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Higashi T, Handa H, Mai Y, Maenaka K, Tadokoro T. Protein kinase Cβ is involved in cigarette smoke gas phase-induced ferroptosis in J774 macrophages. J Pharmacol Sci 2023; 153:22-25. [PMID: 37524450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for respiratory infection caused by immune cell dysfunction. Cigarette smoke is divided into tar and gas phases. Although the gas phase induces cell death in various cell types, the mechanism for gas phase-induced cell death remains to be clarified. In this study, we have examined the effects of cigarette smoke gas phase on J774 macrophages. Cigarette smoke gas phase and cytotoxic factors in the gas phase induced protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent ferroptosis. Pharmacological studies using isoform-specific PKC inhibitors have revealed that PKCβ is involved in cigarette smoke gas phase-induced ferroptosis in J774 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunehito Higashi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, West 7, North 15, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Haruka Handa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, West 7, North 15, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yosuke Mai
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, West 7, North 15, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecule Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, West 6, North 12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan; Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, West 6, North 12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan; Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research & Development, West 6, North 12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan; Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, West 6, North 12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Tadokoro
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, West 6, North 12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, 1-1-1 Daigakudori, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi, 756-0884, Japan
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2
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Fan JH, Xu MM, Zhou LM, Gui ZW, Huang L, Li XG, Ye XL. Integrating network pharmacology deciphers the action mechanism of Zuojin capsule in suppressing colorectal cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:153881. [PMID: 34942456 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Zuojin capsule (ZJC), a classical prescription, is outstanding in improving the conditions of patients with gastrointestinal diseases and colorectal cancer (CRC). Although ZJC has multi-ingredient and multi-target characteristics, its pharmacological effect on colorectal cancer and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. METHOD Here, the activity of ZJC against CRC was evaluated by the experiments with CRC cells and HCT-116 xenografted mice. The key genes of CRC were obtained from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA). The genes potentially targeted by ZJC were collected from traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology (TCMSP) database. The underlying pathways related to selected targets were analyzed through gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses. Western blot (WB), cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), molecular docking and quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) were carried out to confirm the validity of the targets. RESULTS In vitro and in vivo results indicated that ZJC may inhibit CRC cells and tumor growth. The network pharmacological analysis indicated that 22 compounds, 51 targets and 20 pathways were involved in the compound-target-pathway network. Our results confirmed that ZJC inhibited cycle progression, migration and induced apoptosis by targeting candidate genes (CDKN1A, Bcl2, E2F1, PRKCB, MYC, CDK2, and MMP9). We found that ZJC could directly change the protein level by regulating the protein stability and transcriptional activity of the target. CONCLUSIONS In summary, combined network pharmacology and biological experiments proved that the main ingredients of ZJC such as quercetin, (R)-Canadine, palmatine, rutaecarpine, evodiamine, beta-sitosterol and berberine can target CDKN1A, Bcl2, E2F1, PRKCB, MYC, CDK2 and MMP9 to combat colorectal cancer. The results of this study provide a basic theory for the clinical trials of Zuojin Capsules against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hua Fan
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Min-Min Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li-Ming Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Gui
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xue-Gang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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3
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Zhang C, Chery S, Lazerson A, Altman NH, Jackson R, Holt G, Campos M, Schally AV, Mirsaeidi M. Anti-inflammatory effects of α-MSH through p-CREB expression in sarcoidosis like granuloma model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7277. [PMID: 32350353 PMCID: PMC7190699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung inflammation due to sarcoidosis is characterized by a complex cascade of immunopathologic events, including leukocyte recruitment and granuloma formation. α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is a melanocortin signaling peptide with anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to evaluate the effects of α-MSH in a novel in vitro sarcoidosis model. An in vitro sarcoidosis-like granuloma model was developed by challenging peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from patients with confirmed treatment-naïve sarcoidosis with microparticles generated from Mycobacterium abscessus cell walls. Unchallenged PBMCsand developed granulomas were treated daily with 10 μM α-MSH or saline as control. Cytokine concentrations in supernatants of culture and in cell extracts were measured using Illumina multiplex Elisa and western blot, respectively. Gene expression was analyzed using RNA-Seq and RT-PCR. Protein secretion and gene expression of IL-7, IL-7R, IFN-γ, MC1R, NF-κB, phosphorylated NF-κB (p-NF-κB), MARCO, and p-CREB were measured with western blot and RNAseq. A significant increase in IL-7, IL-7R, and IFN-γ protein expression was found in developed granulomas comparing to microparticle unchallenged PBMCs. IL-7, IL-7R, and IFN-γ protein expression was significantly reduced in developed granulomas after exposure to α-MSH compared with saline treated granulomas. Compared with microparticle unchallenged PBMCs, total NF-κB and p-NF-κB were significantly increased in developed granulomas, while expression of p-CREB was not changed. Treatment with α-MSH promoted a significantly higher concentration of p-CREB in granulomas. The anti-inflammatory effects of α-MSH were blocked by specific p-CREB inhibition. α-MSH has anti-inflammatory properties in this in vitro granuloma model, which is an effect mediated by induction of phosphorylation of CREB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxu Zhang
- Section of Pulmonary, Miami VA Health System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Stephanie Chery
- Departments of Medicine University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Aaron Lazerson
- Comparative Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Norman H Altman
- Comparative Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Robert Jackson
- Section of Pulmonary, Miami VA Health System, Miami, FL, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Greg Holt
- Section of Pulmonary, Miami VA Health System, Miami, FL, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael Campos
- Section of Pulmonary, Miami VA Health System, Miami, FL, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andrew V Schally
- Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Section of Pulmonary, Miami VA Health System, Miami, FL, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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4
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Zwergel C, Fioravanti R, Stazi G, Sarno F, Battistelli C, Romanelli A, Nebbioso A, Mendes E, Paulo A, Strippoli R, Tripodi M, Pechalrieu D, Arimondo PB, De Luca T, Del Bufalo D, Trisciuoglio D, Altucci L, Valente S, Mai A. Novel Quinoline Compounds Active in Cancer Cells through Coupled DNA Methyltransferase Inhibition and Degradation. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E447. [PMID: 32075099 PMCID: PMC7073229 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) play a relevant role in epigenetic control of cancer cell survival and proliferation. Since only two DNMT inhibitors (azacitidine and decitabine) have been approved to date for the treatment of hematological malignancies, the development of novel potent and specific inhibitors is urgent. Here we describe the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new series of compounds acting at the same time as DNMTs (mainly DNMT3A) inhibitors and degraders. Tested against leukemic and solid cancer cell lines, 2a-c and 4a-c (the last only for leukemias) displayed up to submicromolar antiproliferative activities. In HCT116 cells, such compounds induced EGFP gene expression in a promoter demethylation assay, confirming their demethylating activity in cells. In the same cell line, 2b and 4c chosen as representative samples induced DNMT1 and -3A protein degradation, suggesting for these compounds a double mechanism of DNMT3A inhibition and DNMT protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Zwergel
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.Z.); (R.F.); (G.S.); (A.R.)
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.S.); (A.N.); (L.A.)
| | - Rossella Fioravanti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.Z.); (R.F.); (G.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Giulia Stazi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.Z.); (R.F.); (G.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Federica Sarno
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.S.); (A.N.); (L.A.)
| | - Cecilia Battistelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy (R.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Annalisa Romanelli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.Z.); (R.F.); (G.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.S.); (A.N.); (L.A.)
| | - Eduarda Mendes
- Research Institute for Medicines, Medicinal Chemistry Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649 003 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexandra Paulo
- Research Institute for Medicines, Medicinal Chemistry Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649 003 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy (R.S.); (M.T.)
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tripodi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy (R.S.); (M.T.)
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur- Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Dany Pechalrieu
- ETaC CNRS FRE3600, LMBE, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France; (D.P.); (P.B.A.)
| | - Paola B. Arimondo
- ETaC CNRS FRE3600, LMBE, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France; (D.P.); (P.B.A.)
- Epigenetic Chemical Biology, Institute Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Teresa De Luca
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (T.D.L.); (D.D.B.)
| | - Donatella Del Bufalo
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (T.D.L.); (D.D.B.)
| | - Daniela Trisciuoglio
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (T.D.L.); (D.D.B.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council (CNR), Via Degli Apuli 4, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.S.); (A.N.); (L.A.)
| | - Sergio Valente
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.Z.); (R.F.); (G.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.Z.); (R.F.); (G.S.); (A.R.)
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5
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Shen Y, Song Z, Lu X, Ma Z, Lu C, Zhang B, Chen Y, Duan M, Apetoh L, Li X, Guo J, Miao Y, Zhang G, Yang D, Cai Z, Wang J. Fas signaling-mediated T H9 cell differentiation favors bowel inflammation and antitumor functions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2924. [PMID: 31266950 PMCID: PMC6606754 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas induces apoptosis in activated T cell to maintain immune homeostasis, but the effects of non-apoptotic Fas signaling on T cells remain unclear. Here we show that Fas promotes TH9 cell differentiation by activating NF-κB via Ca2+-dependent PKC-β activation. In addition, PKC-β also phosphorylates p38 to inactivate NFAT1 and reduce NFAT1-NF-κB synergy to promote the Fas-induced TH9 transcription program. Fas ligation exacerbates inflammatory bowel disease by increasing TH9 cell differentiation, and promotes antitumor activity in p38 inhibitor-treated TH9 cells. Furthermore, low-dose p38 inhibitor suppresses tumor growth without inducing systemic adverse effects. In patients with tumor, relatively high TH9 cell numbers are associated with good prognosis. Our study thus implicates Fas in CD4+ T cells as a target for inflammatory bowel disease therapy. Furthermore, simultaneous Fas ligation and low-dose p38 inhibition may be an effective approach for TH9 cell induction and cancer therapy. Fas signalling induces apoptosis of activated T cells to maintain immune homeostasis. Here the authors show that Fas also induces PKC-β activation to promote NF-κB-mediated TH9 cell differentiation, while p38 activation by PKC-β antagonizes this effect, thereby supporting a synergy between p38 inhibitor and Fas for TH9 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shen
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, 310003, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Immunology and Department of Orthopaedics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengbo Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinliang Lu
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Ma
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaojie Lu
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinghu Chen
- Division of Infection Disease, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Neonatal Diseases, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310006, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Duan
- Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lionel Apetoh
- INSERM, U866, Dijon, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, 21000, France
| | - Xu Li
- School of Life Science, Westlake University, 310024, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jufeng Guo
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310006, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Miao
- Clinical Trial Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, 266011, Qingdao, China
| | - Gensheng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Diya Yang
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 310018, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Cai
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Orthopaedics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jianli Wang
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, 310003, Hangzhou, China.
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6
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Ampasavate C, Jutapakdee W, Phongpradist R, Tima S, Tantiworawit A, Charoenkwan P, Chinwong D, Anuchapreeda S. FLT3, a prognostic biomarker for acute myeloid leukemia (AML): Quantitative monitoring with a simple anti-FLT3 interaction and flow cytometric method. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 33:e22859. [PMID: 30737839 PMCID: PMC6528579 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overexpression of fms‐like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) protein in leukemia is highly related to poor prognosis and reduced survival rate in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. Simple but efficient quantification of FLT3 protein levels on the leukemic cell surface using flow cytometry had been developed for rapid determination of FLT3 on intact cell surface. Methods Quantitation protocol for FLT3 biomarker in clinical samples was developed and validated. Cell model selection for calibration curve construction was identified and evaluated. Selected antibody concentrations, cell density, and incubation time were evaluated for most appropriate conditions. Comparison of the developed FLT3 determination protocol with the conventional Western blot analysis was performed. Results EoL‐1 cell line was selected for using as positive control cells. Calibration curve (20%‐120% of FLT3 positive cells) and quality control (QC) levels were constructed and evaluated. The results demonstrated good linearity (r2 > 0.99). The intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy, expressed as the coefficient of variation (%CV) and % recovery, were <20% and fell in 80%‐120% in all cases. When compared with Western blotting results, FLT3 protein expression levels in leukemia patient's bone marrow samples were demonstrated in the same trend. Conclusions The effective, reliable, rapid, and economical analytical technique using the developed flow cytometric method was demonstrated for FLT3 protein determination on leukemic cell surface. This method provided a practical analysis of FLT‐3 biomarker levels which is valuable for physician decision in acute leukemia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadarat Ampasavate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center for Research and Development of Natural Products for Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Wasimon Jutapakdee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Rungsinee Phongpradist
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Singkome Tima
- Division of Clinical Microscopy, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Adisak Tantiworawit
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pimlak Charoenkwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Dujrudee Chinwong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Songyot Anuchapreeda
- Center for Research and Development of Natural Products for Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Division of Clinical Microscopy, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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7
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Bourhill T, Narendran A, Johnston RN. Enzastaurin: A lesson in drug development. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 112:72-79. [PMID: 28325267 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzastaurin is an orally administered drug that was intended for the treatment of solid and haematological cancers. It was initially developed as an isozyme specific inhibitor of protein kinase Cβ (PKCβ), which is involved in both the AKT and MAPK signalling pathways that are active in many cancers. Enzastaurin had shown encouraging preclinical results for the prevention of angiogenesis, inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis as well as showing limited cytotoxicity within phase I clinical trials. However, during its assessment in phase II and III clinical trials the efficacy of enzastaurin was poor both in combination with other drugs and as a single agent. In this review, we will discuss the development of enzastaurin from drug design to clinical testing, exploring target identification, validation and preclinical assessment. Finally, we will consider the clinical evaluation of enzastaurin as an example of the challenges associated with drug development. In particular, we discuss the poor translation of drug efficacy from preclinical animal models, inappropriate end point analysis, limited standards in phase I clinical trials, insufficient use of biomarker analysis and also patient stratification, all of which contributed to the failure to achieve approval of enzastaurin as an anticancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bourhill
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - A Narendran
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - R N Johnston
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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8
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van Eis MJ, Evenou J, Schuler W, Zenke G, Vangrevelinghe E, Wagner J, von Matt P. Indolyl-naphthyl-maleimides as potent and selective inhibitors of protein kinase C-α/β. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:781-786. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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10
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Abstract
PKC (protein kinase C) has been in the limelight since the discovery three decades ago that it acts as a major receptor for the tumour-promoting phorbol esters. Phorbol esters, with their potent ability to activate two of the three classes of PKC isoenzymes, have remained the best pharmacological tool for directly modulating PKC activity. However, with the discovery of other phorbol ester-responsive proteins, the advent of various small-molecule and peptide modulators, and the need to distinguish isoenzyme-specific activity, the pharmacology of PKC has become increasingly complex. Not surprisingly, many of the compounds originally touted as direct modulators of PKC have subsequently been shown to hit many other cellular targets and, in some cases, not even directly modulate PKC. The complexities and reversals in PKC pharmacology have led to widespread confusion about the current status of the pharmacological tools available to control PKC activity. In the present review, we aim to clarify the cacophony in the literature regarding the current state of bona fide and discredited cellular PKC modulators, including activators, small-molecule inhibitors and peptides, and also address the use of genetically encoded reporters and of PKC mutants to measure the effects of these drugs on the spatiotemporal dynamics of signalling by specific isoenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa X. Wu-Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0721, (858) 534-4527, Fax: (858) 822-5888
| | - Alexandra C. Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0721, (858) 534-4527, Fax: (858) 822-5888
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11
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Zeng L, Webster SV, Newton PM. The biology of protein kinase C. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 740:639-61. [PMID: 22453963 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review gives a basic introduction to the biology of protein kinase C, one of the first calcium-dependent kinases to be discovered. We review the structure and function of protein kinase C, along with some of the substrates of individual isoforms. We then review strategies for inhibiting PKC in experimental systems and finally discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting PKC. Each aspect is covered in summary, with links to detailed resources where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Zeng
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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12
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Liffraud C, Quillet-Mary A, Fournié JJ, Laurent G, Ysebaert L. Protein phosphatase-2A activation is a critical step for enzastaurin activity in chronic lymphoid leukemia cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 53:966-72. [PMID: 22023517 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.634041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeting B-cell receptor (BCR) downstream pathways may be of therapeutic importance in eradicating chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. Since protein kinase C-β(II) (PKC-β(II)) is a key element of BCR signaling, we evaluated the impact of enzastaurin on cell survival. Enzastaurin classically activates glycogen synthase kinase-3β through inhibition of PKC-β, Akt and target of rapamycin pathways in cancer cell lines. Here, we show that in primary CLL cells, enzastaurin activates protein phosphatase-2A (PP-2A) to mediate dephosphorylating events in responding patients. In patients' cells, both PP-2A activation and Bcl-2 dephosphorylation are statistically linked to enzastaurin-induced CLL death. Protein phosphatase-2A inhibition, through pharmacological agents or siRNA, significantly hampers cell death induced by the drug. Despite limited activity in in vitro culture, enzastaurin is able to sensitize CLL cells to fludarabine, even in patients refractory to either agent used alone. These results argue for the use of enzastaurin in combination therapy in patients with CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Liffraud
- Université Toulouse 3-ERL CNRS, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
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CD95 triggers Orai1-mediated localized Ca2+ entry, regulates recruitment of protein kinase C (PKC) β2, and prevents death-inducing signaling complex formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:19072-7. [PMID: 22065776 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1116946108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The death receptor CD95 plays a pivotal role in immune surveillance and immune tolerance. Binding of CD95L to CD95 leads to recruitment of the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD), which in turn aggregates caspase-8 and caspase-10. Efficient formation of the CD95/FADD/caspase complex, known as the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), culminates in the induction of apoptosis. We show that cells exposed to CD95L undergo a reorganization of the plasma membrane in which the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) channel Orai1 and the endoplasmic reticulum-resident activator stromal interaction molecule 1 colocalize with CD95 into a micrometer-sized cluster in which the channel elicits a polarized entry of calcium. Orai1 knockdown and expression of a dominant negative construct (Orai1E106A) reveal that on CD95 engagement, the Orai1-driven localized Ca(2+) influx is fundamental to recruiting the Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) β2 to the DISC. PKCβ2 in turn transiently holds the complex in an inactive status, preventing caspase activation and transmission of the apoptotic signal. This study identifies a biological role of Ca(2+) and the Orai1 channel that drives a transient negative feedback loop, introducing a lag phase in the early steps of the CD95 signal. We suggest that these localized events provide a time of decision to prevent accidental cell death.
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Son YK, Hong DH, Kim DJ, Firth AL, Park WS. Direct effect of protein kinase C inhibitors on cardiovascular ion channels. BMB Rep 2011; 44:559-65. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.9.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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15
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Usha L, Sill MW, Darcy KM, Benbrook DM, Hurteau JA, Michelin DP, Mannel RS, Hanjani P, De Geest K, Godwin AK. A Gynecologic Oncology Group phase II trial of the protein kinase C-beta inhibitor, enzastaurin and evaluation of markers with potential predictive and prognostic value in persistent or recurrent epithelial ovarian and primary peritoneal malignancies. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121:455-61. [PMID: 21414654 PMCID: PMC3100412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Protein kinase C (PKC) activation contributes to proliferation and angiogenesis in epithelial ovarian or primary peritoneal carcinoma (EOC/PPC). A multi-institutional phase II trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PKCβ inhibitor enzastaurin in persistent or recurrent EOC/PPC and to explore potential prognostic and predictive biomarkers. METHODS Eligible women with measurable platinum-sensitive and resistant EOC/PPC were treated with continuous administration of oral enzastaurin until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. A two-stage sequential design was used to evaluate progression-free survival (PFS) ≥6-months, tumor response, and toxicity. Translational studies included sequencing of the TP53, PTEN, PIK3CA and PKCβII genes for somatic mutations, quantitative PCR assays for AKT2 and PTEN copy number alterations, and measurement of circulating VEGF-A plasma levels. RESULTS Among 27 eligible and evaluable patients, 3 women with PFS≥6-months (11%) and 2 women with partial responses (7%) were observed. One of them achieved a durable response and remains on the study. No grade 4 adverse events were observed. Most common grade 3 adverse events were constitutional (4) and gastrointestinal (3). Mutations in the TP53 gene and abnormal copy number in the PTEN gene were common (56% and 48% of cases, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Enzastaurin was tolerable but had insufficient activity to proceed with the second stage of accrual. However, 1 patient has been progression-free for 44 months. No association between a biomarker and response to enzastaurin has been found. Exploratory analysis suggested an association between survival and PTEN copy number losses.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
- Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
- Female
- Genes, p53
- Humans
- Indoles/adverse effects
- Indoles/therapeutic use
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/blood
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/enzymology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/blood
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/enzymology
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/blood
- Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Ovarian Neoplasms/enzymology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics
- Peritoneal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Peritoneal Neoplasms/enzymology
- Peritoneal Neoplasms/genetics
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
- Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Kinase C/genetics
- Protein Kinase C beta
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Usha
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Wang Z, Bordas V, Deisboeck TS. Discovering Molecular Targets in Cancer with Multiscale Modeling. Drug Dev Res 2010; 72:45-52. [PMID: 21572568 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multiscale modeling is increasingly being recognized as a promising research area in computational cancer systems biology. Here, exemplified by two pioneering studies, we attempt to explain why and how such a multiscale approach paired with an innovative cross-scale analytical technique can be useful in identifying high-value molecular therapeutic targets. This novel, integrated approach has the potential to offer a more effective in silico framework for target discovery and represents an important technical step towards systems medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Wang
- Harvard-MIT (HST) Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Modulated multiparametric phosphoflow cytometry in hematological malignancies: technology and clinical applications. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2010; 23:319-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Covey TM, Cesano A, Parkinson DR. Single-cell network profiling (SCNP) by flow cytometry in autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:550-9. [DOI: 10.3109/08916931003674774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Serova M, Astorgues-Xerri L, Bieche I, Albert S, Vidaud M, Benhadji KA, Emami S, Vidaud D, Hammel P, Theou-Anton N, Gespach C, Faivre S, Raymond E. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and oncogenic Ras expression in resistance to the protein kinase Cbeta inhibitor enzastaurin in colon cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:1308-17. [PMID: 20406951 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identifying molecular factors of sensitivity and resistance of cancer cells to enzastaurin, a drug inhibiting protein kinase C (PKC) beta, remains a major challenge to improve its clinical development. Investigating the cellular effects of enzastaurin in a panel of 20 human cancer cell lines, we found that most cells displaying oncogenic K-Ras mutations also display resistance to enzastaurin. Wild-type (WT) K-Ras cancer cells displaying high sensitivity to enzastaurin also expressed high mRNA levels of epithelial markers, such as E-cadherin (CDH1), and low mRNA expressions of mesenchymal markers, such as vimentin, N-cadherin (CDH2), and other genes frequently expressed in mesenchymal transition such as ZEB1, TWIST, SLUG, SNAIL, and TGFbeta. WT K-Ras enzastaurin-resistant cells also expressed high levels of mesenchymal markers. Based on this observation, the effects of enzastaurin were investigated in epithelial colon COLO205-S cells that expressed WT Ras/Raf and its derived COLO205-R mesenchymal counterpart selected for resistance to most PKC modulators and displaying oncogenic K-Ras (G13D/exon 2). In COLO205-S cells, inhibition of phosphorylated PKCbeta led to the inactivation of AKT and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and was associated with apoptosis without significant effect on cell cycle progression. In COLO205-R cells, enzastaurin induced mainly necrosis at high concentrations. In COLO205-R cells, a strong activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 possibly due to oncogenic K-Ras was predominantly associated with transcription of potent antiapoptotic genes, such as BCL2, GADD45B, and CDKN1A, as well as the multidrug resistance gene ABCB1. From this study, colon cancer cells undergoing apoptosis under enzastaurin exposure seem to frequently express a WT Ras and an epithelial phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Serova
- INSERM U728, RayLab, Beaujon University Hospital (AP-HP-Paris 7 Diderot), Clichy, France
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Willey CD, Xiao D, Tu T, Kim KW, Moretti L, Niermann KJ, Tawtawy MN, Quarles CC, Lu B. Enzastaurin (LY317615), a protein kinase C beta selective inhibitor, enhances antiangiogenic effect of radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 77:1518-26. [PMID: 19906497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Angiogenesis has generated interest in oncology because of its important role in cancer growth and progression, particularly when combined with cytotoxic therapies, such as radiotherapy. Among the numerous pathways influencing vascular growth and stability, inhibition of protein kinase B(Akt) or protein kinase C(PKC) can influence tumor blood vessels within tumor microvasculature. Therefore, we wanted to determine whether PKC inhibition could sensitize lung tumors to radiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS The combination of the selective PKCbeta inhibitor Enzastaurin (ENZ, LY317615) and ionizing radiation were used in cell culture and a mouse model of lung cancer. Lung cancer cell lines and human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) were examined using immunoblotting, cytotoxic assays including cell proliferation and clonogenic assays, and Matrigel endothelial tubule formation. In vivo, H460 lung cancer xenografts were examined for tumor vasculature and proliferation using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS ENZ effectively radiosensitizes HUVEC within in vitro models. Furthermore, concurrent ENZ treatment of lung cancer xenografts enhanced radiation-induced destruction of tumor vasculature and proliferation by IHC. However, tumor growth delay was not enhanced with combination treatment compared with either treatment alone. Analysis of downstream effectors revealed that HUVEC and the lung cancer cell lines differed in their response to ENZ and radiation such that only HUVEC demonstrate phosphorylated S6 suppression, which is downstream of mTOR. When ENZ was combined with the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, in H460 lung cancer cells, radiosensitization was observed. CONCLUSION PKC appears to be crucial for angiogenesis, and its inhibition by ENZ has potential to enhance radiotherapy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Willey
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Meng XW, Heldebrant MP, Flatten KS, Loegering DA, Dai H, Schneider PA, Gomez TS, Peterson KL, Trushin SA, Hess AD, Smith BD, Karp JE, Billadeau DD, Kaufmann SH. Protein kinase Cbeta modulates ligand-induced cell surface death receptor accumulation: a mechanistic basis for enzastaurin-death ligand synergy. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:888-902. [PMID: 19887445 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.057638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although treatment with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) is known to protect a subset of cells from induction of apoptosis by death ligands such as Fas ligand and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, the mechanism of this protection is unknown. This study demonstrated that protection in short term apoptosis assays and long term proliferation assays was maximal when Jurkat or HL-60 human leukemia cells were treated with 2-5 nm PMA. Immunoblotting demonstrated that multiple PKC isoforms, including PKCalpha, PKCbeta, PKCepsilon, and PKC, translocated from the cytosol to a membrane-bound fraction at these PMA concentrations. When the ability of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs that specifically down-regulated each of these isoforms was examined, PKCbeta shRNA uniquely reversed PMA-induced protection against cell death. The PKCbeta-selective small molecule inhibitor enzastaurin had a similar effect. Although mass spectrometry suggested that Fas is phosphorylated on a number of serines and threonines, mutation of these sites individually or collectively had no effect on Fas-mediated death signaling or PMA protection. Further experiments demonstrated that PMA diminished ligand-induced cell surface accumulation of Fas and DR5, and PKCbeta shRNA or enzastaurin reversed this effect. Moreover, enzastaurin sensitized a variety of human tumor cell lines and clinical acute myelogenous leukemia isolates, which express abundant PKCbeta, to tumor necrosis factor-alpha related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced death in the absence of PMA. Collectively, these results identify a specific PKC isoform that modulates death receptor-mediated cytotoxicity as well as a small molecule inhibitor that mitigates the inhibitory effects of PKC activation on ligand-induced death receptor trafficking and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wei Meng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Hanauske AR, Lahn M, Musib L, Weigang-Köhler K, Yilmaz E, Graefe T, Kuenen B, Thornton D, McNealy P, Giaccone G. Phase Ib safety and pharmacokinetic evaluation of daily and twice daily oral enzastaurin in combination with pemetrexed in advanced/metastatic cancer. Ann Oncol 2009; 20:1565-1575. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdp049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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23
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Jian W, Yamashita H, Levitt JM, Lerner SP, Sonpavde G. Enzastaurin shows preclinical antitumor activity against human transitional cell carcinoma and enhances the activity of gemcitabine. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1772-8. [PMID: 19509273 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Enzastaurin, an oral serine/threonine kinase inhibitor, suppresses signaling through protein kinase C (PKC)-beta and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathways. We preclinically evaluated enzastaurin alone and in combination with gemcitabine for transitional cell cancer (TCC). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was done on 105 human samples from a microarray to show the expression of PKC-beta. The preclinical antitumor activity of enzastaurin and gemcitabine as single agents and in combination against aggressive human -lines (-SUP and 5637) and murine subcutaneous xenografts bearing 5637 cells was determined. Western Blot was done on tumor cells in vitro to detect signaling through PKC-beta, GSK-3beta, and AKT. The effect on cell migration was determined in vitro. Modulation of proliferation (Ki-67), apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3), and angiogenesis (CD31) in vivo was determined by IHC. IHC done on human TCC samples from a microarray showed the expression of PKC-beta in 33% of tumors. Enzastaurin induced significant apoptosis and inhibited proliferation in vitro at low micromolar concentrations. The in vitro inhibitory activity of combination enzastaurin and gemcitabine by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay seemed synergistic. Western Blotting revealed down-regulation of Akt, PKC-beta, and GSK-3 beta phosphorylation. Enzastaurin inhibited migration at an earlier time point independent of antiproliferative activity. Combination therapy had significantly superior antitumor activity in murine xenografts compared with untreated controls, whereas single agents did not. IHC showed reduced Ki-67 and CD31 and increased cleaved caspase-3 with combination therapy compared with controls. Enzastaurin showed preclinical antitumor activity against human TCC and enhanced the activity of gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Jian
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Roffey J, Rosse C, Linch M, Hibbert A, McDonald NQ, Parker PJ. Protein kinase C intervention: the state of play. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2009; 21:268-79. [PMID: 19233632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2009.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intervention in protein kinase C (PKC) has a chequered history, partly because of the poor selectivity of many inhibitors and partly a reflection of the sometimes antagonistic action of related PKC isoforms. Recent advances in targeting PKC isoforms have come from structural work on isolated kinase domains that have provided opportunities to drive selectivity through structure-based avenues. The promise of isoform selective inhibitors and the rationale for their development are discussed in the broader context of the PKC inhibitor arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Roffey
- Discovery Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Limited, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, London, UK
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25
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Kim J, Choi YL, Vallentin A, Hunrichs BS, Hellerstein MK, Peehl DM, Mochly-Rosen D. Centrosomal PKCbetaII and pericentrin are critical for human prostate cancer growth and angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2008; 68:6831-9. [PMID: 18701509 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is critical in the progression of prostate cancer. However, the interplay between the proliferation kinetics of tumor endothelial cells (angiogenesis) and tumor cells has not been investigated. Also, protein kinase C (PKC) regulates various aspects of tumor cell growth, but its role in prostate cancer has not been investigated in detail. Here, we found that the proliferation rates of endothelial and tumor cells oscillate asynchronously during the growth of human prostate cancer xenografts. Furthermore, our analyses suggest that PKCbetaII was activated during increased angiogenesis and that PKCbetaII plays a key role in the proliferation of endothelial cells and tumor cells in human prostate cancer; treatment with a PKCbetaII-selective inhibitor, betaIIV5-3, reduced angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. We also find a unique effect of PKCbetaII inhibition on normalizing pericentrin (a protein regulating cytokinesis), especially in endothelial cells as well as in tumor cells. PKCbetaII inhibition reduced the level and mislocalization of pericentrin and normalized microtubule organization in the tumor endothelial cells. Although pericentrin has been known to be up-regulated in epithelial cells of prostate cancers, its level in tumor endothelium has not been studied in detail. We found that pericentrin is up-regulated in human tumor endothelium compared with endothelium adjacent to normal glands in tissues from prostate cancer patients. Our results suggest that a PKCbetaII inhibitor such as betaIIV5-3 may be used to reduce prostate cancer growth by targeting both angiogenesis and tumor cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5174, USA
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Baselga J, Rothenberg ML, Tabernero J, Seoane J, Daly T, Cleverly A, Berry B, Rhoades SK, Ray CA, Fill J, Farrington DL, Wallace LA, Yingling JM, Lahn M, Arteaga C, Carducci M. TGF-beta signalling-related markers in cancer patients with bone metastasis. Biomarkers 2008; 13:217-36. [PMID: 18270872 DOI: 10.1080/13547500701676019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We measured transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-dependent biomarkers in plasma and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to identify suitable pharmacodynamic markers for future clinical trials with TGF-beta inhibitors. Forty-nine patients with bone metastasis were enrolled in the study, including patients with breast (n=23) and prostate cancer (n=15). Plasma TGF-beta1 levels were elevated in more than half of the cancer patients (geometric mean 2.63 ng ml(-1)) and positively correlated with increased platelet factor 4 (PF4) levels, parathyroid-related protein (PTHrP), von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and interleukin (IL)-10. PBMC were stimulated ex vivo to determine the individual biological variability of an ex vivo assay measuring pSMAD expression. This assay performed sufficiently well to allow its future use in a clinical trial of a TGF-beta inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Baselga
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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Hedley DW, Chow S, Goolsby C, Shankey TV. Pharmacodynamic monitoring of molecular-targeted agents in the peripheral blood of leukemia patients using flow cytometry. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 36:133-9. [PMID: 18337231 DOI: 10.1177/0192623307310952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of specific, molecular-targeted drugs is radically changing cancer treatment. Pharmacodynamics, which measures drug effects on the host, is key during early-phase clinical trials of novel agents to determine the relations between drug dose and target inhibition as well as measure the downstream effects of target inhibition on the cancer. In this article, we describe the application of flow cytometry to the pharmacodynamic monitoring of molecular-targeted agents in leukemia patients. The methods are based on current clinical flow-cytometry applications, with the addition of phosphospecific antibodies to measure the activation states of intracellular signaling elements and the introduction of techniques that maintain drug-target equilibrium during sample preparation. Using this approach, we successfully showed dose-dependent inhibition of c-Kit during a phase I clinical trial treating acute leukemia patients with the novel agent sorafenib. Further refinements identify considerable interpatient variation in signaling activity within leukemic blast populations, suggesting that an individualized approach to treatment based on flow cytometric monitoring might be advantageous. Improvements in sample turnaround offer the potential to introduce real-time pharmacodynamic monitoring during early-phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hedley
- Division of Applied Molecular Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Cross-scale sensitivity analysis of a non-small cell lung cancer model: linking molecular signaling properties to cellular behavior. Biosystems 2008; 92:249-58. [PMID: 18448237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity analysis is an effective tool for systematically identifying specific perturbations in parameters that have significant effects on the behavior of a given biosystem, at the scale investigated. In this work, using a two-dimensional, multiscale non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) model, we examine the effects of perturbations in system parameters which span both molecular and cellular levels, i.e. across scales of interest. This is achieved by first linking molecular and cellular activities and then assessing the influence of parameters at the molecular level on the tumor's spatio-temporal expansion rate, which serves as the output behavior at the cellular level. Overall, the algorithm operated reliably over relatively large variations of most parameters, hence confirming the robustness of the model. However, three pathway components (proteins PKC, MEK, and ERK) and eleven reaction steps were determined to be of critical importance by employing a sensitivity coefficient as an evaluation index. Each of these sensitive parameters exhibited a similar changing pattern in that a relatively larger increase or decrease in its value resulted in a lesser influence on the system's cellular performance. This study provides a novel cross-scaled approach to analyzing sensitivities of computational model parameters and proposes its application to interdisciplinary biomarker studies.
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A phase I safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic study of enzastaurin combined with capecitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors. Anticancer Drugs 2008; 19:77-84. [PMID: 18043132 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e3282f077b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Enzastaurin, an oral inhibitor of protein kinase Cbeta, affects signal transduction associated with angiogenesis, proliferation, and survival. Capecitabine is converted to 5-fluoruracil by thymidine phosphorylase, a putative angiogenic factor. The all-oral combination of the two drugs offers the potential for targeting angiogenesis in capecitabine-sensitive tumors with nonoverlapping toxicities. Patients with advanced cancer initially received single-agent enzastaurin to achieve steady-state concentrations (cycle 1). In subsequent 21-day cycles, enzastaurin was given orally, once daily, on days 1-21 and capecitabine orally, twice daily (b.i.d.), on days 1-14 in three dose-level cohorts. Three dose-escalation cohorts were studied: cohort 1 (n=8), 350 mg of enzastaurin +capecitabine (750 mg/m2 b.i.d.); cohort 2 (n=7), enzastaurin (350 mg)+capecitabine (1000 mg/m2 b.i.d.); cohort 3 (n=12), 525-mg capsules or 500-mg enzastaurin+capecitabine (1000 mg/m2 b.i.d.). Further dose escalation was not pursued because of emerging data that enzastaurin systemic exposure did not increase at doses above 525 mg. Although a traditional toxicity-based maximum tolerated dose was not achieved, the highest dosing cohort represented a biologically relevant dose of enzastaurin, on the basis of preclinical data and correlative pharmacodynamic biomarker assays of protein kinase Cbeta inhibition in peripheral blood mononucleocytes, in combination with a standard dose of capecitabine. For the 500/525-mg dose, ratios of total enzastaurin analyte geometric means (i.e. enzastaurin alone versus enzastaurin with capecitabine) reflected a trend toward decreased enzastaurin exposure, but did not reach statistical significance. The pharmacokinetic parameters of capecitabine with enzastaurin were similar to those previously reported for single-agent capecitabine. The regimen was well tolerated, without any consistent pattern of drug-related grade 3 or grade 4 toxicities being observed. Although no objective tumor responses were documented, five patients maintained stable disease for >or=6 months (range: 6-9.7 months). The recommended phase II dose of this combination, based on the results of this study, is enzastaurin at a daily dose of 500 mg (tablet formulation) and capecitabine (1000 mg/m2, b.i.d.) on days 1-14 every 21 days. Further disease-directed studies are warranted, such as in malignancies in the treatment of which both capecitabine and inhibitors of angiogenesis have previously been benchmarked as being effective.
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Podar K, Raab MS, Chauhan D, Anderson KC. The therapeutic role of targeting protein kinase C in solid and hematologic malignancies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:1693-707. [PMID: 17922632 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.10.1693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) family, the most prominent target of tumor-promoting phorbol esters, is functionally linked to cell differentiation, growth, survival, migration and tumorigenesis and so mediates tumor cell proliferation, survival, multidrug resistance, invasion, metastasis and tumor angiogenesis. Therefore, targeting PKC isozymes may represent an attractive target for novel anticancer therapies. Recent preclinical and clinical studies using the macrocyclic bisindolylmaleimide enzastaurin or the N-benzylstaurosporine midostaurin demonstrate promising activity of PKC inhibitors in a variety of tumors, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma and Waldenstroem's macroglobulinemia. However, our knowledge of PKCs in tumorigenesis is still only partial and each PKC isoform may contribute to tumorigenesis in a distinct way. Specifically, PKC isoforms have vastly different roles, which vary depending on expression levels of organ and tissue distribution, cell type, intracellular localization, protein-protein and lipid-protein interactions and the biologic environment. Although PKC activation generally positively affects tumor cell growth, motility, invasion and metastasis, recent reports show that many PKCs can also have negative effects. Therefore, it is necessary to further dissect the relative contribution of PKC isozymes in the development and progression of specific tumors in order to identify therapeutic opportunities, using either PKC inhibitors or PKC activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Podar
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Herbst RS, Oh Y, Wagle A, Lahn M. Enzastaurin, a protein kinase Cbeta- selective inhibitor, and its potential application as an anticancer agent in lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:s4641-6. [PMID: 17671157 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Enzastaurin, an oral serine/threonine kinase inhibitor, suppresses signaling through protein kinase C (PKC)-beta and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway to induce tumor cell apoptosis, reduce proliferation, and suppress tumor-induced angiogenesis. In contrast to previous PKC inhibitors, enzastaurin is very well tolerated with a favorable safety profile, allowing it to be dosed for extended durations. In the present review, we summarize the rationale for targeting PKC in cancer, the preclinical experience of enzastaurin, and the clinical findings of the current phase I and II studies. Based on the combined information, we present the rationale for its future assessment in the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy S Herbst
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
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Sklar LA, Carter MB, Edwards BS. Flow cytometry for drug discovery, receptor pharmacology and high-throughput screening. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2007; 7:527-34. [PMID: 17652026 PMCID: PMC2230635 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although flow cytometry is viewed as a mature technology, there have been dramatic advances in analysis capabilities, sorting, sample handling and sensitivity in the past decade. These advances contribute to its application in biological and chemical diversity, sample throughput, high content, and complex systems biology. This article will evaluate the new opportunities for flow cytometry relating to receptor assembly and pharmacology, as well as a range of screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry A Sklar
- The New Mexico Molecular Libraries Screening Center, Cancer Research and Treatment Center, The University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Bowers RK, Marder P, Green LJ, Horn CL, Faber AL, Thomas JE. A platelet biomarker for assessing phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibition during cancer chemotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:2600-7. [PMID: 17766838 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin cleavages of selective proteinase-activated receptors (PAR) as well as PAR-activating peptide ligands can initiate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling cascade in platelets. Downstream to this event, fibrinogen receptors on platelets undergo conformational changes that enhance fibrinogen binding. In our study, we used this phenomenon as a surrogate biomarker for assessing effects on PI3K activity. Our method, using flow cytometric measurement of fluorescent ligand and antibody binding, uncovered a 16- to 45-fold signal window after PAR-induced platelet activation. Pretreatment (in vitro) with the PI3K inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 resulted in concentration-dependent inhibition at predicted potencies. In addition, platelets taken from mice treated with wortmannin were blocked from PAR-induced ex vivo activation concomitantly with a decrease in phosphorylation of AKT from excised tumor xenografts. This surrogate biomarker assay was successfully tested (in vitro) on blood specimens received from volunteer cancer patients. Our results indicate that measurement of platelet activation could serve as an effective drug activity biomarker during clinical evaluation of putative PI3K inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita K Bowers
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA .
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Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) comprises a family of serine/threonine kinases that are involved in the transduction of signals for cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Unsurprisingly, disruption of PKC regulation is implicated in tumorigenesis and drug resistance. PKC function is complex in this context owing to the differing roles of individual isozymes within the cell and across tumour types. Therapeutically targeting PKC isozymes is not new; however, with many of the early PKC inhibitor cytotoxic drug combinations being discarded at the phase II level, and recent phase III studies in non-small-cell lung cancer proving negative, what's going wrong?
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Mackay
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Jimeno A, Rudek MA, Purcell T, Laheru DA, Messersmith WA, Dancey J, Carducci MA, Baker SD, Hidalgo M, Donehower RC. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of UCN-01 in combination with irinotecan in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 61:423-33. [PMID: 17429623 PMCID: PMC3557498 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE 7-Hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01) is a protein kinase inhibitor that inhibits several serine-threonine kinases including PKC and PDK1. Due to the preclinical synergistic effects seen with topoisomerase I inhibitors and non-overlapping toxicity, UCN-01 and irinotecan were combined in a dose-finding study designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), toxicity profile, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of UCN-01 and irinotecan. METHODS Patients with incurable solid malignancies received UCN-01 intravenously (IV) as a 3-h infusion on day 1 and irinotecan IV over 90 min on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle. Doses of UCN-01 for subsequent cycles were half the starting dose. Dose level 1 (DL1) consisted of UCN-01 and irinotecan doses of 50 and 60 mg/m(2), respectively. Blood samples were collected in cycle 1 for UCN-01, irinotecan, and irinotecan metabolites. RESULTS A total of 16 patients were enrolled on the trial at UCN-01/Irinotecan doses of 50/60 mg/m(2) (DL1; n = 1), 70/60 mg/m(2) (DL2; n = 6), 90/60 mg/m(2) (DL3; n = 4), and 70/90 mg/m(2) (DL4; n = 5). Two dose-limiting toxicities were observed each in DL3 and DL4 (2 grade 3 hypophosphatemia, 1 grade 4 hyperglycemia and grade 3 hypophosphatemia, 1 grade 4 febrile neutropenia). Fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, and anorexia were the most prevalent toxicities. No objective responses were documented, and four patients had stable disease for at least ten cycles. The long half-life (292.0 +/- 135.7 h), low clearance (0.045 +/- 0.038 l/h), and volume of distribution (14.3 +/- 5.9 l) observed for UCN-01 are consistent with prior UCN-01 data. There was a significant decrease in C(max) of APC, AUC of APC and SN-38, and AUC ratio of SN-38:irinotecan when comparing days 1 and 8 PK. CONCLUSIONS APC and SN-38 exposure decreased when administered in combination with UCN-01. The MTD of the combination based on protocol criteria was defined as 70 mg/m(2) of UCN-01 on day 1 and 60 mg/m(2) of irinotecan on days 1 and 8 in a 21-day cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jimeno
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Cancer Research Building I, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Podar K, Raab MS, Zhang J, McMillin D, Breitkreutz I, Tai YT, Lin BK, Munshi N, Hideshima T, Chauhan D, Anderson KC. Targeting PKC in multiple myeloma: in vitro and in vivo effects of the novel, orally available small-molecule inhibitor enzastaurin (LY317615.HCl). Blood 2006; 109:1669-77. [PMID: 17023575 PMCID: PMC1794057 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-042747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In multiple myeloma (MM) protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathways have been implicated in cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Here we investigated the novel, orally available PKC-inhibitor enzastaurin for its anti-MM activity. Enzastaurin specifically inhibits phorbol ester-induced activation of PKC isoforms, as well as phosphorylation of downstream signaling molecules MARCKS and PKCmu. Importantly, it also inhibits PKC activation triggered by growth factors and cytokines secreted by bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), costimulation with fibronectin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), or interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as MM patient serum. Consequently, enzastaurin inhibits proliferation, survival, and migration of MM cell lines and MM cells isolated from multidrug-resistant patients and overcomes MM-cell growth triggered by binding to BMSCs and endothelial cells. Importantly, strong synergistic cytotoxicity is observed when enzastaurin is combined with bortezomib and moderate synergistic or additive effects when combined with melphalan or lenalidomide. Finally, tumor growth, survival, and angiogenesis are abrogated by enzastaurin in an in vivo xenograft model of human MM. Our results therefore demonstrate in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the orally available PKC inhibitor enzastaurin in MM and strongly support its clinical evaluation, alone or in combination therapies, to improve outcome in patients with MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Podar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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