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Ito Y, Yamada D, Kobayashi S, Sasaki K, Iwagami Y, Tomimaru Y, Asaoka T, Noda T, Takahashi H, Shimizu J, Doki Y, Eguchi H. The combination of gemcitabine plus an anti-FGFR inhibitor can have a synergistic antitumor effect on FGF-activating cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Lett 2024; 595:216997. [PMID: 38801887 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Anti-FGFR treatment for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) with fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) alteration is a promising treatment option. Since the antitumor mechanisms of anti-FGFR inhibitors and conventional cytotoxic drugs differ, synergistic effects can be possible. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the combined administration of gemcitabine (GEM) and pemigatinib in CCA cells with FGFR2 alterations. To simulate the treatment for patients with 3 kinds of CCA, chemonaïve CCA with activation of the FGF pathway, chemo-resistant CCA with activation of the FGF pathway, and CCA without FGF pathway activation (as controls), we evaluated 3 different CCA cell lines, CCLP-1 (with a FGFR2 fusion mutation), CCLP-GR (GEM-resistant cells established from CCLP-1), and HuCCT1 (without FGFR mutations). There was no significant difference between CCLP-1 and HuCCT1 in GEM suspensibility (IC50 = 19.3, 22.6 mg/dl, p = 0.1187), and the drug sensitivity to pemigatinib did not differ between CCLP-1 and CCLP-GR (IC50 = 7.18,7.60 nM, p = 0.3089). Interestingly, only CCLP-1 showed a synergistic effect with combination therapy consisting of GEM plus pemigatinib in vitro and in vivo. In a comparison of the reaction to GEM exposure, only CCLP-1 cells showed an increase in the activation of downstream proteins in the FGF pathway, especially FRS2 and ERK. In association with this reaction, cell cycle and mitosis were increased with GEM exposure in CCLP-1, but HuCCT1/CCLP-GR did not show this reaction. Our results suggested that combination therapy with GEM plus pemigatinib is a promising treatment for chemonaïve patients with CCA with activation of the FGF pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Gemcitabine
- Humans
- Cholangiocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Cholangiocarcinoma/pathology
- Cholangiocarcinoma/genetics
- Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxycytidine/pharmacology
- Deoxycytidine/administration & dosage
- Drug Synergism
- Animals
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/pathology
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Mice
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Mice, Nude
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Mutation
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Morpholines
- Pyrroles
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Ito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2(E2), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Daisaku Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2(E2), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shogo Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2(E2), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2(E2), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Iwagami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2(E2), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tomimaru
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2(E2), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Asaoka
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Police Hospital, 10-31 Kitayama-cho Tennoji-Ku, Osaka, 543-0035, Japan
| | - Takehiro Noda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2(E2), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidenori Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2(E2), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Junzo Shimizu
- Department of Surgery, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, 4-14-1 Shibahara-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8565, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2(E2), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2(E2), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Shan KS, Dalal S, Thaw Dar NN, McLish O, Salzberg M, Pico BA. Molecular Targeting of the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Pathway across Various Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:849. [PMID: 38255923 PMCID: PMC10815772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases that are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, and development. FGFR alterations including amplifications, fusions, rearrangements, and mutations can result in the downstream activation of tyrosine kinases, leading to tumor development. Targeting these FGFR alterations has shown to be effective in treating cholangiocarcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms, and there are currently four FGFR inhibitors approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). There have been developments in multiple agents targeting the FGFR pathway, including selective FGFR inhibitors, ligand traps, monoclonal antibodies, and antibody-drug conjugates. However, most of these agents have variable and low responses, with some intolerable toxicities and acquired resistances. This review will summarize previous clinical experiences and current developments in agents targeting the FGFR pathway, and will also discuss future directions for FGFR-targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khine S. Shan
- Memorial Health Care, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA; (S.D.); (N.N.T.D.); (O.M.); (M.S.)
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3
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Mann JE, Smith JD, Kulkarni A, Foltin SK, Scheftz EB, Murray IR, Gensterblum-Miller E, Brummel CV, Bhangale A, Hoesli RC, Brenner JC. Genome-wide open reading frame profiling identifies fibroblast growth factor signaling as a driver of PD-L1 expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2023; 146:106562. [PMID: 37666053 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are associated with significant treatment-related morbidity and poor disease-free and disease-specific survival, especially in the recurrent and metastatic (R/M HNSCC) setting. Inhibition of the programmed death-1/ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) immune checkpoint is accepted as a first-line treatment strategy for R/M HNSCC and has expanded into the neoadjuvant, definitive, and adjuvant settings. To understand cellular signals modulating the PD-L1 in HNSCC, we profiled a HNSCC cell-line with a genome-wide open reading frame (ORF) library of 17,000 individual constructs (14,000 unique genes). We identified 335 ORFs enriched in PD-L1high cells and independently validated five of these ORFs (FGF6, IL17A, CD300C, KLR1C and NFKBIA) as drivers of PD-L1 upregulation. We showed that exogenous FGF ligand is sufficient to induce PD-L1 expression in multiple HNSCC cell lines and human immature dendritic cells. Accordingly, overexpression of FGFR1, FGFR3 or the FGFR3 S249C and D786N mutants common to HNSCC tumors also induced PD-L1 overexpression on tumor cells. Small molecule inhibition of FGF signaling abrogated PD-L1 upregulation in these models and also blocked "classical" IFNγ-regulated PD-L1 expression in a STAT1-independent manner. Finally, we found that FGF specifically upregulated a glycosylated form of PD-L1 in our study, and exogenous FGF led to concomitant upregulation of glycosyltransferases that may stabilize PD-L1 on the surface of HNSCC cells. Taken together, our study supports a potential role for FGF/FGFR pathway signaling as a mechanism driving immune escape and rationalizes further exploration of novel combination therapies to improve clinical responses to PD-1/PD-L1 axis inhibition in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Mann
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 41809, USA
| | - Joshua D Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Aditi Kulkarni
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Susan K Foltin
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Erin B Scheftz
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Isabel R Murray
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gensterblum-Miller
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 41809, USA
| | - Collin V Brummel
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Apurva Bhangale
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rebecca C Hoesli
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - J Chad Brenner
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 41809, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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ACACB is a novel metabolism-related biomarker in the prediction of response to cetuximab therapy inmetastatic colorectal cancer. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:1671-1683. [PMID: 36111743 PMCID: PMC9828296 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cetuximab is one of the most valuable targeted therapy monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the mechanisms affecting cetuximab resistance in CRC treatment remain unclear. Metabolism, especially fatty acid metabolism, has been reported to play an important role in tumor treatment. The correlation between cetuximab resistance and metabolism and whether it can be a new biomarker to evaluate the sensitivity of cetuximab in CRC treatment still need to be further explored. In this study, we perform a comprehensive analysis to confirm the relationship between fatty acid metabolism and cetuximab resistance, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to cetuximab drug resistance in CRC are screened by bioinformatics technology. We find that acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta (ACACB), ADH1C, CES1, MGLL, FMO5, and GPT are the hub DEGs, and ACACB is the most important biomarker among them. In addition, we systematically analyze the role of ACACB in the tumorigenesis of CRC, including tissue expression, CRC cell growth, cetuximab sensitivity, and potential downstream pathways, by using bioinformatics techniques, in vitro experiments and clinical cohort validation. Our results confirm that cetuximab resistance is correlated with metabolism. ACACB can lead to decreased sensitivity to cetuximab in CRC, and its mechanism may be related to EGFR phosphorylation, which could affect the activation of the mTOR/Akt signaling pathway and regulation of CDT1-, cyclin D1-, and p21-related cell cycle modulation.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) is the sixth most prevalent cancer worldwide, with an annual incidence of 600,000 new cases. Despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, the overall survival for HNSCC patients has not been significantly improved over the past several decades. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) genomic alterations are frequently detected in HNSCC, including amplification, activating mutation, and chromosomal rearrangement. Among them, FGFR1 amplification, FGF amplifications, and FGFR3 mutations are the most prevalent. In addition, FGF/FGFR expression has also been observed in most HNSCCs. However, the prognostic value of FGF/FGFR aberrations remains unclear, especially for gene amplification and overexpression. Nonetheless, FGF/FGFR has been a promising target for HNSCC treatment, and recent preclinical studies demonstrate the potential of the combination treatment regimens involving FGFR inhibitors on HNSCC. Therefore, there are a number of FGFR inhibitors currently in clinical trials for the treatment of head and neck cancers.
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Mahmood HTNA, Tomas Bort E, Walker AJ, Grose RP, Chioni AM. FGF signalling facilitates cervical cancer progression. FEBS J 2021; 289:3440-3456. [PMID: 34951738 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in women worldwide. While cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), not all females infected with HPV develop the disease, suggesting that other factors might facilitate its progression. Growing evidence supports the involvement of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) axis in several cancers, including gynecological. However, for cervical cancer, the molecular mechanisms that underpin the disease remain poorly understood, including the role of FGFR signaling. The aim of this study was to investigate FGF(R) signaling in cervical cancer through bioinformatic analysis of cell line and patient data and through detailed expression profiling, manipulation of the FGFR axis, and downstream phenotypic analysis in cell lines (HeLa, SiHa, and CaSki). Expression (protein and mRNA) analysis demonstrated that FGFR1b/c, FGFR2b/c, FGFR4, FGF2, FGF4, and FGF7 were expressed in all three lines. Interestingly, FGFR1 and 2 localized to the nucleus, supporting that nuclear FGFRs could act as transcription factors. Importantly, 2D and 3D cell cultures demonstrated that FGFR activation can facilitate cell functions correlated with invasive disease. Collectively, this study supports an association between FGFR signaling and cervical cancer progression, laying the foundations for the development of therapeutic approaches targeting FGFR in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Tomas Bort
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Anthony J Walker
- School of Life Sciences Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Richard P Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Athina-Myrto Chioni
- School of Life Sciences Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
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7
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Aytatli A, Barlak N, Sanli F, Caglar HO, Gundogdu B, Tatar A, Ittmann M, Karatas OF. AZD4547 targets the FGFR/Akt/SOX2 axis to overcome paclitaxel resistance in head and neck cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 45:41-56. [PMID: 34837170 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Development of chemoresistance is one of the major obstacles to the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The PI3K/Akt pathway, involved in drug resistance, has been found to be overactivated in > 90% of HNSCCs. Aberrant activation of the FGF receptors (FGFRs) has been reported to cause overactivation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and to be associated with the maintenance of stem cell features, which is controlled via SOX2 expression. In this study, we aimed at investigating the potential of using AZD4547, an orally bioavailable FGFR inhibitor, to overcome taxol-resistance by targeting the FGFR/Akt/SOX2 axis in HNSCC. METHODS We initially evaluated FGFR2 and SOX2 expression using in silico tools. We analyzed the FGFR/Akt/SOX2 axis in normal/tumor tissue pairs and in recombinant FGF2 treated HNSCC cells. Next, we explored the effects of AZD4547 alone and in combination with taxol on the proliferation, migration and colony forming capacities of parental/taxol-resistant cells using in vitro models. RESULTS We found that the p-FGFR, p-AKT, p-GSK-3β and SOX2 expression levels were higher in tumor tissues than in its corresponding normal tissues, and that AZD4547 effectively suppressed the expression of FGFR and its downstream targets in recombinant FGF2 treated HNSCC cells. We also found that AZD4547 diminished the viability, migration and colony forming capacity of HNSCC cells, and that co-treatment with taxol potentiated the impact of taxol on these cells. Finally, we found that AZD4547 inhibited the overexpressed FGFR/Akt/SOX2 axis and profoundly suppressed cancer-related phenotypes in taxol-resistant HNSCC cells. CONCLUSION From our data we conclude that AZD4547 may increase the impact of taxol during HNSCC treatment. We suggest AZD4547 as a therapeutic agent to overcome taxol-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmelik Aytatli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, Omer Nasuhi Bilmen Mah. Havaalani Yolu Cad. No: 53 Yakutiye, Erzurum, Turkey
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, High Technology Application and Research Center, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Neslisah Barlak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, Omer Nasuhi Bilmen Mah. Havaalani Yolu Cad. No: 53 Yakutiye, Erzurum, Turkey
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, High Technology Application and Research Center, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatma Sanli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, Omer Nasuhi Bilmen Mah. Havaalani Yolu Cad. No: 53 Yakutiye, Erzurum, Turkey
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, High Technology Application and Research Center, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hasan Onur Caglar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, Omer Nasuhi Bilmen Mah. Havaalani Yolu Cad. No: 53 Yakutiye, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Betul Gundogdu
- Department of Medical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Arzu Tatar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Michael Ittmann
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey VAMC, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Omer Faruk Karatas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, Omer Nasuhi Bilmen Mah. Havaalani Yolu Cad. No: 53 Yakutiye, Erzurum, Turkey.
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, High Technology Application and Research Center, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic aberrations (mutations, gene fusions, amplifications) and dysregulation of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway are frequently found in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCCs). Targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) or monoclonal antibodies directed against FGF receptors therefore represents a promising approach for the treatment of HNSCC. OBJECTIVE This review article describes the current status of FGFR-directed therapies for head and neck tumors (especially HNSCC) and, in this context, discusses genomic alterations of the FGFR pathway as potential companion predictive biomarkers. METHODS This article is based on searches of PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and conference proceedings. RESULTS First results prove the efficacy of TKIs both in HNSCC and in adenocarcinomas of the head and neck, especially in thyroid and adenocystic salivary gland carcinomas. CONCLUSION Early clinical and preclinical data point to the promise of biomarker-directed treatment of patients with head and neck tumors using FGFR-targeted TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimo Dietrich
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde/Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Deutschland.
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Korpela SP, Hinz TK, Oweida A, Kim J, Calhoun J, Ferris R, Nemenoff RA, Karam SD, Clambey ET, Heasley LE. Role of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor-induced interferon pathway signaling in the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma therapeutic response. J Transl Med 2021; 19:43. [PMID: 33485341 PMCID: PMC7825244 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently amplified or overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and is a clinically validated target for the therapeutic antibody, cetuximab, in the management of this cancer. The degree of response to EGFR inhibitors measured by tumor shrinkage varies widely among HNSCC patients, and the biological mechanisms that underlie therapeutic heterogeneity amongst HNSCC patients remain ill-defined. METHODS EGFR-dependent human and murine HNSCC cell lines were treated with the EGFR/ERBB inhibitors, gefitinib and AZD8931, and submitted to RNAseq, GSEA, and qRT-PCR. Conditioned media was analyzed by ELISA and Luminex assays. Murine HNSCC tumors were stained for T cell markers by immunofluorescence. Primary HSNCC patient specimens treated with single agent cetuximab were stained with Vectra multispectral immunofluorescence. RESULTS The transcriptional reprogramming response to EGFR/ERBB-specific TKIs was measured in a panel of EGFR-dependent human HNSCC cell lines and interferon (IFN) α and γ responses identified as top-ranked TKI-induced pathways. Despite similar drug sensitivity, responses among 7 cell lines varied quantitatively and qualitatively, especially regarding the induced chemokine and cytokine profiles. Of note, the anti-tumorigenic chemokine, CXCL10, and the pro-tumorigenic factor, IL6, exhibited wide-ranging and non-overlapping induction. Similarly, AZD8931 exerted potent growth inhibition, IFNα/IFNγ pathway activation, and CXCL10 induction in murine B4B8 HNSCC cells. AZD8931 treatment of immune-competent mice bearing orthotopic B4B8 tumors increased CD8 + T cell content and the therapeutic response was abrogated in nu/nu mice relative to BALB/c mice. Finally, Vectra 3.0 analysis of HNSCC patient tumors prior to and after 3-4 weeks of single agent cetuximab treatment revealed increased CD8 + T cell content in specimens from patients exhibiting a therapeutic response relative to non-responders. CONCLUSIONS The findings reveal heterogeneous, tumor cell-intrinsic, EGFR/ERBB inhibitor-induced IFN pathway activation in HNSCC and suggest that individual tumor responses to oncogene-targeted agents are a sum of direct growth inhibitory effects and variably-induced participation of host immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Korpela
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Trista K Hinz
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ayman Oweida
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jacob Calhoun
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Robert Ferris
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Raphael A Nemenoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sana D Karam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric T Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lynn E Heasley
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Eastern Colorado VA Healthcare System, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
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10
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L. Michmerhuizen N, Wang J, Brenner J. Integrated Molecular Profiling as an Approach to Identify PI3K Inhibitor Resistance Mechanisms. Mol Pharmacol 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of drug resistance pathways and approaches to target these pathways remains a significant and important challenge in cancer biology. Here, we address this challenge in the context of ongoing efforts to advance phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors for the treatment of PI3K-aberrant cancers. While PI3K inhibitors have had tremendous success in some diseases, such as breast cancer, early clinical trials in other malignancies, such as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), have not had the same level of success. Since HNSCC and other cancers display relatively high PI3K pathway alteration rates (>45%), these underwhelming results suggest that additional or unexpected factors may contribute to the lower response rates. Here, we highlight some of the emerging functional genomic and sequencing approaches being used to identify predictive biomarkers of PI3K inhibitor response using both cancer cell lines and clinical trial specimens. Importantly, these approaches have uncovered both innate genetic and adaptive mechanisms driving PI3K inhibitor resistance. In this chapter, we describe recent technological advances that have revolutionized our understanding of PI3K inhibitor resistance pathways in HNSCC and highlight how these and other approaches lay the groundwork to make significant strides in our understanding of molecular pharmacology in the cancer field.
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Abstract
Non-communicable diseases contribute to 71% of the deaths worldwide, of which cancers rank second after cardiovascular diseases. Among all the cancers, head and neck cancers (HNC) are consequential in augmenting the global cancer incidence as well as mortality. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are emphatic for the matter that they serve as biomarkers aiding the analysis of tumor progression and metastasis as well as diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic progression in the patients. The extensive researches on HNC have made significant furtherance in numerous targeted therapies, but for the escalating therapeutic resistance. This review explicates RTKs in HNC, their signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis, metastasis and stemness induction, the association of non-coding RNAs with RTKs, an overview of RTK based therapy and associated resistance in HNC, as well as a sneak peek into the HPV positive HNC and its therapy. The review extrapolates the cardinal role of RTKs and RTK based therapy as superior to other existing therapeutic interventions for HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Nadhan
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Priya Srinivas
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
| | - M Radhakrishna Pillai
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Fisher MM, SenthilKumar G, Hu R, Goldstein S, Ong IM, Miller MC, Brennan SR, Kaushik S, Abel L, Nickel KP, Iyer G, Harari PM, Kimple RJ, Baschnagel AM. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors as Targets for Radiosensitization in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 107:793-803. [PMID: 32298810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the capacity of the pan-fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor AZD4547 to augment radiation response across a panel of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines and xenografts. METHODS AND MATERIALS FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3 RNA in situ hybridization expression was assessed in a cohort of HNSCC patient samples, cell lines, and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). In vitro effects of AZD4547 and radiation on cell survival, FGFR signaling, apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle, and DNA damage repair were evaluated. Reverse phase protein array was used to identify differentially phosphorylated proteins in cells treated with AZD4547. In vivo tumor responses were evaluated in cell lines and PDX models. RESULTS FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3 RNA in situ hybridization were expressed in 41%, 81%, and 89% of 107 oropharynx patient samples. Sensitivity to AZD4547 did not directly correlate with FGFR protein or RNA expression. In sensitive cell lines, AZD4547 inhibited p-MAPK in a time-dependent manner. Significant radiosensitization with AZD4547 was observed in cell lines that were sensitive to AZD4547. The mechanism underlying these effects appears to be multifactorial, involving inhibition of the MTOR pathway and subsequent enhancement of autophagy and activation of apoptotic pathways. Significant tumor growth delay was observed when AZD4547 was combined with radiation compared with radiation or drug alone in an FGFR-expressing HNSCC cell line xenograft and PDX. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that AZD4547 can augment the response of radiation in FGFR-expressing HNSCC in vivo model systems. FGFR1 and FGFR2 may prove worthy targets for radiosensitization in HNSCC clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Fisher
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gopika SenthilKumar
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Steve Goldstein
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Irene M Ong
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Margot C Miller
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sean R Brennan
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Saakshi Kaushik
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lindsey Abel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kwangok P Nickel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gopal Iyer
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Paul M Harari
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Randall J Kimple
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Andrew M Baschnagel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
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13
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Wahiduzzaman M, Karnan S, Ota A, Hanamura I, Murakami H, Inoko A, Rahman ML, Hyodo T, Konishi H, Tsuzuki S, Hosokawa Y. Establishment and characterization of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated NF2 -/- human mesothelial cell line: Molecular insight into fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cancer Sci 2018; 110:180-193. [PMID: 30417500 PMCID: PMC6317947 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), a highly refractory tumor, is currently incurable due to the lack of an early diagnosis method and medication, both of which are urgently needed to improve the survival and/or quality of life of patients. NF2 is a tumor suppressor gene and is frequently mutated in MPM. Using a CRISPR/Cas9 system, we generated an NF2‐knockout human mesothelial cell line, MeT‐5A (NF2‐KO). In NF2‐KO cell clones, cell growth, clonogenic activity, migration activity, and invasion activity significantly increased compared with those in NF2‐WT cell clones. Complementary DNA microarray analysis clearly revealed the differences in global gene expression profile between NF2‐WT and NF2‐KO cell clones. Quantitative PCR analysis and western blot analysis showed that the upregulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) was concomitant with the increases in phosphorylation levels of JNK, c‐Jun, and retinoblastoma (Rb) in NF2‐KO cell clones. These increases were all abrogated by the exogenous expression of NF2 in the NF2‐KO clone. In addition, the disruption of FGFR2 in the NF2‐KO cell clone suppressed cell proliferation as well as the phosphorylation levels of JNK, c‐Jun, and Rb. Notably, FGFR2 was found to be highly expressed in NF2‐negative human mesothelioma tissues (11/12 cases, 91.7%) but less expressed in NF2‐positive tissues. Collectively, these findings suggest that NF2 deficiency might play a role in the tumorigenesis of human mesothelium through mediating FGFR2 expression; FGFR2 would be a candidate molecule to develop therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for targeting MPM with NF2 loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Wahiduzzaman
- Department of Biochemistry, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Sivasundaram Karnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Akinobu Ota
- Department of Biochemistry, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hanamura
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hideki Murakami
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Akihito Inoko
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Md Lutfur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Toshinori Hyodo
- Department of Biochemistry, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Konishi
- Department of Biochemistry, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Shinobu Tsuzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hosokawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
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14
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Khandelwal AR, Moore-Medlin T, Ekshyyan O, Gu X, Abreo F, Nathan CAO. Local and systemic Curcumin C3 complex inhibits 4NQO-induced oral tumorigenesis via modulating FGF-2/FGFR-2 activation. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:2538-2547. [PMID: 30662810 PMCID: PMC6325482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and Neck Squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) can be characterized by synchronous tumors in the upper aerodigestive tract. Second primary tumors as a result of field cancerization are a significant problem amongst patients with risk factors for HNSCC, indicating a need for chemo preventive agents. We investigated the efficacy of local and systemic Curcumin C3 complex (C3); a purified mixture of Curcumin, bisdemethoxy Curcumin and demethoxy Curcumin as a chemo preventative agent in 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO)-induced tumorigenesis in mice. The effect of local C3 application was compared to C3 administered orally and in combination with systemic administration. C57Bl/6 mice were administered 4NQO (50 µg/ml) in the drinking water for 16 weeks. At 12 weeks, mice were subjected to daily treatment with either vehicle (control), or 15 mg C3 complex by local delivery, gavage, or combined local and gavage for 28 days (16 week time point), and followed up to 22 weeks. Compared to local and oral systemic C3 administration, combination of local and systemic application significantly decreased multiplicity of 4NQO-induced preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions (p<0.05). Treatment with C3 correlated with a decrease in cell proliferation compared to the 4NQO group. Further, pre-treatment with C3 complex significantly attenuated 4NQO induced expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and its cognate receptor FGFR-2, suggesting an important role of FGF-2/FGFR-2 axis in chemoprevention of HNSCC (p<0.05). Our findings suggest that a combination of local and systemic C3 complex could effectively target proliferation and inhibit 4NQO-induced tumorigenesis via modulation of the FGF-2/FGFR-2 axis as a mechanism for its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok R Khandelwal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, LSU Health-ShreveportShreveport 71130-3932, LA, USA
| | - Tara Moore-Medlin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, LSU Health-ShreveportShreveport 71130-3932, LA, USA
| | - Oleksandr Ekshyyan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, LSU Health-ShreveportShreveport 71130-3932, LA, USA
| | - Xin Gu
- Department of Pathology, LSU-Health ShreveportShreveport 71130-3932, LA, USA
| | - Fleurette Abreo
- Department of Pathology, LSU-Health ShreveportShreveport 71130-3932, LA, USA
| | - Cherie-Ann O Nathan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, LSU Health-ShreveportShreveport 71130-3932, LA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Overton Brooks Veterans Medical CenterShreveport 71130-3932, LA, USA
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15
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Ban MJ, Byeon HK, Yang YJ, An S, Kim JW, Kim JH, Kim DH, Yang J, Kee H, Koh YW. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3-mediated reactivation of ERK signaling promotes head and neck squamous cancer cell insensitivity to MEK inhibition. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:3816-3825. [PMID: 30343534 PMCID: PMC6272115 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has been a longstanding challenge for head and neck oncologists, and current treatments still have limited efficacy. ERK is aberrantly overexpressed and activated in HNSCC. Herein, we aimed to investigate the cause of the limited therapeutic effect of selumetinib, a selective inhibitor of MEK in HNSCC, as MEK/ERK reactivation inevitably occurs. We assessed the effects of combining selumetinib with fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) inhibitor (PD173074) on tumor growth. Selumetinib transiently inhibited MAPK signaling and reactivated ERK signaling in HNSCC cells. Rebound in the ERK and Akt pathways in HNSCC cells was accompanied by increased FGFR3 signaling after selumetinib treatment. Feedback activation of FGFR3 was a result of autocrine secretion of the FGF2 ligand. The FGFR3 inhibitor PD173074 prevented MAPK rebound and sensitized the response of HNSCC cells to selumetinib. These results provided rational therapeutic strategies for clinical studies of this subtype of patients that show a poor prognosis with selumetinib. Our data provide a rationale for combining a MEK inhibitor with inhibitors of feedback activation of FGFR3 signaling in HNSCC cells. ERK rebound as a result of the upregulation of FGFR3 and the ligand FGF2 diminished the antitumor effects of selumetinib, which was overcome by combination treatment with the FGFR3 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Jin Ban
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.,Department of Medicine, The Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Kwon Byeon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Ju Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sojung An
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Wook Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Da Hee Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaemoon Yang
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Woo Koh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Mariz BALA, Soares CD, de Carvalho MGF, Jorge-Júnior J. FGF-2 and FGFR-1 might be independent prognostic factors in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2018; 74:311-320. [PMID: 30129658 DOI: 10.1111/his.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-1 are associated with tumour invasiveness, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The aims of this study were to investigate FGF-2 expression and FGFR-1 expression in oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC), and their correlation with OTSCC patients' prognosis. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and sixty-seven cases were retrospectively selected, including 85 surgical specimens of patients with OTSCC, 46 incisional biopsies of OTSCC, and 36 incisional biopsies of OED. Tissue sections were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for FGF-2 and FGFR-1, and digitally scored. Elevated scores of FGF-2 and FGFR-1 immunostaining were associated with high-grade OEDs. FGF-2 positivity in the stroma was associated with vascular invasion and a worse prognosis, in both overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) analyses, in univariate and multivariate models. FGFR-1 positivity in the stroma was correlated with lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. FGFR-1 expression in either the malignant cells or the stroma was strongly correlated with shorter OS and DFS. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings suggest that increased FGF-2 expression and increased FGFR-1 expression are associated with high-grade OEDs, and are correlated with the presence of metastasis and adverse outcomes in OTSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A L A Mariz
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Ciro D Soares
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Jacks Jorge-Júnior
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
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17
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Yunoki T, Tabuchi Y, Hirano T, Miwa S, Imura J, Hayashi A. Gene networks in basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid, analyzed using gene expression profiling. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:6729-6734. [PMID: 30405815 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequent malignant tumor of the eyelid; it progresses slowly and rarely metastasizes. However, BCC of the eyelid is partially invasive and can extend to the surrounding ocular adnexa even if appropriate treatment is performed. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying its pathogenesis, global gene expression analysis of surgical tissue samples of BCC of the eyelid (n=2) and normal human epidermal keratinocytes was performed using a GeneChip® system. The histopathological examination of surgically removed eyelid tissues showed the tumor nest composed with small basaloid. In the samples from patients 1 and 2, 687 and 713 genes were identified, respectively, demonstrating ≥5.0-fold higher expression than that noted in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. For the 640 genes with upregulated expression in both patient samples, Ingenuity® pathway analysis showed that the gene network in BCC of the eyelid included many BCC-associated genes, such as the following: BCL2 apoptosis regulator; Patched-1; and SRY-box 9. In addition, unique gene networks related to cancer cell growth, tumorigenesis, and cell survival were identified. These results of integrating microarray analyses provide further insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in BCC of the eyelid and may provide a therapeutic approach for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Yunoki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Hirano
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Miwa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Johji Imura
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Ghedini GC, Ronca R, Presta M, Giacomini A. Future applications of FGF/FGFR inhibitors in cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2018; 18:861-872. [PMID: 29936878 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2018.1491795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deregulation of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/FGF receptor (FGFR) network occurs frequently in tumors due to gene amplification, activating mutations, and oncogenic fusions. Thus, the development of FGF/FGFR-targeting therapies is the focus of several basic, preclinical, and clinical studies. Areas covered: This review will recapitulate the status of current FGF/FGFR-targeted drugs. Expert commentary: Non-selective FGF/FGFR inhibitors have been approved for cancer treatment but evidence highlights various complications affecting their use in the clinical practice. It appears mandatory to identify FGF/FGFR alterations and appropriate biomarkers that may predict and monitor response to treatment, to establish the contribution of the FGF/FGFR system to the onset of mechanisms of drug resistance, and to develop effective combinations of FGF/FGFR inhibitors with other targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cristina Ghedini
- a Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- a Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- a Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Arianna Giacomini
- a Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
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19
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Hui Q, Jin Z, Li X, Liu C, Wang X. FGF Family: From Drug Development to Clinical Application. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071875. [PMID: 29949887 PMCID: PMC6073187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) belongs to a large family of growth factors. FGFs use paracrine or endocrine signaling to mediate a myriad of biological and pathophysiological process, including angiogenesis, wound healing, embryonic development, and metabolism regulation. FGF drugs for the treatment of burn and ulcer wounds are now available. The recent discovery of the crucial roles of the endocrine-acting FGF19 subfamily in maintaining homeostasis of bile acid, glucose, and phosphate further extended the activity profile of this family. Here, the applications of recombinant FGFs for the treatment of wounds, diabetes, hypophosphatemia, the development of FGF receptor inhibitors as anti-neoplastic drugs, and the achievements of basic research and applications of FGFs in China are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Zi Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Key Laboratory Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Changxiao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, 308 Anshan West Road, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Key Laboratory Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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20
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Radioprotective Effects of Dermatan Sulfate in a Preclinical Model of Oral Mucositis-Targeting Inflammation, Hypoxia and Junction Proteins without Stimulating Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061684. [PMID: 29882770 PMCID: PMC6032103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral mucositis is the most frequently occurring early side effect of head-and-neck cancer radiotherapy. Systemic dermatan sulfate (DS) treatment revealed a significant radioprotective potential in a preclinical model of oral mucositis. This study was initiated to elucidate the mechanistic effects of DS in the same model. Irradiation comprised daily fractionated irradiation (5 × 3 Gy/week) over two weeks, either alone (IR) or in combination with daily dermatan sulfate treatment of 4 mg/kg (IR + DS). Groups of mice (n = 5) were sacrificed every second day over the course of 14 days in both experimental arms, their tongues excised and evaluated. The response to irradiation with and without DS was analyzed on a morphological (cell numbers, epithelial thickness) as well as on a functional (proliferation and expression of inflammation, hypoxia and epithelial junction markers) level. The mucoprotective activity of DS can be attributed to a combination of various effects, comprising increased expression of epithelial junctions, reduced inflammation and reduced hypoxia. No DS-mediated effect on proliferation was observed. DS demonstrated a significant mucositis-ameliorating activity and could provide a promising strategy for mucositis treatment, based on targeting specific, radiation-induced, mucositis-associated signaling without stimulating proliferation.
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21
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Bhatia S, Sharma J, Bukkapatnam S, Oweida A, Lennon S, Phan A, Milner D, Uyanga N, Jimeno A, Raben D, Somerset H, Heasley L, Karam SD. Inhibition of EphB4-Ephrin-B2 Signaling Enhances Response to Cetuximab-Radiation Therapy in Head and Neck Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4539-4550. [PMID: 29848571 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The clinical success of targeted therapies such as cetuximab and radiotherapy (RT) is hampered by the low response rates and development of therapeutic resistance. In the current study, we investigated the involvement of EphB4-ephrin-B2 protumorigenic signaling in mediating resistance to EGFR inhibition and RT in head and neck cancers.Experimental Design: We used patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and HNSCC cell lines to test our hypothesis. Tumor tissues were subjected to PhosphoRTK array, and Western blotting to detect changes in EphB4-ephrin-B2 targets. mRNA sequencing and microarray data analysis were performed on PDX tumors and HNSCC cell lines, respectively, to determine differences in gene expression of molecules involved in tumor cell growth, proliferation, and survival pathways. Effects on cell growth were determined by MTT assay on HNSCC cells downregulated for EphB4/ephrin-B2 expression, with and without EGFR inhibitor and radiation.Results: Our data from locally advanced HNSCC patients treated with standard-of-care definitive chemo-RT show elevated EphB4 and ephrin-B2 levels after failure of treatment. We observed significant response toward cetuximab and RT following EphB4-ephrin-B2 inhibition, resulting in improved survival in tumor-bearing mice. Tumor growth inhibition was accompanied by a decrease in the levels of proliferation and prosurvival molecules and increased apoptosis.Conclusions: Our findings underscore the importance of adopting rational drug combinations to enhance therapeutic effect. Our study documenting enhanced response of HNSCC to cetuximab-RT with EphB4-ephrin-B2 blockade has the potential to translate into the clinic to benefit this patient population. Clin Cancer Res; 24(18); 4539-50. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Bhatia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jaspreet Sharma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sanjana Bukkapatnam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ayman Oweida
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Shelby Lennon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andy Phan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dallin Milner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nomin Uyanga
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Antonio Jimeno
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David Raben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Hilary Somerset
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lynn Heasley
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sana D Karam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
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Stein-O'Brien G, Kagohara LT, Li S, Thakar M, Ranaweera R, Ozawa H, Cheng H, Considine M, Schmitz S, Favorov AV, Danilova LV, Califano JA, Izumchenko E, Gaykalova DA, Chung CH, Fertig EJ. Integrated time course omics analysis distinguishes immediate therapeutic response from acquired resistance. Genome Med 2018; 10:37. [PMID: 29792227 PMCID: PMC5966898 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-018-0545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Targeted therapies specifically act by blocking the activity of proteins that are encoded by genes critical for tumorigenesis. However, most cancers acquire resistance and long-term disease remission is rarely observed. Understanding the time course of molecular changes responsible for the development of acquired resistance could enable optimization of patients’ treatment options. Clinically, acquired therapeutic resistance can only be studied at a single time point in resistant tumors. Methods To determine the dynamics of these molecular changes, we obtained high throughput omics data (RNA-sequencing and DNA methylation) weekly during the development of cetuximab resistance in a head and neck cancer in vitro model. The CoGAPS unsupervised algorithm was used to determine the dynamics of the molecular changes associated with resistance during the time course of resistance development. Results CoGAPS was used to quantify the evolving transcriptional and epigenetic changes. Applying a PatternMarker statistic to the results from CoGAPS enabled novel heatmap-based visualization of the dynamics in these time course omics data. We demonstrate that transcriptional changes result from immediate therapeutic response or resistance, whereas epigenetic alterations only occur with resistance. Integrated analysis demonstrates delayed onset of changes in DNA methylation relative to transcription, suggesting that resistance is stabilized epigenetically. Conclusions Genes with epigenetic alterations associated with resistance that have concordant expression changes are hypothesized to stabilize the resistant phenotype. These genes include FGFR1, which was associated with EGFR inhibitors resistance previously. Thus, integrated omics analysis distinguishes the timing of molecular drivers of resistance. This understanding of the time course progression of molecular changes in acquired resistance is important for the development of alternative treatment strategies that would introduce appropriate selection of new drugs to treat cancer before the resistant phenotype develops. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13073-018-0545-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Stein-O'Brien
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luciane T Kagohara
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sijia Li
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Manjusha Thakar
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruchira Ranaweera
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Head and Neck-Endocrine Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Ozawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haixia Cheng
- Department of Surgery - Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah,
- Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michael Considine
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sandra Schmitz
- Head and Neck Surgery Unit, St Luc University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexander V Favorov
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Laboratory of Systems Biology and Computational Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila V Danilova
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Laboratory of Systems Biology and Computational Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Joseph A Califano
- Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daria A Gaykalova
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christine H Chung
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Head and Neck-Endocrine Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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23
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McDermott SC, Rodriguez-Ramirez C, McDermott SP, Wicha MS, Nör JE. FGFR signaling regulates resistance of head and neck cancer stem cells to cisplatin. Oncotarget 2018; 9:25148-25165. [PMID: 29861860 PMCID: PMC5982758 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have poor prognosis with less than 1-year median survival. Platinum-based chemotherapy remains the first-line treatment for HNSCC. The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis postulates that tumors are maintained by a self-renewing CSC population that is also capable of differentiating into non-self renewing cell populations that constitute the bulk of the tumor. A small population of CSC exists within HNSCC that are relatively resistant to chemotherapy and clinically predicted to contribute to tumor recurrence. These head and neck CSCs (HNCSC) are identified by high cell-surface expression of CD44 and high intracellular activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and termed ALDHhighCD44high. Here, we performed microarray analysis in two HNSCC cell lines (UM-SCC-1, UM-SCC-22B) to investigate molecular pathways active in untreated and cisplatin-resistant ALDHhighCD44high cells. Gene set enrichment analysis and iPathway analysis identified signaling pathways with major implications to the pathobiology of cancer (e.g. TNFα, IFN, IL6/STAT, NF-κB) that are enriched in cisplatin-resistant ALDHhighCD44high cells, when compared to control cells. FGF2 was also enriched in cisplatin-resistant ALDHhighCD44high, which was confirmed by ELISA analysis. Inhibition of FGF signaling using BGJ398, a pan-FGF receptor (FGFR) small-molecule inhibitor, decreased ALDHhighCD44high alone in UM-SCC-1 and preferentially targeted cisplatin-resistant ALDHhighCD44high cells in UM-SCC-22B. These findings suggest that FGFR signaling might play an important role in the resistance of head and neck CSC to cisplatin. Collectively, this work suggests that some head and neck cancer patients might benefit from the combination of cisplatin and a FGFR inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. McDermott
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christie Rodriguez-Ramirez
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Science & Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sean P. McDermott
- Department of Internal Medicine–Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Max S. Wicha
- Department of Internal Medicine–Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jacques E. Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Science & Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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24
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Kumar D, New J, Vishwakarma V, Joshi R, Enders J, Lin F, Dasari S, Gutierrez WR, Leef G, Ponnurangam S, Chavan H, Ganaden L, Thornton MM, Dai H, Tawfik O, Straub J, Shnayder Y, Kakarala K, Tsue TT, Girod DA, Van Houten B, Anant S, Krishnamurthy P, Thomas SM. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Drive Glycolysis in a Targetable Signaling Loop Implicated in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression. Cancer Res 2018; 78:3769-3782. [PMID: 29769197 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite aggressive therapies, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is associated with a less than 50% 5-year survival rate. Late-stage HNSCC frequently consists of up to 80% cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). We previously reported that CAF-secreted HGF facilitates HNSCC progression; however, very little is known about the role of CAFs in HNSCC metabolism. Here, we demonstrate that CAF-secreted HGF increases extracellular lactate levels in HNSCC via upregulation of glycolysis. CAF-secreted HGF induced basic FGF (bFGF) secretion from HNSCC. CAFs were more efficient than HNSCC in using lactate as a carbon source. HNSCC-secreted bFGF increased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and HGF secretion from CAFs. Combined inhibition of c-Met and FGFR significantly inhibited CAF-induced HNSCC growth in vitro and in vivo (P < 0.001). Our cumulative findings underscore reciprocal signaling between CAF and HNSCC involving bFGF and HGF. This contributes to metabolic symbiosis and a targetable therapeutic axis involving c-Met and FGFR.Significance: HNSCC cancer cells and CAFs have a metabolic relationship where CAFs secrete HGF to induce a glycolytic switch in HNSCC cells and HNSCC cells secrete bFGF to promote lactate consumption by CAFs. Cancer Res; 78(14); 3769-82. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Kumar
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jacob New
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Vikalp Vishwakarma
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Radhika Joshi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Enders
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Fangchen Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sumana Dasari
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wade R Gutierrez
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - George Leef
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Hemantkumar Chavan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Lydia Ganaden
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Mackenzie M Thornton
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Hongying Dai
- Health Services & Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Ossama Tawfik
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jeffrey Straub
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Yelizaveta Shnayder
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Kiran Kakarala
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Terance Ted Tsue
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Douglas A Girod
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Bennett Van Houten
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Partha Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Sufi Mary Thomas
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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25
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Liu Z, Liu G, Zhang GL, Li J, He YQ, Zhang SS, Wang Y, He WY, Cheng GH, Yang X, Xu J, Wang J. Binding of human recombinant mutant soluble ectodomain of FGFR2IIIc to c subtype of FGFRs: implications for anticancer activity. Oncotarget 2018; 7:68473-68488. [PMID: 28049184 PMCID: PMC5356568 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
FGFRs are considered essential targets for cancer therapy. We previously reported that msFGFR2c, a Ser252Trp mutant soluble ectodomain of FGFR2IIIc, inhibited tumor growth by blocking FGF signaling pathway. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still obscure. In this study, we reported that msFGFR2c but not wild-type soluble ectodomain of FGFR2IIIc (wsFGFR2c) could selectively bind to c subtype of FGFRs in the presence of FGF-2. Thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that msFGFR2c bound to wsFGFR2c in the presence of FGF-2 with a K value of 6.61 × 105 M−1. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the mutated residue Trp252 of msFGFR2c preferred a π-π interaction with His254 of wsFGFR2c. Concomitantly, Arg255 of msFGFR2c and Glu250 of wsFGFR2c adjusted their conformations and formed three H-bonds. These two interactions therefore stabilized the final structure of wsFGFR2c and msFGFR2c heterocomplex. In FGFR2IIIc-positive/high FGF-2-secreted BT-549 cells, msFGFR2c significantly inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis by the blockage of FGF-2-activated FGFRs phosphorylation, also the growth and angiogenesis of its xenograft tumors implanted in chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model. While weaker the above inhibitory effects of msFGFR2c were observed on FGFR2IIIc-negative/low FGF-2-secreted MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, msFGFR2c significantly inhibited the proliferation of FGFR1IIIc-positive NCI-H1299 lung cancer cells by the suppression of FGF-2-induced FGFR1 activation and suppressed the growth of NCI-H1299 transplanted tumors in nude mice. In sum, msFGFR2c is a potential anti-tumor agent targeting FGFR2c/FGFR1c-positive tumor cells. These findings also provide a molecular basis for msFGFR2c to disrupt the activation of FGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ge Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guang-Lin Zhang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Qing He
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shu-Shu Zhang
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei-Yi He
- Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guo-Hua Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ju Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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26
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Kleczko EK, Heasley LE. Mechanisms of rapid cancer cell reprogramming initiated by targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and inherent therapeutic vulnerabilities. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:60. [PMID: 29458371 PMCID: PMC5817864 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0816-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathways serve as frequent oncogene drivers in solid cancers and small molecule and antibody-based inhibitors have been developed as targeted therapeutics for many of these oncogenic RTKs. In general, these drugs, when delivered as single agents in a manner consistent with the principles of precision medicine, induce tumor shrinkage but rarely complete tumor elimination. Moreover, acquired resistance of treated tumors is nearly invariant such that monotherapy strategies with targeted RTK drugs fail to provide long-term control or cures. The mechanisms mediating acquired resistance in tumors at progression treated with RTK inhibitors are relatively well defined compared to the molecular and cellular understanding of the cancer cells that persist early on therapy. We and others propose that these persisting cancer cells, termed "residual disease", provide the reservoir from which acquired resistance eventually emerges. Herein, we will review the literature that describes rapid reprogramming induced upon inhibition of oncogenic RTKs in cancer cells as a mechanism by which cancer cells persist to yield residual disease and consider strategies for disrupting these intrinsic responses for future therapeutic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Kleczko
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Lynn E. Heasley
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
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27
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Blackwell C, Sherk C, Fricko M, Ganji G, Barnette M, Hoang B, Tunstead J, Skedzielewski T, Alsaid H, Jucker BM, Minthorn E, Kumar R, DeYoung MP. Inhibition of FGF/FGFR autocrine signaling in mesothelioma with the FGF ligand trap, FP-1039/GSK3052230. Oncotarget 2018; 7:39861-39871. [PMID: 27223434 PMCID: PMC5129976 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligand-dependent signaling has a fundamental role in cancer development and tumor maintenance. GSK3052230 (also known as FP-1039) is a soluble decoy receptor that sequesters FGFs and inhibits FGFR signaling. Herein, the efficacy of this molecule was tested in models of mesothelioma, a tumor type shown to express high levels of FGF2 and FGFR1. GSK3052230 demonstrated antiproliferative activity across a panel of mesothelioma cell lines and inhibited growth of tumor xenografts in mice. High expression of FGF2 and FGFR1 correlated well with response to FGF pathway inhibition. GSK3052230 inhibited MAPK signaling as evidenced by decreased phospho-ERK and phospho-S6 levels in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, dose-dependent and statistically-significant reductions in tumor vessel density were observed in GSK3052230-treated tumors compared to vehicle-treated tumors. These data support the role of GSK3052230 in effectively targeting FGF-FGFR autocrine signaling in mesothelioma, demonstrate its impact on tumor growth and angiogenesis, and provide a rationale for the current clinical evaluation of this molecule in mesothelioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Blackwell
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Christian Sherk
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Maggie Fricko
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Gopinath Ganji
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Mary Barnette
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Bao Hoang
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - James Tunstead
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Tina Skedzielewski
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Hasan Alsaid
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Beat M Jucker
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Elisabeth Minthorn
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - M Phillip DeYoung
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
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28
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29
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Clauditz TS, Böttcher A, Hanken H, Borgmann K, Sauter G, Wilczak W, Grob T, Münscher A. Prevalence of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) amplification in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 144:53-61. [PMID: 29022097 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND FGFR1 is a receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor growth signaling, survival, and differentiation in many solid cancer types. There is growing evidence that FGFR1 amplification might predict therapy response to FGFR1 inhibitors in squamous cell lung cancers. To estimate the potential applicability of anti FGFR1 therapies in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, we studied patterns of FGFR1 amplification using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). MATERIALS AND METHODS A tissue microarray was constructed from 453 primary treatment-naive squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck regions with histopathological and clinical follow-up data [including oral cavity (n = 222), oropharynx (n = 126), and larynx (n = 105)]. FGFR1 and centromere 8 copy numbers were assessed by dual-color FISH. FGFR1 amplification was defined as a copy number ratio FGFR1: centromere 8 ≥ 2.0. HPV sequencing and p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) were applied to FGFR1-amplified cancers. RESULTS FISH analysis was successful in 297 (66%) of the 453 cancers. FGFR1 amplification was found in 6% of analyzable tumors, and was more frequent in tumors of the oral cavity (13/133 amplified, 10%), than cancers of other localizations (1/79 oropharynx, 4/85 larynx; p = 0.007 and 0.159, respectively). One out of 18 FGFR1 amplified cancers was HPV positive. No associations were found between FGFR1 amplification and tumor phenotype or p16 IHC. CONCLUSIONS Head and neck cancers are recurrently affected by FGFR1 amplification, with a predominance in cancers of the oral cavity. Finding only one HPV positive and FGFR1 amplified cancer argues against a causal relationship between HPV and FGFR1 amplifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Sebastian Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Arne Böttcher
- Department of Oto-, Rhino, Laryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henning Hanken
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Borgmann
- Department of Radiation-Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Grob
- Institute of Pathology, University Bern, Hochschulstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Münscher
- Department of Oto-, Rhino, Laryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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30
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Pattarozzi A, Carra E, Favoni RE, Würth R, Marubbi D, Filiberti RA, Mutti L, Florio T, Barbieri F, Daga A. The inhibition of FGF receptor 1 activity mediates sorafenib antiproliferative effects in human malignant pleural mesothelioma tumor-initiating cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:119. [PMID: 28545562 PMCID: PMC5445511 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant pleural mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer, characterized by rapid progression and high mortality. Persistence of tumor-initiating cells (TICs, or cancer stem cells) after cytotoxic drug treatment is responsible for tumor relapse, and represents one of the main reasons for the poor prognosis of mesothelioma. In fact, identification of the molecules affecting TIC viability is still a significant challenge. Methods TIC-enriched cultures were obtained from 10 human malignant pleural mesotheliomas and cultured in vitro. Three fully characterized tumorigenic cultures, named MM1, MM3, and MM4, were selected and used to assess antiproliferative effects of the multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib. Cell viability was investigated by MTT assay, and cell cycle analysis as well as induction of apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry. Western blotting was performed to reveal the modulation of protein expression and the phosphorylation status of pathways associated with sorafenib treatment. Results We analyzed the molecular mechanisms of the antiproliferative effects of sorafenib in mesothelioma TIC cultures. Sorafenib inhibited cell cycle progression in all cultures, but only in MM3 and MM4 cells was this effect associated with Mcl-1-dependent apoptosis. To investigate the mechanisms of sorafenib-mediated antiproliferative activity, TICs were treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) causing, in MM3 and MM4 cells, MEK, ERK1/2, Akt, and STAT3 phosphorylation. These effects were abolished by sorafenib only in bFGF-treated cells, while a modest inhibition occurred after EGF stimulation, suggesting that sorafenib effects are mainly due to FGF receptor (FGFR) inhibition. Indeed, FGFR1 phosphorylation was inhibited by sorafenib. Moreover, in MM1 cells, which release high levels of bFGF and showed autocrine activation of FGFR1 and constitutive phosphorylation/activation of MEK-ERK1/2, sorafenib induced a more effective antiproliferative response, confirming that the main target of the drug is the inhibition of FGFR1 activity. Conclusions These results suggest that, in malignant pleural mesothelioma TICs, bFGF signaling is the main target of the antiproliferative response of sorafenib, acting directly on the FGFR1 activation. Patients with constitutive FGFR1 activation via an autocrine loop may be more sensitive to sorafenib treatment and the analysis of this possibility warrants further clinical investigation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0573-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pattarozzi
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI) and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Carra
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Via L.B. Alberti, 2, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto E Favoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Via L.B. Alberti, 2, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Würth
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI) and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Marubbi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Via L.B. Alberti, 2, 16132, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Luciano Mutti
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of Salford, The Crescent, Salford, Manchester, M5 4WT, UK
| | - Tullio Florio
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI) and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Federica Barbieri
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI) and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Antonio Daga
- IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
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Clayton NS, Wilson AS, Laurent EP, Grose RP, Carter EP. Fibroblast growth factor-mediated crosstalk in cancer etiology and treatment. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:493-501. [PMID: 28470714 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly evident that multiple cell types within the tumor work together to drive tumour progression and impact on both the response to therapy and the dissemination of tumour cells throughout the body. Fibroblast growth factor signalling (FGF) is perturbed in a number of tumors, serving to drive tumor cell proliferation and migration, but also has a central role in orchestrating the plethora of cells that comprise the tumor microenvironment. This review focuses on how this family of signalling molecules can influence the interactions between tumor cells and their surrounding environment. Unraveling the complexities of FGF signalling between the distinct cell types of a tumor may identify additional opportunities for FGF-targeted compounds in therapy and could help combat drug resistance. Developmental Dynamics 246:493-501, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Clayton
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A S Wilson
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - E P Laurent
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - R P Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - E P Carter
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Porta R, Borea R, Coelho A, Khan S, Araújo A, Reclusa P, Franchina T, Van Der Steen N, Van Dam P, Ferri J, Sirera R, Naing A, Hong D, Rolfo C. FGFR a promising druggable target in cancer: Molecular biology and new drugs. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 113:256-267. [PMID: 28427515 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) family consists of Tyrosine Kinase Receptors (TKR) involved in several biological functions. Recently, alterations of FGFR have been reported to be important for progression and development of several cancers. In this setting, different studies are trying to evaluate the efficacy of different therapies targeting FGFR. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the current status of treatments targeting FGFR, focusing on the trials that are evaluating the FGFR profile as inclusion criteria: Multi-Target, Pan-FGFR Inhibitors and anti-FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor)/FGFR Monoclonal Antibodies. EXPERT OPINION Most of the TKR share intracellular signaling pathways; therefore, cancer cells tend to overcome the inhibition of one tyrosine kinase receptor by activating another. The future of TKI (Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor) therapy will potentially come from multi-targeted TKIs that target different TKR simultaneously. It is crucial to understand the interaction of the FGF-FGFR axis with other known driver TKRs. Based on this, it is possible to develop therapeutic strategies targeting multiple connected TKRs at once. One correct step in this direction is the reassessment of multi target inhibitors considering the FGFR status of the tumor. Another opportunity arises from assessing the use of FGFR TKI on patients harboring FGFR alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Porta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Girona, Spain; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGi), Girona, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Roberto Borea
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2)
| | - Andreia Coelho
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2)
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Nanomedicine and Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - António Araújo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pablo Reclusa
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2)
| | - Tindara Franchina
- Medical Oncology Unit A.O. Papardo & Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nele Van Der Steen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Dam
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2)
| | - Jose Ferri
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2)
| | - Rafael Sirera
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2)
| | - Aung Naing
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2).
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FGFR3-TACC3 fusion proteins act as naturally occurring drivers of tumor resistance by functionally substituting for EGFR/ERK signaling. Oncogene 2016; 36:471-481. [PMID: 27345413 PMCID: PMC5290037 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a clinically validated target in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), where EGFR-blocking antibodies are approved for first-line treatment. However, as with other targeted therapies, intrinsic/acquired resistance mechanisms limit efficacy. In the FaDu HNSCC xenograft model, we show that combined blockade of EGFR and ERBB3 promotes rapid tumor regression, followed by the eventual outgrowth of resistant cells. RNA sequencing revealed that resistant cells express FGFR3-TACC3 fusion proteins, which were validated as drivers of the resistant phenotype by several approaches, including CRISPR-mediated inactivation of FGFR3-TACC3 fusion genes. Interestingly, analysis of signaling in resistant cell lines demonstrated that FGFR3-TACC3 fusion proteins promote resistance by preferentially substituting for EGFR/RAS/ERK signaling rather than ERBB3/PI3K/AKT signaling. Furthermore, although FGFR3-TACC3 fusion proteins promote resistance of additional EGFR-dependent HNSCC and lung cancer cell lines to EGFR blockade, they are unable to compensate for inhibition of PI3K signaling in PIK3CA-mutant HNSCC cell lines. Validation of FGFR3-TACC3 fusion proteins as endogenous drivers of resistance in our screen provides strong evidence that these fusions are capable of substituting for EGFR signaling. Thus, FGFR3-TACC3 fusion proteins may represent a novel mechanism of acquired resistance in EGFR-dependent cancers of multiple cell lineages.
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Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and is frequently impervious to curative treatment efforts. Similar to other cancers associated with prolonged exposure to carcinogens, HNSCCs often have a high burden of mutations, contributing to substantial inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity. The heterogeneity of this malignancy is further increased by the rising rate of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated (HPV+) HNSCC, which defines an etiological subtype significantly different from the more common tobacco and alcohol associated HPV-negative (HPV-) HNSCC. Since 2011, application of large scale genome sequencing projects by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) network and other groups have established extensive datasets to characterize HPV- and HPV+ HNSCC, providing a foundation for advanced molecular diagnoses, identification of potential biomarkers, and therapeutic insights. Some genomic lesions are now appreciated as widely dispersed. For example, HPV- HNSCC characteristically inactivates the cell cycle suppressors TP53 (p53) and CDKN2A (p16), and often amplifies CCND1 (cyclin D), which phosphorylates RB1 to promote cell cycle progression from G1 to S. By contrast, HPV+ HNSCC expresses viral oncogenes E6 and E7, which inhibit TP53 and RB1, and activates the cell cycle regulator E2F1. Frequent activating mutations in PIK3CA and inactivating mutations in NOTCH1 are seen in both subtypes of HNSCC, emphasizing the importance of these pathways. Studies of large patient cohorts have also begun to identify less common genetic alterations, predominantly found in HPV- tumors, which suggest new mechanisms relevant to disease pathogenesis. Targets of these alterations including AJUBA and FAT1, both involved in the regulation of NOTCH/CTNNB1 signaling. Genes involved in oxidative stress, particularly CUL3, KEAP1 and NFE2L2, strongly associated with smoking, have also been identified, and are less well understood mechanistically. Application of sophisticated data-mining approaches, integrating genomic information with profiles of tumor methylation and gene expression, have helped to further yield insights, and in some cases suggest additional approaches to stratify patients for clinical treatment. We here discuss some recent insights built on TCGA and other genomic foundations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim N Beck
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.,Program in Molecular and Cell Biology and Genetics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.,Program in Molecular and Cell Biology and Genetics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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Weekes D, Kashima TG, Zandueta C, Perurena N, Thomas DP, Sunters A, Vuillier C, Bozec A, El-Emir E, Miletich I, Patiño-Garcia A, Lecanda F, Grigoriadis AE. Regulation of osteosarcoma cell lung metastasis by the c-Fos/AP-1 target FGFR1. Oncogene 2016; 35:2852-61. [PMID: 26387545 PMCID: PMC4688957 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of the skeleton and is prevalent in children and adolescents. Survival rates are poor and have remained stagnant owing to chemoresistance and the high propensity to form lung metastases. In this study, we used in vivo transgenic models of c-fos oncogene-induced osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma in addition to c-Fos-inducible systems in vitro to investigate downstream signalling pathways that regulate osteosarcoma growth and metastasis. Fgfr1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 1) was identified as a novel c-Fos/activator protein-1(AP-1)-regulated gene. Induction of c-Fos in vitro in osteoblasts and chondroblasts caused an increase in Fgfr1 RNA and FGFR1 protein expression levels that resulted in increased and sustained activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), morphological transformation and increased anchorage-independent growth in response to FGF2 ligand treatment. High levels of FGFR1 protein and activated pFRS2α signalling were observed in murine and human osteosarcomas. Pharmacological inhibition of FGFR1 signalling blocked MAPK activation and colony growth of osteosarcoma cells in vitro. Orthotopic injection in vivo of FGFR1-silenced osteosarcoma cells caused a marked twofold to fivefold decrease in spontaneous lung metastases. Similarly, inhibition of FGFR signalling in vivo with the small-molecule inhibitor AZD4547 markedly reduced the number and size of metastatic nodules. Thus deregulated FGFR signalling has an important role in osteoblast transformation and osteosarcoma formation and regulates the development of lung metastases. Our findings support the development of anti-FGFR inhibitors as potential antimetastatic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Weekes
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, UK
| | - Takeshi G Kashima
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, UK
| | - Carolina Zandueta
- Division of Oncology, Adhesion and Metastasis Laboratory, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Naiara Perurena
- Division of Oncology, Adhesion and Metastasis Laboratory, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David P Thomas
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, UK
| | - Andrew Sunters
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, UK
| | - Céline Vuillier
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, UK
| | - Aline Bozec
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ethaar El-Emir
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, UK
| | - Isabelle Miletich
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, UK
| | - Ana Patiño-Garcia
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Lecanda
- Division of Oncology, Adhesion and Metastasis Laboratory, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
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36
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Giacomini A, Chiodelli P, Matarazzo S, Rusnati M, Presta M, Ronca R. Blocking the FGF/FGFR system as a two-compartment antiangiogenic/antitumor approach in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:172-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Koole K, Brunen D, van Kempen PMW, Noorlag R, de Bree R, Lieftink C, van Es RJJ, Bernards R, Willems SM. FGFR1 Is a Potential Prognostic Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3884-93. [PMID: 26936917 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE FGFR1 is a promising therapeutic target in multiple types of solid tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). FGFR inhibitors have shown great therapeutic value in preclinical models. However, resistance remains a major setback. In this study, we have investigated the prognostic value of FGFR1 expression in HNSCC, the therapeutic relevance of targeting FGFR with AZD4547, and potential resistant mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IHC and FISH were applied on tissue microarrays to investigate FGFR1 protein expression and FGFR1 gene copy numbers in 452 HNSCCs. The sensitivity of HNSCC cell lines to AZD4547, either as single or combination treatment with the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib, was assessed using long-term colony formation assays, short-term viability assays, and biochemical analysis. RESULTS FGFR1 protein overexpression occurred in 82% (36/44) of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive HNSCC and 75% (294/392) of HPV-negative HNSCC and relates with poor overall survival and disease-free survival in HPV-negative HNSCC [HR, 3.07; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.74-6.90; P = 0.001 and HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.04-2.39; P = 0.033]. Moreover, the FGFR1 gene was amplified in 3% (3/110) of HPV-negative HNSCC. Treatment of the high FGFR1-expressing cell line CCL30 with AZD4547 reduced cell proliferation and FGFR signaling. Two FGFR-amplified cell lines, SCC147 and BICR16, were resistant to AZD4547 treatment due to EGFR signaling. Combined AZD4547 and gefitinib treatment synergistically inhibited the proliferation of resistant cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Here, we identify high FGFR1 expression as a candidate prognostic biomarker in HPV-negative HNSCC. Furthermore, we provide a rationale for treating FGFR1-expressing HNSCC with the FGFR inhibitor AZD4547 and for combining AZD4547 and gefitinib in FGFR inhibitor-resistant HNSCC patients. Clin Cancer Res; 22(15); 3884-93. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koos Koole
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Diede Brunen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pauline M W van Kempen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Noorlag
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Remco de Bree
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cor Lieftink
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert J J van Es
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan M Willems
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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38
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Isaacsson Velho PH, Castro G, Chung CH. Novel Targeted Agents in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2015; 29:993-1009. [PMID: 26568544 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Based on currently available genomic data, most head and neck squamous cell carcinoma have few targetable aberrations and immediate clinical translation is challenging. However, potential therapeutic agents listed in this article need to be thoroughly evaluated because there are compelling scientific rationales supporting their development. Concerted effort is required to identify better predictive biomarkers of clinical benefit and improve the therapeutic index. Clinicians need to better understand resistance mechanisms, generate novel hypotheses for appropriate combination regimens and dosing schedules, develop more accurate model systems, and conduct innovative clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H Isaacsson Velho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Castro
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christine H Chung
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1550 Orleans Street CRB-2 Room 546, Baltimore, MD 21287-0014, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1550 Orleans Street CRB-2 Room 546, Baltimore, MD 21287-0014, USA.
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Singleton KR, Hinz TK, Kleczko EK, Marek LA, Kwak J, Harp T, Kim J, Tan AC, Heasley LE. Kinome RNAi Screens Reveal Synergistic Targeting of MTOR and FGFR1 Pathways for Treatment of Lung Cancer and HNSCC. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4398-406. [PMID: 26359452 PMCID: PMC4609283 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The FGFR1 is a therapeutic target under investigation in multiple solid tumors and clinical trials of selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are underway. Treatment with a single TKI represents a logical step toward personalized cancer therapy, but intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms limit their long-term benefit. In this study, we deployed RNAi-based functional genomic screens to identify protein kinases controlling the intrinsic sensitivity of FGFR1-dependent lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) cells to ponatinib, a multikinase FGFR-active inhibitor. We identified and validated a synthetic lethal interaction between MTOR and ponatinib in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. In addition, treatment with MTOR-targeting shRNAs and pharmacologic inhibitors revealed that MTOR is an essential protein kinase in other FGFR1-expressing cancer cells. The combination of FGFR inhibitors and MTOR or AKT inhibitors resulted in synergistic growth suppression in vitro. Notably, tumor xenografts generated from FGFR1-dependent lung cancer cells exhibited only modest sensitivity to monotherapy with the FGFR-specific TKI, AZD4547, but when combined with the MTOR inhibitor, AZD2014, significantly attenuated tumor growth and prolonged survival. Our findings support the existence of a signaling network wherein FGFR1-driven ERK and activated MTOR/AKT represent distinct arms required to induce full transformation. Furthermore, they suggest that clinical efficacy of treatments for FGFR1-driven lung cancers and HNSCC may be achieved by combining MTOR inhibitors and FGFR-specific TKIs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Drug Synergism
- Gene Library
- Genes, Essential
- Genomics/methods
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Singleton
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Trista K Hinz
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Emily K Kleczko
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lindsay A Marek
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jeff Kwak
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Taylor Harp
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lynn E Heasley
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
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40
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Nayak S, Goel MM, Makker A, Bhatia V, Chandra S, Kumar S, Agarwal SP. Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF-2) and Its Receptors FGFR-2 and FGFR-3 May Be Putative Biomarkers of Malignant Transformation of Potentially Malignant Oral Lesions into Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138801. [PMID: 26465941 PMCID: PMC4605495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There are several factors like angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, genetic alterations, mutational factors that are involved in malignant transformation of potentially malignant oral lesions (PMOLs) to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) is one of the prototypes of the large family of growth factors that bind heparin. FGF-2 induces angiogenesis and its receptors may play a role in synthesis of collagen. FGFs are involved in transmission of signals between the epithelium and connective tissue, and influence growth and differentiation of a wide variety of tissue including epithelia. The present study was undertaken to analyze expression of FGF-2 and its receptors FGFR-2 and FGFR-3 in 72 PMOLs, 108 OSCC and 52 healthy controls, and their role in risk assessment for malignant transformation of Leukoplakia (LKP) and Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) to OSCC. Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies against FGF-2, FGFR-2 and FGFR-3. IHC results were validated by Real Time PCR. Expression of FGF-2, FGFR-2 and FGFR-3 was upregulated from PMOLs to OSCC. While 90% (9/10) of PMOLs which showed malignant transformation (transformed) expressed FGF-2, only 24.19% cases (15/62) of PMOLs which were not transformed (untransformed) to OSCC expressed FGF-2. Similarly, FGFR-2 expression was seen in 16/62 (25.81%) of untransformed PMOLs and 8/10 (80%) cases of transformed PMOLs. FGFR-3 expression was observed in 23/62 (37.10%) cases of untransformed PMOLs and 6/10 (60%) cases of transformed PMOLs. A significant association of FGF-2 and FGFR-2 expression with malignant transformation from PMOLs to OSCC was observed both at phenotypic and molecular level. The results suggest that FGF-2 and FGFR-2 may be useful as biomarkers of malignant transformation in patients with OSMF and LKP.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Child
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Leukoplakia, Oral/diagnosis
- Leukoplakia, Oral/genetics
- Leukoplakia, Oral/metabolism
- Leukoplakia, Oral/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mouth Mucosa/metabolism
- Mouth Mucosa/pathology
- Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Mouth Neoplasms/genetics
- Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- Oral Submucous Fibrosis/diagnosis
- Oral Submucous Fibrosis/genetics
- Oral Submucous Fibrosis/metabolism
- Oral Submucous Fibrosis/pathology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Nayak
- Department of Pathology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, U.P. - 226003, India
| | - Madhu Mati Goel
- Department of Pathology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, U.P. - 226003, India
| | - Annu Makker
- Department of Pathology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, U.P. - 226003, India
| | - Vikram Bhatia
- Department of Pathology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, U.P. - 226003, India
| | - Saumya Chandra
- Department of Pathology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, U.P. - 226003, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, M.P. – 462026, India
| | - S. P. Agarwal
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, King George’s Medical University Lucknow, U.P. – 226003, India
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Mirghani H, Amen F, Tao Y, Deutsch E, Levy A. Increased radiosensitivity of HPV-positive head and neck cancers: Molecular basis and therapeutic perspectives. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:844-52. [PMID: 26476574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus driven head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), particularly oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), are characterized by a significant survival advantage over their HPV-negative counterparts. Although the reasons behind this are still not fully elucidated, it is widely accepted that these tumors have a higher response to ionizing radiation that might explain their favorable outcomes. Potential underlying intrinsic mechanisms include impaired DNA repair abilities, differences in activated repopulation-signaling pathways and cell cycle control mechanisms. The role of the microenvironment is increasingly highlighted, particularly tumor oxygenation and the immune response. Recent studies have shown a distinct pattern of intratumoral immune cell infiltrates, according to HPV status, and have suggested that an increased cytotoxic T-cell based antitumor immune response is involved in improved prognosis of patients with HPV-positive OPSCC. These significant milestones, in the understanding of HPV-induced HNSCC, pave the way to new therapeutic opportunities. This article reviews the current evidence on the biological basis of increased radiosensitivity in HPV-positive HNSCC and discusses potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haïtham Mirghani
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif, France.
| | - Furrat Amen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peterborough City Hospital and Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yungan Tao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Deutsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif, France; Université Paris Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France; INSERM U1030 Molecular Radiotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Antonin Levy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif, France; Université Paris Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France; INSERM U1030 Molecular Radiotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, Villejuif, France
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42
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Hierro C, Rodon J, Tabernero J. Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Receptor/FGF Inhibitors: Novel Targets and Strategies for Optimization of Response of Solid Tumors. Semin Oncol 2015; 42:801-19. [PMID: 26615127 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway plays a major role in several biological processes, from organogenesis to metabolism homeostasis and angiogenesis. Several aberrations, including gene amplifications, point mutations, and chromosomal translocations have been described across solid tumors. Most of these molecular alterations promote multiple steps of carcinogenesis in FGFR oncogene-addicted cells, increasing cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Data suggest that upregulation of FGFR signaling is a common event in many cancer types. The FGFR pathway thus arises as a potential promising target for cancer treatment. Several FGFR inhibitors are currently under development. Initial preclinical results have translated into limited successful clinical responses when first-generation, nonspecific FGFR inhibitors were evaluated in patients. The future development of selective and unselective FGFR inhibitors will rely on a better understanding of the tissue-specific role of FGFR signaling and identification of biomarkers to select those patients who will benefit the most from these drugs. Further studies are warranted to establish the predictive significance of the different FGFR-aberrations and to incorporate them into clinical algorithms, now that second-generation, selective FGFR inhibitors exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinta Hierro
- Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Rodon
- Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.
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43
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Heinzle C, Erdem Z, Paur J, Grasl-Kraupp B, Holzmann K, Grusch M, Berger W, Marian B. Is fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 a suitable target of cancer therapy? Curr Pharm Des 2015; 20:2881-98. [PMID: 23944363 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and their tyrosine kinase receptors (FGFR) support cell proliferation, survival and migration during embryonic development, organogenesis and tissue maintenance and their deregulation is frequently observed in cancer development and progression. Consequently, increasing efforts are focusing on the development of strategies to target FGF/FGFR signaling for cancer therapy. Among the FGFRs the family member FGFR4 is least well understood and differs from FGFRs1-3 in several aspects. Importantly, FGFR4 deletion does not lead to an embryonic lethal phenotype suggesting the possibility that its inhibition in cancer therapy might not cause grave adverse effects. In addition, the FGFR4 kinase domain differs sufficiently from those of FGFRs1-3 to permit development of highly specific inhibitors. The oncogenic impact of FGFR4, however, is not undisputed, as the FGFR4-mediated hormonal effects of several FGF ligands may also constitute a tissue-protective tumor suppressor activity especially in the liver. Therefore it is the purpose of this review to summarize all relevant aspects of FGFR4 physiology and pathophysiology and discuss the options of targeting this receptor for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brigitte Marian
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Li S, Payne S, Wang F, Claus P, Su Z, Groth J, Geradts J, de Ridder G, Alvarez R, Marcom PK, Pizzo SV, Bachelder RE. Nuclear basic fibroblast growth factor regulates triple-negative breast cancer chemo-resistance. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:91. [PMID: 26141457 PMCID: PMC4491247 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemotherapy remains the only available treatment for triple-negative (TN) breast cancer, and most patients exhibit an incomplete pathologic response. Half of patients exhibiting an incomplete pathologic response die within five years of treatment due to chemo-resistant, recurrent tumor growth. Defining molecules responsible for TN breast cancer chemo-resistance is crucial for developing effective combination therapies blocking tumor recurrence. Historically, chemo-resistance studies have relied on long-term chemotherapy selection models that drive genetic mutations conferring cell survival. Other models suggest that tumors are heterogeneous, being composed of both chemo-sensitive and chemo-resistant tumor cell populations. We previously described a short-term chemotherapy treatment model that enriches for chemo-residual TN tumor cells. In the current work, we use this enrichment strategy to identify a novel determinant of TN breast cancer chemotherapy resistance [a nuclear isoform of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)]. METHODS Studies are conducted using our in vitro model of chemotherapy resistance. Short-term chemotherapy treatment enriches for a chemo-residual TN subpopulation that over time resumes proliferation. By western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction, we show that this chemotherapy-enriched tumor cell subpopulation expresses nuclear bFGF. The importance of bFGF for survival of these chemo-residual cells is interrogated using short hairpin knockdown strategies. DNA repair capability is assessed by comet assay. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is used to determine nuclear bFGF expression in TN breast cancer cases pre- and post- neoadjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS TN tumor cells surviving short-term chemotherapy treatment express increased nuclear bFGF. bFGF knockdown reduces the number of chemo-residual TN tumor cells. Adding back a nuclear bFGF construct to bFGF knockdown cells restores their chemo-resistance. Nuclear bFGF-mediated chemo-resistance is associated with increased DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) expression and accelerated DNA repair. In fifty-six percent of matched TN breast cancer cases, percent nuclear bFGF-positive tumor cells either increases or remains the same post- neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment (compared to pre-treatment). These data indicate that in a subset of TN breast cancers, chemotherapy enriches for nuclear bFGF-expressing tumor cells. CONCLUSION These studies identify nuclear bFGF as a protein in a subset of TN breast cancers that likely contributes to drug resistance following standard chemotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenduo Li
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
| | - Sturgis Payne
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Zuowei Su
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Groth
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
| | - Joseph Geradts
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
| | - Gustaaf de Ridder
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
| | - Rebeca Alvarez
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
| | | | - Salvatore V Pizzo
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
| | - Robin E Bachelder
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
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45
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Göke F, Franzen A, Hinz TK, Marek LA, Yoon P, Sharma R, Bode M, von Maessenhausen A, Lankat-Buttgereit B, Göke A, Golletz C, Kirsten R, Boehm D, Vogel W, Kleczko EK, Eagles JR, Hirsch FR, Van Bremen T, Bootz F, Schroeck A, Kim J, Tan AC, Jimeno A, Heasley LE, Perner S. FGFR1 Expression Levels Predict BGJ398 Sensitivity of FGFR1-Dependent Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4356-64. [PMID: 26015511 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE FGFR1 copy-number gain (CNG) occurs in head and neck squamous cell cancers (HNSCC) and is used for patient selection in FGFR-specific inhibitor clinical trials. This study explores FGFR1 mRNA and protein levels in HNSCC cell lines, primary tumors, and patient-derived xenografts (PDX) as predictors of sensitivity to the FGFR inhibitor, NVP-BGJ398. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FGFR1 status, expression levels, and BGJ398 sensitive growth were measured in 12 HNSCC cell lines. Primary HNSCCs (n = 353) were assessed for FGFR1 CNG and mRNA levels, and HNSCC TCGA data were interrogated as an independent sample set. HNSCC PDXs (n = 39) were submitted to FGFR1 copy-number detection and mRNA assays to identify putative FGFR1-dependent tumors. RESULTS Cell line sensitivity to BGJ398 is associated with FGFR1 mRNA and protein levels, not FGFR1 CNG. Thirty-one percent of primary HNSCC tumors expressed FGFR1 mRNA, 18% exhibited FGFR1 CNG, 35% of amplified tumors were also positive for FGFR1 mRNA. This relationship was confirmed with the TCGA dataset. Using high FGFR1 mRNA for selection, 2 HNSCC PDXs were identified, one of which also exhibited FGFR1 CNG. The nonamplified tumor with high mRNA levels exhibited in vivo sensitivity to BGJ398. CONCLUSIONS FGFR1 expression associates with BGJ398 sensitivity in HNSCC cell lines and predicts tyrosine kinase inhibitor sensitivity in PDXs. Our results support FGFR1 mRNA or protein expression, rather than FGFR1 CNG as a predictive biomarker for the response to FGFR inhibitors in a subset of patients suffering from HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Göke
- Section of Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alina Franzen
- Section of Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Trista K Hinz
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lindsay A Marek
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Petros Yoon
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rakesh Sharma
- Section of Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maike Bode
- Section of Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne von Maessenhausen
- Section of Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Antonia Göke
- Section of Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carsten Golletz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Kirsten
- Section of Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Diana Boehm
- Section of Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wenzel Vogel
- Section of Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Emily K Kleczko
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Justin R Eagles
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Fred R Hirsch
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tobias Van Bremen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Friedrich Bootz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Schroeck
- Section of Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jihye Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Aik-Choon Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Antonio Jimeno
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lynn E Heasley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany. VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, Colorado
| | - Sven Perner
- Section of Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Flippot R, Kone M, Magné N, Vignot S. [FGF/FGFR signalling: Implication in oncogenesis and perspectives]. Bull Cancer 2015; 102:516-26. [PMID: 25986739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Deregulation of FGF (fibroblast growth factor)/FGFR (fibroblast growth factor receptor) signalling leads to the promotion of several oncogenic mechanisms: proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cytoskeleton modifications, migration and angiogenesis. Deregulation of this pathway is reported in various cancers at early stages, and can therefore be responsible for the emergence of the hallmarks of cancer. It is necessary to precise downstream pathways of FGFR signalling to understand its oncogenic potential. We will then describe its implications in different cancer types. Oncogenic mechanisms will be studied through the example of melanoma, in which deregulation of FGF/FGFR pathway is considered as a driver event and occurs in nearly 90% of cases. The FGF/FGFR signalling pathway is a putative therapeutic target. Numerous agents are in active development, operating through a selective or multi-targeted approach. Recent studies have shown rather disappointing results in non-selected patients, but promising results in patients with FGF/FGFR pathway alterations. A careful screening of patients is the key to a valuable evaluation of these new targeted molecular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Flippot
- Gustave-Roussy, département d'innovations thérapeutiques essais précoces, 94800 Villejuif-Grand Paris, France
| | - Moumini Kone
- Hôpital Louis-Pasteur, service d'oncologie-hématologie, 28630 Chartres-Le-Coudray, France
| | - Nicolas Magné
- Institut de cancérologie Lucien-Neuwirth, département de radiothérapie, 42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Stéphane Vignot
- Hôpital Louis-Pasteur, service d'oncologie-hématologie, 28630 Chartres-Le-Coudray, France.
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Downregulation of miRNA-424: a sign of field cancerisation in clinically normal tongue adjacent to squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1760-5. [PMID: 25965165 PMCID: PMC4647232 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The overall survival for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue is low and the search for early diagnostic and prognostic markers is thus essential. MicroRNAs have been suggested as potential prognostic and diagnostic candidates in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck in general. Methods: On the basis of the known differences between sub-sites within the oral cavity, we investigated the expression and role of microRNA-424 in squamous cell carcinoma arising in tongue. MicroRNA levels were measured by qRT–PCR in both tissue and plasma samples. Results: Levels of microRNA-424 were upregulated in tongue squamous cell carcinoma, but not in tumours originating from gingiva or floor of the mouth. Interestingly, microRNA-424 was downregulated in clinically normal tongue tissue next to tumour compared with completely healthy tongue, indicating that microRNA-424 could be a marker of field cancerisation in this tumour type. However, expression of microRNA-424 in a tongue-derived epithelial cell line revealed no significant changes in the expression profile of proteins and genes. Conclusions: Our patient data show that microRNA-424 alterations are a marker of field cancerisation specific for tongue tumourigenesis, which also could have a role in development of tongue squamous cell carcinoma.
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48
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Kleczko EK, Kim J, Keysar SB, Heasley LR, Eagles JR, Simon M, Marshall ME, Singleton KR, Jimeno A, Tan AC, Heasley LE. An Inducible TGF-β2-TGFβR Pathway Modulates the Sensitivity of HNSCC Cells to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Targeting Dominant Receptor Tyrosine Kinases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123600. [PMID: 25946135 PMCID: PMC4422719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in approximately 90% of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), and molecularly targeted therapy against the EGFR with the monoclonal antibody cetuximab modestly increases overall survival in head and neck cancer patients. We hypothesize that co-signaling through additional pathways limits the efficacy of cetuximab and EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the clinical treatment of HNSCC. Analysis of gene expression changes in HNSCC cell lines treated 4 days with TKIs targeting EGFR and/or fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) identified transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β2) induction in the three cell lines tested. Measurement of TGF-β2 mRNA validated this observation and extended it to additional cell lines. Moreover, TGF-β2 mRNA was increased in primary patient HNSCC xenografts treated for 4 weeks with cetuximab, demonstrating in vivo relevance of these findings. Functional genomics analyses with shRNA libraries identified TGF-β2 and TGF-β receptors (TGFβRs) as synthetic lethal genes in the context of TKI treatment. Further, direct RNAi-mediated silencing of TGF-β2 inhibited cell growth, both alone and in combination with TKIs. Also, a pharmacological TGFβRI inhibitor similarly inhibited basal growth and enhanced TKI efficacy. In summary, the studies support a TGF-β2-TGFβR pathway as a TKI-inducible growth pathway in HNSCC that limits efficacy of EGFR-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Kleczko
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Keysar
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lydia R. Heasley
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Justin R. Eagles
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Matthew Simon
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Marianne E. Marshall
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Katherine R. Singleton
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Antonio Jimeno
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Aik-Choon Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lynn E. Heasley
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
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Even C, Le Tourneau C. Place des thérapies moléculaires ciblées dans le traitement des cancers de la tête et du cou. ONCOLOGIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-015-2520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Markwell SM, Weed SA. Tumor and stromal-based contributions to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma invasion. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:382-406. [PMID: 25734659 PMCID: PMC4381264 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7010382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is typically diagnosed at advanced stages with evident loco-regional and/or distal metastases. The prevalence of metastatic lesions directly correlates with poor patient outcome, resulting in high patient mortality rates following metastatic development. The progression to metastatic disease requires changes not only in the carcinoma cells, but also in the surrounding stromal cells and tumor microenvironment. Within the microenvironment, acellular contributions from the surrounding extracellular matrix, along with contributions from various infiltrating immune cells, tumor associated fibroblasts, and endothelial cells facilitate the spread of tumor cells from the primary site to the rest of the body. Thus far, most attempts to limit metastatic spread through therapeutic intervention have failed to show patient benefit in clinic trails. The goal of this review is highlight the complexity of invasion-promoting interactions in the HNSCC tumor microenvironment, focusing on contributions from tumor and stromal cells in order to assist future therapeutic development and patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Markwell
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Program in Cancer Cell Biology, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Scott A Weed
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Program in Cancer Cell Biology, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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