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Takahashi S. Signaling effect, combinations, and clinical applications of triciribine. J Chemother 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39275964 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2024.2403050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
Triciribine (TCN) is a tricyclic nucleoside. Its synthesis was first described in 1971. Subsequent studies have indicated that TCN plays a role in inhibiting DNA synthesis and was revealed to possess a higher selectivity for Akt. Although a single dose of TCN demonstrated limited activity in solid tumors at the clinical level, combinations of TCN with various agents, such as specific inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib, ErbB inhibitor tipifarnib, IGF1-R inhibitor NVP-AEW541, mTORC1 inhibitor RAD-001, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, PPARγ agonist, 1,25(OH)2D3, gemcitabine, and paclitaxel, have been reported to be efficient against various malignancies such as pancreatic, breast, prostate cancer, insulinoma, gut neuroendocrine tumor, and hepatocellular carcinoma at the preclinical level. Other than malignancies, through Akt inhibition activity, TCN has also been demonstrated potential for treating lung injuries, including those encountered in COVID-19 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Takahashi
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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2
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Ye M, Liu T, Miao L, Zou S, Ji H, Zhang J, Zhu X. The Role of ZNF275/AKT Pathway in Carcinogenesis and Cisplatin Chemosensitivity of Cervical Cancer Using Patient-Derived Xenograft Models. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5625. [PMID: 38067329 PMCID: PMC10705782 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15235625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger protein 275 (ZNF275) is a C2H2-type transcription factor that is localized on chromosome Xq28. Whether ZNF275 participates in modulating the biological behaviors of cervical cancer has not been determined to our knowledge. The present study employed CCK-8, BrdU, flow cytometry, and a transwell assay to investigate the cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of cervical cancer cells. The application of Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) aims to assess ZNF275 protein expression and identify the signaling pathway relevant to ZNF275-mediated effects on cervical cancer. The therapeutic impact of the combined therapy of the AKT inhibitor triciribine and cisplatin was evaluated on cervical cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models expressing high ZNF275. The current research illustrated that cervical cancer tissue exhibited a higher expression of ZNF275 in contrast to the surrounding normal cervical tissue. The downregulation of ZNF275 suppressed cell viability, migration, and invasion, and facilitated the apoptosis of SiHa and HeLa cells via weakening AKT/Bcl-2 signaling pathway. Moreover, triciribine synergized with cisplatin to reduce cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and enhanced the apoptosis of SiHa cells expressing high ZNF275. In addition, the combination treatment of triciribine and cisplatin was more effective in inducing tumor regression than single agents in cervical cancer PDX models expressing high ZNF275. Collectively, the current findings demonstrated that ZNF275 serves as a sufficiently predictive indicator of the therapeutic effectiveness of the combined treatment of triciribine and cisplatin on cervical cancer. Combining triciribine with cisplatin greatly broadens the therapeutic options for cervical cancer expressing high ZNF275, but further research is needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian’an Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; (M.Y.)
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; (M.Y.)
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Ishikawa T, Ogawa T, Shiihara M, Usubuchi H, Omori Y, Hirose K, Itoh T, Yoshida T, Nakanome A, Okoshi A, Higashi K, Ishii R, Rokugo M, Wakamori S, Okamura Y, Kinoshita K, Katori Y, Furukawa T. Salivary gland cancer organoids are valid for preclinical genotype-oriented medical precision trials. iScience 2023; 26:106695. [PMID: 37207275 PMCID: PMC10189274 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland cancers (SGCs) are heterogeneous tumors, and precision oncology represents a promising therapeutic approach; however, its impact on SGCs remains obscure. This study aimed to establish a translational model for testing molecular-targeted therapies by combining patient-derived organoids and genomic analyses of SGCs. We enrolled 29 patients, including 24 with SGCs and 5 with benign tumors. Resected tumors were subjected to organoid and monolayer cultures, as well as whole-exome sequencing. Organoid and monolayer cultures of SGCs were successfully established in 70.8% and 62.5% of cases, respectively. Organoids retained most histopathological and genetic profiles of their original tumors. In contrast, 40% of the monolayer-cultured cells did not harbor somatic mutations of their original tumors. The efficacy of molecular-targeted drugs tested on organoids depended on their oncogenic features. Organoids recapitulated the primary tumors and were useful for testing genotype-oriented molecular targeted therapy, which is valuable for precision medicine in patients with SGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Ishikawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takenori Ogawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shiihara
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hajime Usubuchi
- Department of Pathology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai 980-0873, Japan
| | - Yuko Omori
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Katsuya Hirose
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Taito Itoh
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshida
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ayako Nakanome
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Akira Okoshi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Higashi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Ryo Ishii
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Masahiro Rokugo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Shun Wakamori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Okamura
- Tohoku University Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
- Tohoku University Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Kengo Kinoshita
- Tohoku University Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
- Tohoku University Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Information Sciences, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yukio Katori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Toru Furukawa
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Corresponding author
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Guo Q, Li Y, Xu S, Wang P, Qian K, Yang P, Sheng D, Wang L, Cheng Y, Meng R, Cao J, Luo H, Wei Y, Zhang Q. Brain-neuron targeted nanoparticles for peptide synergy therapy at dual-target of Alzheimer's disease. J Control Release 2023; 355:604-621. [PMID: 36738970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the complex interactions of multiple mechanisms involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) preclude the monotherapeutic approaches from clinical application, combination therapy has become an attractive strategy for AD treatment. However, to be emphasized, the realization of the edges of combination therapy greatly depends on the reasonable choice of targets and the rational design of combination scheme. Acknowledgedly, amyloid plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) are two main hallmarks in AD with close pathological correlations, implying the hopeful prospect of combined intervention in them for AD treatment. Herein, we developed the nano-combination system, neuron-targeting PEG-PLA nanoparticles (CT-NP) loading two peptide drugs H102, a β-sheet breaker acting on Aβ, and NAP, a microtubule stabilizer acting on p-tau. Compared with free peptide combination, nano-combination system partly aligned the in vivo behaviors of combined peptides and enhanced peptide accumulation in lesion neurons by the guidance of targeting peptide CGN and Tet1, facilitating the therapeutic performance of peptide combination. Further, to maximize the therapeutic potential of nano-combination system, the combination ratio and mode were screened by the quantitative evaluation with combination index and U test, respectively, in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the separated-loading CT-NP at the combination molar ratio of 2:1 (H102:NAP), CT-NP/H102 + CT-NP/NAP(2:1), generated the strongest synergistic therapeutic effects on Aβ, p-tau and their linkage, and effectually prevented neuroinflammation, reversed the neuronal damage and restored cognitive performance in 3 × Tg-AD transgenic mice. Our studies provide critical data on the effectiveness of nano-combination therapy simultaneously intervening in Aβ and p-tau, confirming the promising application of nano-combination strategy in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yixian Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyu Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuchang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Meng
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Haichang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wei
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200436, China.
| | - Qizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
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Activation of CD44/PAK1/AKT signaling promotes resistance to FGFR1 inhibition in squamous-cell lung cancer. NPJ Precis Oncol 2022; 6:52. [PMID: 35853934 PMCID: PMC9296622 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-022-00296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene amplification is one of the most prominent and potentially targetable genetic alterations in squamous-cell lung cancer (SQCLC). Highly selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been developed to target FGFR1; however, resistance mechanisms originally existing in patients or acquired during treatment have so far led to limited treatment efficiency in clinical trials. In this study we performed a wide-scale phosphoproteomic mass-spectrometry analysis to explore signaling pathways that lead to resistance toward FGFR1 inhibition in lung cancer cells that display (i) intrinsic, (ii) pharmacologically induced and (iii) mutationally induced resistance. Additionally, we correlated AKT activation to CD44 expression in 175 lung cancer patient samples. We identified a CD44/PAK1/AKT signaling axis as a commonly occurring resistance mechanism to FGFR1 inhibition in lung cancer. Co-inhibition of AKT/FGFR1, CD44/FGFR1 or PAK1/FGFR1 sensitized ‘intrinsically resistant’ and ‘induced-resistant’ lung-cancer cells synergetically to FGFR1 inhibition. Furthermore, strong CD44 expression was significantly correlated with AKT activation in SQCLC patients. Collectively, our phosphoproteomic analysis of lung-cancer cells resistant to FGFR1 inhibitor provides a large data library of resistance-associated phosphorylation patterns and leads to the proposal of a common resistance pathway comprising CD44, PAK1 and AKT activation. Examination of CD44/PAK1/AKT activation could help to predict response to FGFR1 inhibition. Moreover, combination between AKT and FGFR1 inhibitors may pave the way for an effective therapy of patients with treatment-resistant FGFR1-dependent lung cancer.
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6
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The mevalonate pathway in breast cancer biology. Cancer Lett 2022; 542:215761. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Evaluating the Effects of Separate and Concomitant Use of MK-2206 and Salinomycin on Prostate Cancer Cell Line. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 11:157-165. [PMID: 35765523 PMCID: PMC9208569 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.11.1.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is known as one of the most prevalent health disorders in the male population globally. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of separate and concomitant use of MK-2206 and salinomycin on prostate cancer cell line. Methods The antitumor potential of separate and concomitant use of MK-2206 and salinomycin was evaluated in a panel of prostate cancer cell line (PC-3). To get insights into the underlying mechanism of action, different assays including the rate of apoptosis, cell viability, and gene expression were performed in treated prostate cancer cells. Results A significant reduction was detected in the viability percentage of prostate cancer cells (p< 0.001) and the rate of Akt expression (p< 0.001) in all salinomycin, MK-2206, and salinomycin+MK-2206 groups compared to the negative control group. Furthermore, in comparison with the negative control group, there was a notable increase in both the rate of Bad expression (p< 0.001) and prostate cancer cells apoptosis after salinomycin, MK-2206, and salinomycin+MK-2206 treatments. Moreover, the concomitant use of salinomycin+MK-2206 revealed synergistic improvements regarding the viability of prostate cancer cells and the rate of the Akt and Bad expressions compared to the separate administration of salinomycin and MK-2206 (all p< 0.05). Conclusion The findings of the present study may contribute to improving the efficacy of the therapies regarding the management of prostate cancer and providing a beneficial strategy in clinical trials.
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Abstract
Ras proteins mediate extracellular and cytoplasmic signaling networks via receptor tyrosine kinase. The Ras pathway induces activation of signaling molecules involved in cell proliferation and growth, cell survival and apoptosis, metabolism, and motility. Although Ras mutations in breast cancer are not frequently reported, hyperactivation of Ras signaling plays an important role in breast cancer growth and progression. Oncogenic Ras activation occurs via loss of Ras GTPase-activating proteins, overexpression of growth factor receptor, and stimulation by various cytokines. Effective control of oncogenic Ras is one of the therapeutic strategies in breast cancer. The mechanisms of intracellular localization, activation, and signaling pathway of Ras in cancer have been used to develop therapeutic candidates. Recent studies have reported an effective therapy for breast cancer by inhibition of enzymes involved in the posttranslational modification of Ras, such as farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase 1, and anti-cancer therapies targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Emerging targets involved in EGF-mediated Ras activity in breast cancer have shed new insight into Ras activation in breast cancer progression. These alternative mechanisms for Ras signaling pathway may suggest novel therapeutic approaches for targeting Ras in breast cancer. In spite of the difficulties in targeting Ras protein, important discoveries highlight the direct inhibition of Ras activity. Further studies may elucidate the effects of targeting Ras protein and the clinical relevance thereof.
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Mao X, Tey SK, Yeung CLS, Kwong EML, Fung YME, Chung CYS, Mak L, Wong DKH, Yuen M, Ho JCM, Pang H, Wong MP, Leung CO, Lee TKW, Ma V, Cho WC, Cao P, Xu X, Gao Y, Yam JWP. Nidogen 1-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles Facilitate Extrahepatic Metastasis of Liver Cancer by Activating Pulmonary Fibroblasts to Secrete Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002157. [PMID: 33173740 PMCID: PMC7640351 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with extrahepatic metastasis, the lung is the most frequent site of metastasis. However, how the lung microenvironment favors disseminated cells remains unclear. Here, it is found that nidogen 1 (NID1) in metastatic HCC cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) promotes pre-metastatic niche formation in the lung by enhancing angiogenesis and pulmonary endothelial permeability to facilitate colonization of tumor cells and extrahepatic metastasis. EV-NID1 also activates fibroblasts, which secrete tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), facilitate lung colonization of tumor cells, and augment HCC cell growth and motility. Administration of anti-TNFR1 antibody effectively diminishes lung metastasis induced by the metastatic HCC cell-derived EVs in mice. In the clinical perspective, analysis of serum EV-NID1 and TNFR1 in HCC patients reveals their positive correlation and association with tumor stages suggesting the potential of these molecules as noninvasive biomarkers for the early detection of HCC. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the interplay of HCC EVs and activated fibroblasts in pre-metastatic niche formation and how blockage of their functions inhibits distant metastasis to the lungs. This study offers promise for the new direction of HCC treatment by targeting oncogenic EV components and their mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Mao
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Sze Keong Tey
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Cherlie Lot Sum Yeung
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Ernest Man Lok Kwong
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Yi Man Eva Fung
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Clive Yik Sham Chung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Lung‐Yi Mak
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver ResearchThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Danny Ka Ho Wong
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver ResearchThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Man‐Fung Yuen
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver ResearchThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - James Chung Man Ho
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Herbert Pang
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Maria Pik Wong
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Carmen Oi‐Ning Leung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong
| | - Terence Kin Wah Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong
| | - Victor Ma
- Department of Clinical OncologyQueen Elizabeth HospitalKowloonHong Kong
| | | | - Peihua Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510280China
- Clinical Research CenterZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510280China
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510280China
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510280China
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center of Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Zhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510280China
| | - Judy Wai Ping Yam
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver ResearchThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
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Mohd Imran, Mohammad Asif. Study of Various Pyridazine and Phthalazine Drugs with Diverse Therapeutical and Agrochemical Activities. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020050167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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11
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Cholesterol and beyond - The role of the mevalonate pathway in cancer biology. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188351. [PMID: 32007596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a multifaceted global disease. Transformation of a normal to a malignant cell takes several steps, including somatic mutations, epigenetic alterations, metabolic reprogramming and loss of cell growth control. Recently, the mevalonate pathway has emerged as a crucial regulator of tumor biology and a potential therapeutic target. This pathway controls cholesterol production and posttranslational modifications of Rho-GTPases, both of which are linked to several key steps of tumor progression. Inhibitors of the mevalonate pathway induce pleiotropic antitumor-effects in several human malignancies, identifying the pathway as an attractive candidate for novel therapies. In this review, we will provide an overview about the role and regulation of the mevalonate pathway in certain aspects of cancer initiation and progression and its potential for therapeutic intervention in oncology.
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Wu HZ, Xiao JQ, Xiao SS, Cheng Y. KRAS: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Cancer Treatment. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2081-2097. [PMID: 31486755 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190905164144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is the most commonly mutated oncogene in human cancer. The developments of many cancers depend on sustained expression and signaling of KRAS, which makes KRAS a high-priority therapeutic target. Scientists have not successfully developed drugs that target KRAS, although efforts have been made last three decades. In this review, we highlight the emerging experimental strategies of impairing KRAS membrane localization and the direct targeting of KRAS. We also conclude the combinatorial therapies and RNA interference technology for the treatment of KRAS mutant cancers. Moreover, the virtual screening approach to discover novel KRAS inhibitors and synthetic lethality interactors of KRAS are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Zhou Wu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jia-Qi Xiao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Song-Shu Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
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Shi N, Yu H, Chen T. Inhibition of esophageal cancer growth through the suppression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:7637-7647. [PMID: 31571914 PMCID: PMC6756275 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s205457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is implicated in several cancers. AKT allosteric inhibitor MK2206 and dual PI3K and mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 are promising drug candidates with potential anti-tumor effects. Purpose In this study, we aimed to detect the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and assess the efficacy of MK2206 and BEZ235 in inhibiting esophageal cancer growth. Materials and methods We used three different systems including carcinogen-induced animal model, human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines, and xenograft mouse model. Results Our data indicated that components of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway were overexpressed and activated in esophageal SCC. MK2206 and BEZ235 inhibited cell proliferation, enhanced apoptosis, and induced cell-cycle arrest through downstream effectors SKP2, MCL-1, and cyclin D1 in esophageal SCC cells. MK2206 and BEZ235 also inhibited tumor growth in xenograft mice through the inhibition of AKT phosphorylation. MK2206/BEZ235 combination showed greater anti-tumor effect than MK2206 or BEZ235 alone. The enhanced efficacy of the combination was associated with the inhibition of phosphorylation ATK on both Thr308 and Ser473. Conclusion The combination of MK2206 and BEZ235 exhibits potent antitumor effects and may have important clinical applications for esophageal SCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Shi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hao Yu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tong Chen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Lind J, Czernilofsky F, Vallet S, Podar K. Emerging protein kinase inhibitors for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2019; 24:133-152. [PMID: 31327278 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2019.1647165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Significant advances have been made during the last two decades in terms of new therapeutic options but also of innovative approaches to diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma (MM). While patient survival has been significantly prolonged, most patients relapse. Including the milestone approval of the first kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate for CML in 2001, 48 small molecule protein kinase (PK) inhibitors have entered clinical practice until now. However, no PK inhibitor has been approved for MM therapy yet. Areas covered: This review article summarizes up-to-date knowledge on the pathophysiologic role of PKs in MM. Derived small molecules targeting receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), the Ras/Raf/MEK/MAPK- pathway, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR- pathway as well as Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), Aurora kinases (AURK), and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are most promising. Preclinical as well as early clinical data focusing on these molecules will be presented and critically reviewed. Expert opinion: Current MM therapy is directed against general vulnerabilities. Novel therapeutic strategies, inhibition of PKs in particular, are directed to target tumor-specific driver aberrations such as genetic abnormalities and microenvironment-driven deregulations. Results of ongoing Precision Medicine trials with PK inhibitors alone or in combination with other agents are eagerly awaited and hold the promise of once more improving MM patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Lind
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Krems, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences , Krems an der Donau , Austria
| | - Felix Czernilofsky
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Krems, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences , Krems an der Donau , Austria
| | - Sonia Vallet
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Krems, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences , Krems an der Donau , Austria
| | - Klaus Podar
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Krems, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences , Krems an der Donau , Austria
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15
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Wang J, Xu L, Shaheen S, Liu S, Zheng W, Sun X, Li Z, Liu W. Growth of B Cell Receptor Microclusters Is Regulated by PIP 2 and PIP 3 Equilibrium and Dock2 Recruitment and Activation. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2541-2557. [PMID: 29186690 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth of B cell receptor (BCR) microclusters upon antigen stimulation drives B cell activation. Here, we show that PI3K-mediated PIP3 production is required for the growth of BCR microclusters. This growth is likely inhibited by PTEN and dependent on its plasma membrane binding and lipid phosphatase activities. Mechanistically, we find that PIP3-dependent recruitment and activation of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Dock2, is required for the sustained growth of BCR microclusters through remodeling of the F-actin cytoskeleton. As a consequence, Dock2 deficiency significantly disrupts the structure of the B cell immunological synapse. Finally, we find that primary B cells from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients exhibit more prominent BCR and PI3K microclusters than B cells from healthy controls. These results demonstrate the importance of a PI3K- and PTEN-governed PIP2 and PIP3 equilibrium in regulating the activation of B cells through Dock2-controlled growth of BCR microclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liling Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Samina Shaheen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sichen Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing 100044, China
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing 100044, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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16
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Abramson HN. Kinase inhibitors as potential agents in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:81926-81968. [PMID: 27655636 PMCID: PMC5348443 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of therapeutic options available for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) - from immunomodulating agents to proteasome inhibitors to histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and, most recently, monoclonal antibodies. Used in conjunction with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, these modalities have nearly doubled the disease's five-year survival rate over the last three decades to about 50%. In spite of these advances, MM still is considered incurable as resistance and relapse are common. While small molecule protein kinase inhibitors have made inroads in the therapy of a number of cancers, to date their application to MM has been less than successful. Focusing on MM, this review examines the roles played by a number of kinases in driving the malignant state and the rationale for target development in the design of a number of kinase inhibitors that have demonstrated anti-myeloma activity in both in vitro and in vivo xenograph models, as well as those that have entered clinical trials. Among the targets and their inhibitors examined are receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, cell cycle control kinases, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway kinases, protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinase, glycogen synthase kinase, casein kinase, integrin-linked kinase, sphingosine kinase, and kinases involved in the unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanley N Abramson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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17
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Yam C, Murthy RK, Valero V, Szklaruk J, Shroff GS, Stalzer CJ, Buzdar AU, Murray JL, Yang W, Hortobagyi GN, Moulder SL, Arun B. A phase II study of tipifarnib and gemcitabine in metastatic breast cancer. Invest New Drugs 2018; 36:299-306. [PMID: 29374384 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-018-0564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Tipifarnib is an orally active, competitive inhibitor of farnesyltransferase which has shown encouraging signs of activity either alone or when combined with other agents. Clinical studies of tipifarnib in combination with anti-estrogen therapy have yielded disappointing results. In contrast, tipifarnib appears to be synergistic in combination with anthracycline based chemotherapy. Here we report the results of the first prospective phase II trial evaluating the efficacy of the novel combination of tipifarnib and gemcitabine in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Patients and Methods 30 postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer were treated on a 21-day cycle with tipifarnib 300 mg PO twice daily from days 1 through 14. Gemcitabine was administered intravenously at a dose of 1000 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8. Patients were treated until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Results There was one complete response and four partial responses yielding an objective response rate of 16.7%. Median progression-free survival and overall survival was 2.5 months (95% confidence interval: 1.6-5.7 months) and 13.1 months (95% confidence interval: 9.1-20.6 months), respectively. 40% of patients experienced grade 4 neutropenia in this study. Conclusion The combination of tipifarnib and gemcitabine is not well tolerated with high rates of myelosuppression and is not more effective than gemcitabine monotherapy in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton Yam
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Dan L. Duncan Building, CPB5.3542, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1354, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rashmi K Murthy
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Dan L. Duncan Building, CPB5.3542, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1354, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Vicente Valero
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Dan L. Duncan Building, CPB5.3542, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1354, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Janio Szklaruk
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Girish S Shroff
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carol J Stalzer
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Dan L. Duncan Building, CPB5.3542, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1354, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Aman U Buzdar
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Dan L. Duncan Building, CPB5.3542, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1354, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - James L Murray
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Dan L. Duncan Building, CPB5.3542, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1354, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel N Hortobagyi
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Dan L. Duncan Building, CPB5.3542, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1354, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Stacy L Moulder
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Dan L. Duncan Building, CPB5.3542, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1354, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Banu Arun
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Dan L. Duncan Building, CPB5.3542, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1354, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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18
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Perlíková P, Hocek M. Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (7-deazapurine) as a privileged scaffold in design of antitumor and antiviral nucleosides. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1429-1460. [PMID: 28834581 PMCID: PMC5656927 DOI: 10.1002/med.21465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
7-Deazapurine (pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine) nucleosides are important analogues of biogenic purine nucleosides with diverse biological activities. Replacement of the N7 atom with a carbon atom makes the five-membered ring more electron rich and brings a possibility of attaching additional substituents at the C7 position. This often leads to derivatives with increased base-pairing in DNA or RNA or better binding to enzymes. Several types of 7-deazapurine nucleosides with potent cytostatic or cytotoxic effects have been identified. The most promising are 7-hetaryl-7-deazaadenosines, which are activated in cancer cells by phosphorylation and get incorporated both to RNA (causing inhibition of proteosynthesis) and to DNA (causing DNA damage). Mechanism of action of other types of cytostatic nucleosides, 6-hetaryl-7-deazapurine and thieno-fused deazapurine ribonucleosides, is not yet known. Many 7-deazaadenosine derivatives are potent inhibitors of adenosine kinases. Many types of sugar-modified derivatives of 7-deazapurine nucleosides are also strong antivirals. Most important are 2'-C-methylribo- or 2'-C-methyl-2'-fluororibonucleosides with anti-HCV activities (several compounds underwent clinical trials). Some underexplored areas of potential interest are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Perlíková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesCZ‐16610Prague 6Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesCZ‐16610Prague 6Czech Republic
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ScienceCharles University in PragueCZ‐12843Prague 2Czech Republic
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19
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Suarez CD, Wu J, Badve SS, Sparano JA, Kaliney W, Littlepage LE. The AKT inhibitor triciribine in combination with paclitaxel has order-specific efficacy against Zfp217-induced breast cancer chemoresistance. Oncotarget 2017; 8:108534-108547. [PMID: 29312549 PMCID: PMC5752462 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified the transcription factor ZNF217 (human) / Zfp217 (mouse) as an oncogene and prognostic indicator of reduced survival, increased metastasis, and reduced response to therapy in breast cancer patients. Here we investigated the role of Zfp217 in chemotherapy resistance. Preclinical animal models of Zfp217 overexpression were treated with a combination therapy of the microtubule inhibitor epothilone B, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), and cyclophosphamide (EAC). Tumors overexpressing Zfp217 increased their tumor burden compared to control tumors after treatment and accumulated a mammary gland progenitor cell population (K8+K14+). To overcome this chemoresistance after ZNF217 overexpression, we treated tumors ± Zfp217 overexpression with paclitaxel and triciribine, a nucleoside analog and AKT inhibitor that kills cells that overexpress ZNF217. Treatment order critically impacted the efficacy of the therapy. Combination treatment of triciribine followed by paclitaxel (TCN→PAC) inhibited tumor burden and increased survival in tumors that overexpressed Zfp217, whereas single agent or combination treatment in the reverse order (PAC→TCN) did not improve response. Analysis of these tumors and patient-derived tumor xenograft tumors treated with the same therapies suggested that Zfp217 overexpression in tumors contributes both to decreased microvessel density and vessel maturity, while TCN→PAC tumors overexpressing Zfp217 showed improved vessel maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Suarez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
| | - Junmin Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
| | - Sunil S Badve
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Joseph A Sparano
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Laurie E Littlepage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
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20
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Yang C, Li YS, Wang QX, Huang K, Wei JW, Wang YF, Zhou JH, Yi KK, Zhang KL, Zhou BC, Liu C, Zeng L, Kang CS. EGFR/EGFRvIII remodels the cytoskeleton via epigenetic silencing of AJAP1 in glioma cells. Cancer Lett 2017. [PMID: 28634045 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
EGFR amplification and mutations are the most common oncogenic events in GBM. EGFR overexpression correlates with GBM invasion, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In a previous study, we showed that AJAP1 is involved in regulating F-actin to inhibit the invasive ability of GBM. In addition, in a GBM cell line, the AJAP1 promoter was highly bound by H3K27me3 and, through bioinformatics analysis, we found that AJAP1 expression was negatively correlated with EGFR. In this study, we found that the pathway downstream of EGFR had a higher activation level in GBM cell lines, which led to excessive tumor suppressor silencing. Therefore, we deduced that in glioma cells, the pathway downstream of EGFR remodels the cytoskeleton via AJAP1 epigenetic silencing to enhance invasion. Furthermore, MK2206 reversed AJAP1 downregulation by inhibiting the EGFR pathway. In vivo, MK2206 also inhibited the proliferation and local invasion of 87-EGFRvIII. These data suggest that activation of the EGFR signal transduction pathway genetically silences anti-oncogenes to enhance GBM malignancy. MK2206 might be a promising therapeutic for EGFR/EGFRvIII-positive GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yan-Sheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qi-Xue Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jian-Wei Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yun-Fei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jun-Hu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Kai-Kai Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Kai-Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, China
| | - Bing-Cong Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Liang Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Chun-Sheng Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China.
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21
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Ji S, Lin W, Wang L, Ni Z, Jin F, Zha X, Fei G. Combined Targeting of mTOR and Akt Using Rapamycin and MK-2206 in The Treatment of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. J Cancer 2017; 8:555-562. [PMID: 28367235 PMCID: PMC5370499 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), caused by loss-of-function mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by benign tumor formation in multiple organs. Hyperactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is the primary alteration underlying TSC tumor. Thus, rapamycin, as an mTOR specific inhibitor, has been assumed as a potential drug for the treatment of TSC. However, its application in TSC patients has been limited due to side effects. By analyzing Tsc1- or Tsc2-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we found that loss of TSC1 or TSC2 led to a decreased sensitivity to MK-2206, a novel allosteric Akt inhibitor. Ectopic expression of a constitutively activated Akt (myristoylated Akt-1, myrAkt-1) sensitized Tsc2-null and Tsc1-null MEFs to MK-2206. Furthermore, MK-2206 increased the cytotoxicity of rapamycin in Tsc1-/- or Tsc2-/- MEFs. Moreover, the benefit of the combinatorial treatment was also demonstrated in a TSC xenograft mouse model. We conclude that the combination of rapamycin and MK-2206 may be utilized as a new therapeutic regimen for TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ji
- Pulmonary Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China;; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China;; Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhaofei Ni
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fuquan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaojun Zha
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guanghe Fei
- Pulmonary Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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22
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Tanaka T, Ikegami Y, Nakazawa H, Kuriyama N, Oki M, Hanai JI, Sukhatme VP, Kaneki M. Low-Dose Farnesyltransferase Inhibitor Suppresses HIF-1α and Snail Expression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer MDA-MB-231 Cells In Vitro. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:192-201. [PMID: 27137755 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aggressiveness of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which lacks estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), represents a major challenge in breast cancer. Migratory and self-renewal capabilities are integral components of invasion, metastasis and recurrence of TNBC. Elevated hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression is associated with aggressiveness of cancer. Nonetheless, how HIF-1α expression is regulated and how HIF-1α induces aggressive phenotype are not completely understood in TNBC. The cytotoxic effects of farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibitors (FTIs) have been studied in cancer and leukemia cells. In contrast, the effect of FTIs on HIF-1α expression has not yet been studied. Here, we show that clinically relevant low-dose FTI, tipifarnib (300 nM), decreased HIF-1α expression, migration and tumorsphere formation in human MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells under a normoxic condition. In contrast, the low-dose FTIs did not inhibit cell growth and activity of the Ras pathway in MDA-MB 231 cells. Tipifarnib-induced decrease in HIF-1α expression was associated with amelioration of the Warburg effect, hypermetabolic state, increases in Snail expression and ATP release, and suppressed E-cadherin expression, major contributors to invasion, metastasis and recurrence of TBNC. These data suggest that FTIs may be capable of ameliorating the aggressive phenotype of TNBC by suppressing the HIF-1α-Snail pathway. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 192-201, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Tanaka
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Yuichi Ikegami
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Harumasa Nakazawa
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Naohide Kuriyama
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Miwa Oki
- Division of Nephrology, Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jun-Ichi Hanai
- Division of Nephrology, Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vikas P Sukhatme
- Division of Nephrology, Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Masao Kaneki
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts. .,Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts.
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23
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Qi L, Toyoda H, Xu DQ, Zhou Y, Sakurai N, Amano K, Kihira K, Hori H, Azuma E, Komada Y. PDK1-mTOR signaling pathway inhibitors reduce cell proliferation in MK2206 resistant neuroblastoma cells. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:91. [PMID: 26421002 PMCID: PMC4587771 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose AKT plays a pivotal role in the signal transduction of cancer cells. MK2206, an AKT inhibitor, has been shown to be an effective anti-cancer drug to a variety of cancer cell lines. However, some cancer cells acquire resistance to MK2206 and new strategies to suppress these cell lines remain to be developed. Experimental design Acquired MK-2206-resistant neuroblastoma (NB) cell sublines were induced by stepwise escalation of MK-2206 exposure (4–12 weeks). MTT assay was used to validate cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was performed for cell cycle analysis. Western blot assay was used for cell signaling study. Results MK2206 (5–10 µmol) significantly suppressed cell growth of MK2206 non-resistant NB cells (LAN-1, KP-N-SIFA, NB-19 and SK-N-DZ), but is less efficient in inhibiting that of resistant sublines, even after 2-week MK2206-free incubation. MK2206 acted in mTOR-S6K dependent and independent methods. MK-2206 resistant sublines (LAN-1-MK, KP-N-SIFA-MK, and SK-N-DZ-MK) showed lower IC50 of GSK2334470 (PDK1 inhibitor). The cell growth of all sublines was prohibited by AZD8805 (mTOR inhibitor), with IC50 of AZD8805 3–10 times lower than MK2206 non-resistant cells. The signaling profiles of these resistant sublines were characterized by elevated PDK1-mTOR-S6K activity, accompanying by low phosphorylation of AKT compared with non-resistant counterparts. GSK2334470 and AZD8055 effectively inhibited phosphorylation of PDK1 and mTOR, respectively, and induced higher G0–G1 ratio in LAN-1-MK than that in LAN-1 as well. PDK1 and mTOR inhibitors effected on phosphorylation of GSK3β in some of resistant sublines. Conclusion NB cells can acquire MK2206 resistance after exposure for 4–12 weeks. Resistant cells feature reliance on PDK1-mTOR-S6K pathway and are more sensitive to PDK1 and mTOR inhibitors than the non-resistant counterparts. Thus, suppression of PDK1-mTOR-S6K signaling pathway is an effective way to overcome the MK2206 resistance, and this may be a promising strategy for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qi
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan ; Department of Pediatrics, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Hidemi Toyoda
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Dong-Qing Xu
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan ; Department of Pediatrics, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Department of Child Health Nursing, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Naoto Sakurai
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Keishirou Amano
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Kentaro Kihira
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Hiroki Hori
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Eiichi Azuma
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komada
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
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Yang H, Lawrence HR, Kazi A, Gevariya H, Patel R, Luo Y, Rix U, Schonbrunn E, Lawrence NJ, Sebti SM. Dual Aurora A and JAK2 kinase blockade effectively suppresses malignant transformation. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2947-61. [PMID: 24930769 PMCID: PMC4102782 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aurora A and JAK2 kinases are involved in cell division and tumor cell survival, respectively. Here we demonstrate that ectopic expression of Aurora A and JAK2 together is more effective than each alone at inducing non-transformed cells to grow in an anchorage-independent manner and to invade. Furthermore, siRNA silencing or pharmacological inhibition of Aurora A and JAK2 with Alisertib and Ruxolitinib, respectively, is more effective than blocking each kinase alone at suppressing anchorage-dependent and –independent growth and invasion as well as at inducing apoptosis. Importantly, we have developed dual Aurora and JAK inhibitors, AJI-214 and AJI-100, which potently inhibit Aurora A, Aurora B and JAK2 in vitro. In human cancer cells, these dual inhibitors block the auto-phosphorylation of Aurora A (Thr-288) and the phosphorylation of the Aurora B substrate histone H3 (Ser-10) and the JAK2 substrate STAT3 (Tyr-705). Furthermore, AJI-214 and AJI-100 inhibit anchorage dependent and independent cell growth and invasion and induce G2/M cell cycle accumulation and apoptosis. Finally, AJI-100 caused regression of human tumor xenografts in mice. Taken together, our genetic and pharmacological studies indicate that targeting Aurora A and JAK2 together is a more effective approach than each kinase alone at inhibiting malignant transformation and warrant further advanced pre clinical investigations of dual Aurora A/JAK2 inhibitors as potential anti tumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Drug Discovery Department, Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Chemical Biology Core Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute
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Marinopyrrole derivatives with sulfide spacers as selective disruptors of Mcl-1 binding to pro-apoptotic protein Bim. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4311-25. [PMID: 25076060 PMCID: PMC4145318 DOI: 10.3390/md12084311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel marinopyrroles with sulfide and sulphone spacers were designed and synthesized. Their activity to disrupt the binding of the pro-apoptotic protein, Bim, to the pro-survival proteins, Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL, was evaluated using ELISA assays. Fluorescence-quenching (FQ) assays confirmed the direct binding of marinopyrroles to Mcl-1. Benzyl- and benzyl methoxy-containing sulfide derivatives 4 and 5 were highly potent dual Mcl-1/Bim and Bcl-xL/Bim disruptors (IC50 values of 600 and 700 nM), whereas carboxylate-containing sulfide derivative 9 exhibited 16.4-fold more selectivity for disrupting Mcl-1/Bim over Bcl-xL/Bim binding. In addition, a nonsymmetrical marinopyrrole 12 is as equally potent as the parent marinopyrrole A (1) for disrupting both Mcl-1/Bim and Bcl-xL/Bim binding. Some of the derivatives were also active in intact human breast cancer cells where they reduced the levels of Mcl-1, induced programd cell death (apoptosis) and inhibited cell proliferation.
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Sensitization of cancer cells through reduction of total Akt and downregulation of salinomycin-induced pAkt, pGSk3β, pTSC2, and p4EBP1 by cotreatment with MK-2206. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:295760. [PMID: 25114899 PMCID: PMC4119636 DOI: 10.1155/2014/295760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MK-2206 is an inhibitor of Akt activation. It has been investigated as an anticancer drug in clinical trials assessing the potential of pAkt targeting therapy. The purpose of this study was to identify conditions that increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to MK-2206. We found that the treatment of cancer cells with a high concentration of salinomycin (Sal) reduced total Akt protein levels but increased activated Akt levels. When cancer cells were cotreated with MK-2206 and Sal, both pAkt and total Akt levels were reduced. Using microscopic observation, an assessment of cleaved PARP, FACS analysis of pre-G1 region, and Hoechst staining, we found that Sal increased apoptosis of MK-2206-treated cancer cells. These results suggest that cotreatment with MK-2206 and Sal sensitizes cancer cells via reduction of both pAkt and total Akt. Furthermore, cotreatment of cancer cells with Sal and MK-2206 reduced pp70S6K, pmTOR, and pPDK1 levels. In addition, Sal-induced activation of GSK3β, TSC2, and 4EBP1 was abolished by MK-2206 cotreatment. These results suggest that cotreatment using MK-2206 and Sal could be used as a therapeutic method to sensitize cancer cells through targeting of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Our findings may contribute to the development of MK-2206-based sensitization therapies for cancer patients.
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Jang JH, Cho YC, Kim KH, Lee KS, Lee J, Kim DE, Park JS, Jang BC, Kim S, Kwon TK, Park JW. BAI, a novel Cdk inhibitor, enhances farnesyltransferase inhibitor LB42708-mediated apoptosis in renal carcinoma cells through the downregulation of Bcl-2 and c-FLIP (L). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1680-90. [PMID: 24993441 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported the potential of a novel Cdk inhibitor, 2-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl-N-[5-(1,1-dioxo-1λ6-isothiazolidin-2-yl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]acetamide (BAI) as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent. In this study, we investigated mechanisms by which BAI modulates FTI-mediated apoptosis in human renal carcinoma Caki cells. BAI synergizes with FTI to activate DEVDase, cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), and degradation of various anti-apoptotic proteins in Caki cells. BAI plus LB42708-induced apoptosis was inhibited by pretreatment with pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, but not by overexpression of CrmA. The ROS scavenger, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) did not reduce BAI plus LB4270-induced apoptosis. Co-treatment of BAI and LB42708 reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, ∆Ψm) in a time-dependent manner, and induced release of AIF and cytochrome c from mitochondria in Caki cells. Furthermore, BAL plus LB42708 induced downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins [c-FLIP (L), c-FLIP (s), Bcl-2, XIAP, and Mcl-1 (L)]. Especially, we found that BAI plus LB42708-induced apoptosis was significantly attenuated by overexpression of Bcl-2 and partially blocked by overexpression of c-FLIP (L). Taken together, our results show that the activity of BAI plus LB42708 modulate multiple components in apoptotic response of human renal Caki cells, and indicate a potential as combinational therapeutic agents for preventing cancer such as renal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Chul Cho
- Department of Urology, Dongguk University, College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Ho Kim
- Department of Urology, Dongguk University, College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Seop Lee
- Department of Urology, Dongguk University, College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Eun Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Soo Park
- Chronic Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Churl Jang
- Chronic Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Wook Park
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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CAO LEI, WANG PING, LUO HUI, WANG XIRUI, WANG XIEFENG, ZHANG JUNXIA, WANG YINGYI, YAO LEI, LIU NING, YOU YONGPING. Inhibition of activated Ras suppresses multiple oncogenic Hub genes in human epithelial tumors. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1609-17. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Withacnistin inhibits recruitment of STAT3 and STAT5 to growth factor and cytokine receptors and induces regression of breast tumours. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:894-902. [PMID: 24983364 PMCID: PMC4150266 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The binding of STAT3 and STAT5 to growth factor and cytokine receptors such as EGFR and IL-6 receptor gp130 is critical to their activation and ability to contribute to malignant transformation. Therefore, interfering with these biochemical processes could lead to the discovery of novel anticancer agents. Methods: Co-immunoprecipitation, western blotting, microscopy, DNA binding, invasion, and soft agar assays as well as a mouse model were used to investigate the mechanism by which the natural product Withacnistin (Wit) inhibits STAT 3/5 tyrosine phosphoryaltion and activation. Results: Wit blocks EGF- and IL-6-stimulated binding of STAT3 and STAT5 to EGFR and gp130. Wit inhibits EGF-, PDGF-, IL-6-, IFNβ-, and GM-CSF-stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5 but not of EGFR or PDGFR. The inhibition of P-STAT3 and P-STAT5 occurred rapidly, within minutes of Wit treatment and growth factor stimulation. Wit also inhibits STAT3 nuclear translocation, DNA binding, promoter transcriptional activation, and it suppresses the expression levels of STAT3 target genes such as Bcl-xL and Mcl-1. Finally, Wit induces apoptosis, inhibits anchorage-dependent and -independent growth and invasion, and causes breast tumour regression in an ErbB2-driven transgenic mouse model. Conclusions: These data warrant further development of Wit as a novel anticancer drug for targeting tumours that harbour hyperactivated STAT3 and STAT5.
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Keane NA, Glavey SV, Krawczyk J, O'Dwyer M. AKT as a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:897-915. [PMID: 24905897 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.924507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple myeloma remains an incurable malignancy with poor survival. Novel therapeutic approaches capable of improving outcomes in patients with multiple myeloma are urgently required. AKT is a central node in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway with high expression in advanced and resistant multiple myeloma. AKT contributes to multiple oncogenic functions in multiple myeloma which may be exploited therapeutically. Promising preclinical data has lent support for pursuing further development of AKT inhibitors in multiple myeloma. Lead drugs are now entering the clinic. AREAS COVERED The rationale for AKT inhibition in multiple myeloma, pharmacological subtypes of AKT inhibitors in development, available results of clinical studies of AKT inhibitors and suitable drug partners for further development in combination with AKT inhibition in multiple myeloma are discussed. EXPERT OPINION AKT inhibitors are a welcome addition to the armamentarium against multiple myeloma and promising clinical activity is being reported from ongoing trials in combination with established and/or novel treatment approaches. AKT inhibitors may be set to improve patient outcomes when used in combination with synergistic drug partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh A Keane
- Galway University Hospital, Department of Haematology , Newcastle Road, Galway , Ireland
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31
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Straniero V, Pallavicini M, Chiodini G, Ruggeri P, Fumagalli L, Bolchi C, Corsini A, Ferri N, Ricci C, Valoti E. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors: CAAX mimetics based on different biaryl scaffolds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2924-7. [PMID: 24821376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mimetics of the C-terminal CAAX tetrapeptide of Ras protein were designed as farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibitors (FTIs) by replacing AA with o-aryl or o-heteroaryl substituted p-hydroxy- or p-aminobenzoic acid, while maintaining the replacement of C with 1,4-benzodioxan-2-ylmethyl or 2-amino-4-thiazolylacetyl residue as in previous CAAX mimetics. Both FTase inhibition and antiproliferative effect were showed by two thiazole derivatives, namely those with 1-naphthyl (10 and 10a) or 3-furanyl (15 and 15a) in the central spacer, and by the benzodioxane derivative with 2-thienyl (6 and 6a) in the same position. Accumulation of unprenylated RAS was demonstrated in cells incubated with 15a. Consistently with FTIs literature, such results delineate the biaryl scaffold not only as a spacer but also as a sensible area of these mimetic molecules, where modifications at the branching aromatic ring are not indifferent and should be matter of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Straniero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Pallavicini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Chiodini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Ruggeri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Fumagalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bolchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, I-20133 Milano, Italy; Multimedica IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Ricci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ermanno Valoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
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Cheng C, Liu Y, Balasis ME, Simmons NL, Li J, Song H, Pan L, Qin Y, Nicolaou KC, Sebti SM, Li R. Cyclic marinopyrrole derivatives as disruptors of Mcl-1 and Bcl-x(L) binding to Bim. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:1335-48. [PMID: 24608970 PMCID: PMC3967213 DOI: 10.3390/md12031335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel cyclic marinopyrroles were designed and synthesized. Their activity to disrupt the binding of the pro-apoptotic protein, Bim, to the pro-survival proteins, Mcl-1 and Bcl-x(L), was evaluated using ELISA assays. Both atropisomers of marinopyrrole A (1) show similar potency. A tetrabromo congener 9 is two-fold more potent than 1. Two novel cyclic marinopyrroles (3 and 4) are two- to seven-fold more potent than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Medicinal Natural Products, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Chemical Biology & Molecular Medicine Program, Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Maria E Balasis
- Chemical Biology & Molecular Medicine Program, Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Nicholas L Simmons
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Jerry Li
- Chemical Biology & Molecular Medicine Program, Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Hao Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Medicinal Natural Products, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Lili Pan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Medicinal Natural Products, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Medicinal Natural Products, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Said M Sebti
- Chemical Biology & Molecular Medicine Program, Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Rongshi Li
- Chemical Biology & Molecular Medicine Program, Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Bunda S, Qin K, Kommaraju K, Heir P, Ohh M. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia-associated mutation in Cbl promotes resistance to apoptosis via the Lyn-PI3K/AKT pathway. Oncogene 2014; 34:789-97. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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WANG QINGFEI, DING HUI, LIU BAORUI, LI SHAUHSUAN, LI PING, GE HAILIANG, ZHANG KUI. Addition of the Akt inhibitor triciribine overcomes antibody resistance in cells from ErbB2/Neu-positive/PTEN-deficient mammary tumors. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1277-83. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Iida M, Brand TM, Campbell DA, Starr MM, Luthar N, Traynor AM, Wheeler DL. Targeting AKT with the allosteric AKT inhibitor MK-2206 in non-small cell lung cancer cells with acquired resistance to cetuximab. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 14:481-91. [PMID: 23760490 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.24342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a central regulator of tumor progression in human cancers. Cetuximab is an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody that has been approved for use in oncology. Despite clinical success the majority of patients do not respond to cetuximab and those who initially respond frequently acquire resistance. To understand how tumor cells acquire resistance to cetuximab we developed a model of resistance using the non-small cell lung cancer line NCI-H226. We found that cetuximab-resistant (Ctx (R) ) clones manifested strong activation of EGFR, PI3K/AKT and MAPK. To investigate the role of AKT signaling in cetuximab resistance we analyzed the activation of the AKT pathway effector molecules using a human AKT phospho-antibody array. Strong activation was observed in Ctx (R) clones for several key AKT substrates including c-jun, GSK3β, eIF4E, rpS6, IKKα, IRS-1 and Raf1. Inhibition of AKT signaling by siAKT1/2 or by the allosteric AKT inhibitor MK-2206 resulted in robust inhibition of cell proliferation in all Ctx (R) clones. Moreover, the combinational treatment of cetuximab and MK-2206 resulted in further decreases in proliferation than either drug alone. This combinatorial treatment resulted in decreased activity of both AKT and MAPK thus highlighting the importance of simultaneous pathway inhibition to maximally affect the growth of Ctx (R) cells. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that AKT activation is an important pathway in acquired resistance to cetuximab and suggests that combinatorial therapy directed at both the AKT and EGFR/MAPK pathways may be beneficial in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Iida
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Madison, WI, USA
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Sun XP, Dong X, Lin L, Jiang X, Wei Z, Zhai B, Sun B, Zhang Q, Wang X, Jiang H, Krissansen GW, Qiao H, Sun X. Up-regulation of survivin by AKT and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α contributes to cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer. FEBS J 2013; 281:115-28. [PMID: 24165223 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the contribution of survivin and its upstream regulators, AKT and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), to the resistance of gastric cancer cells to cisplatin (CDDP). We found that over-expression of survivin increased the resistance of SGC7901 and BGC823 gastric cancer cells to CDDP. Its over-expression abrogated CDDP-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and CDDP-induced cell apoptosis. In contrast, down-regulation of survivin expression using small hairpin RNA (shRNA) vectors and the small-molecule inhibitor YM155, or inhibition of survivin function using a recombinant cell-permeable dominant-negative survivin protein (dNSur9), promoted CDDP-induced apoptosis. CDDP-resistant sub-lines generated from the parental SGC7901 and BGC823 cells by exposure to increasing concentrations of CDDP expressed higher levels of HIF-1α and survivin in response to hypoxia, and higher levels of phosphorylated AKT (pAKT). Specific inhibition of AKT reduced the expression of HIF-1α and survivin, whereas specific inhibition or depletion of HIF-1α reduced survivin expression but had no effect on the expression of phosphorylated AKT. The expression levels of survivin affected the therapeutic efficacy of CDDP in treating gastric tumors in mice. Specific inhibition of survivin, AKT and HIF-1α enhanced the sensitivity of CDDP-resistant cells to CDDP. Specific inhibition of survivin, AKT and HIF-1α synergized with CDDP to suppress the growth of gastric tumors that had been engineered to overexpress survivin. In summary, the results provide evidence that up-regulation of survivin by AKT and HIF-1α contributes to CDDP resistance, indicating that inhibition of these pathways may be a potential strategy for overcoming CDDP resistance in the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Pu Sun
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
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Sampath D, Malik A, Plunkett W, Nowak B, Williams B, Burton M, Verstovsek S, Faderl S, Garcia-Manero G, List AF, Sebti S, Kantarjian HM, Ravandi F, Lancet JE. Phase I clinical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic study of the Akt-inhibitor triciribine phosphate monohydrate in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies. Leuk Res 2013; 37:1461-7. [PMID: 23993427 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Akt, a serine/threonine protein kinase, is constitutively phosphorylated and hyperactivated in multiple cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia. High levels are linked to poor survival and inferior responses to chemotherapy, making Akt inhibition an attractive therapeutic target. In this phase I/II study of TCN-PM, a small-molecule Akt inhibitor, TCN-PM therapy was well tolerated in patients with advanced hematological malignancies, and reduced levels of phosphorylation of Akt and its substrate Bad were shown, consistent with inhibition of this survival pathway and induction of cell death. Further investigation of TCN-PM alone or in combination in patients with high Akt levels is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Sampath
- Departments of Experimental Therapeutics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Vilquin P, Villedieu M, Grisard E, Larbi SB, Ghayad SE, Heudel PE, Bachelot T, Corbo L, Treilleux I, Vendrell JA, Cohen PA. Molecular characterization of anastrozole resistance in breast cancer: Pivotal role of the Akt/mTOR pathway in the emergence ofde novoor acquired resistance and importance of combining the allosteric Akt inhibitor MK-2206 with an aromatase inhibitor. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:1589-602. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sandra E. Ghayad
- INSERM U1052; CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon; Lyon; France
| | | | | | - Laura Corbo
- INSERM U1052; CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon; Lyon; France
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Patel RA, Liu Y, Wang B, Li R, Sebti SM. Identification of novel ROCK inhibitors with anti-migratory and anti-invasive activities. Oncogene 2013; 33:550-5. [PMID: 23396364 PMCID: PMC3977753 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
ROCK1 and ROCK2 mediate important processes such as cell migration, invasion and metastasis; making them good targets for the development of antitumor agents. Recently, using a fragment-based approach and X-ray crystallography, we reported on the design and synthesis of novel Rho-kinase inhibitors (RKIs). Here, we selected a pair of RKIs, the closely-related structural analogues RKI-18 (potent; IC50 values of 397 nM (ROCK1) and 349 nM (ROCK2)) and RKI-11 (weak/inactive; IC50 values of 38 µM (ROCK1) and 45 µM (ROCK2), as chemical probes and determined their effects on cytoskeleton organization, signaling, apoptosis, anchorage-dependent and –independent growth, migration and invasion. RKI-18 but not RKI-11 suppresses potently the phosphorylation of the ROCK substrate MLC2 in intact human breast, lung, colon and prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, RKI-18 is highly selective at decreasing the levels of P-MLC2 over those of P-Akt, P-S6 and P-Erk ½. RKI-18 suppresses ROCK-mediated actin fiber formation following stimulation with LPA as well as PAK-mediated lamelipodia and filopodia formation following bradykinin or PDGF stimulation. Furthermore, RKI-18 but not RKI-11 inhibits migration, invasion and anchorage-independent growth of human breast cancer cells. The fact that the active ROCK inhibitor RKI-18 but not the inactive closely related structural analogue RKI-11 is effective at suppressing malignant transformation suggests that inhibition of ROCK with RKI-18 results in preventing migration, invasion and anchorage-independent growth. The potential of this class of RKIs as anti tumor agents warrants further advanced preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Patel
- Drug Discovery Department, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Y Liu
- Drug Discovery Department, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - B Wang
- Drug Discovery Department, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - R Li
- Drug Discovery Department, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - S M Sebti
- 1] Drug Discovery Department, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA [2] Departments of Oncologic Sciences and Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Padilla A, Amiable C, Pochet S, Kaminski PA, Labesse G. Structure of the oncoprotein Rcl bound to three nucleotide analogues. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:247-55. [PMID: 23385460 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444912045039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Rcl is a novel N-glycoside hydrolase found in mammals that shows specificity for the hydrolysis of 5'-monophosphate nucleotides. Its role in nucleotide catabolism and the resulting production of 2-deoxyribose 5-phosphate has suggested that it might fuel cancer growth. Its expression is regulated by c-Myc, but its role as an oncoprotein remains to be clarified. In parallel, various nucleosides have been shown to acquire pro-apoptotic properties upon 5'-monophosphorylation in cells. These include triciribine, a tricyclic nucleoside analogue that is currently in clinical trials in combination with a farnesyltransferase inhibitor. Similarly, an N(6)-alkyl-AMP has been shown to be cytotoxic. Interestingly, Rcl has been shown to be inhibited by such compounds in vitro. In order to gain better insight into the precise ligand-recognition determinants, the crystallization of Rcl with these nucleotide analogues was attempted. The first crystal structure of Rcl was solved by molecular replacement using its NMR structure in combination with distantly related crystal structures. The structures of Rcl bound to two other nucleotides were then solved by molecular replacement using the previous crystal structure as a template. The resulting structures, solved at high resolution, led to a clear characterization of the protein-ligand interactions that will guide further rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Padilla
- CNRS, UMR5048, Université Montpellier 1 et 2, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, F-34090 Montpellier, France
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Mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of Apelin-13 on glucose deprivation-induced autophagy in rat cardiomyocytes. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5:797-802. [PMID: 23403698 PMCID: PMC3570085 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Apelin-13 on cardiomyocyte autophagy and to determine the underlying mechanism of this effect. To establish an autophagic model system, the cardiomyocytes of Sprague Dawley rats (postnatal day 3) were cultured and divided into five groups: normal control (Co), glucose deprivation (GD), GD+Apelin-13, GD+Apelin-13 treated with the Akt-specific inhibitor triciribine (GD+Apelin-13+Triciribine) and triciribine alone (Triciribine). The intracellular autophagosomes were then observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the expression levels of cellular autophagy-related protein microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein were measured using western blotting. Compared with the Co group, the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I increased significantly in all treatment groups, with the exception of the Triciribine group (P<0.05). Compared with the GD group, the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I was significantly decreased, and the PI3K and mTOR expression was significantly enhanced in the GD+Apelin-13 and GD+Apelin-13+Triciribine groups (P<0.05). Compared with the GD+Apelin-13 group, the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I increased significantly (P<0.05) and the PI3K expression remained unchanged in the GD+Apelin-13+Triciribine group (P>0.05), but mTOR expression was significantly reduced (P<0.05). GD led to increased numbers of autophagosomes and augmented the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio (P<0.05). Apelin-13 pretreatment attenuated GD-induced cardiomyocte injury, decreased the autophagosome number and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I (P<0.05), enhanced PI3K activity (P<0.05) and upregulated the phosphorylation levels of the Akt and mTOR proteins (P<0.05). The Akt-specific inhibitor triciribine weakened the protective role of Apelin-13 (P<0.05). To a certain extent, Apelin-13 inhibited GD-induced cardiomyocyte autophagy, which may be related in part to the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Hanrahan AJ, Schultz N, Westfal ML, Sakr RA, Giri DD, Scarperi S, Janakiraman M, Janikariman M, Olvera N, Stevens EV, She QB, Aghajanian C, King TA, Stanchina ED, Spriggs DR, Heguy A, Taylor BS, Sander C, Rosen N, Levine DA, Solit DB. Genomic complexity and AKT dependence in serous ovarian cancer. Cancer Discov 2013; 2:56-67. [PMID: 22328975 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-11-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Effective oncoprotein-targeted therapies have not yet been developed for ovarian cancer. To explore the role of PI3 kinase/AKT signaling in this disease, we performed a genetic and functional analysis of ovarian cancer cell lines and tumors. PI3K pathway alterations were common in both, but the spectrum of mutational changes differed. Genetic activation of the pathway was necessary, but not sufficient, to confer sensitivity to selective inhibition of AKT and cells with RAS pathway alterations or RB1 loss were resistant to AKT inhibition, whether or not they had coexistent PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Inhibition of AKT1 caused growth arrest in a subset of ovarian cell lines, but not in those with AKT3 expression, which required pan-AKT inhibition. Thus, a subset of ovarian tumors are sensitive to AKT inhibition, but the genetic heterogeneity of the disease suggests that effective treatment with AKT pathway inhibitors will require a detailed molecular analysis of each patient's tumor. SIGNIFICANCE A subset of ovarian cancers exhibits AKT pathway activation and is sensitive to selective AKT inhibition. Ovarian tumors exhibit significant genetic heterogeneity and thus an individualized approach based on real-time, detailed genomic and proteomic characterization of individual tumors will be required for the successful application of PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphrothiti J Hanrahan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10471, USA
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Zhang X, Sun Y, Pireddu R, Yang H, Urlam MK, Lawrence HR, Guida WC, Lawrence NJ, Sebti SM. A novel inhibitor of STAT3 homodimerization selectively suppresses STAT3 activity and malignant transformation. Cancer Res 2013; 73:1922-33. [PMID: 23322008 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
STAT3-STAT3 dimerization, which involves reciprocal binding of the STAT3-SH2 domain to phosphorylated tyrosine-705 (Y-705), is required for STAT3 nuclear translocation, DNA binding, and transcriptional regulation of downstream target genes. Here, we describe a small molecule S3I-1757 capable of disrupting STAT3-STAT3 dimerization, activation, and malignant transforming activity. Fluorescence polarization assay and molecular modeling suggest that S3I-1757 interacts with the phospho-Y-705-binding site in the SH2 domain and displaces fluorescein-labeled GpYLPQTV phosphotyrosine peptide from binding to STAT3. We generated hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged STAT3 and FLAG-tagged STAT3 and showed using coimmunoprecipitation and colocalization studies that S3I-1757 inhibits STAT3 dimerization and STAT3-EGF receptor (EGFR) binding in intact cells. Treatment of human cancer cells with S3I-1757 (but not a closely related analog, S3I-1756, which does not inhibit STAT3 dimerization), inhibits selectively the phosphorylation of STAT3 over AKT1 and ERK1/2 (MAPK3/1), nuclear accumulation of P-Y705-STAT3, STAT3-DNA binding, and transcriptional activation and suppresses the expression levels of STAT3 target genes, such as Bcl-xL (BCL2L1), survivin (BIRC5), cyclin D1 (CCND1), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Furthermore, S3I-1757, but not S3I-1756, inhibits anchorage-dependent and -independent growth, migration, and invasion of human cancer cells, which depend on STAT3. Finally, STAT3-C, a genetically engineered mutant of STAT3 that forms a constitutively dimerized STAT3, rescues cells from the effects of S3I-1757 inhibition. Thus, we have developed S3I-1757 as a STAT3-STAT3 dimerization inhibitor capable of blocking hyperactivated STAT3 and suppressing malignant transformation in human cancer cells that depend on STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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Pal I, Mandal M. PI3K and Akt as molecular targets for cancer therapy: current clinical outcomes. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1441-58. [PMID: 22983389 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K-Akt pathway is a vital regulator of cell proliferation and survival. Alterations in the PIK3CA gene that lead to enhanced PI3K kinase activity have been reported in many human cancer types, including cancers of the colon, breast, brain, liver, stomach and lung. Deregulation of PI3K causes aberrant Akt activity. Therefore targeting this pathway could have implications for cancer treatment. The first generation PI3K-Akt inhibitors were proven to be highly effective with a low IC(50), but later, they were shown to have toxic side effects and poor pharmacological properties and selectivity. Thus, these inhibitors were only effective in preclinical models. However, derivatives of these first generation inhibitors are much more selective and are quite effective in targeting the PI3K-Akt pathway, either alone or in combination. These second-generation inhibitors are essentially a specific chemical moiety that helps to form a strong hydrogen bond interaction with the PI3K/Akt molecule. The goal of this review is to delineate the current efforts that have been undertaken to inhibit the various components of the PI3K and Akt pathway in different types of cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Our focus here is on these novel therapies and their inhibitory effects that depend upon their chemical nature, as well as their development towards clinical trials.
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Zverina EA, Lamphear CL, Wright EN, Fierke CA. Recent advances in protein prenyltransferases: substrate identification, regulation, and disease interventions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012; 16:544-52. [PMID: 23141597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications increase the functional diversity of the proteome by covalently adding chemical moieties onto proteins thereby changing their activation state, cellular localization, interacting partners, and life cycle. Lipidation is one such modification that enables membrane association of naturally cytosolic proteins. Protein prenyltransferases irreversibly install isoprenoid units of varying length via a thioether linkage onto proteins that exert their cellular activity at membranes. Substrates of prenyltransferases are involved in countless signaling pathways and processes within the cell. Identification of new prenylation substrates, prenylation pathway regulators, and dynamic trafficking of prenylated proteins are all avenues of intense, ongoing research that are challenging, exciting, and have the potential to significantly advance the field in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaina A Zverina
- Chemical Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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Sangai T, Akcakanat A, Chen H, Tarco E, Wu Y, Do KA, Miller TW, Arteaga CL, Mills GB, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Meric-Bernstam F. Biomarkers of response to Akt inhibitor MK-2206 in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:5816-28. [PMID: 22932669 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that allosteric Akt inhibitor MK-2206 inhibits tumor growth, and that PTEN/PIK3CA mutations confer MK-2206 sensitivity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MK-2206 effects on cell signaling were assessed in vitro and in vivo. Its antitumor efficacy was assessed in vitro in a panel of cancer cell lines with differing PIK3CA and PTEN status. Its in vivo efficacy was tested as a single agent and in combination with paclitaxel. RESULTS MK-2206 inhibited Akt signaling and cell-cycle progression, and increased apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in breast cancer cell lines. Cell lines with PTEN or PIK3CA mutations were significantly more sensitive to MK-2206; however, several lines with PTEN/PIK3CA mutations were MK-2206 resistant. siRNA knockdown of PTEN in breast cancer cells increased Akt phosphorylation concordant with increased MK-2206 sensitivity. Stable transfection of PIK3CA E545K or H1047R mutant plasmids into normal-like MCF10A breast cells enhanced MK-2206 sensitivity. Cell lines that were less sensitive to MK-2206 had lower ratios of Akt1/Akt2 and had less growth inhibition with Akt siRNA knockdown. In PTEN-mutant ZR75-1 breast cancer xenografts, MK-2206 treatment inhibited Akt signaling, cell proliferation, and tumor growth. In vitro, MK-2206 showed a synergistic interaction with paclitaxel in MK-2206-sensitive cell lines, and this combination had significantly greater antitumor efficacy than either agent alone in vivo. CONCLUSIONS MK-2206 has antitumor activity alone and in combination with chemotherapy. This activity may be greater in tumors with PTEN loss or PIK3CA mutation, providing a strategy for patient enrichment in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Sangai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA
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Patel RA, Forinash KD, Pireddu R, Sun Y, Sun N, Martin MP, Schönbrunn E, Lawrence NJ, Sebti SM. RKI-1447 is a potent inhibitor of the Rho-associated ROCK kinases with anti-invasive and antitumor activities in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5025-34. [PMID: 22846914 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Rho-associated kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2 are critical for cancer cell migration and invasion, suggesting they may be useful therapeutic targets. In this study, we describe the discovery and development of RKI-1447, a potent small molecule inhibitor of ROCK1 and ROCK2. Crystal structures of the RKI-1447/ROCK1 complex revealed that RKI-1447 is a Type I kinase inhibitor that binds the ATP binding site through interactions with the hinge region and the DFG motif. RKI-1447 suppressed phosphorylation of the ROCK substrates MLC-2 and MYPT-1 in human cancer cells, but had no effect on the phosphorylation levels of the AKT, MEK, and S6 kinase at concentrations as high as 10 μmol/L. RKI-1447 was also highly selective at inhibiting ROCK-mediated cytoskeleton re-organization (actin stress fiber formation) following LPA stimulation, but does not affect PAK-meditated lamellipodia and filopodia formation following PDGF and Bradykinin stimulation, respectively. RKI-1447 inhibited migration, invasion and anchorage-independent tumor growth of breast cancer cells. In contrast, RKI-1313, a much weaker analog in vitro, had little effect on the phosphorylation levels of ROCK substrates, migration, invasion or anchorage-independent growth. Finally, RKI-1447 was highly effective at inhibiting the outgrowth of mammary tumors in a transgenic mouse model. In summary, our findings establish RKI-1447 as a potent and selective ROCK inhibitor with significant anti-invasive and antitumor activities and offer a preclinical proof-of-concept that justify further examination of RKI-1447 suitability as a potential clinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronil A Patel
- Drug Discovery Department, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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Wang Q, Li SH, Wang H, Xiao Y, Sahin O, Brady SW, Li P, Ge H, Jaffee EM, Muller WJ, Hortobagyi GN, Yu D. Concomitant targeting of tumor cells and induction of T-cell response synergizes to effectively inhibit trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4417-28. [PMID: 22773664 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1339-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trastuzumab is an iconic rationally designed targeted therapy for HER2-positive breast cancers. However, the low response rate and development of resistance call for novel approaches for the treatment of patients. Here, we report that concurrent targeting of tumor cells and activation of T cells in the tumor microenvironment results in a synergistic inhibitory effect on tumor growth and overcomes resistance in two distinct PTEN loss-mediated trastuzumab-resistant mammary tumor mouse models. In vivo combination treatment with HER2/Neu antibody and Akt inhibitor triciribine effectively inhibited tumor growth in both models via inhibiting PI3K/AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling accompanied by increased T-cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. We showed that both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells were essential to the optimal antitumor effect of this combination treatment in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Importantly, the antitumor activities of HER2/Neu antibody and triciribine combination treatment were further improved when coinhibitory receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 was blocked to enhance the T-cell response. Our data indicate that multitargeted combinatorial therapies targeting tumor cells and concomitantly enhancing T-cell response in the tumor microenvironment could cooperate to exert maximal therapeutic activity, suggesting a promising clinical strategy for treating trastuzumab-resistant breast cancers and other advanced malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Littlepage LE, Adler AS, Kouros-Mehr H, Huang G, Chou J, Krig SR, Griffith OL, Korkola JE, Qu K, Lawson DA, Xue Q, Sternlicht MD, Dijkgraaf GJP, Yaswen P, Rugo HS, Sweeney CA, Collins CC, Gray JW, Chang HY, Werb Z. The transcription factor ZNF217 is a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target during breast cancer progression. Cancer Discov 2012; 2:638-51. [PMID: 22728437 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The transcription factor ZNF217 is a candidate oncogene in the amplicon on chromosome 20q13 that occurs in 20% to 30% of primary human breast cancers and that correlates with poor prognosis. We show that Znf217 overexpression drives aberrant differentiation and signaling events, promotes increased self-renewal capacity, mesenchymal marker expression, motility, and metastasis, and represses an adult tissue stem cell gene signature downregulated in cancers. By in silico screening, we identified candidate therapeutics that at low concentrations inhibit growth of cancer cells expressing high ZNF217. We show that the nucleoside analogue triciribine inhibits ZNF217-induced tumor growth and chemotherapy resistance and inhibits signaling events [e.g., phospho-AKT, phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)] in vivo. Our data suggest that ZNF217 is a biomarker of poor prognosis and a therapeutic target in patients with breast cancer and that triciribine may be part of a personalized treatment strategy in patients overexpressing ZNF217. Because ZNF217 is amplified in numerous cancers, these results have implications for other cancers. SIGNIFICANCE This study finds that ZNF217 is a poor prognostic indicator and therapeutic target in patients with breast cancer and may be a strong biomarker of triciribine treatment efficacy in patients. Because previous clinical trials for triciribine did not include biomarkers of treatment efficacy, this study provides a rationale for revisiting triciribine in the clinical setting as a therapy for patients with breast cancer who overexpress ZNF217.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie E Littlepage
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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50
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Li Z, Yan S, Attayan N, Ramalingam S, Thiele CJ. Combination of an allosteric Akt Inhibitor MK-2206 with etoposide or rapamycin enhances the antitumor growth effect in neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:3603-15. [PMID: 22550167 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-3321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Activation of Akt is a marker of decreased event-free or overall survival in neuroblastoma patients. MK-2206, a novel allosteric Akt inhibitor, is now tested in clinical trials in adult cancers. In this study, effect of MK-2206 on tumor growth and murine survival, alone or in combination, with etoposide or rapamycin was evaluated. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The anticell proliferation effect of MK-2206 was tested in eight neuroblastoma cell lines by MTS assay. Caspase-3/7 activity, cell-cycle analysis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were determined. Effect of MK-2206 combined with etoposide or rapamycin was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Akt phosphorylation was measured by Western blotting in neuroblastoma cells and tumors. RESULTS In vitro, MK-2206 treatment inhibited neuroblastoma cell proliferation, which was accompanied by a cell line selective G(1) arrest of cell cycle or production of ROS. A synergistic effect between MK-2206 and etoposide was detected in four tested neuroblastoma cell lines via caspase-dependent apoptosis, whereas increased inhibition of cell growth induced by combination of MK-2206 and rapamycin was mediated by ROS production. In vivo, MK-2206 alone decreased tumor growth and increased murine survival at dose that inhibited Akt phosphorylation in tumors. MK-2206, in combination with etoposide or rapamycin, caused a significant decrease in tumor growth and increase of murine survival compared with MK-2206 alone. CONCLUSION Akt inhibition by MK-2206 increased the efficacy of etoposide or rapamycin. Our study supports future clinical evaluation of MK-2206 in combination with conventional cytotoxic therapy or with rapamycin in high-risk neuroblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Li
- Cell & Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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