1
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Zhang T, Liu J, Wang M, Liu X, Qu J, Zhang H. Prognosis stratification and response to treatment in breast cancer based on one-carbon metabolism-related signature. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1288909. [PMID: 38239641 PMCID: PMC10794736 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1288909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignant tumor in the female population. Despite staging and treatment consensus guidelines, significant heterogeneity exists in BC patients' prognosis and treatment efficacy. Alterations in one-carbon (1C) metabolism are critical for tumor growth, but the value of the role of 1C metabolism in BC has not been fully investigated. Methods To investigate the prognostic value of 1C metabolism-related genes in BC, 72 1C metabolism-related genes from GSE20685 dataset were used to construct a risk-score model via univariate Cox regression analysis and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression algorithm, which was validated on three external datasets. Based on the risk score, all BC patients were categorized into high-risk and low-risk groups. The predictive ability of the model in the four datasets was verified by plotting Kaplan-Meier curve and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The candidate genes were then analyzed in relation to gene mutations, gene enrichment pathways, immune infiltration, immunotherapy, and drug sensitivity. Results We identified a 7-gene 1C metabolism-related signature for prognosis and structured a prognostic model. ROC analysis demonstrated that the model accurately predicted the 2-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rate of BC patients in the four cohorts. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that survival time of high-risk patients was markedly shorter than that of low-risk patients (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, high-risk patients had a higher tumor mutational burden (TMB), enrichment of tumor-associated pathways such as the IL-17 signaling pathway, lower levels of T follicular helper (Tfh) and B cells naive infiltration, and poorer response to immunotherapy. Furthermore, a strong correlation was found between MAT2B and CHKB and immune checkpoints. Discussion These findings offer new insights into the effect of 1C metabolism in the onset, progression, and therapy of BC and can be used to assess BC patients' prognosis, study immune infiltration, and develop potentially more effective clinical treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jia Qu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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2
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Lewis CR, Dadgar N, Yellin SA, Donnenberg VS, Donnenberg AD, Bartlett DL, Allen CJ, Wagner PL. Regional Immunotherapy for Peritoneal Carcinomatosis in Gastroesophageal Cancer: Emerging Strategies to Re-Condition a Maladaptive Tumor Environment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5107. [PMID: 37894473 PMCID: PMC10605802 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal carcinomatosis originating from gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer (GC-PC) occurs in a defined subset of gastric cancer patients with unique clinical, pathologic, molecular and immunologic characteristics that create significant obstacles to effective treatment with modern therapy. Although systemic chemo- and immuno- therapy have yielded disappointing results in GC-PC, recent advances in the characterization of GC-PC and peritoneal immune biology present new opportunities for targeted therapeutics. In this review article, we discuss the distinct properties of GC-PC and the peritoneal immune environment as they pertain to current and investigative treatment strategies. We discuss pre-clinical studies and clinical trials relevant to the modulation of the peritoneal environment as a therapeutic intervention in GC-PC. Finally, we present a road map for future combinatorial strategies based on the conception of the peritoneal cavity as a bioreactor. Within this isolated compartment, prevailing immunosuppressive conditions can be altered through regional interventions toward an adaptive phenotype that would support the effectiveness of regionally delivered cellular therapy products. It is hoped that novel combination strategies would promote efficacy not only in the sequestered peritoneal environment, but also via migration into the circulation of tumor-reactive lymphocytes to produce durable systemic disease control, thereby improving oncologic outcome and quality of life in patients with GC-PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R. Lewis
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA; (C.R.L.); (A.D.D.); (D.L.B.); (C.J.A.)
| | - Neda Dadgar
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Samuel A. Yellin
- Department of Surgery, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Allentown, PA 18101, USA;
| | - Vera S. Donnenberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- Hillman Cancer Centers, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Albert D. Donnenberg
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA; (C.R.L.); (A.D.D.); (D.L.B.); (C.J.A.)
| | - David L. Bartlett
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA; (C.R.L.); (A.D.D.); (D.L.B.); (C.J.A.)
| | - Casey J. Allen
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA; (C.R.L.); (A.D.D.); (D.L.B.); (C.J.A.)
| | - Patrick L. Wagner
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA; (C.R.L.); (A.D.D.); (D.L.B.); (C.J.A.)
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3
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Lin D, Shen Y, Liang T. Oncolytic virotherapy: basic principles, recent advances and future directions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:156. [PMID: 37041165 PMCID: PMC10090134 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have attracted growing awareness in the twenty-first century, as they are generally considered to have direct oncolysis and cancer immune effects. With the progress in genetic engineering technology, OVs have been adopted as versatile platforms for developing novel antitumor strategies, used alone or in combination with other therapies. Recent studies have yielded eye-catching results that delineate the promising clinical outcomes that OVs would bring about in the future. In this review, we summarized the basic principles of OVs in terms of their classifications, as well as the recent advances in OV-modification strategies based on their characteristics, biofunctions, and cancer hallmarks. Candidate OVs are expected to be designed as "qualified soldiers" first by improving target fidelity and safety, and then equipped with "cold weapons" for a proper cytocidal effect, "hot weapons" capable of activating cancer immunotherapy, or "auxiliary weapons" by harnessing tactics such as anti-angiogenesis, reversed metabolic reprogramming and decomposing extracellular matrix around tumors. Combinations with other cancer therapeutic agents have also been elaborated to show encouraging antitumor effects. Robust results from clinical trials using OV as a treatment congruously suggested its significance in future application directions and challenges in developing OVs as novel weapons for tactical decisions in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinan Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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4
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Wang J, Du L, Chen X. Oncolytic virus: A catalyst for the treatment of gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1017692. [PMID: 36505792 PMCID: PMC9731121 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1017692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading contributor to global cancer incidence and mortality. According to the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of incidence and mortality for 36 cancers in 185 countries produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), GC ranks fifth and fourth, respectively, and seriously threatens the survival and health of people all over the world. Therefore, how to effectively treat GC has become an urgent problem for medical personnel and scientific workers at this stage. Due to the unobvious early symptoms and the influence of some adverse factors such as tumor heterogeneity and low immunogenicity, patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) cannot benefit significantly from treatments such as radical surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. As an emerging cancer immunotherapy, oncolytic virotherapies (OVTs) can not only selectively lyse cancer cells, but also induce a systemic antitumor immune response. This unique ability to turn unresponsive 'cold' tumors into responsive 'hot' tumors gives them great potential in GC therapy. This review integrates most experimental studies and clinical trials of various oncolytic viruses (OVs) in the diagnosis and treatment of GC. It also exhaustively introduces the concrete mechanism of invading GC cells and the viral genome composition of adenovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). At the end of the article, some prospects are put forward to determine the developmental directions of OVTs for GC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Wang
- School of the 1st Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linyong Du
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Xiangjian Chen, ; Linyong Du,
| | - Xiangjian Chen
- School of the 1st Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Xiangjian Chen, ; Linyong Du,
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5
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Li BQ, Wang HY, Li L, Jiang B, Ma CL, Yuan CH, Xiu DR. Should Positive Cytology Revealed by Intraoperative Lavage Preclude Radical Resection in Resectable Pancreatic Cancer?: A Systemic Review and Meta-analysis. Pancreas 2022; 51:1263-1276. [PMID: 37099766 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000002163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this review were to determine whether positive peritoneal lavage cytology (CY+) precludes radical resection in pancreatic cancer and to propose prospections for future studies. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central were searched for related articles. Dichotomous variables and survival outcomes were analyzed with the estimation of odds ratio and hazards ratio (HR), respectively. RESULTS A total of 4905 patients were included, of which 7.8% were CY+. Positive peritoneal lavage cytology was correlated with poor overall survival (univariate survival analysis [HR, 2.35; P < 0.00001]; multivariate analysis [HR, 1.62; P < 0.00001]), poor recurrence-free survival (univariate survival analysis [HR, 2.50; P < 0.00001]; multivariate analysis [HR, 1.84; P < 0.00001]), and higher initial peritoneal recurrence rate (odds ratio, 5.49; P < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS Although CY+ predicts poor prognosis and a higher risk of peritoneal metastasis after curative resection, it is not sufficient to preclude curative resection based on the current evidence, and high-quality trials should be conducted to assess the prognostic impact of operation among resectable CY+ patients. In addition, more sensitive and accurate methods to detect peritoneal exfoliated tumor cells and more effective comprehensive treatment for resectable CY+ pancreatic cancer patients are clearly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Qi Li
- From the Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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6
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TF-RBP-AS Triplet Analysis Reveals the Mechanisms of Aberrant Alternative Splicing Events in Kidney Cancer: Implications for Their Possible Clinical Use as Prognostic and Therapeutic Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168789. [PMID: 34445498 PMCID: PMC8395830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant alternative splicing (AS) is increasingly linked to cancer; however, how AS contributes to cancer development still remains largely unknown. AS events (ASEs) are largely regulated by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) whose ability can be modulated by a variety of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. In this study, we used a computational framework to investigate the roles of transcription factors (TFs) on regulating RBP-AS interactions. A total of 6519 TF–RBP–AS triplets were identified, including 290 TFs, 175 RBPs, and 16 ASEs from TCGA–KIRC RNA sequencing data. TF function categories were defined according to correlation changes between RBP expression and their targeted ASEs. The results suggested that most TFs affected multiple targets, and six different classes of TF-mediated transcriptional dysregulations were identified. Then, regulatory networks were constructed for TF–RBP–AS triplets. Further pathway-enrichment analysis showed that these TFs and RBPs involved in triplets were enriched in a variety of pathways that were associated with cancer development and progression. Survival analysis showed that some triplets were highly associated with survival rates. These findings demonstrated that the integration of TFs into alternative splicing regulatory networks can help us in understanding the roles of alternative splicing in cancer.
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7
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Clustered rapid induction of apoptosis limits ZIKV and DENV-2 proliferation in the midguts of Aedes aegypti. Commun Biol 2021; 4:69. [PMID: 33452408 PMCID: PMC7810730 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-host transmission of pathogenic arboviruses such as dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) requires systemic infection of the mosquito vector. Successful systemic infection requires initial viral entry and proliferation in the midgut cells of the mosquito followed by dissemination to secondary tissues and eventual entry into salivary glands1. Lack of arbovirus proliferation in midgut cells has been observed in several Aedes aegypti strains2, but the midgut antiviral responses underlying this phenomenon are not yet fully understood. We report here that there is a rapid induction of apoptosis (RIA) in the Aedes aegypti midgut epithelium within 2 hours of infection with DENV-2 or ZIKV in both in vivo blood-feeding and ex vivo midgut infection models. Inhibition of RIA led to increased virus proliferation in the midgut, implicating RIA as an innate immune mechanism mediating midgut infection in this mosquito vector. Ayers et al. report rapid induction of apoptosis in the midgut of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes within 2 hours of infection by dengue and Zika viruses, and find that inhibiting apoptosis led to increased virus proliferation in the midgut. These results suggest rapid induction of apoptosis as an innate immune mechanism mediating midgut infection in this mosquito vector.
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8
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HLA-DPA1 gene is a potential predictor with prognostic values in multiple myeloma. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:915. [PMID: 32972413 PMCID: PMC7513295 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematological tumor, which is closely related to hypoxic bone marrow microenvironment. However, the underlying mechanisms are still far from fully understood. We took integrated bioinformatics analysis with expression profile GSE110113 downloaded from National Center for Biotechnology Information-Gene Expression Omnibus (NCBI-GEO) database, and screened out major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP alpha 1 (HLA-DPA1) as a hub gene related to hypoxia in MM. Methods Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were filtrated with R package “limma”. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway were performed using “clusterProfiler” package in R. Then, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established. Hub genes were screened out according to Maximal Clique Centrality (MCC). PrognoScan evaluated all the significant hub genes for survival analysis. ScanGEO was used for visualization of gene expression in different clinical studies. P and Cox p value < 0.05 was considered to be statistical significance. Results HLA-DPA1 was finally picked out as a hub gene in MM related to hypoxia. MM patients with down-regulated expression of HLA-DPA1 has statistically significantly shorter disease specific survival (DSS) (COX p = 0.005411). Based on the clinical data of GSE47552 dataset, HLA-DPA1 expression showed significantly lower in MM patients than that in healthy donors (HDs) (p = 0.017). Conclusion We identified HLA-DPA1 as a hub gene in MM related to hypoxia. HLA-DPA1 down-regulated expression was associated with MM patients’ poor outcome. Further functional and mechanistic studies are need to investigate HLA-DPA1 as potential therapeutic target.
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9
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Woo Y, Reid V, Kelly KJ, Carlson D, Yu Z, Fong Y. Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Prevents Premalignant Lesions from Progressing to Cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 16:1-6. [PMID: 31909180 PMCID: PMC6940689 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection and timely treatment of precancerous lesions are hallmarks of successful strategies to prevent deaths due to cancer. Oncolytic viruses are a group of promising anti-cancer agents with wide-ranging experimental and clinical efficacy against solid tumors. Previously, we have shown that NV1066, an oncolytic herpes simplex-1 virus encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein, selectively infects, replicates in, and kills various cancer types. In this study, we sought to determine whether this oncolytic agent can treat precancerous lesions to prevent cancer formation. Using an oral chemical carcinogenesis model in hamsters, we assessed the ability of NV1066 to infect precancerous and cancerous lesions. NV1066 consistently infected dysplastic cells, carcinoma in situ, and squamous cell carcinoma. Animals receiving an intramucosal injection of NV1066 for 7 weeks showed significantly fewer (3-fold) and smaller (4-fold) lesions compared to animals that did not receive viral treatment. Results indicate that infectivity might be dependent on the herpes simplex virus 1 receptor, nectin-1. This study demonstrates that not only can NV1066 treat oral squamous cell carcinoma, but it can also infect and treat premalignant lesions, thus delaying cancer progression. Overall, our study shows the potential of the oncolytic virus NV1066 as a cancer prevention tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghee Woo
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Vincent Reid
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Surgery, Mercy Medical Center, Cedar Rapids, IA 52403, USA
| | - Kaitlyn J. Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Health, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Diane Carlson
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zhenkun Yu
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Department, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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10
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Sprague L, Braidwood L, Conner J, Cassady KA, Benencia F, Cripe TP. Please stand by: how oncolytic viruses impact bystander cells. Future Virol 2018; 13:671-680. [PMID: 30416535 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) do more than simply infect and kill host cells. The accepted mechanism of action for OVs consists of a primary lytic phase and a subsequent antitumor and antiviral immune response. However, not all cells are subject to the direct effects of OV therapy, and it is becoming clear that OVs can also impact uninfected cells in the periphery. This review discusses the effects of OVs on uninfected neighboring cells, so-called bystander effects, and implications for OV therapies alone or in combination with other standard of care chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslee Sprague
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, 43201 OH, USA.,The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, 43201 OH, USA
| | - Lynne Braidwood
- Virttu Biologics, BioCity, Scotland, UK.,Virttu Biologics, BioCity, Scotland, UK
| | - Joe Conner
- Virttu Biologics, BioCity, Scotland, UK.,Virttu Biologics, BioCity, Scotland, UK
| | - Kevin A Cassady
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbus, 43205 OH, USA.,Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT & Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Columbus, 43205 OH, USA.,Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbus, 43205 OH, USA.,Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT & Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Columbus, 43205 OH, USA
| | - Fabian Benencia
- Ohio University Russ College of Engineering & Technology, Biomedical Engineering, Athens, 45701 OH, USA.,Ohio University Russ College of Engineering & Technology, Biomedical Engineering, Athens, 45701 OH, USA
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, 43201 OH, USA.,Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT & Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Columbus, 43205 OH, USA.,The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, 43201 OH, USA.,Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT & Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Columbus, 43205 OH, USA
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11
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Zhao C, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhu D, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao X, Jia R, Sun K, Chen X. Programmed cell death: the battlefield between the host and alpha-herpesviruses and a potential avenue for cancer treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30704-30719. [PMID: 30093980 PMCID: PMC6078129 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Programed cell death is an antiviral mechanism by which the host limits viral replication and protects uninfected cells. Many viruses encode proteins resistant to programed cell death to escape the host immune defenses, which indicates that programed cell death is more favorable for the host immune defense. Alpha-herpesviruses are pathogens that widely affect the health of humans and animals in different communities worldwide. Alpha-herpesviruses can induce apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis through different molecular mechanisms. This review concisely illustrates the different pathways of apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis induced by alpha-herpesviruses. These pathways influence viral infection and replication and are a potential avenue for cancer treatment. This review will increase our understanding of the role of programed cell death in the host immune defense and provides new possibilities for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuankuo Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - XinXin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Kunfeng Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
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12
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Yokoda R, Nagalo BM, Arora M, Egan JB, Bogenberger JM, DeLeon TT, Zhou Y, Ahn DH, Borad MJ. Oncolytic virotherapy in upper gastrointestinal tract cancers. Oncolytic Virother 2018; 7:13-24. [PMID: 29616200 PMCID: PMC5870634 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s161397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Upper gastrointestinal tract malignancies are among the most challenging cancers with regard to response to treatment and prognosis. Cancers of the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, and biliary tree have dismal 5-year survival, and very modest improvements in this rate have been made in recent times. Oncolytic viruses are being developed to address these malignancies, with a focus on high safety profiles and low off-target toxicities. Each viral platform has evolved to enhance oncolytic potency and the clinical response to either single-agent viral therapy or combined viral treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. A panel of genomic alterations, chimeric proteins, and pseudotyped capsids are the breakthroughs for vector success. This article revisits developments for each viral platform to each tumor type, in an attempt to achieve maximum tumor selectivity. From the bench to clinical trials, the scope of this review is to highlight the beginnings of translational oncolytic virotherapy research in upper gastrointestinal tract malignancies and provide a bioengineering perspective of the most promising platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Yokoda
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Bolni M Nagalo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Mansi Arora
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Jan B Egan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - James M Bogenberger
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Thomas T DeLeon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Yumei Zhou
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Daniel H Ahn
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Mitesh J Borad
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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13
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O'Leary MP, Warner SG, Kim SI, Chaurasiya S, Lu J, Choi AH, Park AK, Woo Y, Fong Y, Chen NG. A Novel Oncolytic Chimeric Orthopoxvirus Encoding Luciferase Enables Real-Time View of Colorectal Cancer Cell Infection. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2018; 9:13-21. [PMID: 29988502 PMCID: PMC6026443 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study hypothesizes that a novel oncolytic chimeric orthopoxvirus CF33-Fluc is imageable and targets colorectal cancer cells (CRCs). A novel chimeric orthopoxvirus (CF33) was constructed. The thymidine kinase locus was replaced with firefly luciferase (Fluc) to yield a recombinant virus—CF33-Fluc. In vitro cytotoxicity and viral replication assays were performed. In vivo CRC flank xenografts received single doses of intratumoral or intravenous CF33-Fluc. Viral biodistribution was analyzed via luciferase imaging and organ titers. CF33-Fluc infects, replicates in, and kills CRCs in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. CF33 has superior secretion of extracellular-enveloped virus versus all but one parental strain. Rapid tumor regression or stabilization occurred in vivo at a low dose over a short time period, regardless of the viral delivery method in the HCT-116 colorectal tumor xenograft model. Rapid luciferase expression in virus-infected tumor cells was associated with treatment response. CRC death occurs via necroptotic pathways. CF33-Fluc replicates in and kills colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo regardless of delivery method. Expression of luciferase enables real-time tracking of viral replication. Despite the chimerism, CRC death occurs via standard poxvirus-induced mechanisms. Further studies are warranted in immunocompetent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P O'Leary
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Susanne G Warner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Hematologic and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sang-In Kim
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Shyambabu Chaurasiya
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jianming Lu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Audrey H Choi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Anthony K Park
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yanghee Woo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Hematologic and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Nanhai G Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Hematologic and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Gene Editing and Viral Vector Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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14
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Sprague L, Lee JM, Hutzen BJ, Wang PY, Chen CY, Conner J, Braidwood L, Cassady KA, Cripe TP. High Mobility Group Box 1 Influences HSV1716 Spread and Acts as an Adjuvant to Chemotherapy. Viruses 2018; 10:v10030132. [PMID: 29543735 PMCID: PMC5869525 DOI: 10.3390/v10030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a multifunctional protein that plays various roles in the processes of inflammation, cancer, and other diseases. Many reports document abundant HMGB1 release following infection with oncolytic viruses (OVs). Further, other groups including previous reports from our laboratory highlight the synergistic effects of OVs with chemotherapy drugs. Here, we show that virus-free supernatants have varying cytotoxic potential, and HMGB1 is actively secreted by two established fibroblast cell lines (NIH 3T3 and 3T6-Swiss albino) following HSV1716 infection in vitro. Further, pharmacologic inhibition or genetic knock-down of HMGB1 reveals a role for HMGB1 in viral restriction, the ability to modulate bystander cell proliferation, and drug sensitivity in 3T6 cells. These data further support the multifactorial role of HMGB1, and suggest it could be a target for modulating the efficacy of oncolytic virus therapies alone or in combination with other frontline cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslee Sprague
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Joel M Lee
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Brian J Hutzen
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT and Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Pin-Yi Wang
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT and Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT and Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Joe Conner
- Virttu Biologics, BioCity Glasgow, Newhouse ML1 5UH, UK.
| | | | - Kevin A Cassady
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT and Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a kind of antitumor therapy using viruses with natural or engineered tumor-selective replication to intentionally infect and kill tumor cells. An early clinical trial has been performed in the 1950s using wild-type and non-engineered in vitro-passaged virus strains and vaccine strains (first generation oncolytic viruses). Because of the advances in biotechnology and virology, the field of virotherapy has rapidly evolved over the past two decades and innovative recombinant selectivity-enhanced viruses (second generation oncolytic viruses). Nowadays, therapeutic transgene-delivering "armed" oncolytic viruses (third generation oncolytic viruses) have been engineered using many kinds of viruses. In this chapter, the history, mechanisms, rationality, and advantages of oncolytic virotherapy by herpes simplex virus (HSV) are mentioned. Past and ongoing clinical trials by oncolytic HSVs (G207, HSV1716, NV1020, HF10, Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC, OncoVEXGM-CSF)) are also summarized. Finally, the way of enhancement of oncolytic virotherapy by gene modification or combination therapy with radiation, chemotherapy, or immune checkpoint inhibitors are discussed.
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16
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Borrie AE, Maleki Vareki S. T Lymphocyte–Based Cancer Immunotherapeutics. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 341:201-276. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Currier MA, Sprague L, Rizvi TA, Nartker B, Chen CY, Wang PY, Hutzen BJ, Franczek MR, Patel AV, Chaney KE, Streby KA, Ecsedy JA, Conner J, Ratner N, Cripe TP. Aurora A kinase inhibition enhances oncolytic herpes virotherapy through cytotoxic synergy and innate cellular immune modulation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:17412-17427. [PMID: 28147331 PMCID: PMC5392259 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) and neuroblastoma models respond to the investigational small molecule Aurora A kinase inhibitor, alisertib. We previously reported that MPNST and neuroblastomas are also susceptible to oncolytic herpes virus (oHSV) therapy. Herein, we show that combination of alisertib and HSV1716, a virus derived from HSV-1 and attenuated by deletion of RL1, exhibits significantly increased antitumor efficacy compared to either monotherapy. Alisertib and HSV1716 reduced tumor growth and increased survival in two xenograft models of MPNST and neuroblastoma. We found the enhanced antitumor effect was due to multiple mechanisms that likely each contribute to the combination effect. First, oncolytic herpes virus increased the sensitivity of uninfected cells to alisertib cytotoxicity, a process we term virus-induced therapeutic adjuvant (VITA). Second, alisertib increased peak virus production and slowed virus clearance from tumors, both likely a consequence of it preventing virus-mediated increase of intratumoral NK cells. We also found that alisertib inhibited virus-induced accumulation of intratumoral myeloid derived suppressor cells, which normally are protumorigenic. Our data suggest that clinical trials of the combination of oHSV and alisertib are warranted in patients with neuroblastoma or MPNST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Currier
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Les Sprague
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tilat A Rizvi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Brooke Nartker
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Pin-Yi Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian J Hutzen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Meghan R Franczek
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ami V Patel
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Katherine E Chaney
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Keri A Streby
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Joe Conner
- Virttu Biologics, Ltd, Biocity, Scotland, Newhouse, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Ratner
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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18
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Hamid O, Hoffner B, Gasal E, Hong J, Carvajal RD. Oncolytic immunotherapy: unlocking the potential of viruses to help target cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1249-1264. [PMID: 28712033 PMCID: PMC5626801 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic immunotherapy is a research area of cancer immunotherapy investigating the use of modified viruses to target cancer cells. A variety of different viral backbones (e.g., adenovirus, reovirus) with a diverse range of genetic modifications are currently being investigated for the treatment of a variety of cancers. The oncolytic virus that has advanced the furthest in clinical development is talimogene laherparepvec, a recombinant HSV-1 virus expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). In a phase 3 study in patients with unresectable metastatic melanoma, intralesional talimogene laherparepvec treatment resulted in a higher durable response rate compared with subcutaneous GM-CSF treatment (16.3 versus 2.1%; P < 0.001). Notably, responses were observed at uninjected lesions including visceral lesions, indicating a systemic antitumor response had occurred. Studies evaluating combination treatments involving oncolytic viruses and immunologic agents are ongoing. This review focuses on the mechanisms of action for oncolytic viruses and highlights select agents and combinations currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Hamid
- The Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, 11818 Wilshire Blvd #200, Los Angeles, CA, 90025, USA.
| | | | | | - Jenny Hong
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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19
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Ady J, Thayanithy V, Mojica K, Wong P, Carson J, Rao P, Fong Y, Lou E. Tunneling nanotubes: an alternate route for propagation of the bystander effect following oncolytic viral infection. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2016; 3:16029. [PMID: 27933314 PMCID: PMC5142513 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are ultrafine, filamentous actin-based cytoplasmic extensions which form spontaneously to connect cells at short and long-range distances. We have previously described long-range intercellular communication via TNTs connecting mesothelioma cells in vitro and demonstrated TNTs in intact tumors from patients with mesothelioma. Here, we investigate the ability of TNTs to mediate a viral thymidine kinase based bystander effect after oncolytic viral infection and administration of the nucleoside analog ganciclovir. Using confocal microscopy we assessed the ability of TNTs to propagate enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), which is encoded by the herpes simplex virus NV1066, from infected to uninfected recipient cells. Using time-lapse imaging, we observed eGFP expressed in infected cells being transferred via TNTs to noninfected cells; additionally, increasing fluorescent activity in recipient cells indicated cell-to-cell transmission of the eGFP-expressing NV1066 virus had also occurred. TNTs mediated cell death as a form of direct cell-to-cell transfer following viral thymidine kinase mediated activation of ganciclovir, inducing a unique long-range form of the bystander effect through transmission of activated ganciclovir to nonvirus-infected cells. Thus, we provide proof-of-principle demonstration of a previously unknown and alternative mechanism for inducing apoptosis in noninfected recipient cells. The conceptual advance of this work is that TNTs can be harnessed for delivery of oncolytic viruses and of viral thymidine kinase activated drugs to amplify the bystander effect between cancer cells over long distances in stroma-rich tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Ady
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York, USA
| | - Venugopal Thayanithy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kelly Mojica
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York, USA
| | - Phillip Wong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joshua Carson
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York, USA
| | - Prassanna Rao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York, USA
| | - Emil Lou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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20
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Oncolytic herpes simplex virus kills stem-like tumor-initiating colon cancer cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2016; 3:16013. [PMID: 27347556 PMCID: PMC4909096 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2016.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem-like tumor-initiating cells (TICs) are implicated in cancer progression and recurrence, and can be identified by sphere-formation and tumorigenicity assays. Oncolytic viruses infect, replicate in, and kill a variety of cancer cells. In this study, we seek proof of principle that TICs are susceptible to viral infection. HCT8 human colon cancer cells were subjected to serum-free culture to generate TIC tumorspheres. Parent cells and TICs were infected with HSV-1 subtype NV1066. Cytotoxicity, viral replication, and Akt1 expression were assessed. TIC tumorigenicity was confirmed and NV1066 efficacy was assessed in vivo. NV1066 infection was highly cytotoxic to both parent HCT8 cells and TICs. In both populations, cell-kill of >80% was achieved within 3 days of infection at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1.0. However, the parent cells required 2-log greater viral replication to achieve the same cytotoxicity. TICs overexpressed Akt1 in vitro and formed flank tumors from as little as 100 cells, growing earlier, faster, larger, and with greater histologic atypia than tumors from parent cells. Treatment of TIC-induced tumors with NV1066 yielded tumor regression and slowed tumor growth. We conclude that colon TICs are selected for by serum-free culture, overexpress Akt1, and are susceptible to oncolytic viral infection.
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21
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Belcaid Z, Lamfers MLM, van Beusechem VW, Hoeben RC. Changing faces in virology: the dutch shift from oncogenic to oncolytic viruses. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:875-84. [PMID: 25141764 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2014.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have two opposing faces. On the one hand, they can cause harm and disease. A virus may manifest directly as a contagious disease with a clinical pathology of varying significance. A viral infection can also have delayed consequences, and in rare cases may cause cellular transformation and cancer. On the other hand, viruses may provide hope: hope for an efficacious treatment of serious disease. Examples of the latter are the use of viruses as a vaccine, as transfer vector for therapeutic genes in a gene therapy setting, or, more directly, as therapeutic anticancer agent in an oncolytic-virus therapy setting. Already there is evidence for antitumor activity of oncolytic viruses. The antitumor efficacy seems linked to their capacity to induce a tumor-directed immune response. Here, we will provide an overview on the development of oncolytic viruses and their clinical evaluation from the Dutch perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zineb Belcaid
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus Medical Center , 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Chen CH, Chen WY, Lin SF, Wong RJ. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition enhances response to oncolytic herpesviral therapy through nectin-1. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:539-51. [PMID: 24568312 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers exhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are associated with aggressive behavior and increased metastatic potential. Therapies that are able to target EMT would have significant clinical value. Nectin-1 is a cell surface herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) receptor that also forms a component of intercellular adherens junctions, which are typically disrupted in EMT. To explore relationships between HSV-1 sensitivity and EMT, we generated cell lines with a stable EMT phenotype from human follicular thyroid cancer (WRO82-1) through E-cadherin silencing with short hairpin RNA (shEcadWRO). HSV-1 viral attachment and gene expression were both enhanced in shEcadWRO as compared with shControl. Immunoblotting and immunostaining revealed enhanced nectin-1 expression by shEcadWRO. Receptor-blocking assays demonstrated that increased herpesviral entry into shEcadWRO as compared with shControl was mediated predominantly through nectin-1. Colocalization of green fluorescent protein-tagged HSV-1 and tdTomato-tagged nectin-1 confirmed an increase in viral attachment to nectin-1 in shEcadWRO. Cell viability assays demonstrated increased susceptibility of shEcadWRO to HSV-1 oncolysis, and a murine flank tumor model showed significantly enhanced regression of shEcadWRO tumors in response to oncolytic HSV-1 as compared with control tumors. A separate model of EMT induction through transforming growth factor-β stimulation confirmed enhanced HSV-1 susceptibility in Panc1 cells. These results demonstrate that the process of EMT leads to increased herpesviral susceptibility through enhanced cell surface nectin-1 expression, suggesting that cancers exhibiting EMT may be naturally sensitive targets for herpesviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Chen
- 1 Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY 10021
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23
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Braidwood L, Graham SV, Graham A, Conner J. Oncolytic herpes viruses, chemotherapeutics, and other cancer drugs. Oncolytic Virother 2013; 2:57-74. [PMID: 27512658 PMCID: PMC4918355 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s52601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are emerging as a potential new way of treating cancers. They are selectively replication-competent viruses that propagate only in actively dividing tumor cells but not in normal cells and, as a result, destroy the tumor cells by consequence of lytic infection. At least six different oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs) have undergone clinical trials worldwide to date, and they have demonstrated an excellent safety profile and intimations of efficacy. The first pivotal Phase III trial with an oHSV, talimogene laherparepvec (T-Vec [OncoVex(GM-CSF)]), is almost complete, with extremely positive early results reported. Intuitively, therapeutically beneficial interactions between oHSV and chemotherapeutic and targeted therapeutic drugs would be limited as the virus requires actively dividing cells for maximum replication efficiency and most anticancer agents are cytotoxic or cytostatic. However, combinations of such agents display a range of responses, with antagonistic, additive, or, perhaps most surprisingly, synergistic enhancement of antitumor activity. When synergistic interactions in cancer cell killing are observed, chemotherapy dose reductions that achieve the same overall efficacy may be possible, resulting in a valuable reduction of adverse side effects. Therefore, the combination of an oHSV with "standard-of-care" drugs makes a logical and reasonable approach to improved therapy, and the addition of a targeted oncolytic therapy with "standard-of-care" drugs merits further investigation, both preclinically and in the clinic. Numerous publications report such studies of oncolytic HSV in combination with other drugs, and we review their findings here. Viral interactions with cellular hosts are complex and frequently involve intracellular signaling networks, thus creating diverse opportunities for synergistic or additive combinations with many anticancer drugs. We discuss potential mechanisms that may lead to synergistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Braidwood
- Virttu Biologics Ltd, Department of Neurology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sheila V Graham
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Jarrett Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alex Graham
- Virttu Biologics Ltd, Department of Neurology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joe Conner
- Virttu Biologics Ltd, Department of Neurology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
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N-acetylcysteine amide augments the therapeutic effect of neural stem cell-based antiglioma oncolytic virotherapy. Mol Ther 2013; 21:2063-73. [PMID: 23883863 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research has evaluated the intrinsic tumor-tropic properties of stem cell carriers for targeted anticancer therapy. Our laboratory has been extensively studying in the preclinical setting, the role of neural stem cells (NSCs) as delivery vehicles of CRAd-S-pk7, a gliomatropic oncolytic adenovirus (OV). However, the mediated toxicity of therapeutic payloads, such as oncolytic adenoviruses, toward cell carriers has significantly limited this targeted delivery approach. Following this rationale, in this study, we assessed the role of a novel antioxidant thiol, N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA), to prevent OV-mediated toxicity toward NSC carriers in an orthotropic glioma xenograft mouse model. Our results show that the combination of NACA and CRAd-S-pk7 not only increases the viability of these cell carriers by preventing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced apoptosis of NSCs, but also improves the production of viral progeny in HB1.F3.CD NSCs. In an intracranial xenograft mouse model, the combination treatment of NACA and NSCs loaded with CRAd-S-pk7 showed enhanced CRAd-S-pk7 production and distribution in malignant tissues, which improves the therapeutic efficacy of NSC-based targeted antiglioma oncolytic virotherapy. These data demonstrate that the combination of NACA and NSCs loaded with CRAd-S-pk7 may be a desirable strategy to improve the therapeutic efficacy of antiglioma oncolytic virotherapy.
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25
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Carpenter S, Fong Y. Real-time fluorescence imaging of abdominal, pleural, and lymphatic metastases. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 872:141-157. [PMID: 22700409 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-797-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Virally-directed fluorescence imaging has the potential to revolutionize intra-operative oncologic staging and tumor resection. Many viruses genetically engineered to specifically infect tumor cells as cancer therapy can be further modified to have a visible marker gene for cancer staging. In this chapter, we describe such a herpes simplex virus (HSV) modified to be detected by fluorescence. Other viruses so designed can be similarly used in cancer detection and staging. Replication-competent, tumor-specific HSV NV1066 expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) in infected cancer cells. One single dose of NV1066 administered via intratumor, intracavitary, or systemic injection can spread within and across body cavities to target tumor cells while sparing normal tissue cells from infection. Tumors otherwise invisible by conventional laparoscopy appear green with the use of an endoscope equipped with a fluorescent filter. Furthermore, with GFP expression easily visualized by stereomicroscopy, microscopic, and pathologic analysis is significantly enhanced. This chapter addresses NV1066-directed visualization of peritoneal, pleural, and lymphatic metastases. This chapter also provides protocols for the production of tumor models in various body cavities in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Carpenter
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Wood LW, Shillitoe EJ. Effect of a caspase inhibitor, zVADfmk, on the inhibition of breast cancer cells by herpes simplex virus type 1. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 18:685-94. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Filippakis H, Spandidos DA, Sourvinos G. Herpesviruses: hijacking the Ras signaling pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1803:777-85. [PMID: 20303365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the final result of the accumulation of several genetic alterations occurring in a cell. Several herpesviruses and especially gamma-herpesviruses have played an important role in Cancer Biology, contributing significantly to our comprehension of cell signaling and growth control pathways which lead to malignancy. Unlike other infectious agents, herpesviruses persist in the host by establishing a latent infection, so that they can reactivate periodically. Interestingly, some herpesviruses are able to either deliver or induce the expression of cellular oncogenes. Such alterations can result in the derailment of the normal cell cycle and ultimately shift the balance between continuous proliferation and programmed cell death. Herpesvirus infection employs key molecules of cellular signaling cascades mostly to enhance viral replication. However, most of these molecules are also involved in essential cellular functions, such as proliferation, cellular differentiation and migration, as well as in DNA repair mechanisms. Ras proteins are key molecules that regulate a wide range of cellular functions, including differentiation, proliferation and cell survival. A broad field of medical research is currently focused on elucidating the role of ras oncogenes in human tumor initiation as well as tumor progression and metastasis. Upon activation, Ras proteins employ several downstream effector molecules such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) and Raf and Ral guanine nucleotide-dissociation stimulators (RALGDS) to regulate a cascade of events ranging from cell proliferation and survival to apoptosis and cellular death. In this review, we give an overview of the impact that herpesvirus infection has on the host-cell Ras signaling pathway, providing an outline of their interactions with the key cascade molecules with which they associate. Several of these interactions of viral proteins with member of the Ras signaling pathway may be crucial in determining herpesviruses' oncogenic potential or their oncomodulatory behavior. The questions that emerge concern the potential role of these molecules as therapeutic targets both for viral infections and cancer. Understanding the means by which viruses may cause oncogenesis would therefore provide a deeper knowledge of the overall oncogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harilaos Filippakis
- Department of Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
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Alvarez-Breckenridge C, Kaur B, Chiocca EA. Pharmacologic and chemical adjuvants in tumor virotherapy. Chem Rev 2009; 109:3125-40. [PMID: 19462957 DOI: 10.1021/cr900048k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Alvarez-Breckenridge
- Dardinger Laboratory for Neuro-oncology and Neurosciences, Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center and The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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29
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Shillitoe EJ. Gene therapy: the end of the rainbow? HEAD & NECK ONCOLOGY 2009; 1:7. [PMID: 19331651 PMCID: PMC2669079 DOI: 10.1186/1758-3284-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The increased understanding of the molecular basis of oral cancer has led to expectations that correction of the genetic defects will lead to improved treatments. Nevertheless, the first clinical trials for gene therapy of oral cancer occurred 20 years ago, and routine treatment is still not available. The major difficulty is that genes are usually delivered by virus vectors whose effects are weak and temporary. Viruses that replicate would be better, and the field includes many approaches in that direction. If any of these are effective in patients, then gene therapy will become available in the next few years. Without significant advances, however, the treatment of oral cancer by gene therapy will remain as remote as the legendary pot of gold at the end of the rainbow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Shillitoe
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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30
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Yu YA, Galanis C, Woo Y, Chen N, Zhang Q, Fong Y, Szalay AA. Regression of human pancreatic tumor xenografts in mice after a single systemic injection of recombinant vaccinia virus GLV-1h68. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:141-51. [PMID: 19139123 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy of tumors has shown promising results in both preclinical and clinical studies. Here, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of a replication-competent vaccinia virus, GLV-1h68, against human pancreatic carcinomas in cell cultures and in nude mice. We found that GLV-1h68 was able to infect, replicate in, and lyse tumor cells in vitro. Virus-mediated marker gene expressions were readily detected. Moreover, s.c. PANC-1 pancreatic tumor xenografts were effectively treated by a single i.v. dose of GLV-1h68. Cancer killing was achieved with minimal toxicity. Viral titer analyses in homogenized organs and PANC-1 tumors showed that the mutant virus resides almost exclusively in the tumors and not in healthy organs. Except mild spleen enlargements, no histopathology changes were observed in any other organs 2 months after virus injection. Surprisingly, s.c. MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic tumors were treated with similar efficiency as PANC-1 tumors, although they differ significantly in sensitivity to viral lysis in cell cultures. When GLV-1h68 oncolytic viral therapy was used together with cisplatin or gemcitabine to treat PANC-1 tumors, the combination therapy resulted in enhanced and accelerated therapeutic results compared with the virus treatment alone. Profiling of proteins related to immune response revealed a significant proinflammatory immune response and marked activation of innate immunity in virus-colonized tumors. In conclusion, the GLV-1h68 strain showed outstanding therapeutic effects and a documented safety profile in mice, with great promise for future clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong A Yu
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 310, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
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Lin SF, Gao SP, Price DL, Li S, Chou TC, Singh P, Huang YY, Fong Y, Wong RJ. Synergy of a herpes oncolytic virus and paclitaxel for anaplastic thyroid cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:1519-28. [PMID: 18316577 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Novel therapeutic regimens are needed to improve the dismal outcomes of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). Oncolytic herpes simplex virus have shown promising activity against human ATC. We studied the application of oncolytic herpes simplex virus (G207 and NV1023) in combination with currently used chemotherapeutic drugs (paclitaxel and doxorubicin) for the treatment of ATC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS All four agents showed dose-response cytotoxicity in vitro for the human ATC cell lines KAT4 and DRO90-1. G207, combined with paclitaxel, showed synergistic cytotoxicity. Chou-Talalay combination indices ranged from 0.56 to 0.66 for KAT4, and 0.68 to 0.74 for DRO90-1 at higher affected fractions. Paclitaxel did not enhance G207 viral entry and early gene expression or G207 viral replication. Paclitaxel combined with G207 compared with single-agent treatment or controls showed significantly increased microtubule acetylation, mitotic arrest, aberrant chromatid separation, inhibition of metaphase to anaphase progression, and apoptosis. A single i.t. injection of G207 combined with biweekly i.p. paclitaxel injections in athymic nude mice bearing KAT4 flank tumors showed significantly reduced mean tumor volume (74 +/- 38 mm(3)) compared with G207 alone (388 +/- 109 mm(3)), paclitaxel alone (439 +/- 137 mm(3)), and control (520 +/- 160 mm(3)) groups at 16 days. There was no morbidity in vivo attributable to therapy. CONCLUSIONS Mechanisms of paclitaxel antitumoral activity, including microtubule acetylation, mitotic block, and apoptosis, were enhanced by G207, which also has direct oncolytic effects. Combination of G207 and paclitaxel therapy is synergistic in treating ATC and holds promise for patients with this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fu Lin
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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32
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Selective anticancer strategies via intervention of the death pathways relevant to cell transformation. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:1197-210. [DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Fu X, Tao L, Zhang X. An HSV-2-based oncolytic virus deleted in the PK domain of the ICP10 gene is a potent inducer of apoptotic death in tumor cells. Gene Ther 2007; 14:1218-25. [PMID: 17538637 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The N-terminus of the ICP10 gene of type 2 herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase (PK) domain that facilitates HSV-2 replication by activating the Ras/MEK/MAPK mitogenic pathway and suppressing apoptosis. We recently demonstrated that deletion of this oncogenic PK domain converts it to a potent oncolytic agent. This mutant, which we have designated FusOn-H2, preferentially replicates in and thus lyses tumor cells in which the Ras signaling pathway is constitutively activated. Here we show that FusOn-H2 exerts strong ability in inducing apoptosis in different lines of human tumor cells and in esophageal tumors growing in mice. The apoptotic effect produced by FusOn-H2 was not restricted to infected cells but extended to uninfected bystander cells, thereby increasing the lethality of the virus. These results add a novel killing mechanism to those previously assigned to FusOn-H2, rendering it an attractive candidate for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Fu
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Vähä-Koskela MJ, Heikkilä JE, Hinkkanen AE. Oncolytic viruses in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2007; 254:178-216. [PMID: 17383089 PMCID: PMC7126325 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising form of gene therapy for cancer, employing nature’s own agents to find and destroy malignant cells. The purpose of this review is to provide an introduction to this very topical field of research and to point out some of the current observations, insights and ideas circulating in the literature. We have strived to acknowledge as many different oncolytic viruses as possible to give a broader picture of targeting cancer using viruses. Some of the newest additions to the panel of oncolytic viruses include the avian adenovirus, foamy virus, myxoma virus, yaba-like disease virus, echovirus type 1, bovine herpesvirus 4, Saimiri virus, feline panleukopenia virus, Sendai virus and the non-human coronaviruses. Although promising, virotherapy still faces many obstacles that need to be addressed, including the emergence of virus-resistant tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J.V. Vähä-Koskela
- Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy and Turku Immunology Centre, Turku, Finland
- Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Turku, Finland
- Corresponding author. Address: Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy and Turku Immunology Centre, Turku, Finland. Tel.: +358 2 215 4018; fax: +358 2 215 4745.
| | - Jari E. Heikkilä
- Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy and Turku Immunology Centre, Turku, Finland
| | - Ari E. Hinkkanen
- Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy and Turku Immunology Centre, Turku, Finland
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35
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Using the SELDI ProteinChip system to detect changes in protein expression in Vero cells after infection. Virol Sin 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-007-0064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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36
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Adusumilli PS, Chan MK, Hezel M, Yu Z, Stiles BM, Chou TC, Rusch VW, Fong Y. Radiation-induced cellular DNA damage repair response enhances viral gene therapy efficacy in the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Ann Surg Oncol 2006; 14:258-69. [PMID: 17080237 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-006-9127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) treated with radiotherapy (RT) has incomplete responses as a result of radiation-induced tumoral stress response that repairs DNA damage. Such stress response is beneficial for oncolytic viral therapy. We hypothesized that a combination of RT and NV1066, an oncolytic herpes virus, might exert an additive or synergistic effect in the treatment of MPM. METHODS JMN, a MPM cell line, was infected with NV1066 at multiplicities of infection of .05 to .25 in vitro with and without radiation (1 to 5 Gy). Virus replication was determined by plaque assay, cell kill by lactate dehydrogenase assay, and GADD34 (growth arrest and DNA damage repair 34, a DNA damage-repair protein) by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot test. Synergistic cytotoxicity dependence on GADD34 upregulation was confirmed by GADD34 small inhibitory RNA (siRNA). RESULTS Synergism was demonstrated between RT and NV1066 across a wide range of doses. As a result of such synergism, a dose-reduction for each agent (up to 5500-fold) can be accomplished over a wide range of therapeutic-effect levels without sacrificing tumor cell kill. This effect is correlated with increased GADD34 expression and inhibited by transfection of siRNA directed against GADD34. CONCLUSIONS RT can be combined with oncolytic herpes simplex virus therapy in the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma to achieve synergistic efficacy while minimizing dosage and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad S Adusumilli
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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37
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Adusumilli PS, Stiles BM, Chan MK, Chou TC, Wong RJ, Rusch VW, Fong Y. Radiation therapy potentiates effective oncolytic viral therapy in the treatment of lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 80:409-16; discussion 416-7. [PMID: 16039175 PMCID: PMC1373787 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2004] [Revised: 01/08/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Replication-competent oncolytic herpes simplex viruses with deletion of the gamma(1)34.5 gene preferentially replicate in and kill malignant cells. The gamma(1)34.5 gene codes for ICP 34.5, a protein that enhances viral replication, and is homologous to growth arrest and DNA damage protein 34 (GADD34), a radiation-inducible DNA repair gene. We hypothesized that radiation therapy may potentiate efficacy of oncolytic viral therapy by upregulating GADD34 and promoting viral replication. METHODS The A549 and H1299 lung cancer cell lines were infected with NV1066, an oncolytic herpes simplex virus, at multiplicities of infection (number of viral particles per tumor cell) of 0.1 to 0.5 in vitro with radiation (2 to 10 Gy) or without radiation. Viral replication was determined by plaque assay, cell-to-cell spread was determined by flow cytometry, cell kill was determined by lactate dehydrogenase assay, and GADD34 induction was determined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot method. Evidence of synergistic cytotoxicity dependence with GADD34 induction is further confirmed by small inhibitory RNA inhibition of GADD34 expression. RESULTS Using both the isobologram method and combination index method of Chou and Talalay, significant synergism was demonstrated between radiation therapy and NV1066 both in vitro and in vivo. As a result of such synergism, a dose reduction for each agent (2- to 6,000-fold) can be accomplished for a wide range of therapeutic effect levels without sacrificing tumor cell kill. This effect is correlated with increased GADD34 expression and inhibited by transfection of small inhibitory RNA directed against GADD34. CONCLUSIONS These data provide the cellular basis for the clinical investigation of combined use of radiation therapy with oncolytic herpes simplex virus therapy in the treatment of lung cancer to achieve synergistic efficacy while minimizing dosage and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuman Fong
- Address for correspondence: Yuman Fong, MD, Murray F. Brennan Chair in Surgery, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, Phone: (212) 639-2016, Fax: (646) 422-2358, E-mail:
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Kraft RM, Nguyen ML, Yang XH, Thor AD, Blaho JA. Caspase 3 activation during herpes simplex virus 1 infection. Virus Res 2006; 120:163-75. [PMID: 16621101 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection, apoptosis is initiated by immediate early gene transcription and is later modulated by proteins synthesized in infected cells. We have previously shown that procaspase 3 levels are reduced during HSV-1 replication. We now demonstrate that a replication-defective HSV-1 recombinant virus which is incapable of packaging viral DNA into capsids activated caspase 3 but retained the ability to prevent the apoptotic process from killing the infected cells. This implies that HSV-1-dependent apoptosis is not merely a response to abortive infection. Maximum accumulation of the active form of caspase 3 accompanied complete HSV-1-dependent apoptosis. Additionally, caspase 7 was found to be activated during HSV-1-dependent apoptosis. Infected MCF-7 cells which ectopically express caspase 3 underwent more efficient apoptosis than their caspase 3-null parental counterparts, confirming that caspase 3 contributes to HSV-1-dependent apoptosis. However, caspase 3 reconstitution did not make the MCF-7 cells as sensitive as HEp-2 cells to HSV-1-dependent apoptosis, suggesting that other cellular factors may be involved in conferring resistance to this process. These results indicate that caspase 3 activation is a consequence of HSV-1 infection and have important implications in our understanding of the interactions of the virus with host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Kraft
- Department of Microbiology, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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Mahller YY, Rangwala F, Ratner N, Cripe TP. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors with high and low Ras-GTP are permissive for oncolytic herpes simplex virus mutants. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006; 46:745-54. [PMID: 16124003 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.20565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) occur most frequently in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 and are often fatal. Current therapy relies upon radical surgical resection, which often fails to completely remove the tumor. To address the need for novel treatment approaches for this disease, we sought to determine if human MPNST-derived cell lines are sensitive to oncolytic Herpes simplex virus (oHSV) infection. Activation of the Ras pathway and its inhibitory effects on protein kinase R (PKR) activation have been shown to dictate cellular permissivity to oHSV mutants. Because NF-1-associated MPNSTs possess inherent hyperactive Ras, we hypothesized these tumors would be ideal therapeutic targets for oHSVs. PROCEDURE Human MPNST-derived cell lines were examined for sensitivity to oHSV-mediated gene transduction, virus replication, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis. These parameters were correlated with PKR activation following oHSV infection and compared with normal human Schwann cells (NHSCs) without hyperactive Ras. RESULTS MPNST-derived cell lines were efficiently transduced, supported virus replication and were killed by the oncolytic HSV mutants, including sporadic MPNSTs without hyperactive Ras. In contrast to the highly sensitive MPNST cell lines, NHSCs did not support mutant virus replication. CONCLUSIONS MPNSTs are susceptible to lysis by oncolytic HSV mutants, regardless of Ras status. Tumor-selective virus replication in MPNST cells appears to be mediated by both cellular expression of ribonucleotide reductase and prevention of eIF2alpha phosphorylation. Virus-induced cytotoxicity of MPNST cell lines was caused by both direct lysis and apoptosis. Our data suggest the use of oncolytic HSV mutants may represent a novel treatment approach for patients with MPNSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Y Mahller
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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Adusumilli PS, Eisenberg DP, Stiles BM, Hendershott KJ, Stanziale SF, Chan MK, Hezel M, Huq R, Rusch VW, Fong Y. Virally-directed fluorescent imaging (VFI) can facilitate endoscopic staging. Surg Endosc 2006; 20:628-35. [PMID: 16446989 PMCID: PMC1435379 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-005-0259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Replication-competent, tumor specific herpes simplex virus NV1066 expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) in infected cancer cells. We sought to determine the feasibility of GFP-guided imaging technology in the intraoperative detection of small tumor nodules. METHODS Human cancer cell lines were infected with NV1066 at multiplicities of infection of 0.01, 0.1 and 1. Cancer cell specific infectivity, vector spread and GFP signal intensity were measured by flow cytometry and time-lapse digital imaging (in vitro); and by use of a stereomicroscope and endoscope equipped with a fluorescent filter (in vivo). RESULTS NV1066 infected all cancer cell lines and expressed GFP at all MOIs. GFP signal was significantly higher than the autofluorescence of normal cells. One single dose of NV1066 spread within and across body cavities and selectively infected tumor nodules sparing normal tissue. Tumor nodules undetectable by conventional thoracoscopy and laparoscopy were identified by GFP fluorescence. CONCLUSION Virally-directed fluorescent imaging (VFI) is a real-time novel molecular imaging technology that has the potential to enhance the intraoperative detection of endoluminal or endocavitary tumor nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Adusumilli
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Adusumilli PS, Chan MK, Chun YS, Hezel M, Chou TC, Rusch VW, Fong Y. Cisplatin-induced GADD34 upregulation potentiates oncolytic viral therapy in the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cancer Biol Ther 2006; 5:48-53. [PMID: 16294031 PMCID: PMC1383726 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.5.1.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NV1066, a replication-competent oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) attenuated by a deletion in the gene gamma(1)34.5, preferentially replicates in and kills malignant cells. gamma(1)34.5 encodes ICP34.5, a viral protein essential for productive replication, which has homology with mammalian stress response induced GADD34 (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein). We hypothesized that cisplatin upregulates GADD34 expression, which enhances NV1066 replication and oncolysis. METHODS Ten human malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) cell lines were infected with NV1066 at multiplicities of infection (MOI; ratio of viral particles per tumor cell) 0.005 to 0.8 in vitro, with and without cisplatin (1 to 4 microM). In the MPM cell line VAMT, viral replication was determined by plaque assay, cell kill by lactate dehydrogenase assay, and GADD34 induction by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot. Synergistic efficacy was confirmed by the isobologram and combination index methods of Chou-Talalay. GADD34 upregulation by cisplatin was inhibited with GADD34 siRNA to further confirm the synergistic efficacy dependence with GADD34. RESULTS Combination therapy with NV1066 and cisplatin showed strong synergism in epithelioid (H-2452, H-Meso), sarcomatoid (H-2373, H-28), and biphasic (JMN, Meso-9, MSTO-211H) MPM cell lines, and an additive effect in others. In VAMT cells combination therapy enhanced viral replication 4 to 11-fold (p < 0.01) and cell kill 2 to 3-fold (p < 0.01). Significant dose reductions for both agents (2 to 600-fold) were achieved over a wide range of therapeutic-effect levels (LD50-LD99) without compromising cell kill. Synergistic cytotoxicity correlated with GADD34 upregulation (2 to 4-fold, p < 0.01) and was eliminated following transfection with GADD34 siRNA. CONCLUSION Cisplatin-induced GADD34 expression selectively enhanced the cytotoxicity of the gamma(1)34.5-deficient oncolytic virus, NV1066. This provides a cellular basis for combination therapy with cisplatin and NV1066 to treat MPM and achieve synergistic efficacy, while minimizing dosage and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad S Adusumilli
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Currier MA, Adams LC, Mahller YY, Cripe TP. Widespread intratumoral virus distribution with fractionated injection enables local control of large human rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts by oncolytic herpes simplex viruses. Cancer Gene Ther 2005; 12:407-16. [PMID: 15665822 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Novel methods of local control for sarcomas are needed. We investigated the antitumor effect of two related herpes simplex virus (HSV) mutants, NV1020 and NV1066, on human rhabdomyosracoma cells and xenografts. Cell death correlated with virus replication and apoptosis in cultured cells and tumors. Complete regression was seen in all tumors <250 mm(3) following a single injection, yet only half of tumors >250 mm(3) showed a complete response. Fractionation of the virus dose into five injection sites did not increase transduction efficiency, transgene expression, or virus production, but did yield more widespread intratumoral distribution. Despite the same total dose of virus, improved control of large tumors was seen using fractionated injections as all large tumors (500-700 mm(3)) had durable, complete regression. Our data suggest that oncolytic HSVs may be useful for local control of bulky rhabdomyosarcoma tumors and that fractionated virus administration results in a more widespread virus infection and better tumor control. Therefore, strategies to maximize intratumoral virus distribution at initial delivery should be sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Currier
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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