controls. We found genome-wide significant association of two loci, both involved in apoptosis, with thyroid volume of HT patients: rs7212416 inside apoptosis-antagonizing transcription factor AATF (P = 8.95 × 10−9) and rs10738556 near chromatin-remodeling SMARCA2 (P = 2.83 × 10−8). In immunohistochemical analysis we observed that HT patients with homozygous AATF risk genotypes have decreased AATF expression (0.46-fold, P < 0.0001) and increased apoptosis (3.99-fold, P = 0.0001) in comparison to controls. HT patients with heterozygous SMARCA2 genotypes have decreased SMARCA2 expression, albeit without reaching statistical significance (1.07-fold, P = 0.5876), and significantly increased apoptosis (4.11-fold, P < 0.0001). By two lines of evidence we show that two highly plausible genetic loci, AATF and SMARCA2, may be involved in determining the thyroid volume of HT patients. The results of our study significantly add to the current knowledge of disturbed biological mechanisms in thyroid gland of HT patients.
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van Gerwen MAG, Tuminello S, Riggins GJ, Mendes TB, Donovan M, Benn EKT, Genden E, Cerutti JM, Taioli E. Molecular Study of Thyroid Cancer in World Trade Center Responders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1600. [PMID: 31067756 PMCID: PMC6539993 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer incidence is higher in World Trade Center (WTC) responders compared with the general population. It is unclear whether this excess in thyroid cancer is associated with WTC-related exposures or if instead there is an over-diagnosis of malignant thyroid cancer among WTC first responders due to enhanced surveillance and physician bias. To maximize diagnostic yield and determine the false positive rate for malignancy, the histological diagnoses of thyroid cancer tumors from WTC responders and age, gender, and histology matched non-WTC thyroid cancer cases were evaluated using biomarkers of malignancy. Using a highly accurate panel of four biomarkers that are able to distinguish benign from malignant thyroid cancer, our results suggest that over-diagnosis by virtue of misdiagnosis of a benign tumor as malignant does not explain the increased incidence of thyroid cancer observed in WTC responders. Therefore, rather than over-diagnosis due to physician bias, the yearly screening visits by the World Trade Center Health Program are identifying true cases of thyroid cancer. Continuing regular screening of this cohort is thus warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike A G van Gerwen
- Institute for Translational Epidemiology and Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Stephanie Tuminello
- Institute for Translational Epidemiology and Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Gregory J Riggins
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Thais B Mendes
- Division of Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil.
| | - Michael Donovan
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Emma K T Benn
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Center for Biostatistics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Eric Genden
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Janete M Cerutti
- Division of Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil.
| | - Emanuela Taioli
- Institute for Translational Epidemiology and Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Feng X, Yan N, Sun W, Zheng S, Jiang S, Wang J, Guo C, Hao L, Tian Y, Liu S, Sun MZ. miR-4521-FAM129A axial regulation on ccRCC progression through TIMP-1/MMP2/MMP9 and MDM2/p53/Bcl2/Bax pathways. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:89. [PMID: 31016032 PMCID: PMC6465337 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most aggressive RCC subtype with high metastasis, chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance, and poor prognosis. This study attempted to establish the deregulations of miR-4521 and FAM129A together with their correlation to and mechanism of regulation of ccRCC development and progression. FAM129A acted as tumor promotor and miR-4521 acted as a suppressor in ccRCC. As measured in surgical tumorous tissues from ccRCC patients, FAM129A overexpression and miR-4521 deficiency together contributed to ccRCC progression by promoting advances in patients' TNM stage and Fuhrman grade. Both the FAM129A knockdown and miR-4521 overexpression could reduce the in vitro migration and invasion abilities of renal cancer cells 786-O and ACHN, through the TIMP-1/MMP2/MMP9 pathway and could decrease their proliferation by promoting their apoptosis through the MDM2/p53/Bcl2/Bax pathway. By directly targeting the 3'-UTR domain of FAM129A, miR-4521 was negatively correlated with FAM129A/FAM129A levels in ccRCC progression and renal cancer cell malignancies. This work establishes the miR-4521-FAM129A axial regulation mechanism in ccRCC. Micro-4521 deficiency leads to FAM129A/FAM129A upregulation, which synergistically enhances the migration and invasion of renal cancer cells due to the induced decrease of TIMP-1 and increases of MMP2 and MMP9, and increases their growth through escaping apoptosis by suppressing p53 by way of upregulation of induced MDM2. The current work provides new clues to assist fundamental research into the diagnosis and treatment of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Feng
- 1Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, 116044 Dalian, China
| | - Naimeng Yan
- 2Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, 116044 Dalian, China
| | - Weibin Sun
- 3Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 116027 Dalian, China
| | - Shanliang Zheng
- 1Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, 116044 Dalian, China
| | - Sixiong Jiang
- 3Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 116027 Dalian, China
| | - Jinxia Wang
- 1Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, 116044 Dalian, China
| | - Chunmei Guo
- 1Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, 116044 Dalian, China
| | - Lihong Hao
- 4Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, 116044 Dalian, China
| | - Yuxiang Tian
- 2Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, 116044 Dalian, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- 2Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, 116044 Dalian, China
| | - Ming-Zhong Sun
- 1Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, 116044 Dalian, China
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Nozima BH, Mendes TB, Pereira GJDS, Araldi RP, Iwamura ESM, Smaili SS, Carvalheira GMG, Cerutti JM. FAM129A regulates autophagy in thyroid carcinomas in an oncogene-dependent manner. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:227-238. [PMID: 30400008 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We previously proposed that high expression of FAM129A can be used as a thyroid carcinoma biomarker in preoperative diagnostic exams of thyroid nodules. Here, we identify that FAM129A expression is increased under nutrient and growth factor depletion in a normal thyroid cell line (PCCL3), overlapping with increased expression of autophagy-related protein and inhibition of AKT/mTOR/p70S6K. Supplementation of insulin, TSH and serum to the medium was able to reduce the expression of both FAM129A and autophagy-related protein and reestablish the AKT/mTOR/p70S6K axis. To determine the direct role of FAM129A on autophagy, FAM129A was transfected into PCCL3 cells. Its overexpression induced autophagic vesicles formation, evidenced by transmission electron microscopy. Co-expression of FAM129A and mCherry-EGFP-LC3B in PCCL3 showed an increased yellow puncta formation, suggesting that FAM129Ainduces autophagy. To further confirm its role on autophagy, we knockdown FAM129A in two thyroid carcinoma cell lines (TPC1 and FTC-236). Unexpectedly, FAM129A silencing increased autophagic flux, suggesting that FAM129A inhibits autophagy in these models. We next co-transfected PCCL3 cells with FAM129A and RET/PTC1 and tested autophagy in this context. Co-expression of FAM129A and RET/PTC1 oncogene in PCCL3 cells, inhibited RET/PTC1-induced autophagy. Together, our data suggest that, in normal cells FAM129A induces autophagy in order to maintain cell homeostasis and provide substrates under starvation conditions. Instead, in cancer cells, decreased autophagy may help the cells to overcome cell death. FAM129A regulates autophagy in a cell- and/or context-dependent manner. Our data reinforce the concept that autophagy can be used as a strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Heidi Nozima
- Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Biude Mendes
- Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo José da Silva Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Calcium Signaling and Cell Death Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Soraya Soubhi Smaili
- Department of Pharmacology, Calcium Signaling and Cell Death Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gianna Maria Griz Carvalheira
- Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janete Maria Cerutti
- Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bastos AU, de Jesus AC, Cerutti JM. ETV6-NTRK3 and STRN-ALK kinase fusions are recurrent events in papillary thyroid cancer of adult population. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 178:83-91. [PMID: 29046324 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE PTC-specific analysis identified novel fusions involving RET, BRAF, NTRK1, NTRK3, AGK and ALK genes in adults and pediatric PTCs. Although many novel fusions are PTC-specific events and, therefore, are ideal for diagnosis purposes, validation across additional and larger patient cohorts is essential for introducing these potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers into the clinical practice. As most of the BRAF, NTRK3 and ALK fusions were initially found in pediatric PTC or in more aggressive thyroid carcinomas, and there is a great disparity across population, in this study, we screened a large set of adult-sporadic PTC cases for the most prevalent kinase fusion lately described in the TCGA. DESIGN AND METHODS The prevalence of the fusions was determined by RT-PCR in 71 classical PTC, 45 follicular variants of PTC (FVPTC), 19 follicular thyroid adenomas (FTAs) and 22 follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTCs). RESULTS ETV6-NTRK3 was exclusively found in FVPTC, in both encapsulated and infiltrative variants, but was not found in FTAs and FTCs. STRN-ALK was found in both classical PTC and FVPTC. No AGK-BRAF fusion was identified in this series, endorsing that AGK-BRAF is a genetic event mainly associated with pediatric PTCs. CONCLUSIONS The identification of kinase fusions in thyroid carcinomas helps to expand our knowledge about the landscape of oncogenic alterations in PTC. As ETV6-NTRK3 and STRN-ALK are recurrent and not identified in benign lesions, they can certainly help with diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Further analysis is needed to define if they can also be useful for prognosis and guiding therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Uchimura Bastos
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Disciplina de Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Jesus
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Disciplina de Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janete Maria Cerutti
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Disciplina de Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Chen L, Zhao L, Ding M, Yang M, Yang W, Cui G, Shan B. Higher expression level of tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 and Wnt member 5a in papillary thyroid carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:5966-5972. [PMID: 29113233 PMCID: PMC5661602 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) has a wnt-mediated, pro-tumorigenic role in certain types of cancer. The present study was designed to assess the protein expression level of ROR2 and its putative ligand Wnt member 5a (Wnt5a), as well as the association with clinicopathological features in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). A total of 58 patients were recruited, resulting in 58 human PTC tissue samples and their paired adjacent noncancerous tissue samples being obtained. The protein expression levels of ROR2 and Wnt5a were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blotting, and messenger RNA expression levels were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. ROR2 and Wnt5a protein and mRNA expression were significantly overexpressed in PTC tissues (P<0.05). The present study also revealed that ROR2 and Wnt5a were significantly associated with tumor stage and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). There was a positive association between ROR2 and Wnt5a expression levels (r=0.857; P=0.007). In conclusion, ROR2 and Wnt5a may act as tumor suppressor genes in the development of PTC; overexpression of ROR2 and Wnt5a in PTC may be important for tumorigenesis and tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Lianmei Zhao
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Mingjian Ding
- Department of Oncology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Oncology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Wenhua Yang
- Department of Oncology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Guozhong Cui
- Department of Oncology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Baoen Shan
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
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13
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Thomas BC, Kay JD, Menon S, Vowler SL, Dawson SN, Bucklow LJ, Luxton HJ, Johnston T, Massie CE, Pugh M, Warren AY, Barker P, Burling K, Lynch AG, George A, Burge J, Corcoran M, Stearn S, Lamb AD, Sharma NL, Shaw GL, Neal DE, Whitaker HC. Whole blood mRNA in prostate cancer reveals a four-gene androgen regulated panel. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:797-812. [PMID: 27578825 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to increased sensitivity, the expression of circulating nucleotides is rapidly gaining popularity in cancer diagnosis. Whole blood mRNA has been used in studies on a number of cancers, most notably two separate studies that used whole blood mRNA to define non-overlapping signatures of prostate cancer that has become castration independent. Prostate cancer is known to rely on androgens for initial growth, and there is increasing evidence on the importance of the androgen axis in advanced disease. Using whole blood mRNA samples from patients with prostate cancer, we have identified the four-gene panel of FAM129A, MME, KRT7 and SOD2 in circulating mRNA that are differentially expressed in a discovery cohort of metastatic samples. Validation of these genes at the mRNA and protein level was undertaken in additional cohorts defined by risk of relapse following surgery and hormone status. All the four genes were downregulated at the mRNA level in the circulation and in primary tissue, but this was not always reflected in tissue protein expression. MME demonstrated significant differences in the hormone cohorts, whereas FAM129A is downregulated at the mRNA level but is raised at the protein level in tumours. Using published ChIP-seq data, we have demonstrated that this may be due to AR binding at the FAM129A and MME loci in multiple cell lines. These data suggest that whole blood mRNA of androgen-regulated genes has the potential to be used for diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Thomas
- Uro-Oncology Research GroupCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK Biomarker InitiativeCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan D Kay
- Uro-Oncology Research GroupCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK Biomarker InitiativeCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics GroupUniversity College London, London, UK
| | - Suraj Menon
- Bioinformatics and Statistics Core FacilityCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK Astra Zeneca2 Riverside, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah L Vowler
- Bioinformatics and Statistics Core FacilityCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK Astra Zeneca2 Riverside, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah N Dawson
- Bioinformatics and Statistics Core FacilityCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura J Bucklow
- Biomarker InitiativeCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hayley J Luxton
- Biomarker InitiativeCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics GroupUniversity College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Johnston
- Uro-Oncology Research GroupCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK Biomarker InitiativeCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charlie E Massie
- Uro-Oncology Research GroupCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK Molecular and Computational Diagnostics GroupCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michelle Pugh
- Genomics Core FacilityCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Department of HistopathologyCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Barker
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Core Biochemistry Assay LaboratoryCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Keith Burling
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Core Biochemistry Assay LaboratoryCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andy G Lynch
- Computational Biology GroupCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne George
- Uro-Oncology Research GroupCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johanna Burge
- Uro-Oncology Research GroupCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marie Corcoran
- Uro-Oncology Research GroupCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sara Stearn
- Uro-Oncology Research GroupCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alastair D Lamb
- Uro-Oncology Research GroupCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Naomi L Sharma
- Uro-Oncology Research GroupCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Greg L Shaw
- Uro-Oncology Research GroupCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK University College Hospital at Westmoreland StreetLondon, UK
| | - David E Neal
- Uro-Oncology Research GroupCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesJohn Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Hayley C Whitaker
- Uro-Oncology Research GroupCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK Biomarker InitiativeCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics GroupUniversity College London, London, UK
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14
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Mendes TB, Nozima BH, Budu A, de Souza RB, Braga Catroxo MH, Delcelo R, Gazarini ML, Cerutti JM. PVALB diminishes [Ca2+] and alters mitochondrial features in follicular thyroid carcinoma cells through AKT/GSK3β pathway. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:769-82. [PMID: 27458244 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have identified previously a panel of markers (C1orf24, ITM1 and PVALB) that can help to discriminate benign from malignant thyroid lesions. C1orf24 and ITM1 are specifically helpful for detecting a wide range of thyroid carcinomas, and PVALB is particularly valuable for detecting the benign Hürthle cell adenoma. Although these markers may ultimately help patient care, the current understanding of their biological functions remains largely unknown. In this article, we investigated whether PVALB is critical for the acquisition of Hürthle cell features and explored the molecular mechanism underlying the phenotypic changes. Through ectopic expression of PVALB in thyroid carcinoma cell lines (FTC-133 and WRO), we demonstrated that PVALB sequesters free cytoplasmic Ca(2+), which ultimately lowers calcium levels and precludes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) refilling. These results were accompanied by induced expression of PERK, an ER stress marker. Additionally, forced expression of PVALB reduces Ca(2+) inflow in the mitochondria, which can in turn cause changes in mitochondria morphology, increase mitochondria number and alter subcellular localization. These findings share striking similarity to those observed in Hürthle cell tumors. Moreover, PVALB inhibits cell growth and induces cell death, most likely through the AKT/GSK-3β. Finally, PVALB expression coincides with Ca(2+) deposits in HCA tissues. Our data support the hypothesis that the loss of PVALB plays a role in the pathogenesis of thyroid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Biude Mendes
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors LaboratoryDivision of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Heidi Nozima
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors LaboratoryDivision of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Budu
- Enzymology LaboratoryDepartment of Biophysics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Barbosa de Souza
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors LaboratoryDivision of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Helena Braga Catroxo
- Laboratory of Electron MicroscopyCenter for Research and Development of Animal Health, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosana Delcelo
- Department of PathologyUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Leoni Gazarini
- Cell Signaling Laboratory in PlasmodiumDepartment of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janete Maria Cerutti
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors LaboratoryDivision of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Carvalheira G, Nozima BH, Cerutti JM. microRNA-106b-mediated down-regulation of C1orf24 expression induces apoptosis and suppresses invasion of thyroid cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28357-70. [PMID: 26317551 PMCID: PMC4695065 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that C1orf24 expression is increased in thyroid carcinomas. Nonetheless, the mechanism underlying C1orf24 deregulation is not fully understood. It has been widely demonstrated that microRNAs are involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation in several diseases, including cancer. Using in silico prediction approach, five microRNAs that bind to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of C1orf24 were identified. The expression of two selected microRNAs (miR-17-5p, miR-106b) and the expression of C1orf24 were tested in 48 benign and malignant thyroid lesions and in five thyroid carcinoma cell lines. miR-106b was down-regulated in thyroid cancer specimens and thyroid carcinoma cell lines, while C1orf24 expression was markedly increased. To demonstrate that miR-106b reduces C1orf24 expression, follicular (WRO) and papillary (TPC1) thyroid carcinoma cell lines were transiently transfected with miR-106b mimic. Ectopic expression of the miR-106b mimic significantly inhibits C1orf24 mRNA and protein expression in both WRO and TPC1 cells. Dual-luciferase report assays demonstrated that miR-106b directly targets C1orf24 by binding its 3'-UTR. Moreover, miR-106b-mediated down-regulation of C1orf24 expression increased apoptosis and inhibited migration. We additionally demonstrated that siRNA against C1orf24 significantly decreased its expression, inhibited cell migration and cell cycle progression while induced apoptosis. In summary, our findings not only provide new insights into molecular mechanism associated with C1orf24 overexpression in thyroid carcinomas but also show that C1orf24 might increase proliferation and cell migration. Thus, decreasing C1orf24 levels, by restoring miR-106b function, may have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Carvalheira
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Heidi Nozima
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Janete Maria Cerutti
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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16
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Jang MH, Jung KC, Min HS. The Diagnostic Usefulness of HMGA2, Survivin, CEACAM6, and SFN/14-3-3 δ in Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma. J Pathol Transl Med 2015; 49:112-7. [PMID: 25812733 PMCID: PMC4367106 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2015.01.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is the second most common thyroid malignancy and its differential diagnosis includes follicular adenoma (FA) and adenomatous goiter (AG). Several ancillary markers have been suggested to aid in the diagnosis of FTC, but the successful use of these methods still needs to be validated. Methods: In the present study, we verified the immunoexpression of HMGA2, CEACAM6, survivin, and SFN/14-3-3 δ in lesions including 41 AGs, 72 FAs, and 79 FTCs. We evaluated their diagnostic usefulness, combined with galectin 3, Hector Battifora mesothelial 1 (HBME1), cytokeratin 19, and cyclin D1, in diagnosing FTC. Results: The expressions of HBME1 (65.8%) and HMGA2 (55.7%) were significantly higher in FTCs than in FAs and AGs (p<.001 and p=.005, respectively). HBME1 was the only marker that was more frequently expressed in FTCs than in FAs (p=.021) and it was more frequently expressed in follicular neoplasms than in AGs (p<.001). Among the novel markers, the combination of HMGA2 and HBME1 showed the highest sensitivity (72.2%) and specificity (76.1%) for diagnosing FTC. CEACAM6, survivin, and SFN/14-3-3 δ were barely expressed in most cases. Conclusions: Our present results show that only HMGA2 can be beneficial in differentiating FTC using the novel markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hye Jang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea ; Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeong Cheon Jung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Sook Min
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Goldknopf IL. Molecular diagnostics and proteomics on the outskirts of personalized medicine. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 7:339-43. [PMID: 17620042 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.7.4.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ira L Goldknopf
- Power3 Medical Products, Inc., The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA.
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18
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DDIT3, STT3A (ITM1), ARG2 and FAM129A (Niban, C1orf24) in diagnosing thyroid carcinoma: variables that may affect the performance of this antibody-based test and promise. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:611-3. [PMID: 23542525 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Sigstad E, Paus E, Bjøro T, Berner A, Grøholt KK, Jørgensen LH, Sobrinho-Simões M, Holm R, Warren DJ. Reply to 'The new molecular markers DDIT3, STT3A, ARG2 and FAM129A are not useful in diagnosing thyroid follicular tumors'. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:613-5. [PMID: 23542526 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Camacho CP, Lindsey SC, Melo MCC, Yang JH, Germano-Neto F, Valente FDOF, Lima TRN, Biscolla RPM, Vieira JGH, Cerutti JM, Dias-da-Silva MR, Maciel RMB. Measurement of calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA refines the management of patients with medullary thyroid cancer and may replace calcitonin-stimulation tests. Thyroid 2013; 23:308-16. [PMID: 23259706 PMCID: PMC3593689 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum calcitonin (sCT) is the main tumor marker for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), but it has certain limitations. Various sCT assays may have important intra-assay or interassay variation and may yield different and sometimes conflicting results. A pentagastrin- or calcium-stimulation calcitonin (CT) test may be desirable in some situations. Alternatively, or in the absence of the stimulation test, mRNA detection offers the advantages of being more comfortable and less invasive; it only requires blood collection and has no side effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the applicability of measuring calcitonin-related polypeptide alpha (CALCA) gene transcripts (CT-CALCA and calcitonin gene-related peptide [CGRP]-CALCA) in patients with MTC and in relatives diagnosed with a RET mutation and to test mRNA as an alternative diagnostic tool for the calcitonin-stimulation test. METHODS Twenty-three healthy controls and 26 individuals evaluated for MTC were selected, including patients with sporadic or hereditary MTC and RET mutation-carrying relatives. For molecular analysis, RNA was extracted from peripheral blood, followed by cDNA synthesis using 3.5 μg of total RNA. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed with SYBR Green and 200 nM of each primer for the two specific mRNA targets (CT-CALCA or CGRP-CALCA) and normalized with the ribosomal protein S8 as the reference gene. RESULTS We detected CALCA transcripts in the blood samples and observed a positive correlation between them (r=0.946, p<0.0001). Both mRNAs also correlated with sCT (CT-CALCA, r=0.713, p<0.0001; CGRP-CALCA, r=0.714, p<0.0001). The relative expression of CT-CALCA and CGRP-CALCA presented higher clinical sensitivity (86.67 and 100, respectively), specificity (97.06 and 97.06), positive predictive value (92.86 and 93.75), and negative predictive value (94.29 and 100), than did sCT (73.33, 82.35, 64.71, and 87.50, respectively). In addition, the CALCA transcript measurement mirrored the response to the pentagastrin test. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that the measurement of CALCA gene transcripts in the bloodstream is feasible and may refine the management of patients with MTC and RET mutation-carrying relatives. We propose considering the application of this diagnostic tool as an alternative to the calcitonin-stimulation test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cléber P Camacho
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Cerutti JM. Employing genetic markers to improve diagnosis of thyroid tumor fine needle biopsy. Curr Genomics 2012; 12:589-96. [PMID: 22654558 PMCID: PMC3271311 DOI: 10.2174/138920211798120781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) is the most widely used and cost-effective preoperative test for the initial evaluation of a thyroid nodule, although it has limited diagnostic accuracy for several types of tumors. Patients will often receive cytological report of indeterminate cytology and are referred to surgery for a more accurate diagnosis. An improved test would help physicians rapidly focus treatment on true malignancies and avoid some unnecessary treatment of benign tumors. This review will discuss current molecular markers that may improve thyroid nodule diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janete M Cerutti
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumor Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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22
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Maia FFR, Zantut-Wittmann DE. Thyroid nodule management: clinical, ultrasound and cytopathological parameters for predicting malignancy. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67:945-54. [PMID: 22948464 PMCID: PMC3416902 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(08)15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although fine-needle aspiration cytology is considered to be the reference method for evaluating thyroid nodules, the results are inaccurate in approximately 10-30% of cases. Several studies have attempted to predict the risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules based on age, nodularity, thyrotropin values, thyroid autoimmune disease, hot/cold nodule status, and ultrasound parameters. However, no consensus has been found, and none of these parameters has significantly affected patient management. The management of indeterminate thyroid nodules and re-biopsies of nodules with initially benign cytological results remain important and controversial topics of discussion. The Bethesda cytological system and several studies on the use of molecular markers to predict malignancy from cytological samples of thyroid nodules need further clarification. More in-depth discussions among and continuous education of the specialists involved in treating thyroid disease are necessary to improve the management of these patients. This review aims to examine the clinical, laboratory, ultrasound, and scintigraphic parameters that can be used for thyroid nodule management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico F R Maia
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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23
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Sigstad E, Paus E, Bjøro T, Berner A, Grøholt KK, Jørgensen LH, Sobrinho-Simões M, Holm R, Warren DJ. The new molecular markers DDIT3, STT3A, ARG2 and FAM129A are not useful in diagnosing thyroid follicular tumors. Mod Pathol 2012; 25:537-47. [PMID: 22157935 PMCID: PMC3318159 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2011.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Preoperative characterization of thyroid follicular lesions is challenging. Fine-needle aspiration specimens cannot differentiate follicular carcinomas from benign follicular neoplasias. Recently, promising markers have been detected using modern molecular techniques. We conducted a retrospective study to confirm the usefulness of immunohistochemical staining for the protein markers, DDIT3, STT3A (ITM1), ARG2 and FAM129A (C1orf24) in separating benign and malignant thyroid follicular lesions. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded thyroid tissue from 30 in-house cases (15 follicular carcinomas and 15 follicular adenomas), as well as 8 follicular carcinomas and 21 follicular adenomas on tissue microarray slides were stained immunohistochemically for DDIT3, STT3A, ARG2 and FAM129A expression. Control tissue consisted of thyroid parenchyma adjacent to the tumors and 11 separate cases of normal thyroid parenchyma. All in-house cases of follicular adenomas, follicular carcinomas and adjacent normal thyroid tissue showed positive immunostaining with anti-DDIT3 and anti-STT3A. Anti-ARG2 and anti-FAM129A polyclonal antibodies showed positive staining in 20 and 60% of in-house follicular adenomas, and 40 and 87% of in-house follicular carcinomas, respectively. Monoclonal anti-FAM129A demonstrated positive staining in 13 and 33% of in-house follicular adenomas and follicular carcinomas, respectively. Polyclonal anti-DDIT3, -STT3A and -FAM129A antibodies showed positive staining in all tissue microarray slides of follicular carcinoma and in 76, 85 and 81% of the follicular adenomas, respectively. Monoclonal anti-STT3A stained 81% of the follicular adenoma cores. Anti-ARG2 stained positive in 13% of follicular carcinomas and 10% of follicular adenomas on the tissue microarray slides. In conclusion, DDIT3, STT3A, ARG2 and FAM129A immunohistochemistry does not appear to be useful in the diagnosis of thyroid follicular neoplasias, as they do not reliably distinguish follicular thyroid carcinoma from follicular thyroid adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sigstad
- Department of Pathology, Division of Diagnostics and Intervention, Oslo University Hospital HF, Montebello, Norway.
| | - Elisabeth Paus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Division of Diagnostics and Intervention, Oslo University Hospital HF, Montebello, Norway
| | - Trine Bjøro
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Division of Diagnostics and Intervention, Oslo University Hospital HF, Montebello, Norway,Department of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aasmund Berner
- Department of Pathology, Division of Diagnostics and Intervention, Oslo University Hospital HF, Montebello, Norway,Department of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Krystyna Kotanska Grøholt
- Department of Pathology, Division of Diagnostics and Intervention, Oslo University Hospital HF, Montebello, Norway
| | - Lars H Jørgensen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diseases, Oslo University Hospital HF, Montebello, Norway
| | - Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ruth Holm
- Department of Pathology, Division of Diagnostics and Intervention, Oslo University Hospital HF, Montebello, Norway
| | - David J Warren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Division of Diagnostics and Intervention, Oslo University Hospital HF, Montebello, Norway
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Prasad NB, Kowalski J, Tsai HL, Talbot K, Somervell H, Kouniavsky G, Wang Y, Dackiw AP, Westra WH, Clark DP, Libutti SK, Umbricht CB, Zeiger MA. Three-gene molecular diagnostic model for thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2012; 22:275-84. [PMID: 22280184 PMCID: PMC3286810 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules primarily depends upon fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology. However, up to 25% of FNA samples have associated "suspicious or indeterminate", but not diagnostic cytologic reports, resulting in difficulty deciding appropriate clinical management for these patients. We hypothesize that the use of molecular markers as an adjunct to FNA cytology can improve the distinction of benign from malignant nodules that have associated suspicious or indeterminate cytology. METHODS Using microarray analysis, we previously identified and reported on 75 genes useful in the distinction of benign versus malignant thyroid nodules. In the present study, we have further validated the expression of 14 of these markers in a large number of thyroid samples by immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of 154 thyroid tumors and quantitative real-time RT-PCR (QRT-PCR) analysis of 95 FNA samples. Of the 154 tumors analyzed by IHC, 44 samples (29%) had associated suspicious or indeterminate FNA cytology. RESULTS Receiver operating characteristic using three-gene model, (HMGA2, MRC2, and SFN) analysis for the detection of malignant nodules resulted in areas under the curve (AUCs) of≥0.95 (80% sensitivity; 100% specificity) and≥0.84 (71% sensitivity; 84% specificity) for the IHC data in tumors, and QRT-PCR data in FNA samples, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a three-gene model for the cytological diagnosis of indeterminate thyroid nodules is both feasible and promising. Implementation of this as an adjunct to thyroid cytology may significantly impact the clinical management of patients with suspicious or indeterminate thyroid FNA nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijaguna B. Prasad
- Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeanne Kowalski
- Division of Oncology Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hua-Ling Tsai
- Division of Oncology Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kristin Talbot
- Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Helina Somervell
- Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Guennadi Kouniavsky
- Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yongchun Wang
- Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan P.B. Dackiw
- Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William H. Westra
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Douglas P. Clark
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven K. Libutti
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Christopher B. Umbricht
- Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martha A. Zeiger
- Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Bauer AJ, Francis GL. Update on the molecular signature of differentiated thyroid cancer: clinical implications and potential opportunities. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2011; 6:819-834. [PMID: 30780870 DOI: 10.1586/eem.11.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
With the development and maturation of new technologies, there has been a steady incorporation of powerful new tools into the evaluation and management of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. An increasing number of reports on oncogene testing and molecular screening in fine-needle aspiration biopsy samples have been published. However, there remains a paucity of data and consensus on combining both conventional and molecular technologies to determine the diagnosis and/or prognosis of disease. All patients with differentiated thyroid cancer stand to benefit from the identification and incorporation of reliable molecular markers into clinical practice. Identification of reliable markers would allow for stratification of treatment, affording the medical and surgical teams an ability to individually tailor evaluation and treatment, applying aggressive therapy and monitoring only when clinically warranted. For the majority of patients with thyroid cancer, the incorporation of a validated, multifaceted molecular profiling system may not improve survival; however, there is great opportunity for these efforts to decrease the morbidity associated with our current approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bauer
- a Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
- b Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
- c Thyroid Center, Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gary L Francis
- d Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Richmond at The Commonwealth University Health System, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA, USA
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Oliveira MNL, Hemerly JP, Bastos AU, Tamanaha R, Latini FRM, Camacho CP, Impellizzeri A, Maciel RMB, Cerutti JM. The RET p.G533C mutation confers predisposition to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A in a Brazilian kindred and is able to induce a malignant phenotype in vitro and in vivo. Thyroid 2011; 21:975-85. [PMID: 21834681 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2010.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously described a p.G533C substitution in the rearranged during transfection (RET) oncogene in a large family with medullary thyroid carcinoma. Here, we explore the functional transforming potential of RET p.G533C mutation. METHODS Plasmids expressing RET mutants (p.G533C and p.C634Y) and RET wild type were stable transfected into a rat thyroid cell line (PCCL3). Biological and biochemical effects of RET p.G533C were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we report the first case of pheochromocytoma among the RET p.G533C-carriers in this Brazilian family and explore the RET mutational status in DNA isolated from pheochromocytoma. RESULTS Ectopic expression of RET p.G533C and p.C634Y activates RET/MAPK/ERK pathway at similar levels and significantly increased cell proliferation, compared with RET wild type. We additionally show that p.G533C increased cell viability, anchorage-independent growth, and micronuclei formation while reducing apoptosis, hallmarks of the malignant phenotype. RET p.G533C down-regulates the expression of thyroid specific genes in PCCL3. Moreover, RET p.G533C-expressing cells were able to induce liver metastasis in nude mice. Finally, we described two novel RET variants (G548V and S556T) in the DNA isolated from pheochromocytoma while they were absent in the DNA isolated from blood. CONCLUSIONS Our in vitro and in vivo analysis indicates that this mutation confers a malignant phenotype to PCCL3 cells. These findings, in association with the report of first case of pheochromocytoma in the Brazilian kindred, suggest that this noncysteine mutation may be more aggressive than was initially considered.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/enzymology
- Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/genetics
- Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/pathology
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Brazil
- Carcinoma, Medullary/congenital
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Enzyme Activation
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/enzymology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/secondary
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective
- Middle Aged
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a/enzymology
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a/genetics
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a/secondary
- Mutation
- Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary/enzymology
- Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary/genetics
- Pedigree
- Phenotype
- Pheochromocytoma/enzymology
- Pheochromocytoma/genetics
- Pheochromocytoma/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Thyroid Gland/enzymology
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/enzymology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/secondary
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana N L Oliveira
- Division of Genetics, Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Petric R, Perhavec A, Gazic B, Besic N. Preoperative serum thyroglobulin concentration is an independent predictive factor of malignancy in follicular neoplasms of the thyroid gland. J Surg Oncol 2011; 105:351-6. [PMID: 21751218 DOI: 10.1002/jso.22030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A distinction between a benign follicular neoplasm (FN) and a malignant FN based entirely on cytologic examination of fine-needle aspiration biopsy is not possible. The aim of this retrospective study was to find predictive factors of carcinoma in patients with FN. METHODS A chart review of 388 patients (314 females, 74 males; mean age 50 years, range 9-81 years) with FN, who were surgically treated between 1988 and 2009, was performed. Predictive factors for malignancy were identified by the chi-squared test and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS The histopathological diagnoses were carcinoma, adenoma, and benign goiter in 127 (33%), 126 (32%), and 135 (35%) patients, respectively. The independent predictors of malignancy as shown by multivariate logistic regression were age of patients (OR 1.88, P = 0.008), solitary tumor (OR 1.72, P = 0.037), and Tg concentration (OR 2.36, P = 0.001). Carcinoma was more common in patients younger than 45 years, with solitary tumor and with preoperative serum Tg concentration more than 400 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS The independent predictors of malignancy in FN were age of patients, solitary tumor, and preoperative Tg concentration. The determination of Tg concentration may be useful in the patients with FN in order to decrease the number of completion thyroidectomies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Petric
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Zaloska, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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28
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Genome-wide analysis of gene expression by crotonaldehyde in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Mol Cell Toxicol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-011-0017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Patel MR, Stadler ME, Deal AM, Kim HS, Shores CG, Zanation AM. STT3A, C1orf24, TFF3: putative markers for characterization of follicular thyroid neoplasms from fine-needle aspirates. Laryngoscope 2011; 121:983-9. [PMID: 21520112 DOI: 10.1002/lary.21736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The goals of this study were to characterize gene expression using fine-needle aspirates (FNAs) from follicular neoplasms to distinguish follicular adenomas (FAs) from follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTCs) and follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas (FVPTCs); and to use FNA material to distinguish benign from malignant follicular neoplasms. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective expression analysis of diagnosed follicular neoplasms (level of evidence 2b); prospective cohort of FNA from the operating room after thyroid lobectomy (level of evidence 1b). METHODS Gene expression analysis via reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) of nine genes previously noted to be differentially expressed in follicular neoplasms was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archived normal thyroid tissue (n = 63) and follicular neoplasms as diagnosed on preoperative FNA: FA (n = 16), FTC (n = 13), FVPTC (n = 24), and papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) (n = 10). All cases were originally read as follicular neoplasms on preoperative FNA. To determine if these results could be translated into fresh tissue, ex vivo FNA was performed on follicular neoplasms (n = 17) in the operating room after thyroidectomy. RESULTS Quantitative gene analysis detected differential TFF3 expression in FA versus FTC, FVPTC, and PTC (P = .02). Rt-PCR of FNA samples demonstrated that malignant nodules overexpress STT3A as compared with benign disease (P = .046). The combination of STT3A overexpression/Clorf24 underexpression identified malignant disease (P = .03) on FNA samples. CONCLUSIONS Gene-expression data suggest a difference in expression between STT3A, Clorf24, and TFF3 in FAs versus carcinomas that may be detected from an FNA sample. Findings must be validated from preoperative FNAs in larger numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir R Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Latini FRM, Hemerly JP, Freitas BCG, Oler G, Riggins GJ, Cerutti JM. ABI3 ectopic expression reduces in vitro and in vivo cell growth properties while inducing senescence. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:11. [PMID: 21223585 PMCID: PMC3032749 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting evidence has indicated that ABI3 (ABI family member 3) function as a tumor suppressor gene, although the molecular mechanism by which ABI3 acts remains largely unknown. METHODS The present study investigated ABI3 expression in a large panel of benign and malignant thyroid tumors and explored a correlation between the expression of ABI3 and its potential partner ABI3-binding protein (ABI3BP). We next explored the biological effects of ABI3 ectopic expression in thyroid and colon carcinoma cell lines, in which its expression was reduced or absent. RESULTS We not only observed that ABI3 expression is reduced or lost in most carcinomas but also that there is a positive correlation between ABI3 and ABI3BP expression. Ectopic expression of ABI3 was sufficient to lead to a lower transforming activity, reduced tumor in vitro growth properties, suppressed in vitro anchorage-independent growth and in vivo tumor formation while, cellular senescence increased. These responses were accompanied by the up-regulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 WAF1 and reduced ERK phosphorylation and E2F1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our result links ABI3 to the pathogenesis and progression of some cancers and suggests that ABI3 or its pathway might have interest as therapeutic target. These results also suggest that the pathways through which ABI3 works should be further characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia R M Latini
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Division of Endocrinology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Cerutti JM, Oler G, Delcelo R, Gerardt R, Michaluart P, de Souza SJ, Galante PAF, Huang P, Riggins GJ. PVALB, a new Hürthle adenoma diagnostic marker identified through gene expression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E151-60. [PMID: 20926528 PMCID: PMC3038489 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT A better means to accurately identify malignant thyroid nodules and to distinguish them from benign tumors is needed. We previously identified markers for detecting thyroid malignancy, with sensitivity estimated at or close to 100%. One lingering problem with these markers was that false positives occurred with Hürthle cell adenomas (HCA) which lowered test specificity. METHODS To locate accurate diagnostic markers, we profiled in depth the transcripts of a HCA and a Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC). From 1146 differentially expressed genes, 18 transcripts specifically expressed in HCA were tested by quantitative PCR in a wide range of thyroid tumors (n = 76). Sensibility and specificity were calculated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Selected markers were further validated in an independent set of thyroid tumors (n = 82) by immunohistochemistry. To define the panel that would yield best diagnostic accuracy, these markers were tested in combination with our previous identified markers. RESULTS Seventeen of the 18 genes showed statistical significance based on a mean relative level of expression (P < 0.05). KLK1 (sensitivity = 0.97) and PVALB (sensitivity = 0.94) were the best candidate markers. The combination of PVALB and C1orf24 increased specificity to >97% and maintained sensitivity for detection of carcinoma. CONCLUSION We identified tumor markers that can be used in combination for a more accurate preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules and for postoperative diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma in tumor sections. This improved test would help physicians rapidly focus treatment on true malignancies and avoid unnecessary treatment of benign tumors, simultaneously improving medical care and reducing costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janete M Cerutti
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumor Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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De Rienzo A, Dong L, Yeap BY, Jensen RV, Richards WG, Gordon GJ, Sugarbaker DJ, Bueno R. Fine-needle aspiration biopsies for gene expression ratio-based diagnostic and prognostic tests in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 17:310-6. [PMID: 21088255 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive disease associated with median survival between 9 and 12 months. The correct diagnosis of MPM is sometimes challenging and usually requires solid tissue biopsies rather than fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNA). We postulated that the accuracy of FNA-based diagnosis might be improved by the addition of molecular tests using a gene expression ratio-based algorithm and that prognostic tests could be similarly performed. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Two MPM and 2 lung cancer cell lines were used to establish the minimal quantity of RNA required to perform the gene ratio test. On the basis of these results, 276 ex vivo FNA biopsies from 63 MPM patients and 250 ex vivo FNA samples from 92 lung cancer patients were analyzed using previously described diagnostic and prognostic tests based on gene expression ratios. RESULTS We found that the sensitivity of the diagnostic test for MPM was 100% [95% confidence interval (CI): 95%-100%] and the specificity in primary lung adenocarcinoma was 90% (95% CI: 81%-95%). The FNA-based prognostic classification was concordant among 76% (95% CI: 65%-87%) of patients with the risk assignment in a subset of the matched surgical specimens previously analyzed by the prognostic test. CONCLUSIONS Sufficient RNA can be extracted from most FNA biopsies to perform gene expression molecular tests. In particular, we show that the gene expression ratio algorithms performed well when applied to diagnosis and prognosis in MPM. This study provides support for the development of additional RNA molecular tests that may enhance the utility of FNA in the management of other solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta De Rienzo
- The Thoracic Surgery Oncology Laboratory and International Mesothelioma Program, and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Hemerly JP, Bastos AU, Cerutti JM. Identification of several novel non-p.R132 IDH1 variants in thyroid carcinomas. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 163:747-55. [PMID: 20702649 DOI: 10.1530/eje-10-0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Somatic mutations at residue R132 of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) were recently discovered in gliomas and leukaemia at a high frequency. IDH1 is a metabolic gene, and the R132 mutations create a new enzymatic activity. OBJECTIVES To determine whether IDH1 had somatically acquired mutations in thyroid carcinomas. DESIGN Exons 4 and 6 of IDH1 were sequenced in a large panel of thyroid tumours (n=138) and compared with the patients normal DNA (n=26). We also correlated IDH1 mutations with clinical-pathological data and BRAF and RAS mutational status. RESULTS We identified four novel and two previously described non-synonymous variants in thyroid carcinomas, which were absent in benign tumours and paired normal thyroid. Although IDH1 variants occurred at higher frequency in follicular thyroid carcinomas, follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas than the observed variants in classical PTC (15/72 vs 3/37), it was not significant (P=0.1). Sequence alignment across several species shows that all IDH1 genetic alterations occurred at evolutionarily conserved residues located within the active site, and therefore, are likely to affect protein function. Unlike other tumours, IDH1 and BRAF or RAS mutations are not mutually exclusive. There was no association between IDH1 mutational status and clinical characteristics. CONCLUSION IDH1-acquired genetic alterations are highly prevalent in thyroid carcinomas (16%). Our findings not only extend our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying pathogenesis of thyroid tumours, but also emphasize the biological differences between tumour types. Those tumours with IDH1 mutations might benefit from therapies that exploit this alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson Pessoa Hemerly
- Laboratório Bases Genéticas dos Tumores da Tiroide, Disciplinas de Genética e Endocrinologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Sousa MSA, Latini FRM, Monteiro HP, Cerutti JM. Arginase 2 and nitric oxide synthase: Pathways associated with the pathogenesis of thyroid tumors. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:997-1007. [PMID: 20542107 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that ARG2 expression was increased in most malignant thyroid tumors, but absent in benign lesions and normal tissues. Small interfering RNA knockdown was used to investigate the role of ARG2 in a thyroid carcinoma cell line. ARG2 knockdown decreased eNOS expression as well as the expression of eNOS-related genes (p21, Akt1, HIF-1, VEGF, and CAV1). ARG2 silencing changed tumor properties of thyroid cancer cells promoting apoptosis and reduced expression of cell proliferation markers. These results, coupled with enhanced nitric oxide production and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, account for the altered intracellular redox environment. Genes related to either production (DUOX1 and NOX4) or catabolism (SODs) of ROS and reactive nitrogen species were negatively modulated by ARG2 knockdown. Additionally, a positive correlation of ARG2 with eNOS and related genes was investigated in thyroid tumors, further substantiating our in vitro findings. Our results suggest that ARG2 and eNOS may work in a coordinated manner and the underlying mechanism might be of major significance for thyroid tumorigenesis and/or tumor progression pathways. Fine modulation of ARG2, eNOS, and related genes may represent a potential source for targeted therapy of several cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sharmila A Sousa
- Genetic Basis of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Freitas BCG, Cerutti JM. Genetic markers differentiating follicular thyroid carcinoma from benign lesions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 321:77-85. [PMID: 19932149 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid nodules are commonly encountered during routine medical care. The main problem established by a discovery of a thyroid nodule is to discriminate between a benign and malignant lesion. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is the most widely used and cost-effective preoperative test for initial evaluation of a thyroid nodule. While the overall accuracy of FNA for classical papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) approaches 100%, it has limited accuracy with follicular lesions. Patients with a cytological report of indeterminate or follicular lesions are referred to surgery for a more accurate diagnosis. A more acute molecular-based test for thyroid nodules is needed not only to improve treatment decisions, but also to potentially reduce the long-term health costs. Several studies have looked into biologic markers that could be used as an adjuvant to distinguish the benign from malignant nodules. This review will focus on those biomarkers that are potentially useful in the diagnosis of thyroid lesions commonly classified as indeterminate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz C G Freitas
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumor Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Zeiger MA. Distinguishing molecular markers in thyroid tumors: a tribute to Dr. Orlo Clark. World J Surg 2010; 33:375-7. [PMID: 18784955 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-008-9721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Zeiger
- Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 606, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Oler G, Nakabashi CD, Biscolla RPM, Cerutti JM. Seven-year follow-up of a juvenile female with papillary thyroid carcinoma with poor outcome, BRAF mutation and loss of expression of iodine-metabolizing genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 52:1313-6. [PMID: 19169486 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302008000800017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies reported that BRAF V600E mutation, the most prevalent genetic event found in papillary thyroid carcinoma, is an independent poor prognostic marker. Additionally, it correlates with a less differentiated tumor stage due to reduced expression of key genes involved in iodine metabolism. We previously described a patient with BRAF V600E mutation in primary tumor and a new mutation (V600E+K601del) in the matched-lymph node metastases. In the present study we report an unusual clinical behavior of PTC and correlate with BRAF mutational status and level of expression of TSHR and NIS. METHODS Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to evaluate the NIS and TSHR level of expression in matched papillary thyroid carcinoma and adjacent normal tissue. RESULTS In this study, we presented a seven-year follow up of a juvenile papillary thyroid carcinoma patient who had an aggressive tumor harboring BRAF mutation, and failed to conventional therapy. We found a markedly decrease of NIS and TSHR expression in primary PTC compared to adjacent normal thyroid tissue. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that BRAF mutational status and decreased NIS and TSHR expression in this patient may reduce radioiodine uptake and lead to a negative response to radioiodine therapy.
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Li G, Feng G, Cuilleron M, Zhao A, Gentil-Perret A, Cottier M, Genin C, Tostain J. CA9 level in renal cyst fluid: a possible molecular diagnosis of malignant tumours. Histopathology 2009; 54:880-884. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Oler G, Cerutti JM. High prevalence of BRAF mutation in a Brazilian cohort of patients with sporadic papillary thyroid carcinomas: correlation with more aggressive phenotype and decreased expression of iodide-metabolizing genes. Cancer 2009; 115:972-80. [PMID: 19152441 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several studies undoubtedly demonstrated that BRAF mutation is an important genetic event in the pathogenesis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), its prognostic significance and correlation with less differentiated states remains unclear. It has been suggested that the discrepancy may be at least partially due to the insufficient number of cases analyzed, epidemiologic factors, and a combination of different variants of PTC included in these studies. METHODS In this context, the prevalence of the BRAF mutation in a Brazilian cohort of PTCs (n = 120) was first assessed and correlated with clinicopathologic features. The BRAF exon 15 mutation was evaluated by direct sequencing. Furthermore, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the issue of whether the expression level of the iodide-metabolizing genes (NIS and TSHR) was correlated with BRAF mutational status was investigated. RESULTS A high prevalence of the BRAF mutation was found in PTC cases (48%). The BRAF mutation was found to be significantly associated with the classic variant of PTC (66%; P < .0001), although it was found in the follicular variant as well (21%). Subtype stratification demonstrated that the BRAF V600E mutation was associated with tumor size, extrathyroid invasion, the presence of lymph node metastasis and risk of disease recurrence, and mortality in patients with the classic variant of PTC. Moreover, the expression levels of NIS and TSHR were remarkably lower in PTCs harboring the BRAF V600E mutation. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide further evidence that BRAF might be associated with a more aggressive phenotype and less differentiated state due to decreased expression of iodide-metabolizing genes. The search for a BRAF mutation in the current study population appears to be valuable for predicting prognosis and guiding management in patients with PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Oler
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumor Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hinsch N, Frank M, Döring C, Vorländer C, Hansmann ML. QPRT: a potential marker for follicular thyroid carcinoma including minimal invasive variant; a gene expression, RNA and immunohistochemical study. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:93. [PMID: 19321014 PMCID: PMC2667537 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The differential diagnosis between follicular thyroid adenoma and minimal invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma is often difficult for several reasons. One major aspect is the lack of typical cytological criteria in well differentiated specimens. New marker molecules, shown by poly- or monoclonal antibodies proved helpful. Methods We performed global gene expression analysis of 12 follicular thyroid tumours (4 follicular adenomas, 4 minimal invasive follicular carcinomas and 4 widely invasive follicular carcinomas), followed by immunohistochemical staining of 149 cases. The specificity of the antibody was validated by western blot analysis Results In gene expression analysis QPRT was detected as differently expressed between follicular thyroid adenoma and follicular thyroid carcinoma. QPRT protein could be detected by immunohistochemistry in 65% of follicular thyroid carcinomas including minimal invasive variant and only 22% of follicular adenomas. Conclusion Consequently, QPRT is a potential new marker for the immunohistochemical screening of follicular thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Hinsch
- Senckenbergisches Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Camacho CP, Latini FRM, Oler G, Hojaij FC, Maciel RMB, Riggins GJ, Cerutti JM. Down-regulation of NR4A1 in follicular thyroid carcinomas is restored following lithium treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 70:475-83. [PMID: 18727708 PMCID: PMC2742303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The identification of follicular thyroid adenoma-associated transcripts will lead to a better understanding of the events involved in pathogenesis and progression of follicular tumours. Using Serial Analysis of Gene Expression, we identified five genes that are absent in a malignant follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) library, but expressed in follicular adenoma (FTA) and normal thyroid libraries. METHODS NR4A1, one of the five genes, was validated in a set of 27 normal thyroid tissues, 10 FTAs and 14 FTCs and three thyroid carcinoma cell lines by real time PCR. NR4A1 can be transiently increased by a variety of stimuli, including lithium, which is used as adjuvant therapy of thyroid carcinoma with (131)I. We tested if lithium could restore NR4A1 expression. The expression of other genes potentially involved in the same signalling pathway was tested. To this end, lithium was used at different concentration (10 mm or 20 mm) and time (2 h and 24 h) and the level of expression was tested by quantitative PCR. We next tested if Lithium could affect cell growth and apoptosis. RESULTS We observed that NR4A1 expression was under-expressed in most of the FTCs investigated, compared with expression in normal thyroid tissues and FTAs. We also found a positive correlation between NR4A1 and FOSB gene expression. Lithium induced NR4A1 and FOSB expression, reduced CCDN1 expression, inhibited cell growth and triggered apoptosis in a FTC cell line. CONCLUSIONS NR4A1 is under-expressed in most of FTCs. The loss of expression of both NR4A1 and the Wnt pathway gene FOSB was correlated with malignancy. This is consistent with the hypothesis that its loss of expression is part of the transformation process of FTCs, either as a direct or indirect consequence of Wnt pathway alterations. Lithium restores NR4A1 expression, induces apoptosis and reduces cell growth. These findings may explain a possible molecular mechanism of lithium's therapeutic action.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/pathology
- Adenoma/drug therapy
- Adenoma/metabolism
- Adenoma/pathology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Lithium Compounds/pharmacology
- Lithium Compounds/therapeutic use
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Thyroid Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Wnt Proteins/genetics
- Wnt Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Cléber P Camacho
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Griffith OL, Chiu CG, Gown AM, Jones SJM, Wiseman SM. Biomarker panel diagnosis of thyroid cancer: a critical review. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2008; 8:1399-413. [PMID: 18759692 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.8.9.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The accurate preoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancer continues to be a significant challenge for those individuals who present with nodular thyroid disease, particularly for tumors with indeterminate cytomorphological features by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. In an effort to develop improved diagnostic tools, a number of studies have investigated the discriminatory potential of many different RNA and protein molecules. However, no individual thyroid cancer biomarker has been found with sufficient sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, research focus has shifted to panels of multiple markers with the hope of improved performance and robustness. A panel comprised of GAL3, CK19 and HBME1 is by far the most studied to date and offers some improvement over individual marker performance alone. However, relatively few marker panels have been studied and their performances and application as diagnostic tests have not been consistently reported. We present a comprehensive review of molecular marker panel studies for thyroid tumors and current issues and challenges. In the future, studies evaluating larger numbers of biomarkers in large patient cohorts are required for the development and validation of a clinically applicable test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obi L Griffith
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia & Michael Smith Genome, Sciences Center, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 100-570 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada.
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Abstract
There is now a reasonably good understanding of the key oncogenic events involved in the initiation and progression of thyroid cancer. Many of these are characteristic of certain tumor types, and their presence conveys diagnostic and prognostic information. It is not yet clear how this information will be applied to clinical practice. Based on preclinical evidence, mutations of genes encoding certain kinases may also predict response to specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors, although this has not yet been explored systematically in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Fagin
- Department of Medicine and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Oler G, Camacho CP, Hojaij FC, Michaluart P, Riggins GJ, Cerutti JM. Gene expression profiling of papillary thyroid carcinoma identifies transcripts correlated with BRAF mutational status and lymph node metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4735-42. [PMID: 18676742 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC)-associated transcripts, we compared the gene expression profiles of three Serial Analysis of Gene Expression libraries generated from thyroid tumors and a normal thyroid tissue. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Selected transcripts were validated in a panel of 57 thyroid tumors using quantitative PCR (qPCR). An independent set of 71 paraffin-embedded sections was used for validation using immunohistochemical analysis. To determine if PTC-associated gene expression could predict lymph node involvement, a separate cohort of 130 primary PTC (54 metastatic and 76 nonmetastatic) was investigated. The BRAF(V600E) mutational status was compared with qPCR data to identify genes that might be regulated by abnormal BRAF/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling. RESULTS We identified and validated new PTC-associated transcripts. Three genes (CST6, CXCL14, and DHRS3) are strongly associated with PTC. Immunohistochemical analysis of CXCL14 confirmed the qPCR data and showed protein expression in PTC epithelial cells. We also observed that CST6, CXCL14, DHRS3, and SPP1 were associated with PTC lymph node metastasis, with CST6, CXCL14, and SPP1 being positively correlated with metastasis and DHRS3 being negatively correlated. Finally, we found a strong correlation between CST6 and CXCL14 expression and BRAF(V600E) mutational status, suggesting that these genes may be induced subsequently to BRAF activation and therefore may be downstream in the BRAF/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway. CONCLUSION CST6, CXCL14, DHRS3, and SPP1 may play a role in PTC pathogenesis and progression and are possible molecular targets for PTC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Oler
- Division of Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, Sãp Paulo, Brazil
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Latini FRM, Hemerly JP, Oler G, Riggins GJ, Cerutti JM. Re-expression of ABI3-binding protein suppresses thyroid tumor growth by promoting senescence and inhibiting invasion. Endocr Relat Cancer 2008; 15:787-99. [PMID: 18559958 PMCID: PMC2742300 DOI: 10.1677/erc-08-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Loss of ABI gene family member 3-binding protein (ABI3BP) expression may be functionally involved in the pathogenesis of cancer. Previous reports have indicated a loss of expression in lung cancer and a presumed role in inducing cellular senescence. We show here that ABI3BP expression is significantly decreased in most malignant thyroid tumors of all types. To better understand ABI3BP's role, we created a model by re-expressing ABI3BP in two thyroid cancer cell lines. Re-expression of ABI3BP in thyroid cells resulted in a decrease in transforming activity, cell growth, cell viability, migration, invasion, and tumor growth in nude mice. ABI3BP re-expression appears to trigger cellular senescence through the p21 pathway. Additionally, ABI3BP induced formation of heterochromatin 1-binding protein gamma-positive senescence-associated (SA) heterochromatin foci and accumulation of SA beta-galactosidase. The combination of a decrease in cell growth, invasion, and other effects upon ABI3BP re-expression in vitro helps to explain the large reduction in tumor growth that we observed in nude mice. Together, our data provide evidence that the loss of ABI3BP expression could play a functional role in thyroid tumorigenesis. Activation of ABI3BP or its pathway may represent a possible basis for targeted therapy of certain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia R. M. Latini
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics; Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jefferson P. Hemerly
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics; Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele Oler
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics; Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gregory J. Riggins
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janete M. Cerutti
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics; Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Wiseman SM, Griffith OL, Melck A, Masoudi H, Gown A, Nabi IR, Jones SJ. Evaluation of type 1 growth factor receptor family expression in benign and malignant thyroid lesions. Am J Surg 2008; 195:667-73; discussion 673. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cerutti JM, Oler G, Michaluart P, Delcelo R, Beaty RM, Shoemaker J, Riggins GJ. Molecular Profiling of Matched Samples Identifies Biomarkers of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Lymph Node Metastasis. Cancer Res 2007; 67:7885-92. [PMID: 17699795 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) metastasis can accurately identify metastatic cells and aggressive tumor behavior. To find new markers, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) was done on three samples from the same patient: normal thyroid tissue, primary PTC, and a PTC lymph node metastasis. This genomewide expression analysis identified 31 genes expressed in lymph node metastasis, but not in the primary tumor. Eleven genes were evaluated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qPCR) on independent sets of matched samples to find genes that were consistently different between the tumor and metastatic samples. LIMD2 and PTPRC (CD45) showed a statistically significant difference in expression between tumor and metastatic samples (P < 0.0045), and an additional gene (LTB) had borderline significance. PTPRC and LTB were tested by immunohistochemistry in an independent set of paired samples, with both markers showing a difference in protein expression. All 20 metastases from 6 patients showed expression in both markers, with little or no expression in primary tumor. Some of these markers could provide an improved means to detect metastatic PTC cells during initial staging of a newly diagnosed carcinoma and/or to rule out recurrence. The functional role of these genes may also provide insight into mechanisms of thyroid cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janete M Cerutti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Cerutti JM. Nódulos com diagnóstico de padrão folicular: marcadores biológicos são o futuro? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 51:832-42. [PMID: 17891248 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302007000500022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Com o uso da ultra-sonografia de alta resolução, a prevalência de nódulos tem aumentado e, conseqüentemente, o número de punção aspirativa por agulha fina (PAAF), que é o método de escolha para diagnóstico inicial. Um dos maiores dilemas clínicos para o citologista é o diagnóstico diferencial das lesões foliculares comumente agrupadas na classe padrão folicular. Neste artigo de revisão, discutiremos quais são as lesões que podem ser assim classificadas e os marcadores moleculares, identificados por nós ou por outros grupos, que são capazes de distinguir as lesões benignas das malignas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janete M Cerutti
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
Thyroid nodules are common, with an estimated incidence of 5%-10% in the United States. The current gold standard for diagnosis is fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). The incidence of indeterminate diagnoses varies from 10% to 25%. Surgical resection is usually indicated to exclude the diagnosis of cancer in these patients. However, only a minority (about 20%) of indeterminate thyroid nodules actually harbor a malignancy, resulting in surgery for diagnostic purposes alone in many patients. The increased detection of benign nodules and microcarcinomas reinforces the need for improved non-operative methods to differentiate benign from malignant disease and discriminate low-risk from high-risk cancers. In this article we present a current, rational diagnostic approach to the patient with a thyroid nodule, evaluate new advances including thyroid genomic and predictor models, and propose the development of prospective trials to incorporate these new additions into clinical decision making. Given how many questions still exist for patients with thyroid nodules, partnership and collaboration, or the "bench to bedside" concept should find its way into most every thyroid surgeon and endocrinologist's lexicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Rosen
- Department of Surgery, Section of Surgical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, 88 East Newton Street D605, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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