1
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Panek WK, Toedebusch RG, Mclaughlin BE, Dickinson PJ, Van Dyke JE, Woolard KD, Berens ME, Lesniak MS, Sturges BK, Vernau KM, Li C, Miska J, Toedebusch CM. The CCL2-CCR4 axis promotes Regulatory T cell trafficking to canine glioma tissues. J Neurooncol 2024:10.1007/s11060-024-04766-4. [PMID: 39046599 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-024-04766-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Spontaneously occurring glioma in pet dogs is increasingly recognized as a valuable translational model for human glioblastoma. Canine high-grade glioma and human glioblastomas share many molecular similarities, including the accumulation of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) that inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. Identifying in dog mechanisms responsible for Treg recruitment may afford to target the cellular population driving immunosuppression, the results providing a rationale for translational clinical studies in human patients. Our group has previously identified C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) as a glioma-derived T-reg chemoattractant acting on chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) in a murine orthotopic glioma model. Recently, we demonstrated a robust increase of CCL2 in the brain tissue of canine patients bearing high-grade glioma. METHODS We performed a series of in vitro experiments using canine Tregs and patient-derived canine glioma cell lines (GSC 1110, GSC 0514, J3T-Bg, G06A) to interrogate the CCL2-CCR4 signaling axis in the canine. RESULTS We established a flow cytometry gating strategy for identifying and isolating FOXP3+ Tregs in dogs. The canine CD4 + CD25high T-cell population was highly enriched in FOXP3 and CCR4 expression, indicating they are bona fide Tregs. Canine Treg migration was enhanced by CCL2 or by glioma cell line-derived supernatant. Blockade of the CCL2-CCR4 axis significantly reduced migration of canine Tregs. CCL2 mRNA was expressed in all glioma cell lines, and expression increased when exposed to Tregs but not CD4 + helper T-cells. CONCLUSION Our study validates CCL2-CCR4 as a bi-directional Treg-glioma immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting axis in canine high-grade glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Panek
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 2112 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA, 95616-5270, USA.
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 380 South University Avenue, 419 Hill Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - R G Toedebusch
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 2112 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA, 95616-5270, USA
| | - B E Mclaughlin
- University of California Davis, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Davis, CA, USA
| | - P J Dickinson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 2112 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA, 95616-5270, USA
| | - J E Van Dyke
- University of California Davis, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K D Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M E Berens
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - M S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - B K Sturges
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 2112 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA, 95616-5270, USA
| | - K M Vernau
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 2112 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA, 95616-5270, USA
| | - C Li
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 2112 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA, 95616-5270, USA
| | - J Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christine M Toedebusch
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 2112 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA, 95616-5270, USA.
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2
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Panek WK, Toedebusch RG, Mclaughlin BE, Dickinson PJ, Dyke JE, Woolard KD, Berens ME, Lesniak MS, Sturges BK, Vernau KM, Li C, Miska JM, Toedebusch CM. The CCL2-CCR4 Axis Promotes Regulatory T Cell Trafficking to Canine Glioma Tissues. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4474288. [PMID: 38947002 PMCID: PMC11213221 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4474288/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Spontaneously occurring glioma in pet dogs is increasingly recognized as a valuable translational model for human glioblastoma. Canine high grade glioma and human glioblastomas share many molecular similarities, including accumulation of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) that inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. Identifying in dog mechanisms responsible for Treg recruitment may afford targeting the cellular population driving immunosuppression, the results providing a rationale for translational clinical studies in human patients. Our group has previously identified C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) as a glioma-derived T-reg chemoattractant acting on chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) in a murine orthotopic model of glioma. Recently, we demonstrated a robust increase of CCL2 in the brain tissue of canine patients bearing high-grade glioma. Methods We performed a series of in vitro experiments using canine Tregs and patient-derived canine glioma cell lines (GSC 1110, GSC 0514, J3T-Bg, G06A) to interrogate the CCL2-CCR4 signaling axis in the canine. Results We established a flow cytometry gating strategy for identification and isolation of FOXP3+ Tregs in dogs. The canine CD4 + CD25high T-cell population was highly enriched in FOXP3 and CCR4 expression, indicating they are bona fide Tregs. Canine Treg migration was enhanced by CCL2 or by glioma cell line-derived supernatant. Blockade of the CCL2-CCR4 axis significantly reduced migration of canine Tregs. CCL2 mRNA was expressed in all glioma cell lines and expression increased when exposed to Tregs but not to CD4 + helper T-cells. Conclusion Our study validates CCL2-CCR4 as a bi-directional Treg-glioma immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting axis in canine high-grade glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - B E Mclaughlin
- University of California Davis, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource
| | | | - J E Dyke
- University of California Davis, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource
| | | | - M E Berens
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute
| | | | | | | | - C Li
- University of California, Davis
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Xiong Z, Raphael I, Olin M, Okada H, Li X, Kohanbash G. Glioblastoma vaccines: past, present, and opportunities. EBioMedicine 2024; 100:104963. [PMID: 38183840 PMCID: PMC10808938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most lethal central nervous systems (CNS) tumours in adults. As supplements to standard of care (SOC), various immunotherapies improve the therapeutic effect in other cancers. Among them, tumour vaccines can serve as complementary monotherapy or boost the clinical efficacy with other immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) therapy. Previous studies in GBM therapeutic vaccines have suggested that few neoantigens could be targeted in GBM due to low mutation burden, and single-peptide therapeutic vaccination had limited efficacy in tumour control as monotherapy. Combining diverse antigens, including neoantigens, tumour-associated antigens (TAAs), and pathogen-derived antigens, and optimizing vaccine design or vaccination strategy may help with clinical efficacy improvement. In this review, we discussed current GBM therapeutic vaccine platforms, evaluated and potential antigenic targets, current challenges, and perspective opportunities for efficacy improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zujian Xiong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China
| | - Itay Raphael
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Michael Olin
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008 PR China.
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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4
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Zheng Y, Ma X, Feng S, Zhu H, Chen X, Yu X, Shu K, Zhang S. Dendritic cell vaccine of gliomas: challenges from bench to bed. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1259562. [PMID: 37781367 PMCID: PMC10536174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas account for the majority of brain malignant tumors. As the most malignant subtype of glioma, glioblastoma (GBM) is barely effectively treated by traditional therapies (surgery combined with radiochemotherapy), resulting in poor prognosis. Meanwhile, due to its "cold tumor" phenotype, GBM fails to respond to multiple immunotherapies. As its capacity to prime T cell response, dendritic cells (DCs) are essential to anti-tumor immunity. In recent years, as a therapeutic method, dendritic cell vaccine (DCV) has been immensely developed. However, there have long been obstacles that limit the use of DCV yet to be tackled. As is shown in the following review, the role of DCs in anti-tumor immunity and the inhibitory effects of tumor microenvironment (TME) on DCs are described, the previous clinical trials of DCV in the treatment of GBM are summarized, and the challenges and possible development directions of DCV are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shouchang Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongtao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingjiang Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Suojun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Hegde MM, Sandbhor P, J. A, Gota V, Goda JS. Insight into lipid-based nanoplatform-mediated drug and gene delivery in neuro-oncology and their clinical prospects. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1168454. [PMID: 37483515 PMCID: PMC10357293 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1168454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors of the Central nervous System (CNS) are a spectrum of neoplasms that range from benign lesions to highly malignant and aggressive lesions. Despite aggressive multimodal treatment approaches, the morbidity and mortality are high with dismal survival outcomes in these malignant tumors. Moreover, the non-specificity of conventional treatments substantiates the rationale for precise therapeutic strategies that selectively target infiltrating tumor cells within the brain, and minimize systemic and collateral damage. With the recent advancement of nanoplatforms for biomaterials applications, lipid-based nanoparticulate systems present an attractive and breakthrough impact on CNS tumor management. Lipid nanoparticles centered immunotherapeutic agents treating malignant CNS tumors could convene the clear need for precise treatment strategies. Immunotherapeutic agents can selectively induce specific immune responses by active or innate immune responses at the local site within the brain. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic applications of lipid-based nanoplatforms for CNS tumors with an emphasis on revolutionary approaches in brain targeting, imaging, and drug and gene delivery with immunotherapy. Lipid-based nanoparticle platforms represent one of the most promising colloidal carriers for chemotherapeutic, and immunotherapeutic drugs. Their current application in oncology especially in brain tumors has brought about a paradigm shift in cancer treatment by improving the antitumor activity of several agents that could be used to selectively target brain tumors. Subsequently, the lab-to-clinic transformation and challenges towards translational feasibility of lipid-based nanoplatforms for drug and gene/immunotherapy delivery in the context of CNS tumor management is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Manjunath Hegde
- Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Puja Sandbhor
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Aishwarya J.
- Advance Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Vikram Gota
- Advance Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Jayant S. Goda
- Advance Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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Brisson L, Henrique Geraldo L, Bikfalvi A, Mathivet T. The strange Microenvironment of Glioblastoma. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:490-501. [PMID: 36964121 PMCID: PMC11195635 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, with poor patient survival and lack of effective therapies. Late advances trying to decipher the composition of the GB tumor microenvironment (TME) emphasized its role in tumor progression and potentialized it as a therapeutic target. Many components participate critically to tumor development and expansion such as blood vessels, immune cells or components of the nervous system. Dysmorphic tumor vasculature brings challenges to optimal delivery of cytotoxic agents currently used in clinics. Also, massive infiltration of immunosuppressive myeloid cells and limited recruitment of T cells limits the success of conventional immunotherapies. Neuronal input seems also be required for tumor expansion. In this review, we provide a comprehensive report of vascular and immune component of the GB TME and their cross talk during GB progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brisson
- BRIC Inserm U1312, Université de Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - L Henrique Geraldo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - A Bikfalvi
- BRIC Inserm U1312, Université de Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France.
| | - T Mathivet
- BRIC Inserm U1312, Université de Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France
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7
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Yuile A, Wei JQ, Mohan AA, Hotchkiss KM, Khasraw M. Interdependencies of the Neuronal, Immune and Tumor Microenvironment in Gliomas. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2856. [PMID: 37345193 PMCID: PMC10216320 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary brain malignancy and are universally fatal. Despite significant breakthrough in understanding tumor biology, treatment breakthroughs have been limited. There is a growing appreciation that major limitations on effective treatment are related to the unique and highly complex glioma tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME consists of multiple different cell types, broadly categorized into tumoral, immune and non-tumoral, non-immune cells. Each group provides significant influence on the others, generating a pro-tumor dynamic with significant immunosuppression. In addition, glioma cells are highly heterogenous with various molecular distinctions on the cellular level. These variations, in turn, lead to their own unique influence on the TME. To develop future treatments, an understanding of this complex TME interplay is needed. To this end, we describe the TME in adult gliomas through interactions between its various components and through various glioma molecular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yuile
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Road, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- The Brain Cancer Group, North Shore Private Hospital, 3 Westbourne Street, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Joe Q. Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Road, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Aditya A. Mohan
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kelly M. Hotchkiss
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mustafa Khasraw
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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8
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Dmello C, Zhao J, Chen L, Gould A, Castro B, Arrieta VA, Zhang DY, Kim KS, Kanojia D, Zhang P, Miska J, Yeeravalli R, Habashy K, Saganty R, Kang SJ, Fares J, Liu C, Dunn G, Bartom E, Schipma MJ, Hsu PD, Alghamri MS, Lesniak MS, Heimberger AB, Rabadan R, Lee-Chang C, Sonabend AM. Checkpoint kinase 1/2 inhibition potentiates anti-tumoral immune response and sensitizes gliomas to immune checkpoint blockade. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1566. [PMID: 36949040 PMCID: PMC10033639 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas the contribution of tumor microenvironment to the profound immune suppression of glioblastoma (GBM) is clear, tumor-cell intrinsic mechanisms that regulate resistance to CD8 T cell mediated killing are less understood. Kinases are potentially druggable targets that drive tumor progression and might influence immune response. Here, we perform an in vivo CRISPR screen to identify glioma intrinsic kinases that contribute to evasion of tumor cells from CD8 T cell recognition. The screen reveals checkpoint kinase 2 (Chek2) to be the most important kinase contributing to escape from CD8 T-cell recognition. Genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of Chek2 with blood-brain-barrier permeable drugs that are currently being evaluated in clinical trials, in combination with PD-1 or PD-L1 blockade, lead to survival benefit in multiple preclinical glioma models. Mechanistically, loss of Chek2 enhances antigen presentation, STING pathway activation and PD-L1 expression in mouse gliomas. Analysis of human GBMs demonstrates that Chek2 expression is inversely associated with antigen presentation and T-cell activation. Collectively, these results support Chek2 as a promising target for enhancement of response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crismita Dmello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Junfei Zhao
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew Gould
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brandyn Castro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Section of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victor A Arrieta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Y Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepak Kanojia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ragini Yeeravalli
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karl Habashy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ruth Saganty
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seong Jae Kang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jawad Fares
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Connor Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gavin Dunn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bartom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew J Schipma
- NUSeq Core, Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrick D Hsu
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mahmoud S Alghamri
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Department of Pathology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catalina Lee-Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Adam M Sonabend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Casili G, Paterniti I, Campolo M, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. The Role of Neuro-Inflammation and Innate Immunity in Pathophysiology of Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1394:41-49. [PMID: 36587380 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-14732-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and innate immune system play a central role in cancers, including those affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Currently, classification of neoplasms, especially regarding gliomas, is established on molecular mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes and the presence of co-deletion 1p/19q. Treatment, in most of brain and spinal cord tumors, is centered on surgery, radiotherapy and pharmacological approaches with chemotherapeutic agents. However, the results of the treatments, after several decades, are not completely satisfactory. Cytokines and angiogenic factors are closely linked to the brain cancer behavior. Moreover, recent studies suggest a link between inflammation and tumorigenesis, underlying the complex nature of this topic, especially the anti- and pro-tumoral activities of inflammation and the two-way interactions between immune and tumor cells. The current understanding of the mechanisms by which CNS cancer cells modulate the immune system, especially how bi-directional communications between immune cells and tumor cells create an immunosuppressed microenvironment, gives important information about the promotion of tumor survival and growth. Here, we have briefly reviewed the current literature on this topic, focusing on the possible role of inflammation and innate immunity involved in the origin and in the development of CNS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31-98166, Messina, Italy.
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10
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Lorrey SJ, Waibl Polania J, Wachsmuth LP, Hoyt-Miggelbrink A, Tritz ZP, Edwards R, Wolf DM, Johnson AJ, Fecci PE, Ayasoufi K. Systemic immune derangements are shared across various CNS pathologies and reflect novel mechanisms of immune privilege. Neurooncol Adv 2023; 5:vdad035. [PMID: 37207119 PMCID: PMC10191195 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The nervous and immune systems interact in a reciprocal manner, both under physiologic and pathologic conditions. Literature spanning various CNS pathologies including brain tumors, stroke, traumatic brain injury and de-myelinating diseases describes a number of associated systemic immunologic changes, particularly in the T-cell compartment. These immunologic changes include severe T-cell lymphopenia, lymphoid organ contraction, and T-cell sequestration within the bone marrow. Methods We performed an in-depth systematic review of the literature and discussed pathologies that involve brain insults and systemic immune derangements. Conclusions In this review, we propose that the same immunologic changes hereafter termed 'systemic immune derangements', are present across CNS pathologies and may represent a novel, systemic mechanism of immune privilege for the CNS. We further demonstrate that systemic immune derangements are transient when associated with isolated insults such as stroke and TBI but persist in the setting of chronic CNS insults such as brain tumors. Systemic immune derangements have vast implications for informed treatment modalities and outcomes of various neurologic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena J Lorrey
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jessica Waibl Polania
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lucas P Wachsmuth
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra Hoyt-Miggelbrink
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Ryan Edwards
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Delaney M Wolf
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Peter E Fecci
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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11
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Identification of Immunogenic Cell Death-Related Signature for Glioma to Predict Survival and Response to Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225665. [PMID: 36428756 PMCID: PMC9688866 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a type of regulated cell death (RCD) and is correlated with the progression, prognosis, and therapy of tumors, including glioma. Numerous studies have shown that the immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic agents of glioma might induce ICD. However, studies on the comprehensive analysis of the role of ICD-related genes and their correlations with overall survival (OS) in glioma are lacking. The genetic, transcriptional, and clinical data of 1896 glioma samples were acquired from five distinct databases and analyzed in terms of genes and transcription levels. The method of consensus unsupervised clustering divided the patients into two disparate molecular clusters: A and B. All of the patients were randomly divided into training and testing groups. Employing the training group data, 14 ICD-related genes were filtered out to develop a risk-score model. The correlations between our risk groups and prognosis, cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune cells infiltration, chemosensitivity and cancer stem cell (CSC) index were assessed. A highly precise nomogram model was constructed to enhance and optimize the clinical application of the risk score. The results demonstrated that the risk score could independently predict the OS rate and the immunotherapeutic response of glioma patients. This study analyzed the ICD-related genes in glioma and evaluated their role in the OS, clinicopathological characteristics, TME and immune cell infiltration of glioma. Our results may help in assessing the OS of glioma and developing better immunotherapeutic strategies.
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12
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Qi Z, Long X, Liu J, Cheng P. Glioblastoma microenvironment and its reprogramming by oncolytic virotherapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:819363. [PMID: 36159398 PMCID: PMC9507431 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.819363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), a highly aggressive form of brain tumor, responds poorly to current conventional therapies, including surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic chemotherapy. The reason is that the delicate location of the primary tumor and the existence of the blood-brain barrier limit the effectiveness of traditional local and systemic therapies. The immunosuppressive status and multiple carcinogenic pathways in the complex GBM microenvironment also pose challenges for immunotherapy and single-targeted therapy. With an improving understanding of the GBM microenvironment, it has become possible to consider the immunosuppressive and highly angiogenic GBM microenvironment as an excellent opportunity to improve the existing therapeutic efficacy. Oncolytic virus therapy can exert antitumor effects on various components of the GBM microenvironment. In this review, we have focused on the current status of oncolytic virus therapy for GBM and the related literature on antitumor mechanisms. Moreover, the limitations of oncolytic virus therapy as a monotherapy and future directions that may enhance the field have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbing Qi
- Department of State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangyu Long
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Oncology, West China Guang’an Hospital, Sichuan University, Guangan, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Cheng Jiyan Liu
| | - Ping Cheng
- Department of State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Cheng Jiyan Liu
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13
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Fekrirad Z, Barzegar Behrooz A, Ghaemi S, Khosrojerdi A, Zarepour A, Zarrabi A, Arefian E, Ghavami S. Immunology Meets Bioengineering: Improving the Effectiveness of Glioblastoma Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3698. [PMID: 35954362 PMCID: PMC9367505 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) therapy has seen little change over the past two decades. Surgical excision followed by radiation and chemotherapy is the current gold standard treatment. Immunotherapy techniques have recently transformed many cancer treatments, and GBM is now at the forefront of immunotherapy research. GBM immunotherapy prospects are reviewed here, with an emphasis on immune checkpoint inhibitors and oncolytic viruses. Various forms of nanomaterials to enhance immunotherapy effectiveness are also discussed. For GBM treatment and immunotherapy, we outline the specific properties of nanomaterials. In addition, we provide a short overview of several 3D (bio)printing techniques and their applications in stimulating the GBM microenvironment. Lastly, the susceptibility of GBM cancer cells to the various immunotherapy methods will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Fekrirad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran 18735-136, Iran;
| | - Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Brain Cancer Research Group, Department of Cancer, Asu Vanda Gene Industrial Research Company, Tehran 1533666398, Iran;
| | - Shokoofeh Ghaemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6619, Iran;
| | - Arezou Khosrojerdi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran;
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, Iran
| | - Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Turkey;
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Turkey;
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6619, Iran;
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6559, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, Academia of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
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14
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Immunosuppressive cells in cancer: mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:61. [PMID: 35585567 PMCID: PMC9118588 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies like the adoptive transfer of gene-engineered T cells and immune checkpoint inhibitors are novel therapeutic modalities for advanced cancers. However, some patients are refractory or resistant to these therapies, and the mechanisms underlying tumor immune resistance have not been fully elucidated. Immunosuppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressive cells, tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-associated neutrophils, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and tumor-associated dendritic cells are critical factors correlated with immune resistance. In addition, cytokines and factors secreted by tumor cells or these immunosuppressive cells also mediate the tumor progression and immune escape of cancers. Thus, targeting these immunosuppressive cells and the related signals is the promising therapy to improve the efficacy of immunotherapies and reverse the immune resistance. However, even with certain success in preclinical studies or in some specific types of cancer, large perspectives are unknown for these immunosuppressive cells, and the related therapies have undesirable outcomes for clinical patients. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the phenotype, function, and potential therapeutic targets of these immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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15
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Waibl Polania J, Lerner EC, Wilkinson DS, Hoyt-Miggelbrink A, Fecci PE. Pushing Past the Blockade: Advancements in T Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:777073. [PMID: 34868044 PMCID: PMC8636733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.777073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful cancer immunotherapies rely on a replete and functional immune compartment. Within the immune compartment, T cells are often the effector arm of immune-based strategies due to their potent cytotoxic capabilities. However, many tumors have evolved a variety of mechanisms to evade T cell-mediated killing. Thus, while many T cell-based immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, have achieved considerable success in some solid cancers and hematological malignancies, these therapies often fail in solid tumors due to tumor-imposed T cell dysfunctions. These dysfunctional mechanisms broadly include reduced T cell access into and identification of tumors, as well as an overall immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that elicits T cell exhaustion. Therefore, novel, rational approaches are necessary to overcome the barriers to T cell function elicited by solid tumors. In this review, we will provide an overview of conventional immunotherapeutic strategies and the various barriers to T cell anti-tumor function encountered in solid tumors that lead to resistance. We will also explore a sampling of emerging strategies specifically aimed to bypass these tumor-imposed boundaries to T cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily C Lerner
- Duke Medical School, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Daniel S Wilkinson
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Peter E Fecci
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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16
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Abstract
Glioblastoma has emerged as an immunotherapy-refractory tumor based on negative phase III studies of anti-programmed cell death-1 therapy among newly diagnosed as well as recurrent patients. In addition, although much work on vaccine and cellular approaches is ongoing, therapeutic benefit with these approaches has been underwhelming. Much scientific insight into the multitiered layers of immunosuppression exploited by glioblastoma tumors is emerging that sheds light on the explanation for the disappointing results to date and highlights possible therapeutic avenues that may offer a better likelihood of therapeutic benefit for immune-based therapies.
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17
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Datsi A, Sorg RV. Dendritic Cell Vaccination of Glioblastoma: Road to Success or Dead End. Front Immunol 2021; 12:770390. [PMID: 34795675 PMCID: PMC8592940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.770390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are the most frequent and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor and remains a therapeutic challenge: even after multimodal therapy, median survival of patients is only 15 months. Dendritic cell vaccination (DCV) is an active immunotherapy that aims at inducing an antitumoral immune response. Numerous DCV trials have been performed, vaccinating hundreds of GBM patients and confirming feasibility and safety. Many of these studies reported induction of an antitumoral immune response and indicated improved survival after DCV. However, two controlled randomized trials failed to detect a survival benefit. This raises the question of whether the promising concept of DCV may not hold true or whether we are not yet realizing the full potential of this therapeutic approach. Here, we discuss the results of recent vaccination trials, relevant parameters of the vaccines themselves and of their application, and possible synergies between DCV and other therapeutic approaches targeting the immunosuppressive microenvironment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Datsi
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger V Sorg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
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18
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Choi J, Medikonda R, Saleh L, Kim T, Pant A, Srivastava S, Kim YH, Jackson C, Tong L, Routkevitch D, Jackson C, Mathios D, Zhao T, Cho H, Brem H, Lim M. Combination checkpoint therapy with anti-PD-1 and anti-BTLA results in a synergistic therapeutic effect against murine glioblastoma. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1956142. [PMID: 34484870 PMCID: PMC8409779 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1956142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials involving anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (anti-PD-1) failed to demonstrate improved overall survival in glioblastoma (GBM) patients. This may be due to the expression of alternative checkpoints such as B- and T- lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) on several immune cell types including regulatory T cells. Murine GBM models indicate that there is significant upregulation of BTLA in the tumor microenvironment (TME) with associated T cell exhaustion. We investigate the use of antibodies against BTLA and PD-1 on reversing immunosuppression and increasing long-term survival in a murine GBM model. C57BL/6 J mice were implanted with the murine glioma cell line GL261 and randomized into 4 arms: (i) control, (ii) anti-PD-1, (iii) anti-BTLA, and (iv) anti-PD-1 + anti-BTLA. Kaplan–Meier curves were generated for all arms. Flow cytometric analysis of blood and brains were done on days 11 and 16 post-tumor implantation. Tumor-bearing mice treated with a combination of anti-PD-1 and anti-BTLA therapy experienced improved overall long-term survival (60%) compared to anti-PD-1 (20%) or anti-BTLA (0%) alone (P = .003). Compared to monotherapy with anti-PD-1, mice treated with combination therapy also demonstrated increased expression of CD4+ IFN-γ (P < .0001) and CD8+ IFN-γ (P = .0365), as well as decreased levels of CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells on day 16 in the brain (P = .0136). This is the first preclinical investigation into the effects of combination checkpoint blockade with anti-PD-1 and anti-BTLA treatment in GBM. We also show a direct effect on activated immune cell populations such as CD4+ and CD8 + T cells and immunosuppressive regulatory T cells through this combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ravi Medikonda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Laura Saleh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Timothy Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ayush Pant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Siddhartha Srivastava
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Christina Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Luqing Tong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Denis Routkevitch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Christopher Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Dimitrios Mathios
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Tianna Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Hyerim Cho
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Henry Brem
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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19
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Brettschneider EES, Terabe M. The Role of NKT Cells in Glioblastoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071641. [PMID: 34208864 PMCID: PMC8307781 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive and deadly cancer, but to date, immunotherapies have failed to make significant strides in improving prognoses for glioblastoma patients. One of the current challenges to developing immunological interventions for glioblastoma is our incomplete understanding of the numerous immunoregulatory mechanisms at play in the glioblastoma tumor microenvironment. We propose that Natural Killer T (NKT) cells, which are unconventional T lymphocytes that recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1d molecules, may play a key immunoregulatory role in glioblastoma. For example, evidence suggests that the activation of type I NKT cells can facilitate anti-glioblastoma immune responses. On the other hand, type II NKT cells are known to play an immunosuppressive role in other cancers, as well as to cross-regulate type I NKT cell activity, although their specific role in glioblastoma remains largely unclear. This review provides a summary of our current understanding of NKT cells in the immunoregulation of glioblastoma as well as highlights the involvement of NKT cells in other cancers and central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. S. Brettschneider
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Masaki Terabe
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-240-760-6731
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20
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Decipher the Glioblastoma Microenvironment: The First Milestone for New Groundbreaking Therapeutic Strategies. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030445. [PMID: 33804731 PMCID: PMC8003887 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumour in adults. Despite the combination of novel therapeutical approaches, it remains a deadly malignancy with an abysmal prognosis. GBM is a polymorphic tumour from both molecular and histological points of view. It consists of different malignant cells and various stromal cells, contributing to tumour initiation, progression, and treatment response. GBM’s microenvironment is multifaceted and is made up of soluble factors, extracellular matrix components, tissue-resident cell types (e.g., neurons, astrocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes, and fibroblasts) together with resident (e.g., microglia) or recruited (e.g., bone marrow-derived macrophages) immune cells. These latter constitute the so-called immune microenvironment, accounting for a substantial GBM’s tumour volume. Despite the abundance of immune cells, an intense state of tumour immunosuppression is promoted and developed; this represents the significant challenge for cancer cells’ immune-mediated destruction. Though literature data suggest that distinct GBM’s subtypes harbour differences in their microenvironment, its role in treatment response remains obscure. However, an in-depth investigation of GBM’s microenvironment may lead to novel therapeutic opportunities to improve patients’ outcomes. This review will elucidate the GBM’s microenvironment composition, highlighting the current state of the art in immunotherapy approaches. We will focus on novel strategies of active and passive immunotherapies, including vaccination, gene therapy, checkpoint blockade, and adoptive T-cell therapies.
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21
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Zhao L, Zhang J, Xuan S, Liu Z, Wang Y, Zhao P. Molecular and Clinicopathological Characterization of a Prognostic Immune Gene Signature Associated With MGMT Methylation in Glioblastoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:600506. [PMID: 33614641 PMCID: PMC7892978 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.600506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) methylation status affects tumor chemo-resistance and the prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM) patients. We aimed to investigate the role of MGMT methylation in the regulation of GBM immunophenotype and discover an effective biomarker to improve prognosis prediction of GBM patients. Methods: A total of 769 GBM patients with clinical information from five independent cohorts were enrolled in the present study. Samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset were used as the training set, whereas transcriptome data from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) RNA-seq, CGGA microarray, GSE16011, and the Repository for Molecular Brain Neoplasia (REMBRANDT) cohort were used for validation. A series of bioinformatics approaches were carried out to construct a prognostic signature based on immune-related genes, which were tightly related to the MGMT methylation status. In silico analyses were performed to investigate the influence of the signature on immunosuppression and remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. Then, the utility of this immune gene signature was analyzed by the development and evaluation of a nomogram. In vitro experiments were further used to verify the immunologic function of the genes in the signature. Results: We found that MGMT unmethylation was closely associated with immune-related biological processes in GBM. Sixty-five immune genes were more highly expressed in the MGMT unmethylated than the MGMT-methylated group. An immune gene-based risk model was further established to divide patients into high and low-risk groups, and the prognostic value of this signature was validated in several GBM cohorts. Functional analyses manifested a universal up-regulation of immune-related pathways in the high-risk group. Furthermore, the risk score was highly correlated to the immune cell infiltration, immunosuppression, inflammatory activities, as well as the expression levels of immune checkpoints. A nomogram was developed for clinical application. Knockdown of the five genes in the signature remodeled the immunosuppressive microenvironment by restraining M2 macrophage polarization and suppressing immunosuppressive cytokines production. Conclusions: MGMT methylation is strongly related to the immune responses in GBM. The immune gene-based signature we identified may have potential implications in predicting the prognosis of GBM patients and mechanisms underlying the role of MGMT methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayue Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shurui Xuan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Grabowski MM, Sankey EW, Ryan KJ, Chongsathidkiet P, Lorrey SJ, Wilkinson DS, Fecci PE. Immune suppression in gliomas. J Neurooncol 2021; 151:3-12. [PMID: 32542437 PMCID: PMC7843555 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The overall survival in patients with gliomas has not significantly increased in the modern era, despite advances such as immunotherapy. This is in part due to their notorious ability to suppress local and systemic immune responses, severely restricting treatment efficacy. METHODS We have reviewed the preclinical and clinical evidence for immunosuppression seen throughout the disease process in gliomas. This review aims to discuss the various ways that brain tumors, and gliomas in particular, co-opt the body's immune system to evade detection and ensure tumor survival and proliferation. RESULTS A multitude of mechanisms are discussed by which neoplastic cells evade detection and destruction by the immune system. These include tumor-induced T-cell and NK cell dysfunction, regulatory T-cell and myeloid-derived suppressor cell expansion, M2 phenotypic transformation in glioma-associated macrophages/microglia, upregulation of immunosuppressive glioma cell surface factors and cytokines, tumor microenvironment hypoxia, and iatrogenic sequelae of immunosuppressive treatments. CONCLUSIONS Gliomas create a profoundly immunosuppressive environment, both locally within the tumor and systemically. Future research should aim to address these immunosuppressive mechanisms in the effort to generate treatment options with meaningful survival benefits for this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Grabowski
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, 220 Sands Bldg, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Eric W Sankey
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, 220 Sands Bldg, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Katherine J Ryan
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, 220 Sands Bldg, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Pakawat Chongsathidkiet
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, 220 Sands Bldg, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Selena J Lorrey
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, 220 Sands Bldg, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Daniel S Wilkinson
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, 220 Sands Bldg, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, 220 Sands Bldg, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Di Cintio F, Dal Bo M, Baboci L, De Mattia E, Polano M, Toffoli G. The Molecular and Microenvironmental Landscape of Glioblastomas: Implications for the Novel Treatment Choices. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:603647. [PMID: 33324155 PMCID: PMC7724040 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.603647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary central nervous system tumor. Surgery followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy with alkylating agents constitutes standard first-line treatment of GBM. Complete resection of the GBM tumors is generally not possible given its high invasive features. Although this combination therapy can prolong survival, the prognosis is still poor due to several factors including chemoresistance. In recent years, a comprehensive characterization of the GBM-associated molecular signature has been performed. This has allowed the possibility to introduce a more personalized therapeutic approach for GBM, in which novel targeted therapies, including those employing tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), could be employed. The GBM tumor microenvironment (TME) exerts a key role in GBM tumor progression, in particular by providing an immunosuppressive state with low numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and other immune effector cell types that contributes to tumor proliferation and growth. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been successfully introduced in numerous advanced cancers as well as promising results have been shown for the use of these antibodies in untreated brain metastases from melanoma and from non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Consequently, the use of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors has also been proposed in several clinical trials for the treatment of GBM. In the present review, we will outline the main GBM molecular and TME aspects providing also the grounds for novel targeted therapies and immunotherapies using ICIs for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Di Cintio
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Dal Bo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, Italy
| | - Lorena Baboci
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, Italy
| | - Elena De Mattia
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Polano
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, Italy
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Wang J, Shen F, Yao Y, Wang LL, Zhu Y, Hu J. Adoptive Cell Therapy: A Novel and Potential Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:59. [PMID: 32083009 PMCID: PMC7005203 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults with very poor prognosis and few advances in its treatment. Recently, fast-growing cancer immunotherapy provides a glimmer of hope for GBM treatment. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) aims at infusing immune cells with direct anti-tumor activity, including tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) transfer and genetically engineered T cells transfer. For example, complete regressions in patients with melanoma and refractory lymphoma have been shown by using naturally tumor-reactive T cells and genetically engineered T cells expressing the chimeric anti-CD19 receptor, respectively. Recently, the administration of ACT showed therapeutic potentials for GBM treatment as well. In this review, we summarize the success of ACT in the treatment of cancer and provide approaches to overcome some challenges of ACT to allow its adoption for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery's Spine Division, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ying Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin-Lin Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjian Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jue Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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25
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Rauschenbach L. Spinal Cord Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1226:97-109. [PMID: 32030679 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36214-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCT) are rare entities for which there currently exist no standardized treatment paradigms. Consequently, patients usually receive treatment modalities that were established for intracerebral tumors; these approaches, however, typically result in functional impairment, recurrent tumor growth, and short overall survival. There is a distinct lack of promising research efforts in this field, which raises questions about whether spinal cord tumor microenvironment (TME) might promote the development, progression, and treatment resistance of IMSCT. In this review, we aim to examine spinal cord biology, compare spinal cord and brain microenvironments, and discuss mutual interactions between IMSCT and TME. Manipulating these pathways may provide new treatment approaches for future patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurèl Rauschenbach
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany. .,DKFZ Division of Translational Neuro-Oncology at the West German Cancer Center (WTZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
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26
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Miska J, Lee-Chang C, Rashidi A, Muroski ME, Chang AL, Lopez-Rosas A, Zhang P, Panek WK, Cordero A, Han Y, Ahmed AU, Chandel NS, Lesniak MS. HIF-1α Is a Metabolic Switch between Glycolytic-Driven Migration and Oxidative Phosphorylation-Driven Immunosuppression of Tregs in Glioblastoma. Cell Rep 2019; 27:226-237.e4. [PMID: 30943404 PMCID: PMC6461402 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which regulatory T cells (Tregs) migrate to and function within the hypoxic tumor microenvironment are unclear. Our studies indicate that specific ablation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in Tregs results in enhanced CD8+ T cell suppression versus wild-type Tregs under hypoxia, due to increased pyruvate import into the mitochondria. Importantly, HIF-1α-deficient Tregs are minimally affected by the inhibition of lipid oxidation, a fuel that is critical for Treg metabolism in tumors. Under hypoxia, HIF-1α directs glucose away from mitochondria, leaving Tregs dependent on fatty acids for mitochondrial metabolism within the hypoxic tumor. Indeed, inhibition of lipid oxidation enhances the survival of mice with glioma. Interestingly, HIF-1α-deficient-Treg mice exhibit significantly enhanced animal survival in a murine model of glioma, due to their stymied migratory capacity, explaining their reduced abundance in tumor-bearing mice. Thus HIF-1α acts as a metabolic switch for Tregs between glycolytic-driven migration and oxidative phosphorylation-driven immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Catalina Lee-Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Aida Rashidi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Megan E Muroski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alan L Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Aurora Lopez-Rosas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Wojciech K Panek
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alex Cordero
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Atique U Ahmed
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2330, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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27
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Tang A, Harding F. The challenges and molecular approaches surrounding interleukin-2-based therapeutics in cancer. Cytokine X 2019. [PMCID: PMC7885892 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2018.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IL2-based cancer therapies are limited by their toxicity and pleiotropy. Current engineering approaches target IL2 half-life and cell/receptor specificity. IL2 may enhance the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T-based therapies.
Interleukin-2 has had a long history as a promising cancer therapeutic, being capable of eliciting complete and durable remissions in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma. Despite high toxicity and efficacy limited to only certain patient subpopulations and cancer types, the prospective use of novel, engineered IL2 formats in combination with the presently expanding repertoire of immuno-oncological targets remains very encouraging. This is possible due to the significant research efforts in the IL2 field that have yielded critical structural and biological insights that have made IL2 more effective and more broadly applicable in the clinic. In this review, we discuss some of the molecular approaches that have been used to further improve IL2 therapy for cancer.
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28
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Tomaszewski W, Sanchez-Perez L, Gajewski TF, Sampson JH. Brain Tumor Microenvironment and Host State: Implications for Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:4202-4210. [PMID: 30804019 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly lethal brain tumor with poor responses to immunotherapies that have been successful in more immunogenic cancers with less immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments (TME). The GBM TME is uniquely challenging to treat due to tumor cell-extrinsic components that are native to the brain, as well as tumor-intrinsic mechanisms that aid in immune evasion. Lowering the barrier of immunosuppression by targeting the genetically stable tumor stroma presents opportunities to treat the tumor in a way that circumvents the complications of targeting a constantly mutating tumor with tumor antigen-directed therapies. Tumor-associated monocytes, macrophages, and microglia are a stromal element of particular interest. Macrophages and monocytes compose the bulk of infiltrating immune cells and are considered to have protumor and immunosuppressive effects. Targeting these cells or other stromal elements is expected to convert what is considered the "cold" TME of GBM to a more "hot" TME phenotype. This conversion could increase the effectiveness of what have become conventional frontline immunotherapies in GBM-creating opportunities for better treatment through combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Tomaszewski
- Duke University Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Luis Sanchez-Perez
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas F Gajewski
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John H Sampson
- Duke University Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. .,Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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29
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Jin F, Hu H, Xu M, Zhan S, Wang Y, Zhang H, Chen X. Serum microRNA Profiles Serve as Novel Biomarkers for Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2381. [PMID: 30459760 PMCID: PMC6232775 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases involve a complex dysregulation of immunity. Autoimmune diseases include many members [e.g., rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)], and most of them are classified according to what organs and tissues are targeted by the damaging immune response. Many studies have focused on finding specific biomarkers for single autoimmune diseases, but so far, there are no universal biomarkers for detecting almost all autoimmune diseases. Serum miRNAs have served as potential biomarkers for detecting various diseases. The purpose of this study was to find a universal biomarker for diagnosing autoimmune diseases. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in protecting an individual from autoimmunity, and depletion of Tregs in mice is considered a representative animal model of autoimmune disease. Two mouse models for Treg depletion, in which Treg was depleted by CD25mAb (in C57 mice) or by diphtheria toxin (DT) (in Foxp3DTR mice), were investigated, and 381 miRNAs were identified in the serum of mice with Treg depletion. A distinctive circulating miRNA profile was identified in Treg-depleted mice and in patients with autoimmune disease. QRT-PCR confirmation and ROC curve analysis determined that six miRNAs (miR-551b, miR-448, miR-9, miR-124, miR-148, and miR-34c) in the Treg-depleted mouse models and three miRNAs [miR-551b (specificity 73.5%, sensitivity 88.4%), miR-448 (specificity 82.4%, sensitivity 91.3%), and miR-124 (specificity 76.5%, sensitivity 91.3%)] in patients with RA, SLE, Sjogren's syndrome (SS), and ulcerative colitis (UC) could serve as valuable specific biomarkers. These circulating miRNAs may represent potential universal biomarkers for autoimmune diseases diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanhuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shoubin Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huayong Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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30
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31
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Cancer Vaccine Immunotherapy with RNA-Loaded Liposomes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102890. [PMID: 30249040 PMCID: PMC6213933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines may be harnessed to incite immunity against poorly immunogenic tumors, however they have failed in therapeutic settings. Poor antigenicity coupled with systemic and intratumoral immune suppression have been significant drawbacks. RNA encoding for tumor associated or specific epitopes can serve as a more immunogenic and expeditious trigger of anti-tumor immunity. RNA stimulates innate immunity through toll like receptor stimulation producing type I interferon, and it mediates potent adaptive responses. Since RNA is inherently unstable, delivery systems have been developed to protect and deliver it to intended targets in vivo. In this review, we discuss liposomes as RNA delivery vehicles and their role as cancer vaccines.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Also owing to the limited efficacy of targeted therapies, there has been a renewed interest in targeting gliomas with immunotherapy. But despite considerable efforts using sophisticated approaches, proof of efficacy beyond case studies is still lacking. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss current immunotherapeutic approaches and efforts to understand mechanisms of response and resistance. RECENT FINDINGS The recent failure of large randomized clinical trials using targeted vaccines and checkpoint inhibitors to improve clinical outcome have underlined the grand challenges in this therapeutic arena and illustrated the necessity to understand the biology of immunotherapeutic interventions before conducting large randomized studies. However, these failures should not distract us from continuing to optimize immunotherapeutic concepts. The recent developments in transgenic T cell technologies and personalized vaccines but also rational combinatorial approaches offer tremendous opportunities and should be exploited carefully in early scientifically driven clinical trials. SUMMARY A profound understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of response and resistance to immunotherapy to be gained from these thoroughly designed clinical trials will be essential to carve out successful strategies in selected patient populations.
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Woroniecka KI, Rhodin KE, Chongsathidkiet P, Keith KA, Fecci PE. T-cell Dysfunction in Glioblastoma: Applying a New Framework. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3792-3802. [PMID: 29593027 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A functional, replete T-cell repertoire is an integral component to adequate immune surveillance and to the initiation and maintenance of productive antitumor immune responses. Glioblastoma (GBM), however, is particularly adept at sabotaging antitumor immunity, eliciting severe T-cell dysfunction that is both qualitative and quantitative. Understanding and countering such dysfunction are among the keys to harnessing the otherwise stark potential of anticancer immune-based therapies. Although T-cell dysfunction in GBM has been long described, newer immunologic frameworks now exist for reclassifying T-cell deficits in a manner that better permits their study and reversal. Herein, we divide and discuss the various T-cell deficits elicited by GBM within the context of the five relevant categories: senescence, tolerance, anergy, exhaustion, and ignorance. Categorization is appropriately made according to the molecular bases of dysfunction. Likewise, we review the mechanisms by which GBM elicits each mode of T-cell dysfunction and discuss the emerging immunotherapeutic strategies designed to overcome them. Clin Cancer Res; 24(16); 3792-802. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina I Woroniecka
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kristen E Rhodin
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pakawat Chongsathidkiet
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kristin A Keith
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. .,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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34
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Woroniecka K, Chongsathidkiet P, Rhodin K, Kemeny H, Dechant C, Farber SH, Elsamadicy AA, Cui X, Koyama S, Jackson C, Hansen LJ, Johanns TM, Sanchez-Perez L, Chandramohan V, Yu YRA, Bigner DD, Giles A, Healy P, Dranoff G, Weinhold KJ, Dunn GP, Fecci PE. T-Cell Exhaustion Signatures Vary with Tumor Type and Are Severe in Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4175-4186. [PMID: 29437767 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: T-cell dysfunction is a hallmark of glioblastoma (GBM). Although anergy and tolerance have been well characterized, T-cell exhaustion remains relatively unexplored. Exhaustion, characterized in part by the upregulation of multiple immune checkpoints, is a known contributor to failures amid immune checkpoint blockade, a strategy that has lacked success thus far in GBM. This study is among the first to examine, and credential as bona fide, exhaustion among T cells infiltrating human and murine GBM.Experimental Design: Tumor-infiltrating and peripheral blood lymphocytes (TILs and PBLs) were isolated from patients with GBM. Levels of exhaustion-associated inhibitory receptors and poststimulation levels of the cytokines IFNγ, TNFα, and IL2 were assessed by flow cytometry. T-cell receptor Vβ chain expansion was also assessed in TILs and PBLs. Similar analysis was extended to TILs isolated from intracranial and subcutaneous immunocompetent murine models of glioma, breast, lung, and melanoma cancers.Results: Our data reveal that GBM elicits a particularly severe T-cell exhaustion signature among infiltrating T cells characterized by: (1) prominent upregulation of multiple immune checkpoints; (2) stereotyped T-cell transcriptional programs matching classical virus-induced exhaustion; and (3) notable T-cell hyporesponsiveness in tumor-specific T cells. Exhaustion signatures differ predictably with tumor identity, but remain stable across manipulated tumor locations.Conclusions: Distinct cancers possess similarly distinct mechanisms for exhausting T cells. The poor TIL function and severe exhaustion observed in GBM highlight the need to better understand this tumor-imposed mode of T-cell dysfunction in order to formulate effective immunotherapeutic strategies targeting GBM. Clin Cancer Res; 24(17); 4175-86. ©2018 AACRSee related commentary by Jackson and Lim, p. 4059.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Woroniecka
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pakawat Chongsathidkiet
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kristen Rhodin
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Hanna Kemeny
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Cosette Dechant
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - S Harrison Farber
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Aladine A Elsamadicy
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Xiuyu Cui
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shohei Koyama
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christina Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Landon J Hansen
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tanner M Johanns
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Luis Sanchez-Perez
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Yen-Rei Andrea Yu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Darell D Bigner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Amber Giles
- Neuro-oncology Division, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Patrick Healy
- Department of Biostatistics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kent J Weinhold
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gavin P Dunn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. .,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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35
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Kamran N, Alghamri MS, Nunez FJ, Shah D, Asad AS, Candolfi M, Altshuler D, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Current state and future prospects of immunotherapy for glioma. Immunotherapy 2018; 10:317-339. [PMID: 29421984 PMCID: PMC5810852 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a large unmet need for effective therapeutic approaches for glioma, the most malignant brain tumor. Clinical and preclinical studies have enormously expanded our knowledge about the molecular aspects of this deadly disease and its interaction with the host immune system. In this review we highlight the wide array of immunotherapeutic interventions that are currently being tested in glioma patients. Given the molecular heterogeneity, tumor immunoediting and the profound immunosuppression that characterize glioma, it has become clear that combinatorial approaches targeting multiple pathways tailored to the genetic signature of the tumor will be required in order to achieve optimal therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kamran
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Mahmoud S Alghamri
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Felipe J Nunez
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Diana Shah
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Antonela S Asad
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Altshuler
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Maria G Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
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Chaoul N, Tang A, Desrues B, Oberkampf M, Fayolle C, Ladant D, Sainz-Perez A, Leclerc C. Lack of MHC class II molecules favors CD8 + T-cell infiltration into tumors associated with an increased control of tumor growth. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1404213. [PMID: 29399403 PMCID: PMC5790350 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1404213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are crucial for the maintenance of immune tolerance and homeostasis as well as for preventing autoimmune diseases, but their impact on the survival of cancer patients remains controversial. In the TC-1 mouse model of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related carcinoma, we have previously demonstrated that the therapeutic efficacy of the CyaA-E7-vaccine, targeting the HPV-E7 antigen, progressively declines with tumor growth, in correlation with increased intratumoral recruitment of Tregs. In the present study, we demonstrated that these TC-1 tumor-infiltrating Tregs were highly activated, with increased expression of immunosuppressive molecules. Both intratumoral effector CD4+ T-cells (Teffs) and Tregs expressed high levels of PD-1, but anti-PD-1 antibody treatment did not impact the growth of the TC-1 tumor nor restore the therapeutic effect of the CyaA-E7 vaccine. To analyze the mechanisms by which Tregs are recruited to the tumor site, we used MHC-II KO mice with drastically reduced numbers of CD4+ effector T-cells. We demonstrated that these mice still had significant numbers of Tregs in their lymphoid organs which were recruited to the tumor. In MHC-II KO mice, the growth of the TC-1 tumor was delayed in correlation with a strong increase in the intratumoral recruitment of CD8+ T-cells. In addition, in mice that spontaneously rejected their tumors, the infiltration of E7-specific CD8+ T-cells was significantly higher than in MHC-II KO mice with a growing tumor. These results demonstrate that tumor-specific CD8+ T-cells can be efficiently activated and recruited in the absence of MHC class II molecules and of CD4+ T-cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Chaoul
- Département d'immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, France.,Inserm U1041, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Tang
- Département d'immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, France.,Inserm U1041, Paris, France
| | - Belinda Desrues
- Département d'immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, France.,Inserm U1041, Paris, France
| | - Marine Oberkampf
- Département d'immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, France.,Inserm U1041, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Fayolle
- Département d'immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, France.,Inserm U1041, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Département de biologie structurale et de chimie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Alexander Sainz-Perez
- Département d'immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, France.,Inserm U1041, Paris, France
| | - Claude Leclerc
- Département d'immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, France.,Inserm U1041, Paris, France
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37
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Sun Q, Xu R, Xu H, Wang G, Shen X, Jiang H. Extracranial metastases of high-grade glioma: the clinical characteristics and mechanism. World J Surg Oncol 2017; 15:181. [PMID: 28985756 PMCID: PMC5639596 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-017-1249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This presentation of two cases and literature review discusses the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of high-grade glioma with extracranial metastases. Methods A retrospective analysis of the clinical features of two cases of malignant glioma, including metastatic sites, pathological data, and treatment methods, and a literature review was performed. Results Two patients developed extracranial metastases within 1 year after surgery for primary glioma. One patient developed cervical lymph node and bone metastases while the other developed bone metastases, and both patients died within 2 months after the diagnosis of the extracranial metastasis. Conclusion Extracranial metastases may develop from malignant gliomas. According to the literature, the most common extracranial site is intraspinal (along the neural axis), followed by the vertebrae, lungs, liver, and lymph nodes. The complex metastatic mechanism remains unclear, and the prognosis is very poor, with a survival duration of less than 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Gengming Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Xueming Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China.
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38
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Chapman LM, Ture SK, Field DJ, Morrell CN. miR-451 limits CD4 + T cell proliferative responses to infection in mice. Immunol Res 2017; 65:828-840. [PMID: 28378118 PMCID: PMC5545071 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are major regulators of cell responses, particularly in stressed cell states and host immune responses. Some miRNAs have a role in pathogen defense, including regulation of immune responses to Plasmodium parasite infection. Using a nonlethal mouse model of blood stage malaria infection, we have found that miR-451-/- mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii XNL cleared infection at a faster rate than did wild-type (WT) mice. MiR-451-/- mice had an increased leukocyte response to infection, with the protective phenotype primarily driven by CD4+ T cells. WT and miR-451-/- CD4+ T cells had similar activation responses, but miR-451-/- CD4+ cells had significantly increased proliferation, both in vitro and in vivo. Myc is a miR-451 target with a central role in cell cycle progression and cell proliferation. CD4+ T cells from miR-451-/- mice had increased postactivation Myc expression. RNA-Seq analysis of CD4+ cells demonstrated over 5000 differentially expressed genes in miR-451-/- mice postinfection, many of which are directly or indirectly Myc regulated. This study demonstrates that miR-451 regulates T cell proliferative responses in part via a Myc-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley M Chapman
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- CTSI Translational Biomedical Science, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sara K Ture
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - David J Field
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Craig N Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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39
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Mangani D, Weller M, Roth P. The network of immunosuppressive pathways in glioblastoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 130:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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40
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Quail DF, Joyce JA. The Microenvironmental Landscape of Brain Tumors. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:326-341. [PMID: 28292436 PMCID: PMC5424263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1033] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The brain tumor microenvironment (TME) is emerging as a critical regulator of cancer progression in primary and metastatic brain malignancies. The unique properties of this organ require a specific framework for designing TME-targeted interventions. Here, we discuss a number of these distinct features, including brain-resident cell types, the blood-brain barrier, and various aspects of the immune-suppressive environment. We also highlight recent advances in therapeutically targeting the brain TME in cancer. By developing a comprehensive understanding of the complex and interconnected microenvironmental landscape of brain malignancies we will greatly expand the range of therapeutic strategies available to target these deadly diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela F Quail
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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41
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Sayour EJ, Mitchell DA. Manipulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity through Cancer Vaccines. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:3145742. [PMID: 28265580 PMCID: PMC5317152 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3145742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer immunotherapy has shown significant promise in mediating efficacious responses, it remains encumbered by tumor heterogeneity, loss of tumor-specific antigen targets, and the regulatory milieu both regionally and systemically. Cross talk between the innate and adaptive immune response may be requisite to polarize sustained antigen specific immunity. Cancer vaccines can serve as an essential fulcrum in initiating innate immunity while molding and sustaining adaptive immunity. Although peptide vaccines have shown tepid responses in a therapeutic setting with poor correlates for immune activity, RNA vaccines activate innate immune responses and have shown promising effects in preclinical and clinical studies based on enhanced DC migration. While the mechanistic insights behind the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity may be unique to the immunotherapeutic being investigated, understanding this dynamic is important to coordinate the different arms of the immune response in a focused response against cancer antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias J. Sayour
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Duane A. Mitchell
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Miska J, Rashidi A, Chang AL, Muroski ME, Han Y, Zhang L, Lesniak MS. Anti-GITR therapy promotes immunity against malignant glioma in a murine model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:1555-1567. [PMID: 27734112 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1912-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potently immunosuppressive cells that accumulate within the glioma microenvironment. The reduction in their function and/or trafficking has been previously shown to enhance survival in preclinical models of glioma. Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) is a tumor necrosis factor superfamily receptor enriched on Tregs that has shown promise as a target for immunotherapy. An agonistic antibody against GITR has been demonstrated to inhibit Tregs in a number of models and has only been recently addressed in glioma. In this study, we examined the modality of the antibody function at the tumor site as opposed to the periphery as the blood-brain barrier prevents efficient antibody delivery to brain tumors. Mice harboring established GL261 tumors were treated with anti-GITR monotherapy and were shown to have a significant increase in overall survival (p < 0.01) when antibodies were injected directly into the glioma core, whereas peripheral antibody treatment only had a modest effect. Peripheral treatment resulted in a significant decrease in granzyme B (GrB) expression by Tregs, whereas intratumoral treatment resulted in both a decrease in GrB expression by Tregs and their selective depletion, which was largely mediated by FcγR-mediated destruction. We also discovered that anti-GITR treatment results in the enhanced survival and functionality of dendritic cells (DCs)-a previously unreported effect of this immunotherapy. In effect, this study demonstrates that the targeting of GITR is a feasible and noteworthy treatment option for glioma, but is largely dependent on the anatomical location in which the antibodies are delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Aida Rashidi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alan L Chang
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Megan E Muroski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lingjiao Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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43
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Breser ML, Lino AC, Motrich RD, Godoy GJ, Demengeot J, Rivero VE. Regulatory T cells control strain specific resistance to Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33097. [PMID: 27624792 PMCID: PMC5022010 DOI: 10.1038/srep33097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to autoimmune diseases results from the encounter of a complex and long evolved genetic context with a no less complex and changing environment. Major actors in maintaining health are regulatory T cells (Treg) that primarily dampen a large subset of autoreactive lymphocytes escaping thymic negative selection. Here, we directly asked whether Treg participate in defining susceptibility and resistance to Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis (EAP). We analyzed three common laboratory strains of mice presenting with different susceptibility to autoimmune prostatitis upon immunization with prostate proteins. The NOD, the C57BL/6 and the BALB/c mice that can be classified along a disease score ranging from severe, mild and to undetectable, respectively. Upon mild and transient depletion of Treg at the induction phase of EAP, each model showed an increment along this score, most remarkably with the BALB/c mice switching from a resistant to a susceptible phenotype. We further show that disease associates with the upregulation of CXCR3 expression on effector T cells, a process requiring IFNγ. Together with recent advances on environmental factors affecting Treg, these findings provide a likely cellular and molecular explanation to the recent rise in autoimmune diseases incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Breser
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Ruben D Motrich
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gloria J Godoy
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Virginia E Rivero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
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Pang W, Sun X, Feng H, Wang J, Cui L, Cao Y. The role of regulatory T cells during Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS infection in BALB/c mice. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:439-50. [PMID: 27139002 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An inappropriate immune response to parasite infection is one of the primary drivers of malaria pathogenesis. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), an important subset of CD4(+) T cells, can maintain self-tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases. However, there is little consensus about their role in malaria pathogenesis. In this study, we transiently depleted Tregs (CD25(+) T cells) using an anti-CD25 mAb (7D4 clone) at different time points following Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS infection in BALB/c mice and investigated the effect of depletion of Tregs in this model. In control mice, Tregs proliferated significantly and their suppressive function was enhanced after infection. IL-10 was increased drastically during infection. Depletion of Tregs at various time points can lead to divergent outcomes. When Tregs were depleted prior to or during the early phase of infection, most mice survived and had a robust Th1 immune response. In contrast, when Tregs were depleted close to peak parasitemia, all mice died as a result of inflammation. Taken together, these data suggest that in P. c. chabaudi AS-infected BALB/c mice, Tregs inhibit the Th1 response and macrophage activation, leading to increased parasite load; however, they also control inflammation-mediated pathology by secreting high levels of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Pang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - X Sun
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - H Feng
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - L Cui
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Y Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Hodges TR, Ferguson SD, Caruso HG, Kohanbash G, Zhou S, Cloughesy TF, Berger MS, Poste GH, Khasraw M, Ba S, Jiang T, Mikkelson T, Yung WKA, de Groot JF, Fine H, Cantley LC, Mellinghoff IK, Mitchell DA, Okada H, Heimberger AB. Prioritization schema for immunotherapy clinical trials in glioblastoma. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1145332. [PMID: 27471611 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1145332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) such as dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, heat shock proteins, peptide vaccines, and adoptive T-cell therapeutics, to name a few, have transitioned from the bench to clinical trials. With upcoming strategies and developing therapeutics, it is challenging to critically evaluate the practical, clinical potential of individual approaches and to advise patients on the most promising clinical trials. METHODS The authors propose a system to prioritize such therapies in an organized and data-driven fashion. This schema is based on four categories of factors: antigenic target robustness, immune-activation and -effector responses, preclinical vetting, and early evidence of clinical response. Each of these categories is subdivided to focus on the most salient elements for developing a successful immunotherapeutic approach for GBM, and a numerical score is generated. RESULTS The Score Card reveals therapeutics that have the most robust data to support their use, provides a reference prioritization score, and can be applied in a reiterative fashion with emerging data. CONCLUSIONS The authors hope that this schema will give physicians an evidence-based and rational framework to make the best referral decisions to better guide and serve this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R Hodges
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sherise D Ferguson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hillary G Caruso
- The Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurosurgery, the University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco, USA
| | - Shouhao Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, the University of California at Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Department of Neurosurgery, the University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | - Sujuan Ba
- The National Foundation for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA, Asian Fund for Cancer Research , Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Tom Mikkelson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System , Detroit, MI, USA
| | - W K Alfred Yung
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - John F de Groot
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Howard Fine
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ingo K Mellinghoff
- Department of Neurology and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurosurgery, the University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco, USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
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Serum elevation of B lymphocyte stimulator does not increase regulatory B cells in glioblastoma patients undergoing immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:205-11. [PMID: 26759007 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory B cells that secrete IL-10 (IL-10(+) Bregs) represent a suppressive subset of the B cell compartment with prominent anti-inflammatory capacity, capable of suppressing cellular and humoral responses to cancer and vaccines. B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) is a key regulatory molecule in IL-10(+) Breg biology with tightly controlled serum levels. However, BLyS levels can be drastically altered upon chemotherapeutic intervention. We have previously shown that serum BLyS levels are elevated, and directly associated, with increased antigen-specific antibody titers in patients with glioblastoma (GBM) undergoing lymphodepletive temozolomide chemotherapy and vaccination. In this study, we examined corresponding IL-10(+) Breg responses within this patient population and demonstrate that the IL-10(+) Breg compartment remains constant before and after administration of the vaccine, despite elevated BLyS levels in circulation. IL-10(+) Breg frequencies were not associated with serum BLyS levels, and ex vivo stimulation with a physiologically relevant concentration of BLyS did not increase IL-10(+) Breg frequency. However, BLyS stimulation did increase the frequency of the overall B cell compartment and promoted B cell proliferation upon B cell receptor engagement. Therefore, using BLyS as an adjuvant with therapeutic peptide vaccination could promote humoral immunity with no increase in immunosuppressive IL-10(+) Bregs. These results have implications for modulating humoral responses in human peptide vaccine trials in patients with GBM.
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Oh T, Ivan ME, Sun MZ, Safaee M, Fakurnejad S, Clark AJ, Sayegh ET, Bloch O, Parsa AT. PI3K pathway inhibitors: potential prospects as adjuncts to vaccine immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:737-53. [PMID: 25186604 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of the PI3K pathway has been implicated in glioblastoma (GBM) pathogenesis. Pharmacologic inhibition can both inhibit tumor survival and downregulate expression of programmed death ligand-1, a protein highly expressed on glioma cells that strongly contributes to cancer immunosuppression. In that manner, PI3K pathway inhibitors can help optimize GBM vaccine immunotherapy. In this review, we describe and assess the potential integration of various classes of PI3K pathway inhibitors into GBM immunotherapy. While early-generation inhibitors have a wide range of immunosuppressive effects that could negate their antitumor potency, further work should better characterize how contemporary inhibitors affect the immune response. This will help determine if these inhibitors are truly a therapeutic avenue with a strong future in GBM immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taemin Oh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N St Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611-2911, USA
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Biomarkers for glioma immunotherapy: the next generation. J Neurooncol 2015; 123:359-72. [PMID: 25724916 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term "biomarker" historically refers to a single parameter, such as the expression level of a gene or a radiographic pattern, used to indicate a broader biological state. Molecular indicators have been applied to several aspects of cancer therapy: to describe the genotypic and phenotypic state of neoplastic tissue for prognosis, to predict susceptibility to anti-proliferative agents, to validate the presence of specific drug targets, and to evaluate responsiveness to therapy. For glioblastoma (GBM), immunohistochemical and radiographic biomarkers accessible to the clinical lab have informed traditional regimens, but while immunotherapies have emerged as potentially disruptive weapons against this diffusely infiltrating, heterogeneous tumor, biomarkers with strong predictive power have not been fully established. The cancer immunotherapy field, through the recently accelerated expansion of trials, is currently leveraging this wealth of clinical and biological data to define and revise the use of biomarkers for improving prognostic accuracy, personalization of therapy, and evaluation of responses across the wide variety of tumors. Technological advancements in DNA sequencing, cytometry, and microscopy have facilitated the exploration of more integrated, high-dimensional profiling of the disease system-incorporating both immune and tumor parameters-rather than single metrics, as biomarkers for therapeutic sensitivity. Here we discuss the utility of traditional GBM biomarkers in immunotherapy and how the impending transformation of the biomarker paradigm-from single markers to integrated profiles-may offer the key to bringing predictive, personalized immunotherapy to GBM patients.
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Sayour EJ, McLendon P, McLendon R, De Leon G, Reynolds R, Kresak J, Sampson JH, Mitchell DA. Increased proportion of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes is associated with tumor recurrence and reduced survival in patients with glioblastoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:419-27. [PMID: 25555571 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive malignancy associated with profound host immunosuppression mediated in part by FoxP3 expressing regulatory CD4+ T lymphocytes (Tregs) that down-regulate anti-tumor immunity. In order to assess whether FoxP3 was an independent driver differentially expressed in primary versus recurrent GBMs, we stained resected primary and recurrent GBM tumors for CD3, CD4, CD8 and FoxP3 expression using standard immunohistochemistry. Slides were scanned with a high-resolution scanner (ScanScope CS; Aperio), and image analysis software (Aperio ScanScope) was used to enumerate lymphocyte subpopulations allowing for high-throughput analysis and bypassing manual selection bias. As shown in previous studies, enumeration of individual lymphocyte populations did not correlate with clinical outcomes in patients with GBM. However, the CD4+ to regulatory FoxP3+ T cell ratio was diminished in recurrent disease, and increased CD3 and CD8+ to regulatory T cell ratios showed a positive correlation with survival outcomes in primary GBM. These results suggest that while absolute numbers of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes may not be informative for predicting clinical outcomes in patients with GBM, the effective balance of CD3, CD4 and CD8+ T cells to immunosuppressive FoxP3+ regulatory cells may influence clinical outcomes in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias J Sayour
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, P.O. Box 100265, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA,
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Wainwright DA, Chang AL, Dey M, Balyasnikova IV, Kim CK, Tobias A, Cheng Y, Kim JW, Qiao J, Zhang L, Han Y, Lesniak MS. Durable therapeutic efficacy utilizing combinatorial blockade against IDO, CTLA-4, and PD-L1 in mice with brain tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:5290-301. [PMID: 24691018 PMCID: PMC4182350 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common form of malignant glioma in adults. Although protected by both the blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers, GBMs are actively infiltrated by T cells. Previous work has shown that IDO, CTLA-4, and PD-L1 are dominant molecular participants in the suppression of GBM immunity. This includes IDO-mediated regulatory T-cell (Treg; CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+)) accumulation, the interaction of T-cell-expressed, CTLA-4, with dendritic cell-expressed, CD80, as well as the interaction of tumor- and/or macrophage-expressed, PD-L1, with T-cell-expressed, PD-1. The individual inhibition of each pathway has been shown to increase survival in the context of experimental GBM. However, the impact of simultaneously targeting all three pathways in brain tumors has been left unanswered. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS In this report, we demonstrate that, when dually challenged, IDO-deficient tumors provide a selectively competitive survival advantage against IDO-competent tumors. Next, we provide novel observations regarding tryptophan catabolic enzyme expression, before showing that the therapeutic inhibition of IDO, CTLA-4, and PD-L1 in a mouse model of well-established glioma maximally decreases tumor-infiltrating Tregs, coincident with a significant increase in T-cell-mediated long-term survival. In fact, 100% of mice bearing intracranial tumors were long-term survivors following triple combination therapy. The expression and/or frequency of T cell expressed CD44, CTLA-4, PD-1, and IFN-γ depended on timing after immunotherapeutic administration. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data provide strong preclinical evidence that combinatorially targeting immunosuppression in malignant glioma is a strategy that has high potential value for future clinical trials in patients with GBM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Brain Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Brain Neoplasms/genetics
- Brain Neoplasms/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/mortality
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- CTLA-4 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dacarbazine/administration & dosage
- Dacarbazine/analogs & derivatives
- Dacarbazine/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Glioma/drug therapy
- Glioma/genetics
- Glioma/immunology
- Glioma/metabolism
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Temozolomide
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Wainwright
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alan L Chang
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mahua Dey
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Irina V Balyasnikova
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chung Kwon Kim
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alex Tobias
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yu Cheng
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Julius W Kim
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jian Qiao
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lingjiao Zhang
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yu Han
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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