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Pérez-Gómez JM, Montero-Hidalgo AJ, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Sarmento-Cabral A, Guzmán-Ruiz R, Malagón MM, Herrera-Martínez AD, Gahete MD, Luque RM. Exploring the role of the inflammasomes on prostate cancer: Interplay with obesity. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:1165-1187. [PMID: 37819510 PMCID: PMC10697898 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09838-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a weight-related disorder characterized by excessive adipose tissue growth and dysfunction which leads to the onset of a systemic chronic low-grade inflammatory state. Likewise, inflammation is considered a classic cancer hallmark affecting several steps of carcinogenesis and tumor progression. In this regard, novel molecular complexes termed inflammasomes have been identified which are able to react to a wide spectrum of insults, impacting several metabolic-related disorders, but their contribution to cancer biology remains unclear. In this context, prostate cancer (PCa) has a markedly inflammatory component, and patients frequently are elderly individuals who exhibit weight-related disorders, being obesity the most prevalent condition. Therefore, inflammation, and specifically, inflammasome complexes, could be crucial players in the interplay between PCa and metabolic disorders. In this review, we will: 1) discuss the potential role of each inflammasome component (sensor, molecular adaptor, and targets) in PCa pathophysiology, placing special emphasis on IL-1β/NF-kB pathway and ROS and hypoxia influence; 2) explore the association between inflammasomes and obesity, and how these molecular complexes could act as the cornerstone between the obesity and PCa; and, 3) compile current clinical trials regarding inflammasome targeting, providing some insights about their potential use in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M Pérez-Gómez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), IMIBIC Building, Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio J Montero-Hidalgo
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), IMIBIC Building, Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio C Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), IMIBIC Building, Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - André Sarmento-Cabral
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), IMIBIC Building, Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rocio Guzmán-Ruiz
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), IMIBIC Building, Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - María M Malagón
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), IMIBIC Building, Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), IMIBIC Building, Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, HURS/IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), IMIBIC Building, Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), IMIBIC Building, Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain.
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain.
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Pharmacological Properties of 4′, 5, 7-Trihydroxyflavone (Apigenin) and Its Impact on Cell Signaling Pathways. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134304. [PMID: 35807549 PMCID: PMC9267958 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant bioactive compounds, particularly apigenin, have therapeutic potential and functional activities that aid in the prevention of infectious diseases in many mammalian bodies and promote tumor growth inhibition. Apigenin is a flavonoid with low toxicities and numerous bioactive properties due to which it has been considered as a traditional medicine for decades. Apigenin shows synergistic effects in combined treatment with sorafenib in the HepG2 human cell line (HCC) in less time and statistically reduces the viability of tumor cells, migration, gene expression and apoptosis. The combination of anti-cancerous drugs with apigenin has shown health promoting potential against various cancers. It can prevent cell mobility, maintain the cell cycle and stimulate the immune system. Apigenin also suppresses mTOR activity and raises the UVB-induced phagocytosis and reduces the cancerous cell proliferation and growth. It also has a high safety threshold, and active (anti-cancer) doses can be gained by consuming a vegetable and apigenin rich diet. Apigenin also boosted autophagosome formation, decreased cell proliferation and activated autophagy by preventing the activity of the PI3K pathway, specifically in HepG2 cells. This paper provides an updated overview of apigenin’s beneficial anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer effects, making it a step in the right direction for therapeutics. This study also critically analyzed the effect of apigenin on cancer cell signaling pathways including the PI3K/AKT/MTOR, JAK/STAT, NF-κB and ERK/MAPK pathways.
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Vlachostergios PJ, Karathanasis A, Papandreou CN, Tzortzis V. Early mRNA Expression of Neuroendocrine Differentiation Signals Predicts Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy: A Transcriptomic Analysis. World J Oncol 2022; 12:232-239. [PMID: 35059083 PMCID: PMC8734499 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of prostate cancer (PC) is a process that often occurs under evolutionary pressure from pharmacologic blockade of androgen receptor signaling at advanced stages of the disease. Identifying a subset of early PC that has a higher likelihood to evolve into this entity is key for developing therapeutic strategies that could more effectively target this phenotype. This study aimed to assess the prognostic relevance of mRNA expression of major players involved in NED of primary prostate tumors. Methods RNA sequencing data from 122 patients with localized PC were analyzed. Transcript levels of key genes involved in NED, with a focus on endothelin axis and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), were assessed and were correlated with time to prostate specific antigen (PSA) recurrence. Copy number alteration of tumor suppressor genes and gene expression of additional signals hallmarking NED was compared between altered and unaltered groups, including lineage determining transcription factors, transcriptional repressors, cell cycle and epigenetic regulators. Results The presence of altered mRNA expression using a z-score threshold of 2 in NFKB1, RELA, EDN1, EDNRA, and EDNRB genes was associated with a higher Gleason score (P < 0.001) and a shorter time to biochemical recurrence (BCR) (P = 0.029). There was a significant direct correlation between NFKB1 and RELA (P < 0.001), NFKB1 and EDNRA (P < 0.001), NFKB1 and EDNRB (P < 0.001), EDNRA and EDNRB expression (P < 0.001). ASCL1 (q < 0.001), ONECUT2 (q < 0.001), DLL3 (q = 0.019), AURKA (q = 0.013), AURKB (q = 0.014), PLK1 (q < 0.001), and EZH2 (q < 0.001) were enriched in patients with tumors harboring alterations in endothelin axis and NF-κB subunit genes whereas REST was downregulated (q < 0.001). Conclusions This analysis suggests that altered mRNA expression of NF-κB and endothelin axis genes in early PC is not only a harbinger of a more aggressive clinical course but is also associated with aberrant gene expression of several transcription factors, transcriptional repressors, cell cycle and epigenetic regulators that are directly involved in NED, in line with their biological roles. This may have implications for closer follow-up and potential use of targeted therapeutic approaches postoperatively in the adjuvant setting to improve outcomes of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis J Vlachostergios
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Athanasios Karathanasis
- Department of Urology, University of Thessaly School of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41100, Greece
| | - Christos N Papandreou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Vassilios Tzortzis
- Department of Urology, University of Thessaly School of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41100, Greece
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Radioresistance in Prostate Cancer: Focus on the Interplay between NF-κB and SOD. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121925. [PMID: 34943029 PMCID: PMC8750009 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer occurs frequently in men and can often lead to death. Many cancers, including prostate cancer, can be initiated by oxidative insult caused by free radicals and reactive oxygen species. The superoxide dismutase family removes the oxygen-derived reactive oxygen species, and increased superoxide dismutase activity can often be protective against prostate cancer. Prostate cancer can be treated in a variety of ways, including surgery, androgen deprivation therapy, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The clinical trajectory of prostate cancer varies from patient to patient, but more aggressive tumors often tend to be radioresistant. This is often due to the free-radical and reactive-oxygen-species-neutralizing effects of the superoxide dismutase family. Superoxide dismutase 2, which is especially important in this regard, can be induced by the NF-κB pathway, which is an important mechanism in radioresistance. This information has enabled the development of interventions that manipulate the NF-κB mechanism to treat prostate cancer.
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Choi JD, Kim TJ, Jeong BC, Jeon HG, Jeon SS, Kang MY, Yeom SY, Seo SI. ISL1 promotes enzalutamide resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) through epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Sci Rep 2021; 11:21984. [PMID: 34753990 PMCID: PMC8578390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression of insulin gene enhancer-binding protein 1 (ISL1) has been demonstrated to be closely associated with cancer development and progression in several cancers. However, little is known about ISL1 expression in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). ISL1 has also been recognized as a positive modulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this study, we focused on ISL1 which showed maximum upregulation at the mRNA level in the enzalutamide-resistant cell line. Accordingly, we found that ISL1 was overexpressed in enzalutamide-resistant C4-2B cells and its expression was significantly related to EMT. Our findings reveal the important role of ISL1 in androgen receptor (AR)-dependent prostate cancer cell growth; ISL1 knockdown reduced the AR activity and cell growth. ISL1 knockdown using small-interfering RNA inhibited AR, PSA, and EMT-related protein expression in C4-2B ENZR cells. In addition, knock-down ISL1 reduced the levels of AKT and p65 phosphorylation in C4-2B ENZR cells and these suggest that knock-down ISL1 suppresses EMT in part by targeting the AKT/NF-κB pathway. Further, ISL1 downregulation could effectively inhibit tumor growth in a human CRPC xenograft model. Together, the present study shows that downregulation of ISL1 expression is necessary for overcoming enzalutamide resistance and improving the survival of CRPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Duck Choi
- Department of Urology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong Chang Jeong
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwang Gyun Jeon
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo Jeon
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Yong Kang
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Yong Yeom
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Il Seo
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Wang V, Geybels MS, Jordahl KM, Gerke T, Hamid A, Penney KL, Markt SC, Freedman M, Pomerantz M, Lee GSM, Rana H, Börnigen D, Rebbeck TR, Huttenhower C, Eeles RA, Stanford JL, Consortium P, Berndt SI, Claessens F, Sørensen KD, Park JY, Vega A, Usmani N, Mucci L, Sweeney CJ. A polymorphism in the promoter of FRAS1 is a candidate SNP associated with metastatic prostate cancer. Prostate 2021; 81:683-693. [PMID: 33956343 PMCID: PMC8491321 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and one of its mediators, NF-kappa B (NFκB), have been implicated in prostate cancer carcinogenesis. We assessed whether germline polymorphisms associated with NFκB are associated with the risk of developing lethal disease (metastases or death from prostate cancer). METHODS Using a Bayesian approach leveraging NFκB biology with integration of publicly available datasets we used a previously defined genome-wide functional association network specific to NFκB and lethal prostate cancer. A dense-module-searching method identified modules enriched with significant genes from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) study in a discovery data set, Physicians' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (PHS/HPFS). The top 48 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the dense-module-searching method were then assessed in an independent prostate cancer cohort and the one SNP reproducibly associated with lethality was tested in a third cohort. Logistic regression models evaluated the association between each SNP and lethal prostate cancer. The candidate SNP was assessed for association with lethal prostate cancer in 6 of 28 studies in the prostate cancer association group to investigate cancer associated alterations in the genome (PRACTICAL) Consortium where there was some medical record review for death ascertainment which also had SNP data from the ONCOARRAY platform. All men self-identified as Caucasian. RESULTS The rs1910301 SNP which was reproducibly associated with lethal disease was nominally associated with lethal disease (odds ratio [OR] = 1.40; p = .02) in the discovery cohort and the minor allele was also associated with lethal disease in two independent cohorts (OR = 1.35; p = .04 and OR = 1.35; p = .07). Fixed effects meta-analysis of all three cohorts found an association: OR = 1.37 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15-1.62, p = .0003). This SNP is in the promoter region of FRAS1, a gene involved in epidermal-basement membrane adhesion and is present at a higher frequency in men with African ancestry. No association was found in the subset of studies from the PRACTICAL consortium studies which had a total of 106 deaths out total of 3263 patients and a median follow-up of 4.4 years. CONCLUSIONS Through its connection with the NFκB pathway, a candidate SNP with a higher frequency in men of African ancestry without cancer was found to be associated with lethal prostate cancer across three well-annotated independent cohorts of Caucasian men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Wang
- Department of Biostatistics & Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Milan S Geybels
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina M Jordahl
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Travis Gerke
- Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anis Hamid
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kathryn L Penney
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah C Markt
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew Freedman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark Pomerantz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gwo-Shu M Lee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Huma Rana
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniela Börnigen
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Bioinformatics Core, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ros A Eeles
- Oncogenetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Janet L Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Practical Consortium
- Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer Associated Alterations in the Genome
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karina D Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jong Y Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ana Vega
- Fundación Pública Galega Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nawaid Usmani
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lorelei Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher J Sweeney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Seonu SY, Kim MJ, Yin J, Lee MW. Alnus sibirica Compounds Exhibiting Anti-Proliferative, Apoptosis-Inducing, and GSTP1 Demethylating Effects on Prostate Cancer Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133830. [PMID: 34201712 PMCID: PMC8270241 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alnus sibirica (AS) is distributed in Korea, Japan, China, and Russia and has reported anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and reducing activities on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions, along with other beneficial health properties. In the present study, we tried to prove the cancer-preventive activity against prostate cancer. The extracted and isolated compounds, oregonin (1), hirsutenone (2), and hirsutanonol (3), which were isolated from AS, were tested for anti-proliferative activity. To do this, we used the MTT assay; NF-κB inhibitory activity, using Western blotting; apoptosis-inducing activity using flow cytometry; DNA methylation activity, using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction in androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and androgen-independent (PC-3) prostate cancer cell lines. The compounds (1–3) showed potent anti-proliferative activity against both prostate cancer cell lines. Hirsutenone (2) exhibited the strongest NF-κB inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing activities compared with oregonin (1) and hirsutanonol (3). DNA methylation activity, which was assessed for hirsutenone (2), revealed a concentration-dependent enhancement of the unmethylated DNA content and a reduction in the methylated DNA content in both PC-3 and LNCaP cells. Overall, these findings suggest that hirsutenone (2), when isolated from AS, may be a potential agent for preventing the development or progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Min-Won Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-820-5602; Fax: +82-2-822-7338
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Significance of nuclear factor - kappa beta activation on prostate needle biopsy samples in the evaluation of Gleason score 6 prostatic carcinoma indolence. Radiol Oncol 2020; 54:194-200. [PMID: 32324163 PMCID: PMC7276643 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2020-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The goal of our study was to find out whether the immunohistochemical expression of nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κB) p65 in biopsy samples with Gleason score 3 + 3 = 6 (GS 6) can be a negative predictive factor for Prostate cancer (PCa) indolence. Patients and methods Study was conducted on a retrospective cohort of 123 PCa patients with initial total PSA ≤ 10 ng/ml, number of needle biopsy specimens ≥ 8, GS 6 on biopsy and T1/T2 estimated clinical stage who underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy and whose archived formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) prostate needle biopsy specimens were used for additional immunohistochemistry staining for detection of NF-κB p65. Both cytoplasmic and nuclear NF-κB p65 expression in biopsy cores with PCa were correlated with postoperative pathological stage, positive surgical margins, GS and biochemical progression of disease. Results After follow-up of 66 months, biochemical progression (PSA ≥ 0.2 ng/ml) occurred in 6 (5.1%) patients, 3 (50%) with GS 6 and 3 (50%) with GS 7 after radical prostatectomy. Both cytoplasmic and nuclear NF-κB p65 expressions were not significantly associated with pathological stage, positive surgical margin and postoperative GS. Patients with positive cytoplasmic NF-kB reaction had significantly more frequent biochemical progression than those with negative cytoplasmic NF-kB reaction with PSA 0.2 ng/ml as cutoff point (p = 0.015) and a trend towards more biochemical progression with PSA ≥ 0.05 ng/ml as cutoff point (p = 0.068). Conclusions Cytoplasmic expression of NF-κB is associated with more biochemical progression and might be an independent prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival (RFS), but further studies including larger patient cohorts are needed to confirm these initial results.
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Wang YH, Huang JT, Chen WL, Wang RH, Kao MC, Pan YR, Chan SH, Tsai KW, Kung HJ, Lin KT, Wang LH. Dysregulation of cystathionine γ-lyase promotes prostate cancer progression and metastasis. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e45986. [PMID: 31468690 PMCID: PMC6776913 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201845986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous signaling gaseous molecule, is involved in various physiological activities, including vessel relaxation, regulation of cellular bioenergetics, inflammation, and angiogenesis. By using xenograft orthotopic implantation of prostate cancer PC3 cells and subsequently comparing bone metastatic with primary tumor‐derived cancer cells, we find that H2S‐producing enzyme cystathionine γ‐lyase (CTH) is upregulated in bone‐metastatic PC3 cells. Clinical data further reveal that the expression of CTH is elevated in late‐stage prostate cancer patients, and higher CTH expression correlates with poor survival from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) prostate cancer RNA‐seq datasets. CTH promotes NF‐κB nuclear translocation through H2S‐mediated sulfhydration on cysteine‐38 of the NF‐κB p65 subunit, resulting in increased IL‐1β expression and H2S‐induced cell invasion. Knockdown of CTH in PC3 cells results in the suppression of tumor growth and distant metastasis, while overexpression of CTH in DU145 cells promotes primary tumor growth and lymph node metastasis in the orthotopic implanted xenograft mouse model. Together, our findings provide evidence that CTH generated H2S promotes prostate cancer progression and metastasis through IL‐1β/NF‐κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsiang Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Ting Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ling Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Hsuan Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chien Kao
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ru Pan
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsuan Chan
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Chiese Medicine Research Center, Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Biology, National Pingtung University of Education, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan.,PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ti Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Hai Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan.,Chiese Medicine Research Center, Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
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10
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Xu J, Hua X, Jin H, Zhu J, Li Y, Li J, Huang C. NFκB2 p52 stabilizes rhogdiβ mRNA by inhibiting AUF1 protein degradation via a miR-145/Sp1/USP8-dependent axis. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:777-793. [PMID: 30604907 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although overexpression of the non-canonical NFκB subunit p52 has been observed in several tumors, the function and mechanism of p52 in bladder cancer (BC) are less well understood. Here, we aimed at understanding the role and mechanism underlying p52 regulation of BC invasion. Human p52 was stably knockdown with shRNA targeting p52 in two bladder cancer cell lines (T24 and UMUC3). Two constitutively expressing constructs, p52 and p100, were stably transfected in to T24 or UMUC3, respectively. The stable transfectants were used to determine function and mechanisms responsible for p52 regulation of BC invasion. We demonstrate that p52 mediates human BC invasion. Knockdown of p52 impaired bladder cancer invasion by reduction of rhogdiβ mRNA stability and expression. Positively regulation of rhogdiβ mRNA stability was mediated by p52 promoting AUF1 protein degradation, consequently resulting in reduction of AUF1 binding to rhogdiβ mRNA. Further studies indicated that AUF1 protein degradation was mediated by upregulating USP8 transcription, which was modulated by its negative regulatory transcription factor Sp1. Moreover, we found that p52 upregulated miR-145, which directly bound to the 3'-UTR of sp1 mRNA, leading to downregulation of Sp1 protein translation. Our results reveal a comprehensive pathway that p52 acts as a positive regulator of BC invasion by initiating a novel miR-145/Sp1/USP8/AUF1/RhoGDIβ axis. These findings provide insight into the understanding of p52 in the pathology of human BC invasion and progression, which may be useful information in the development of preventive and therapeutic approaches for using p52 as a potential target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Xu
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohui Hua
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Honglei Jin
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Junlan Zhu
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yang Li
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jingxia Li
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Chuangshu Huang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York
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11
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Gerke T, Beltran H, Wang X, Lee GSM, Sboner A, Karnes RJ, Klein EA, Davicioni E, Yousefi K, Ross AE, Börnigen D, Huttenhower C, Mucci LA, Trock BJ, Sweeney CJ. Low Tristetraprolin Expression Is Associated with Lethal Prostate Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 28:584-590. [PMID: 30420441 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is linked to prostate cancer progression and is mediated by NF-κB. Tristetraprolin is a key node of NF-κB activation and we investigated its biological and prognostic role in lethal prostate cancer. METHODS In vitro assays assessed the function of tristetraprolin and the association between low mRNA tristetraprolin levels and lethal prostate cancer (metastatic disease or death) was assessed across independent prostatectomy cohorts: (i) nested case-control studies from Health Professionals Follow-up Study and Physicians' Health Study, and (ii) prostatectomy samples from Cleveland Clinic, Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Tristetraprolin expression levels in prostatectomy samples from patients with localized disease and biopsies of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) were assessed in a Cornell University cohort. RESULTS In vitro tristetraprolin expression was inversely associated with NF-κB-controlled genes, proliferation, and enzalutamide sensitivity. Men with localized prostate cancer and lower quartile of tumor tristetraprolin expression had a significant, nearly two-fold higher risk of lethal prostate cancer after adjusting for known clinical and histologic prognostic features (age, RP Gleason score, T-stage). Tristetraprolin expression was also significantly lower in mCRPC compared with localized prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS Lower levels of tristetraprolin in human prostate cancer prostatectomy tissue are associated with more aggressive prostate cancer and may serve as an actionable prognostic and predictive biomarker. IMPACT There is a clear need for improved biomarkers to identify patients with localized prostate cancer in need of treatment intensification, such as adjuvant testosterone suppression, or treatment de-intensification, such as active surveillance. Tristetraprolin levels may serve as informative biomarkers in localized prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric A Klein
- Cleveland Clinic Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - Ashley E Ross
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniela Börnigen
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce J Trock
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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12
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Durairajan S, Jebaraj Walter CE, Samuel MD, Palani D, G DJD, C GPD, Pasupati S, Johnson T. Differential expression of NF-κB heterodimer RelA/p50 in human urothelial carcinoma. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5563. [PMID: 30225173 PMCID: PMC6139250 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the fifth most common malignancy that accounts for 5% of all cancers. Diagnostic markers that predict UC progressions are inadequate. NF-κB contributes towards disease progression upon constitutive activation in many solid tumors. The nuclear localization of NF-κB indicates increased transcriptional activity while cytoplasmic localization indicates the inactive protein repository that can be utilized readily by a malignant cell. This study delineates the nuclear and cytoplasmic differential expression of NF-κB heterodimers in UC progression. Methods The involvement of the NF-κB proteins in UC was analyzed in silico using cytoscape. The expression of NF-κB heterodimers was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results PINA4MS app in cytoscape revealed over expression of RelA and suppression of NF-κB1 (p50 precursor) in UC whereas the expression of NF-κB target proteins remained unhindered. Immunohistochemical localization showed nuclear RelA/p50 in low grade UC whereas in high grade only RelA expression was observed. Conversely, cytoplasmic expression of RelA/p50 remained extensive across high and low grade UC tissues (p < 0.005). RelA nuclear and cytoplasmic expression (p < 0.005) was directly proportional to the disease progression. In our study, some of the high-grade UC tissues with squamous differentiation and muscle invasion had extensive nuclear p50 localization. The phenomenon of RelA/p50 expression seen increased in low-grade UC than high grade UC might be due to their interaction with other members of NF-κB family of proteins. Thus, NF-κB RelA/p50 differential expression may play a unique role in UC pathogenesis and can serve as a biomarker for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankari Durairajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | | | - Mary Divya Samuel
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (formerly Manipal University), Manipal, India
| | - Dinesh Palani
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Dicky John Davis G
- Department of Bioinformatics, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - George Priya Doss C
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sneha Pasupati
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Thanka Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
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13
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Huang B, Lv DJ, Wang C, Shu FP, Gong ZC, Xie T, Yu YZ, Song XL, Xie JJ, Li S, Liu YM, Qi H, Zhao SC. Suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell properties mediate the anti-cancer effects of ethyl pyruvate via regulation of the AKT/nuclear factor-κB pathway in prostate cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2271-2278. [PMID: 30008929 PMCID: PMC6036506 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a leading cause of mortality among cases of prostate cancer (PCa). Current treatment options for CRPC are limited. Ethyl pyruvate (EP), a lipophilic derivative of pyruvic acid, has been reported to have antitumor activities. In the present study, the efficacy of EP against PCa was investigated using two human PCa cell lines and a mouse xenograft tumor model. PC3 and CWR22RV1 cells were treated with EP, and cytotoxicity was evaluated via Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays, while cell cycle distribution was assessed by flow cytometry. Changes in cell migration and invasion caused by EP treatment were also evaluated with Transwell and wound healing assays, and changes in the expression of intracellular signaling pathway components were detected by western blotting. EP treatment reduced cell viability, induced G1 arrest, and activated the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Additionally, the in vivo experiments revealed that EP administration markedly inhibited tumor growth. EP also reversed epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppressed cancer stem cell properties in part through negative regulation of AKT/nuclear factor-κB signaling. These results indicate that EP has anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo, and is therefore a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Dao-Jun Lv
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Peng Shu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Gong
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Tao Xie
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Zhong Yu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Lu Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Jia Xie
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Sen Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Meng Liu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Huan Qi
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Chao Zhao
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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14
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Calcium and Nuclear Signaling in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041237. [PMID: 29671777 PMCID: PMC5979488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there have been a number of developments in the fields of calcium and nuclear signaling that point to new avenues for a more effective diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. An example is the discovery of new classes of molecules involved in calcium-regulated nuclear import and nuclear calcium signaling, from the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and myosin families. This review surveys the new state of the calcium and nuclear signaling fields with the aim of identifying the unifying themes that hold out promise in the context of the problems presented by prostate cancer. Genomic perturbations, kinase cascades, developmental pathways, and channels and transporters are covered, with an emphasis on nuclear transport and functions. Special attention is paid to the molecular mechanisms behind prostate cancer progression to the malignant forms and the unfavorable response to anti-androgen treatment. The survey leads to some new hypotheses that connect heretofore disparate results and may present a translational interest.
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15
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Péant B, Gilbert S, Le Page C, Poisson A, L'Ecuyer E, Boudhraa Z, Bienz MN, Delvoye N, Saad F, Mes-Masson AM. IκB-Kinase-epsilon (IKKε) over-expression promotes the growth of prostate cancer through the C/EBP-β dependent activation of IL-6 gene expression. Oncotarget 2017; 8:14487-14501. [PMID: 27577074 PMCID: PMC5362420 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory cytokine IL-6 has been shown to induce the nuclear translocation of androgen receptors in prostate cancer cells and to activate the androgen receptors in a ligand-independent manner, suggesting it may contribute to the development of a castrate-resistant phenotype. Elevated IL-6 serum levels have also been associated with metastasis-related morbidity in prostate cancer patients. We have previously established that over-expression of I-kappa-B-kinase-epsilon (IKKε also named IKKi or IκBKε) in hormone-sensitive prostate cancer cell lines induces IL-6 secretion. We have also reported that prostate cancer cell lines lacking androgen receptor expression exhibit high constitutive IKKε expression and IL-6 secretion. In the present study, we validated the impact of IKKε depletion on the in vitro proliferation of castrate-resistant prostate cancer cells, and characterized how IKKε depletion affects tumor growth and IL-6 tumor secretion in vivo through a mouse xenograft-based approach. We observed a significant growth delay in IKKε-silenced PC-3 cells injected in SCID mice fed with a doxycycline-supplemented diet in comparison with mice fed with a normal diet. We also found a decrease in IL-6 secretion levels that strongly correlated with tumor growth inhibition. Finally, using constructs with various IL-6-mutated promoters, we demonstrated that IKKε over-expression induces a NF-κB-independent stimulation of the IL-6 gene promoter through the activation and nuclear accumulation of the transcription factor C/EBP-β. Our study demonstrates the pro-proliferative role of the oncogene IKKε in castrate-resistant prostate cancer cell lines, involving the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of C/EBP-β that initiates IL-6 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Péant
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)/Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sophie Gilbert
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)/Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cécile Le Page
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)/Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexis Poisson
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)/Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Emilie L'Ecuyer
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)/Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Zied Boudhraa
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)/Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marc Nicolas Bienz
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)/Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nathalie Delvoye
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)/Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Fred Saad
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)/Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Hôpital Saint Luc (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)/Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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16
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Egan SM, Karasik E, Ellis L, Gollnick SO. miR-30e* is overexpressed in prostate cancer and promotes NF-κB-mediated proliferation and tumor growth. Oncotarget 2017; 8:67626-67638. [PMID: 28978058 PMCID: PMC5620198 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the CDC prostate cancer (CaP) has the highest incidence and second highest mortality rate amongst cancers in American men. Constitutive NF-κB activation is a hallmark of CaP and this pathway drives many pro-tumorigenic characteristics of CaP cells, including cell proliferation and survival. An activated NF-κB gene signature is predictive of CaP progression and biochemical recurrence following therapeutic intervention. However, the mechanisms that perpetuate NF-κB activation are incompletely understood. Genes that control NF-κB activity are rarely mutated in CaP suggesting that epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to constitutive NF-κB activation. microRNAs (miRs) epigenetically regulate many genes involved with NF-κB activation. IκBα is a direct inhibitor of NF-κB; it binds to and sequesters NF-κB in the cytoplasm resulting in functional inhibition. IκBα is a target gene of miR-30e* yet the expression and oncological impact of miR-30e* in CaP is unknown. We report that miR-30e* expression is elevated in multiple murine models of CaP and is most pronounced in late stage disease. miR-30e* drives CaP proliferation and tumor growth through inhibition of IκBα, which results in chronic activation of NF-κB. Additionally, we show that inhibition of miR-30e* improves chemotherapeutic control of CaP. Thus, miR-30e* may prove to be a novel clinical target whose inhibition leads to decreased CaP cell proliferation and sensitization of CaP cells to chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M. Egan
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Ellen Karasik
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Leigh Ellis
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sandra O. Gollnick
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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17
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Averett C, Bhardwaj A, Arora S, Srivastava SK, Khan MA, Ahmad A, Singh S, Carter JE, Khushman M, Singh AP. Honokiol suppresses pancreatic tumor growth, metastasis and desmoplasia by interfering with tumor-stromal cross-talk. Carcinogenesis 2017; 37:1052-1061. [PMID: 27609457 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor clinical outcome of pancreatic cancer (PC) is largely attributed to its aggressive nature and refractoriness to currently available therapeutic modalities. We previously reported antitumor efficacy of honokiol (HNK), a phytochemical isolated from various parts of Magnolia plant, against PC cells in short-term in vitro growth assays. Here, we report that HNK reduces plating efficiency and anchorage-independent growth of PC cells and suppresses their migration and invasiveness. Furthermore, significant inhibition of pancreatic tumor growth by HNK is observed in orthotopic mouse model along with complete-blockage of distant metastases. Histological examination suggests reduced desmoplasia in tumors from HNK-treated mice, later confirmed by immunohistochemical analyses of myofibroblast and extracellular matrix marker proteins (α-SMA and collagen I, respectively). At the molecular level, HNK treatment leads to decreased expression of sonic hedgehog (SHH) and CXCR4, two established mediators of bidirectional tumor-stromal cross-talk, both in vitro and in vivo . We also show that the conditioned media (CM) from HNK-treated PC cells have little growth-inducing effect on pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) that could be regained by the addition of exogenous recombinant SHH. Moreover, pretreatment of CM of vehicle-treated PC cells with SHH-neutralizing antibody abolishes their growth-inducing potential on PSCs. Likewise, HNK-treated PC cells respond poorly to CM from PSCs due to decreased CXCR4 expression. Lastly, we show that the transfection of PC cells with constitutively active IKKβ mutant reverses the suppressive effect of HNK on nuclear factor-kappaB activation and partially restores CXCR4 and SHH expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that HNK interferes with tumor-stromal cross-talk via downregulation of CXCR4 and SHH and decreases pancreatic tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courey Averett
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute
| | - Arun Bhardwaj
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute
| | - Sumit Arora
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute
| | | | | | - Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine
| | | | - Moh'd Khushman
- Department of Interdisciplinary Clinical Oncology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama , 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604-1405 , USA
| | - Ajay P Singh
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine
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18
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Kong X, Qian X, Duan L, Liu H, Zhu Y, Qi J. microRNA-372 Suppresses Migration and Invasion by Targeting p65 in Human Prostate Cancer Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2016; 35:828-835. [PMID: 27673408 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2015.3186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors. microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis, and their roles in PCa are becoming more apparent. In this study, we found that microRNA-372 (miR-372) is downregulated in human PCa and inhibits the proliferation activity, migration, and invasion of DU145 cells. Subsequently, p65 is confirmed as a target of miR-372, and knockdown of p65 expression similarly resulted in decreased proliferation activity, migration, and invasion. CDK8, MMP-9, and prostate-specific antigen were involved in both these processes. Taken together, our results show evidence that miR-372 may function as a tumor suppressor gene by regulating p65 in PCa and may provide a strategy for blocking PCa metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjie Kong
- 1 Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Qian
- 2 Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Liujian Duan
- 1 Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Hailong Liu
- 1 Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjian Zhu
- 1 Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Qi
- 1 Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
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19
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Evans JC, Malhotra M, Guo J, O'Shea JP, Hanrahan K, O'Neill A, Landry WD, Griffin BT, Darcy R, Watson RW, O'Driscoll CM. Folate-targeted amphiphilic cyclodextrin.siRNA nanoparticles for prostate cancer therapy exhibit PSMA mediated uptake, therapeutic gene silencing in vitro and prolonged circulation in vivo. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:2341-2351. [PMID: 27389146 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a folate targeted cyclodextrin (CD) nanoparticle was prepared by co-formulating CD.siRNA complexes with DSPE-PEG5000-folate to target the prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Targeted formulations showed increased uptake, relative to untargeted controls, in two prostate cancer cell lines expressing PSMA (VCaP and LNCaP). Competitive uptake studies, using excess folate, significantly reduced uptake of targeted nanoparticles in PSMA positive cell lines (P<0.001). Relative to untreated controls, folate-targeted nanoparticles significantly reduced the levels of RelA mRNA in VCaP and LNCaP cells by 44% and 22% respectively (P<0.001). In contrast there was no significant reduction in RelA mRNA in these cell lines by untargeted complexes. Pharmacokinetic (PK) data indicated that the incorporation of PEG into the formulation increased the circulation time of siRNA 8-fold. This study highlights the ability of incorporating a folate ligand into CD.siRNA nanoparticles to allow for targeted delivery of siRNA to prostate cancer cells via the PSMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Evans
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Meenakshi Malhotra
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jianfeng Guo
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joseph P O'Shea
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karen Hanrahan
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amanda O'Neill
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William D Landry
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brendan T Griffin
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Raphael Darcy
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R William Watson
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Shukla S, Shankar E, Fu P, MacLennan GT, Gupta S. Suppression of NF-κB and NF-κB-Regulated Gene Expression by Apigenin through IκBα and IKK Pathway in TRAMP Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138710. [PMID: 26379052 PMCID: PMC4574560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant Nuclear Factor-κappaB (NF-κB) activation due to rapid IκBα turnover and high basal IκBα kinase (IKK) activity has been frequently observed in prostate cancer. Apigenin, a naturally occurring plant flavone, exhibits anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic activities by inhibiting NF-κB pathway, through a mechanism not fully understood. We found that apigenin feeding in microgram doses (bioavailable in humans) inhibited prostate tumorigenesis in TRAMP mice by interfering with NF-κB signaling. Apigenin feeding to TRAMP mice (20 and 50 μg/mouse/day, 6 days/week for 20 weeks) exhibited significant decrease in tumor volumes of the prostate and completely abolished metastasis, which correlated with inhibition of NF-κB activation and binding to the DNA. Apigenin intake blocked phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα by inhibiting IKK activation, which in turn led to suppression of NF-κB activation. The expression of NF-κB-regulated gene products involved in proliferation (cyclin D1, and COX-2), anti-apoptosis (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL), and angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor) were also downregulated after apigenin feeding. These events correlated with the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells, as evident by increased cleaved caspase-3 labeling index in the dorsolateral prostate. Our results provide convincing evidence that apigenin inhibits IKK activation and restores the expression of IκBα, preventing it's phosphorylation in a fashion similar to that elicited by IKK and proteasomal inhibitors through suppression of NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Shukla
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eswar Shankar
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Pingfu Fu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gregory T. MacLennan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Labouba I, Le Page C, Communal L, Kristessen T, You X, Péant B, Barrès V, Gannon PO, Mes-Masson AM, Saad F. Potential Cross-Talk between Alternative and Classical NF-κB Pathways in Prostate Cancer Tissues as Measured by a Multi-Staining Immunofluorescence Co-Localization Assay. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131024. [PMID: 26186215 PMCID: PMC4505937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While the classical NF-κB/p65 pathway is known to be involved in prostate cancer progression and is associated with poor patient outcome, the role of the NF-κB /RelB alternative protein is not well defined. Here we analyzed the activation of both NF-κB pathways in prostate cancer tissues and correlate this activation with clinical features of the disease. Methods A multiple immunofluorescence technique was employed to concomitantly and quantitatively visualize the nuclear localization of p65 and RelB in 200 paraffin embedded samples. Epithelia were defined using appropriate fluorochrome markers and the resulting immunofluorescent signals were quantified with an automated scoring system. Results The nuclear frequency of p65 was found to be significantly increased in tumor tissues as compared with normal adjacent tissue, whereas the frequency for RelB was decreased (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon test). As previously reported, p65 nuclear frequency was associated with a risk of biochemical recurrence. Although, RelB nuclear frequency alone did not predict recurrence, the presence of activated RelB reduced the risk of recurrence associated with the activation of p65. Conclusion For the first time p65/RelB co-distribution was assessed in prostate cancer tissues and suggested a negative crosstalk between the two NF-κB pathways in prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Labouba
- Institut du cancer de Montréal / Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cécile Le Page
- Institut du cancer de Montréal / Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Canada
| | - Laudine Communal
- Institut du cancer de Montréal / Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Xiaotian You
- Institut du cancer de Montréal / Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Canada
| | - Benjamin Péant
- Institut du cancer de Montréal / Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Canada
| | - Véronique Barrès
- Institut du cancer de Montréal / Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Canada
| | - Philippe O. Gannon
- Institut du cancer de Montréal / Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Institut du cancer de Montréal / Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Fred Saad
- Institut du cancer de Montréal / Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Urology, CHUM and Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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22
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Cyclodextrin mediated delivery of NF-κB and SRF siRNA reduces the invasion potential of prostate cancer cells in vitro. Gene Ther 2015; 22:802-10. [PMID: 26005860 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men of the western world. To date, no effective treatment exists for metastatic prostate cancer and consequently, there is an urgent need to develop new and improved therapeutics. In recent years, the therapeutic potential of RNA interference (RNAi) has been extensively explored in a wide range of diseases including prostate cancer using numerous gene delivery vectors. The aims of this study were to investigate the ability of a non-viral modified cyclodextrin (CD) vector to deliver siRNA to the highly metastatic PC-3 prostate cancer cell line, to quantify the resulting knockdown of the two target genes (RelA and SRF) and to study the effects of the silencing on metastasis. Data from a Matrigel in vitro invasion assay indicated that the silencing of the target genes achieved by the CD vector resulted in significant reductions (P=0.0001) in the metastatic potential of these cells. As the silencing of these target genes was shown not to have a negative impact on cell viability, we hypothesise that the mechanism of invasion inhibition is due, in part, to the significant reduction observed (P⩽0.0001) in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine, MMP9, which is known to be implicated in the metastasis of prostate cancer.
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23
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Automated analysis of immunohistochemistry images identifies candidate location biomarkers for cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:18249-54. [PMID: 25489103 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1415120112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers are changes measured in biological samples that reflect disease states. Such markers can help clinicians identify types of cancer or stages of progression, and they can guide in tailoring specific therapies. Many efforts to identify biomarkers consider genes that mutate between normal and cancerous tissues or changes in protein or RNA expression levels. Here we define location biomarkers, proteins that undergo changes in subcellular location that are indicative of disease. To discover such biomarkers, we have developed an automated pipeline to compare the subcellular location of proteins between two sets of immunohistochemistry images. We used the pipeline to compare images of healthy and tumor tissue from the Human Protein Atlas, ranking hundreds of proteins in breast, liver, prostate, and bladder based on how much their location was estimated to have changed. The performance of the system was evaluated by determining whether proteins previously known to change location in tumors were ranked highly. We present a number of candidate location biomarkers for each tissue, and identify biochemical pathways that are enriched in proteins that change location. The analysis technology is anticipated to be useful not only for discovering new location biomarkers but also for enabling automated analysis of biomarker distributions as an aid to determining diagnosis.
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24
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Zhang Y, Meng Z, Zhang M, Tan J, Tian W, He X, Fu Q, Xu K, He Q, Zhu M, Li X, Zhang G, He Y, Jia Q, Zhang J, Wang S, Song X. Immunohistochemical evaluation of midkine and nuclear factor-kappa B as diagnostic biomarkers for papillary thyroid cancer and synchronous metastasis. Life Sci 2014; 118:39-45. [PMID: 25283079 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Midkine (MK) is a multifunctional cytokine identified to be a promising cancer biomarker. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is an important transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis. We aimed to investigate values of MK and NF-κB as markers for diagnosis and synchronous metastasis prediction in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). MAIN METHODS 76 cases of PTC and 70 cases of multi-nodular goiter (MNG) were retrieved. The PTC group was further divided into subgroup 1 (16 cases with synchronous metastases) and subgroup 2 (60 cases without metastases). A retrospective review of demographic and clinical information was performed. Immunohistochemistry of MK, NF-κB p65 and Ki-67 was performed on paraffin-embedded specimens and results were quantified. Diagnostic values of the parameters were conducted by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Protein levels of MK and NF-κB p65 were then confirmed by Western blot. KEY FINDINGS Immunoreactivities of MK, NF-κB p65 and Ki-67 were significantly higher in the PTC group than in the MNG group with good differential diagnostic capabilities. Moreover, immunoreactivities of all three parameters were significantly higher in subgroup 1 than in subgroup 2 with good synchronous metastasis predictive efficacies. Western blot showed that MK and NF-κB p65 protein levels in lesions from subgroup 1 were significantly higher than those from subgroup 2, both of which were significantly higher than in MNG lesions. SIGNIFICANCE We discovered that MK and NF-κB immunohistochemistries can potentially be used for differential diagnosis between PTC and MNG, and for prediction of synchronous metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhaowei Meng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jian Tan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Weijun Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xianghui He
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ke Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenviroment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Mei Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Guizhi Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yajing He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qiang Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xinghua Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
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25
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Inhibition of NF-kappa B signaling restores responsiveness of castrate-resistant prostate cancer cells to anti-androgen treatment by decreasing androgen receptor-variant expression. Oncogene 2014; 34:3700-10. [PMID: 25220414 PMCID: PMC4362792 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor splicing variants (ARVs) that lack the ligand-binding domain (LBD) are associated with the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), including resistance to the new generation of high-affinity anti-androgens. However, the mechanism by which ARV expression is regulated is not fully understood. In this study, we show that the activation of classical nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling increases the expression of ARVs in prostate cancer (PCa) cells and converts androgen-sensitive PCa cells to become androgen-insensitive, whereas downregulation of NF-κB signaling inhibits ARV expression and restores responsiveness of CRPC to anti-androgen therapy. In addition, we demonstrated that combination of anti-androgen with NF-κB-targeted therapy inhibits efficiently tumor growth of human CRPC xenografts. These results indicate that induction of ARVs by activated NF-κB signaling in PCa cells is a critical mechanism by which the PCa progresses to CRPC. This has important implications as it can prolong the survival of CRPC patients by restoring the tumors to once again respond to conventional androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT).
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26
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Labouba I, Poisson A, Lafontaine J, Delvoye N, Gannon PO, Le Page C, Saad F, Mes-Masson AM. The RelB alternative NF-kappaB subunit promotes autophagy in 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells in vitro and affects mouse xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:67. [PMID: 25788857 PMCID: PMC4364035 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-14-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The involvement of NF-κB signaling in prostate cancer (PCa) has largely been established through the study of the classical p65 subunit. Nuclear localization of p65 in PCa patient tissues has been shown to correlate with biochemical recurrence, while in vitro studies have demonstrated that the classical NF-κB signaling pathway promotes PCa progression and metastatic potential. More recently, the nuclear location of RelB, a member of the alternative NF-κB signaling, has also been shown to correlate with the Gleason score. The current study aims to clarify the role of alternative NF-κB in PCa cells by exploring, in vitro and in vivo, the effects of RelB overexpression on PCa biology. Methods Using a lentivirus-expression system, we constitutively overexpressed RelB or control GFP into 22Rv1 cells and monitored alternative transcriptional NF-κB activity. In vivo, tumor growth was assessed after the injection of 22Rv1-derived cells into SCID mice. In vitro, the impact of RelB on 22Rv1 cell proliferation was evaluated in monolayer culture. The anchorage-independent cell growth of derived-22Rv1 cells was assessed by soft agar assay. Apoptosis and autophagy were evaluated by Western blot analysis in 22Rv1-derived cells cultured in suspension using poly-HEMA pre-coated dishes. Results The overexpression of RelB in 22Rv1 cells induced the constitutive activation of the alternative NF-κB pathway. In vivo, RelB expression caused a lag in the initiation of 22Rv1-induced tumors in SCID mice. In vitro, RelB stimulated the proliferation of 22Rv1 cells and reduced their ability to grow in soft agar. These observations may be reconciled by our findings that, when cultured in suspension on poly-HEMA pre-coated dishes, 22Rv1 cells expressing RelB were more susceptible to cell death, and more specifically to autophagy controlled death. Conclusions This study highlights a role of the alternative NF-κB pathway in proliferation and the controlled autophagy. Thus, the interplay of these properties may contribute to tumor survival in stress conditions while promoting PCa cells growth contributing to the overall tumorigenicity of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Labouba
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)/Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexis Poisson
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)/Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Julie Lafontaine
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)/Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nathalie Delvoye
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)/Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Philippe O Gannon
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)/Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cécile Le Page
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)/Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Fred Saad
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)/Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada ; Division of Urology, CHUM, Université de Montréal, CHUM Notre-Dame, 1560 Sherbrooke east, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)/Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada ; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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27
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Yin J, Liu YN, Tillman H, Barrett B, Hewitt S, Ylaya K, Fang L, Lake R, Corey E, Morrissey C, Vessella R, Kelly K. AR-regulated TWEAK-FN14 pathway promotes prostate cancer bone metastasis. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4306-17. [PMID: 24970477 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The recurrence of prostate cancer metastases to bone after androgen deprivation therapy is a major clinical challenge. We identified FN14 (TNFRSF12A), a TNF receptor family member, as a factor that promotes prostate cancer bone metastasis. In experimental models, depletion of FN14 inhibited bone metastasis, and FN14 could be functionally reconstituted with IKKβ-dependent, NFκB signaling activation. In human prostate cancer, upregulated FN14 expression was observed in more than half of metastatic samples. In addition, FN14 expression was correlated inversely with androgen receptor (AR) signaling output in clinical samples. Consistent with this, AR binding to the FN14 enhancer decreased expression. We show here that FN14 may be a survival factor in low AR output prostate cancer cells. Our results define one upstream mechanism, via FN14 signaling, through which the NFκB pathway contributes to prostate cancer metastasis and suggest FN14 as a candidate therapeutic and imaging target for castrate-resistant prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- JuanJuan Yin
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yen-Nien Liu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Heather Tillman
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ben Barrett
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kris Ylaya
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lei Fang
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ross Lake
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robert Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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28
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Cui Y, Nadiminty N, Liu C, Lou W, Schwartz CT, Gao AC. Upregulation of glucose metabolism by NF-κB2/p52 mediates enzalutamide resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:435-42. [PMID: 24659479 PMCID: PMC4021715 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram their metabolic pathways to facilitate fast proliferation. Previous studies have shown that overexpression of NF-κB2/p52 (p52) in prostate cancer cells promotes cell growth and leads to castration resistance through aberrant activation of androgen receptor (AR). In addition, these cells become resistant to enzalutamide. In this study, we investigated the effects of p52 activation on glucose metabolism and on response to enzalutamide therapy. Data analysis of gene expression arrays showed that genes including GLUT1 (SLC2A1), PKM2, G6PD, and ME1 involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism were altered in LNCaP cells overexpressing p52 compared with the parental LNCaP cells. We demonstrated an increased amount of glucose flux in the glycolysis pathway, as well as the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) upon p52 activation. The p52-overexpressing cells increase glucose uptake and are capable of higher ATP and lactate production compared with the parental LNCaP cells. The growth of p52-overexpressing cells depends on glucose in the culture media and is sensitive to glucose deprivation compared with the parental LNCaP cells. Targeting glucose metabolism by the glucose analog 2-deoxy-d-glucose synergistically inhibits cell growth when combined with enzalutamide, and resensitizes p52-overexpressing cells to enzalutamide treatment. These results suggest that p52 modulates glucose metabolism, enhances glucose flux to glycolysis and PPPs, thus facilitating fast proliferation of the cells. Co-targeting glucose metabolism together with AR axis synergistically inhibits cell growth and restores enzalutamide-resistant cells to enzalutamide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Cui
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Chengfei Liu
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Wei Lou
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Allen C. Gao
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, CA, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Urology University of California Davis Medical Center 4645 2 Ave, Research III, Suite 1300 Sacramento, CA 95817
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29
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Bohonowych JE, Hance MW, Nolan KD, Defee M, Parsons CH, Isaacs JS. Extracellular Hsp90 mediates an NF-κB dependent inflammatory stromal program: implications for the prostate tumor microenvironment. Prostate 2014; 74:395-407. [PMID: 24338924 PMCID: PMC4306584 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an essential role in supporting and promoting tumor growth and progression. An inflammatory stroma is a widespread hallmark of the prostate TME, and prostate tumors are known to co-evolve with their reactive stroma. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) within the reactive stroma play a salient role in secreting cytokines that contribute to this inflammatory TME. Although a number of inflammatory mediators have been identified, a clear understanding of key factors initiating the formation of reactive stroma is lacking. METHODS We explored whether tumor secreted extracellular Hsp90 alpha (eHsp90α) may initiate a reactive stroma. Prostate stromal fibroblasts (PrSFs) were exposed to exogenous Hsp90α protein, or to conditioned medium (CM) from eHsp90α-expressing prostate cancer cells, and evaluated for signaling, motility, and expression of prototypic reactive markers. In tandem, ELISA assays were utilized to characterize Hsp90α-mediated secreted factors. RESULTS We report that exposure of PrSFs to eHsp90 upregulates the transcription and protein secretion of IL-6 and IL-8, key inflammatory cytokines known to play a causative role in prostate cancer progression. Cytokine secretion was regulated in part via a MEK/ERK and NF-κB dependent pathway. Secreted eHsp90α also promoted the rapid and durable activation of the oncogenic inflammatory mediator signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3). Finally, eHsp90 induced the expression of MMP-3, a well-known mediator of fibrosis and the myofibroblast phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide compelling support for eHsp90α as a transducer of signaling events culminating in an inflammatory and reactive stroma, thereby conferring properties associated with prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- JE Bohonowych
- Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - MW Hance
- Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - KD Nolan
- Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - M Defee
- Department of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - CH Parsons
- Department of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - JS Isaacs
- Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
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30
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Jin R, Yi Y, Yull FE, Blackwell TS, Clark PE, Koyama T, Smith JA, Matusik RJ. NF-κB gene signature predicts prostate cancer progression. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2763-72. [PMID: 24686169 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In many patients with prostate cancer, the cancer will be recurrent and eventually progress to lethal metastatic disease after primary treatment, such as surgery or radiation therapy. Therefore, it would be beneficial to better predict which patients with early-stage prostate cancer would progress or recur after primary definitive treatment. In addition, many studies indicate that activation of NF-κB signaling correlates with prostate cancer progression; however, the precise underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Our studies show that activation of NF-κB signaling via deletion of one allele of its inhibitor, IκBα, did not induce prostatic tumorigenesis in our mouse model. However, activation of NF-κB signaling did increase the rate of tumor progression in the Hi-Myc mouse prostate cancer model when compared with Hi-Myc alone. Using the nonmalignant NF-κB-activated androgen-depleted mouse prostate, a NF-κB-activated recurrence predictor 21 (NARP21) gene signature was generated. The NARP21 signature successfully predicted disease-specific survival and distant metastases-free survival in patients with prostate cancer. This transgenic mouse model-derived gene signature provides a useful and unique molecular profile for human prostate cancer prognosis, which could be used on a prostatic biopsy to predict indolent versus aggressive behavior of the cancer after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Jin
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urologic Surgery and Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center; Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine; and Division of Cancer Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yajun Yi
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urologic Surgery and Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center; Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine; and Division of Cancer Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Fiona E Yull
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urologic Surgery and Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center; Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine; and Division of Cancer Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urologic Surgery and Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center; Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine; and Division of Cancer Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Peter E Clark
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urologic Surgery and Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center; Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine; and Division of Cancer Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tatsuki Koyama
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urologic Surgery and Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center; Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine; and Division of Cancer Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joseph A Smith
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urologic Surgery and Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center; Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine; and Division of Cancer Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert J Matusik
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urologic Surgery and Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center; Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine; and Division of Cancer Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TennesseeAuthors' Affiliations: Department of Urologic Surgery and Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center; Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine; and Division of Cancer Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Restoration of PPP2CA expression reverses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and suppresses prostate tumour growth and metastasis in an orthotopic mouse model. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:2000-10. [PMID: 24642616 PMCID: PMC3992501 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergence of castration-resistance in prostate cancer (PCa) is invariably associated with aggressive and metastatic disease. Previously, we reported promotion of castration-resistance upon downregulation of PPP2CA (encoding catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), α-isoform); however, its role in PCa growth and metastasis remained undetermined. METHODS PPP2CA was overexpressed/silenced in PCa cells by stable transfection. Gene expression was examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot and immunofluorescence analyses, and transcriptional activity measured by luciferase-based promoter-reporter assay. Effect on PCa phenotype was studied in vitro and in orthotopic mouse model, and immunohistochemical/histological analyses performed to assess proliferation/apoptosis and confirm metastatic lesions. RESULTS An inverse association of PPP2CA expression was observed with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and aggressive PCa phenotype. PPP2CA restoration resulted in decreased nuclear accumulation and transcriptional activity of β-catenin/NF-κB, and restitution of their activity abrogated PPP2CA-induced EMT reversal and suppression of PCa invasiveness. Akt mediated PPP2CA loss-induced nuclear accumulation of β-catenin/NF-κB through inactivation of Gsk3-β and IκB-α, respectively. Animal studies revealed a suppressive effect of PPP2CA expression on PCa growth and metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that PPP2CA downregulation serves as a molecular link between gain of castration-resistance and aggressive PCa phenotype, and its restoration could be an effective preventive/therapeutic approach against the advanced disease.
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Ahmed F, Shiraishi T, Vessella RL, Kulkarni P. Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor-4: an adapter protein overexpressed in metastatic prostate cancer is regulated by microRNA-29a. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2963-8. [PMID: 24100420 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 4 (TRAF4) is a member of TRAF family proteins that act as major signal transducers of the TNF receptor and the interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor (IL-1R/TLR) superfamily. TRAF4 has been reported to be overexpressed in various human cancers. However, the exact mechanisms that regulate the expression of TRAF4 still remain elusive. The objective of the present study was to investigate the regulatory mechanism of TRAF4 expression in prostate cancer. We initially identified microRNA-29a (miR‑29a) as a possible candidate to bind TRAF4 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) by the algorithm, TargetScan. The expression of TRAF4 mRNA and protein was inversely associated with miR-29a expression in prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, DU145 and PC3). TRAF4 expression was reduced by the introduction of mimic miR-29a in LNCaP cells. Luciferase activity from the construct harboring wild-type TRAF4 3'UTR was reduced by the mimic miR-29a and this reduction was diminished by introducing mutations at the predicted miR-29a binding site. On the other hand, TRAF4 was upregulated when transfected with the inhibitor of miR-29a in DU145 and PC3 cells. TRAF4 was significantly upregulated in patients with metastatic prostate cancer compared to those with localized prostate cancer. Furthermore, there was a significant inverse correlation between TRAF4 and miR-29a expression in tumor tissues from radical prostatectomy. Considered together, our results suggest that the tumor suppressor microRNA, miR-29a, is one of the regulators of TRAF4 expression in metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fozia Ahmed
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Gannon PO, Lessard L, Stevens LM, Forest V, Bégin LR, Minner S, Tennstedt P, Schlomm T, Mes-Masson AM, Saad F. Large-scale independent validation of the nuclear factor-kappa B p65 prognostic biomarker in prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:2441-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Nadiminty N, Tummala R, Liu C, Yang J, Lou W, Evans CP, Gao AC. NF-κB2/p52 induces resistance to enzalutamide in prostate cancer: role of androgen receptor and its variants. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1629-37. [PMID: 23699654 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Resistance of prostate cancer cells to the next-generation antiandrogen enzalutamide may be mediated by a multitude of survival signaling pathways. In this study, we tested whether increased expression of NF-κB2/p52 induces prostate cancer cell resistance to enzalutamide and whether this response is mediated by aberrant androgen receptor (AR) activation and AR splice variant production. LNCaP cells stably expressing NF-κB2/p52 exhibited higher survival rates than controls when treated with enzalutamide. C4-2B and CWR22Rv1 cells chronically treated with enzalutamide were found to express higher levels of NF-κB2/p52. Downregulation of NF-κB2/p52 in CWR22Rv1 cells chronically treated with enzalutamide rendered them more sensitive to cell growth inhibition by enzalutamide. Analysis of the expression levels of AR splice variants by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and Western blotting revealed that LNCaP cells expressing p52 exhibit higher expression of AR splice variants. Downregulation of expression of NF-κB2/p52 in VCaP and CWR22Rv1 cells by short hairpin RNA abolished expression of splice variants. Downregulation of expression of either full-length AR or the splice variant AR-V7 led to an increase in sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to enzalutamide. These results collectively demonstrate that resistance to enzalutamide may be mediated by NF-κB2/p52 via activation of AR and its splice variants.
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Jin R, Sterling JA, Edwards JR, DeGraff DJ, Lee C, Park SI, Matusik RJ. Activation of NF-kappa B signaling promotes growth of prostate cancer cells in bone. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60983. [PMID: 23577181 PMCID: PMC3618119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced prostate cancer almost invariably develop osseous metastasis. Although many studies indicate that the activation of NF-κB signaling appears to be correlated with advanced cancer and promotes tumor metastasis by influencing tumor cell migration and angiogenesis, the influence of altered NF-κB signaling in prostate cancer cells within boney metastatic lesions is not clearly understood. While C4-2B and PC3 prostate cancer cells grow well in the bone, LNCaP cells are difficult to grow in murine bone following intraskeletal injection. Our studies show that when compared to LNCaP, NF-κB activity is significantly higher in C4-2B and PC3, and that the activation of NF-κB signaling in prostate cancer cells resulted in the increased expression of the osteoclast inducing genes PTHrP and RANKL. Further, conditioned medium derived from NF-κB activated LNCaP cells induce osteoclast differentiation. In addition, inactivation of NF-κB signaling in prostate cancer cells inhibited tumor formation in the bone, both in the osteolytic PC3 and osteoblastic/osteoclastic mixed C4-2B cells; while the activation of NF-κB signaling in LNCaP cells promoted tumor establishment and proliferation in the bone. The activation of NF-κB in LNCaP cells resulted in the formation of an osteoblastic/osteoclastic mixed tumor with increased osteoclasts surrounding the new formed bone, similar to metastases commonly seen in patients with prostate cancer. These results indicate that osteoclastic reaction is required even in the osteoblastic cancer cells and the activation of NF-κB signaling in prostate cancer cells increases osteoclastogenesis by up-regulating osteoclastogenic genes, thereby contributing to bone metastatic formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Jin
- Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center and Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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Loriaux PM, Hoffmann A. A protein turnover signaling motif controls the stimulus-sensitivity of stress response pathways. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1002932. [PMID: 23468615 PMCID: PMC3585401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulus-induced perturbations from the steady state are a hallmark of signal transduction. In some signaling modules, the steady state is characterized by rapid synthesis and degradation of signaling proteins. Conspicuous among these are the p53 tumor suppressor, its negative regulator Mdm2, and the negative feedback regulator of NFκB, IκBα. We investigated the physiological importance of this turnover, or flux, using a computational method that allows flux to be systematically altered independently of the steady state protein abundances. Applying our method to a prototypical signaling module, we show that flux can precisely control the dynamic response to perturbation. Next, we applied our method to experimentally validated models of p53 and NFκB signaling. We find that high p53 flux is required for oscillations in response to a saturating dose of ionizing radiation (IR). In contrast, high flux of Mdm2 is not required for oscillations but preserves p53 sensitivity to sub-saturating doses of IR. In the NFκB system, degradation of NFκB-bound IκB by the IκB kinase (IKK) is required for activation in response to TNF, while high IKK-independent degradation prevents spurious activation in response to metabolic stress or low doses of TNF. Our work identifies flux pairs with opposing functional effects as a signaling motif that controls the stimulus-sensitivity of the p53 and NFκB stress-response pathways, and may constitute a general design principle in signaling pathways. Eukaryotic cells constantly synthesize new proteins and degrade old ones. While most proteins are degraded within 24 hours of being synthesized, some proteins are short-lived and exist for only minutes. Using mathematical models, we asked how rapid turnover, or flux, of signaling proteins might regulate the activation of two well-known transcription factors, p53 and NFκB. p53 is a cell cycle regulator that is activated in response to DNA damage, for example, due to ionizing radiation. NFκB is a regulator of immunity and responds to inflammatory signals like the macrophage-secreted cytokine, TNF. Both p53 and NFκB are controlled by at least one flux whose effect on activation is positive and one whose effect is negative. For p53 these are the turnover of p53 and Mdm2, respectively. For NFκB they are the TNF-dependent and -independent turnover of the NFκB inhibitor, IκB. We find that juxtaposition of a positive and negative flux allows for precise tuning of the sensitivity of these transcription factors to different environmental signals. Our results therefore suggest that rapid synthesis and degradation of signaling proteins, though energetically wasteful, may be a common mechanism by which eukaryotic cells regulate their sensitivity to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Michael Loriaux
- Signaling Systems Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Signaling Systems Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Todenhöfer T, Hennenlotter J, Leidenberger P, Wald A, Hohneder A, Kühs U, Mischinger J, Aufderklamm S, Gakis G, Blumenstock G, Stenzl A, Schwentner C. Serum receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) levels predict biochemical recurrence in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. BJU Int 2013; 113:152-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.11759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Todenhöfer
- Department of Urology; University Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Jörg Hennenlotter
- Department of Urology; University Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | | | - Alexander Wald
- Department of Urology; University Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Andrea Hohneder
- Department of Urology; University Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Ursula Kühs
- Department of Urology; University Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | | | | | - Georgios Gakis
- Department of Urology; University Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Gunnar Blumenstock
- Department of Medical Biometry; University Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology; University Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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Nadiminty N, Tummala R, Zhu Y, Gao AC. NF-kappaB2/p52 in Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Pileczki V, Braicu C, Gherman CD, Berindan-Neagoe I. TNF-α gene knockout in triple negative breast cancer cell line induces apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 14:411-20. [PMID: 23263670 PMCID: PMC3565271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14010411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the promotion and progression of cancer, including triple negative breast cancer cells. Thus, there is significant interest in understanding the molecular signaling pathways that connect TNF-α with the survival of tumor cells. In our experiments, we used as an in vitro model for triple negative breast cancer the cell line Hs578T. The purpose of this study is to determine the gene expression profiling of apoptotic signaling networks after blocking TNF-α formation by using specially designed siRNA molecules to target TNF-α messenger RNA. Knockdown of TNF-α gene was associated with cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis, as observed by monitoring the cell index using the xCELLigence RTCA System and flow cytometry. PCR array technology was used to examine the transcript levels of 84 genes involved in apoptosis. 15 genes were found to be relevant after comparing the treated group with the untreated one of which 3 were down-regulated and 12 up-regulated. The down-regulated genes are all involved in cell survival, whereas the up-regulated ones are involved in and interact with pro-apoptotic pathways. The results described here indicate that the direct target of TNF-α in the Hs578T breast cancer cell line increases the level of certain pro-apoptotic factors that modulate different cellular networks that direct the cells towards death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pileczki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Pasteur Street, Cluj-Napoca 400349, Romania; E-Mail:
| | - Cornelia Braicu
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute “Ioan Chiricută”, 34–36 Republici Street, Cluj-Napoca 400015, Romania; E-Mails: (C.B.); (I.B.-N.)
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, Cluj-Napoca 400012, Romania
| | - Claudia D. Gherman
- Surgical Clinic II, 4–6 Clinicilor Street, Cluj-Napoca 400006, Romania
- Department of Surgery, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, Cluj-Napoca 400012, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute “Ioan Chiricută”, 34–36 Republici Street, Cluj-Napoca 400015, Romania; E-Mails: (C.B.); (I.B.-N.)
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, Cluj-Napoca 400012, Romania
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An antitumor peptide from Musca domestica pupae (MATP) induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells through a JNK-mediated and Akt-mediated NF-κB pathway. Anticancer Drugs 2012; 23:827-35. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32835455f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Histone methyltransferase NSD2/MMSET mediates constitutive NF-κB signaling for cancer cell proliferation, survival, and tumor growth via a feed-forward loop. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:3121-31. [PMID: 22645312 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00204-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive NF-κB activation by proinflammatory cytokines plays a major role in cancer progression. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. We report here that histone methyltransferase NSD2 (also known as MMSET or WHSC1), a target of bromodomain protein ANCCA/ATAD2, acts as a strong coactivator of NF-κB by directly interacting with NF-κB for activation of target genes, including those for interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), cyclin D, Bcl-2, and survivin, in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells. NSD2 is recruited to the target gene promoters upon induction and mediates NF-κB activation-associated elevation of histone H3K36me2 and H3K36me3 marks at the promoter, which involves its methylase activity. Interestingly, we found that NSD2 is also critical for cytokine-induced recruitment of NF-κB and acetyltransferase p300 and histone hyperacetylation. Importantly, NSD2 is overexpressed in prostate cancer tumors, and its overexpression correlates with NF-κB activation. Furthermore, NSD2 expression is strongly induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 via NF-κB and plays a crucial role in tumor growth. These results identify NSD2 to be a key chromatin regulator of NF-κB and mediator of the cytokine autocrine loop for constitutive NF-κB activation and emphasize the important roles played by NSD2 in cancer cell proliferation and survival and tumor growth.
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Expression of neutral endopeptidase, endothelin-1, and nuclear factor kappa B in prostate cancer: interrelations and associations with prostate-specific antigen recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Prostate Cancer 2012; 2012:452795. [PMID: 22666602 PMCID: PMC3362215 DOI: 10.1155/2012/452795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To study the impact of the neutral endopeptidase (NEP)/neuropeptides (NPs) axis and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) as predictors of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP). Patients and Methods. 70 patients with early-stage PC were treated with RP and their tumor samples were evaluated for expression of NEP, endothelin-1 (ET-1) and NFκB (p65). Time to PSA recurrence was correlated with the examined parameters and combined with preoperative PSA level, Gleason score, pathological TNM (pT) stage, and surgical margin (SM) assessment. Results and Limitations. Membranous expression of NEP (P < 0.001), cytoplasmic ET-1 (P = 0.002), and cytoplasmic NFκB (P < 0.001) were correlated with time to PSA relapse. NEP was associated with ET-1 (P < 0.001) and NFκB (P < 0.001). ET-1 was also correlated with NFκB (P < 0.001). NEP expression (P = 0.017), pT stage (P = 0.013), and SMs (P = 0.036) were independent predictors of time to PSA recurrence.
Conclusions. There seems to be a clinical model of NEP/NPs and NFκB pathways interconnection, with their constituents following inverse patterns of expression in accordance with their biological roles and molecular interrelations.
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NSCLC and the alternative pathway of NF-κB: uncovering an unknown relation. Virchows Arch 2012; 460:515-23. [PMID: 22562129 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although our knowledge on the pathobiology of the disease has increased in the last decades, the prognosis of lung cancer patients has hardly changed. Many signaling pathways are implicated in lung carcinogenesis, but the role of the alternative pathway of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in lung cancer pathogenesis and progression has not been investigated. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of this pathway in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. NF-κB2 and RelB protein expression was retrospectively assessed by immunohistochemistry in tissue samples from 109 NSCLC patients. RelB and NF-κB2 protein levels differed between tumors and adjacent nonneoplastic lung parenchyma. Cytoplasmic immunoreactivity of NF-κB2 and RelB was correlated with tumor stage (p = 0.03 and p = 0.016, respectively). In addition, cytoplasmic NF-κB2 levels were related to tumor grade (p = 0.046). Expression of RelB in the cytoplasm was tumor histologic type-specific, with squamous cell carcinomas having the highest protein levels. Nuclear expression of RelB and NF-κB2 differed between tumor and nonneoplastic tissues, possibly indicating activation of the alternative pathway of NF-κB in cancer cells. Moreover, lymph node metastasis was related to nuclear NF-κB2 expression in tumor cells. The deregulation of the alternative NF-κB pathway in NSCLC could play a role in the development and progression of the disease.
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Voutsadakis IA, Vlachostergios PJ, Daliani DD, Karasavvidou F, Kakkas G, Moutzouris G, Melekos MD, Papandreou CN. CD10 is inversely associated with nuclear factor-kappa B and predicts biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Urol Int 2012; 88:158-64. [PMID: 22286396 DOI: 10.1159/000335299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cell surface endopeptidase CD10 (neutral endopeptidase) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) have been independently associated with prostate cancer (PC) progression. We investigated the correlations between these two factors and their prognostic relevance in terms of biochemical (prostate-specific antigen, PSA) relapse after radical prostatectomy (RP) for localized PC. PATIENTS AND METHODS The immunohistochemical expression of CD10 and NF-κB in samples from 70 patients who underwent RP for localized PC was correlated with the preoperative PSA level, Gleason score, pathological stage and time to PSA failure. RESULTS CD10 expression was inversely associated with NF-κB expression (p < 0.001), stage (p = 0.03) and grade (p = 0.003), whereas NF-κB was directly related with stage (p = 0.006) and grade (p = 0.002). The median time to PSA failure was 56 months. CD10 and NF-κB were directly (p < 0.001) and inversely (p < 0.001) correlated with biochemical recurrence-free survival, respectively. CD10 expression (p = 0.022) and stage (p = 0.018) were independently associated with time to biochemical recurrence. CONCLUSION Low CD10 expression is an adverse prognostic factor for biochemical relapse after RP in localized PC, which is also associated with high NF-κB expression. Decreased CD10 expression which would lead to increased neuropeptide signaling and NF-κB activity may be present in a subset of early PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Voutsadakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly School of Medicine, Larissa, Greece
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Blando J, Moore T, Hursting S, Jiang G, Saha A, Beltran L, Shen J, Repass J, Strom S, DiGiovanni J. Dietary energy balance modulates prostate cancer progression in Hi-Myc mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:2002-14. [PMID: 21952584 PMCID: PMC4171652 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Male Hi-Myc mice were placed on three dietary regimens [30% calorie restriction (CR), overweight control (modified AIN76A with 10 kcal% fat), and a diet-induced obesity regimen (DIO) 60 kcal% fat]. All diet groups had approximately similar incidence of hyperplasia and low-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in the ventral prostate at 3 and 6 months of age. However, 30% CR significantly reduced the incidence of in situ adenocarcinomas at 3 months compared with the DIO group and at 6 months compared with both the overweight control and DIO groups. Furthermore, the DIO regimen significantly increased the incidence of adenocarcinoma with aggressive stromal invasion, as compared with the overweight control group (96% vs. 65%, respectively; P = 0.02) at the 6-month time point. In addition, at both 3 and 6 months, only in situ carcinomas were observed in mice maintained on the 30% CR diet. Relative to overweight control, DIO increased whereas 30% CR reduced activation of Akt, mTORC1, STAT3, and NFκB (p65) in ventral prostate. DIO also significantly increased (and 30% CR decreased) numbers of T-lymphocytes and macrophages in the ventral prostate compared with overweight control. The mRNA levels for interleukin (IL) 1α, IL1β, IL6, IL7, IL23, IL27, NFκB1 (p50), TNFα, and VEGF family members were significantly increased in the ventral prostate of the DIO group compared with both the overweight control and 30% CR diet groups. Collectively, these findings suggest that enhanced growth factor (Akt/mTORC1 and STAT3) and inflammatory (NFκB and cytokines) signaling may play a role in dietary energy balance effects on prostate cancer progression in Hi-Myc mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Blando
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723
| | - Tricia Moore
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723
| | - Stephen Hursting
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723
| | - Guiyu Jiang
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723
| | - Achinto Saha
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723
| | - Linda Beltran
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723
| | - Jianjun Shen
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - John Repass
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Sara Strom
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723
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Vinall RL, Mahaffey CM, Davis RR, Luo Z, Gandour-Edwards R, Ghosh PM, Tepper CG, de Vere White RW. Dual blockade of PKA and NF-κB inhibits H2 relaxin-mediated castrate-resistant growth of prostate cancer sublines and induces apoptosis. Discov Oncol 2011; 2:224-38. [PMID: 21789713 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-011-0076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that H2 relaxin (RLN2) facilitates castrate-resistant (CR) growth of prostate cancer (CaP) cells through PI3K/Akt/β-catenin-mediated activation of the androgen receptor (AR) pathway. As inhibition of this pathway caused only ~50% reduction in CR growth, the goal of the current study was to identify additional RLN2-activated pathways that contribute to CR growth. Next-generation sequencing-based transcriptome and gene ontology analyses comparing LNCaP stably transfected with RLN2 versus LNCaP-vector identified differential expression of genes associated with cell proliferation (12.7% of differentially expressed genes), including genes associated with the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathways. Subsequent molecular analyses confirmed that the cAMP/PKA and NF-κB pathways play a role in facilitating H2 relaxin-mediated CR growth of CaP cells. Inhibition of PKA-attenuated RLN2-mediated AR activity inhibited proliferation and caused a small but significant increase in apoptosis. Combined inhibition of the PKA and NF-κB signaling pathways via inhibition of PKA and Akt induced significant apoptosis and dramatically reduced clonogenic potential, outperforming docetaxel, the standard of care treatment for CR CaP. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarrays in combination with multispectral quantitative imaging comparing RLN2 levels in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and CaP determined that RLN2 is significantly upregulated in CaP vs BPH (p = 0.002). The combined data indicate RLN2 overexpression is frequent in CaP patients and provides a growth advantage to CaP cells. A near-complete inhibition of RLN2-induced CR growth can be achieved by simultaneous blockade of both pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L Vinall
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine and Cancer Center, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Lamb LE, Zarif JC, Miranti CK. The androgen receptor induces integrin α6β1 to promote prostate tumor cell survival via NF-κB and Bcl-xL Independently of PI3K signaling. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2739-49. [PMID: 21310825 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that androgen receptor (AR) signaling is critical for prostate cancer cell survival, even in castration-resistant disease wherein AR continues to function independently of exogenous androgens. Integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrix is also important for prostate cell survival. AR-positive prostate cancer cells express primarily integrin α6β1 and adhere to a laminin-rich matrix. In this study, we show that active nuclear-localized AR protects prostate cancer cells from death induced by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition when cells adhere to laminin. Resistance to PI3K inhibition is mediated directly by an AR-dependent increase in integrin α6β1 mRNA transcription and protein expression. Subsequent signaling by integrin α6β1 in AR-expressing cells increased NF-κB activation and Bcl-xL expression. Blocking AR, integrin α6, NF-κB, or Bcl-xL concurrent with inhibition of PI3K was sufficient and necessary to trigger death of laminin-adherent AR-expressing cells. Taken together, these results define a novel integrin-dependent survival pathway in prostate cancer cells that is regulated by AR, independent of and parallel to the PI3K pathway. Our findings suggest that combined targeting of both the AR/α6β1 and PI3K pathways may effectively trigger prostate cancer cell death, enhancing the potential therapeutic value of PI3K inhibitors being evaluated in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Lamb
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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48
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Cansino JR, Vera R, Rodríguez de Bethencourt F, Bouraoui Y, Rodríguez G, Prieto A, de la Peña J, Paniagua R, Royuela M. [Prostate specific antigen and NF-kB in prostatic disease: relation with malignancy]. Actas Urol Esp 2011; 35:16-21. [PMID: 21256390 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NF-kB (p50/p65) is a transcription factor involved in TNF-α-induced cell death resistance by promoting several antiapoptotic genes. We intend to relate the expression of NF-kB (p50 and p65) with serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), both in normal males and in those with pathologic conditions of the prostate. MATERIALS AND METHODS this study was carried out in 5 normal, 24 benign prostatic hyperplastic (BPH) and 19 patients with prostate cancer (PC). Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses were performed on tissue and serum PSA was assayed by PSA DPC Immulite assays (Diagnostics Products Corporation, Los Angeles, CA). RESULTS in controls, p65 NF-kB was not found and p50 was scantly detected in 60% normal samples in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Both p50 and p65 were expressed in 62.5% of the samples with BPH and in 63.2% of those with PC. Both increased its frequency of expression with higher PSA serum levels. CONCLUSIONS Activation of NF-kB revealed by its nuclear translocation in prostate cancer could be related to cancer progression and elevated seric PSA levels. A better understanding of the biologic mechanism by which circulating PSA levels increase and its relation with NF-kB expression is needed. Possibly, NF-kB blockage could be used as a therapeutic target to counteract proliferation in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Cansino
- Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España.
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49
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Abstract
Androgens are critical for normal prostate development and function, as well as prostate cancer initiation and progression. Androgens function mainly by regulating target gene expression through the androgen receptor (AR). Many studies have shown that androgen-AR signaling exerts actions on key events during prostate carcinogenesis. In this review, androgen action in distinct aspects of prostate carcinogenesis, including (i) cell proliferation, (ii) cell apoptosis, and (iii) prostate cancer metastasis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diping Wang
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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50
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Shen MM, Abate-Shen C. Molecular genetics of prostate cancer: new prospects for old challenges. Genes Dev 2010; 24:1967-2000. [PMID: 20844012 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1965810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite much recent progress, prostate cancer continues to represent a major cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity in men. Since early studies on the role of the androgen receptor that led to the advent of androgen deprivation therapy in the 1940s, there has long been intensive interest in the basic mechanisms underlying prostate cancer initiation and progression, as well as the potential to target these processes for therapeutic intervention. Here, we present an overview of major themes in prostate cancer research, focusing on current knowledge of principal events in cancer initiation and progression. We discuss recent advances, including new insights into the mechanisms of castration resistance, identification of stem cells and tumor-initiating cells, and development of mouse models for preclinical evaluation of novel therapuetics. Overall, we highlight the tremendous research progress made in recent years, and underscore the challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Shen
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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