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STING-driven interferon signaling triggers metabolic alterations in pancreas cancer cells visualized by [ 18F]FLT PET imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2105390118. [PMID: 34480004 PMCID: PMC8433573 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105390118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical effectors of emerging cancer immunotherapies designed to activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). A challenge in the clinical translation of these agents is the lack of noninvasive pharmacodynamic biomarkers that indicate increased intratumoral IFN signaling following PRR activation. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging enables the visualization of tissue metabolic activity, but whether IFN signaling-induced alterations in tumor cell metabolism can be detected using PET has not been investigated. We found that IFN signaling augments pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell nucleotide metabolism via transcriptional induction of metabolism-associated genes including thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP). TYMP catalyzes the first step in the catabolism of thymidine, which competitively inhibits intratumoral accumulation of the nucleoside analog PET probe 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT). Accordingly, IFN treatment up-regulates cancer cell [18F]FLT uptake in the presence of thymidine, and this effect is dependent upon TYMP expression. In vivo, genetic activation of stimulator of interferon genes (STING), a PRR highly expressed in PDAC, enhances the [18F]FLT avidity of xenograft tumors. Additionally, small molecule STING agonists trigger IFN signaling-dependent TYMP expression in PDAC cells and increase tumor [18F]FLT uptake in vivo following systemic treatment. These findings indicate that [18F]FLT accumulation in tumors is sensitive to IFN signaling and that [18F]FLT PET may serve as a pharmacodynamic biomarker for STING agonist-based therapies in PDAC and possibly other malignancies characterized by elevated STING expression.
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2
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A quantitative LC-MS/MS approach for monitoring 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxy-D-glucose uptake in tumor tissue. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:481-491. [PMID: 33724050 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Develop a quantitative LC-MS/MS method for FDG, FDG-monophosphate, glucose and glucose-monophosphate in mouse tumor models to assist in validating the use of [18F]FDG-positron emission tomography (PET) imaging for anticancer therapies in a clinical setting. Methodology/results: Analytes were isolated from tumors by protein precipitation and detected on a Sciex API-5500 mass spectrometer. Improved assay robustness and selectivity were achieved through chromatographic separation of FDG-monophosphate from glucose-monophosphate, selection of a unique ion transition and incorporation of stable isotope labeled internal standards. In a mouse JIMT-1 tumor model, FDG-monophosphate levels measured by LC-MS/MS correlated with [18F]FDG-PET imaging results. Conclusion: LC-MS/MS analysis of FDG-monophosphate accumulation in tumors is a cost-effective tool to gauge the translational potential of [18F]FDG-PET imaging as a noninvasive biomarker in clinical studies.
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3
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Serkova NJ, Glunde K, Haney CR, Farhoud M, De Lille A, Redente EF, Simberg D, Westerly DC, Griffin L, Mason RP. Preclinical Applications of Multi-Platform Imaging in Animal Models of Cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1189-1200. [PMID: 33262127 PMCID: PMC8026542 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In animal models of cancer, oncologic imaging has evolved from a simple assessment of tumor location and size to sophisticated multimodality exploration of molecular, physiologic, genetic, immunologic, and biochemical events at microscopic to macroscopic levels, performed noninvasively and sometimes in real time. Here, we briefly review animal imaging technology and molecular imaging probes together with selected applications from recent literature. Fast and sensitive optical imaging is primarily used to track luciferase-expressing tumor cells, image molecular targets with fluorescence probes, and to report on metabolic and physiologic phenotypes using smart switchable luminescent probes. MicroPET/single-photon emission CT have proven to be two of the most translational modalities for molecular and metabolic imaging of cancers: immuno-PET is a promising and rapidly evolving area of imaging research. Sophisticated MRI techniques provide high-resolution images of small metastases, tumor inflammation, perfusion, oxygenation, and acidity. Disseminated tumors to the bone and lung are easily detected by microCT, while ultrasound provides real-time visualization of tumor vasculature and perfusion. Recently available photoacoustic imaging provides real-time evaluation of vascular patency, oxygenation, and nanoparticle distributions. New hybrid instruments, such as PET-MRI, promise more convenient combination of the capabilities of each modality, enabling enhanced research efficacy and throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Serkova
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
- Animal Imaging Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kristine Glunde
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, and the Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chad R Haney
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | | | | | | | - Dmitri Simberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David C Westerly
- Animal Imaging Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lynn Griffin
- Department of Radiology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ralph P Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
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4
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Bashir A, Binderup T, Vestergaard MB, Broholm H, Marner L, Ziebell M, Fugleholm K, Kjær A, Law I. In vivo imaging of cell proliferation in meningioma using 3'-deoxy-3'-[ 18F]fluorothymidine PET/MRI. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 47:1496-1509. [PMID: 32047966 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-04704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Positron emission tomography (PET) with 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT) provides a noninvasive assessment of tumour proliferation in vivo and could be a valuable imaging modality for assessing malignancy in meningiomas. We investigated a range of static and dynamic [18F]FLT metrics by correlating the findings with cellular biomarkers of proliferation and angiogenesis. METHODS Seventeen prospectively recruited adult patients with intracranial meningiomas underwent a 60-min dynamic [18F]FLT PET following surgery. Maximum and mean standardized uptake values (SUVmax, SUVmean) with and without normalization to healthy brain tissue and blood radioactivity obtained from 40 to 60 min summed dynamic images (PET40-60) and ~ 60-min blood samples were calculated. Kinetic modelling using a two-tissue reversible compartmental model with a fractioned blood volume (VB) was performed to determine the total distribution volume (VT). Expressions of proliferation and angiogenesis with key parameters including Ki-67 index, phosphohistone-H3 (phh3), MKI67, thymidine kinase 1 (TK1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Kirsten RAt Sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3 (TIMP3), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) were determined by immunohistochemistry and/or quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed 13 World Health Organization (WHO) grade I and four WHO grade II meningiomas. SUVmax and SUVmean normalized to blood radioactivity from PET40-60 and blood sampling, and VT were able to significantly differentiate between WHO grades with the best results for maximum and mean tumour-to-whole-blood ratios (sensitivity 100%, specificity 94-95%, accuracy 99%; P = 0.003). Static [18F]FLT metrics were significantly correlated with proliferative biomarkers, especially Ki-67 index, phh3, and TK1, while no correlations were found with VEGFA or VB. Using Ki-67 index with a threshold > 4%, the majority of [18F]FLT metrics showed a high ability to identify aggressive meningiomas with SUVmean demonstrating the best performance (sensitivity 80%, specificity 81%, accuracy 80%; P = 0.024). CONCLUSION [18F]FLT PET could be a useful imaging modality for assessing cellular proliferation in meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Bashir
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Tina Binderup
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark Bitsch Vestergaard
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Helle Broholm
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Marner
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Ziebell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kåre Fugleholm
- Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjær
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ian Law
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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5
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Schelhaas S, Wachsmuth L, Hermann S, Rieder N, Heller A, Heinzmann K, Honess DJ, Smith DM, Fricke IB, Just N, Doblas S, Sinkus R, Döring C, Schäfers KP, Griffiths JR, Faber C, Schneider R, Aboagye EO, Jacobs AH. Thymidine Metabolism as a Confounding Factor for 3'-Deoxy-3'- 18F-Fluorothymidine Uptake After Therapy in a Colorectal Cancer Model. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:1063-1069. [PMID: 29476002 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.206250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive monitoring of tumor therapy response helps in developing personalized treatment strategies. Here, we performed sequential PET and diffusion-weighted MRI to evaluate changes induced by a FOLFOX-like combination chemotherapy in colorectal cancer xenografts, to identify the cellular and molecular determinants of these imaging biomarkers. Methods: Tumor-bearing CD1 nude mice, engrafted with FOLFOX-sensitive Colo205 colorectal cancer xenografts, were treated with FOLFOX (5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin) weekly. On days 1, 2, 6, 9, and 13 of therapy, tumors were assessed by in vivo imaging and ex vivo analyses. In addition, HCT116 xenografts, which did not respond to the FOLFOX treatment, were imaged on day 1 of therapy. Results: In Colo205 xenografts, FOLFOX induced a profound increase in uptake of the proliferation PET tracer 3'-deoxy-3'-18F-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT) accompanied by increases in markers for proliferation (Ki-67, thymidine kinase 1) and for activated DNA damage response (γH2AX), whereas the effect on cell death was minimal. Because tracer uptake was unaltered in the HCT116 model, these changes appear to be specific for tumor response. Conclusion: We demonstrated that 18F-FLT PET can noninvasively monitor cancer treatment-induced molecular alterations, including thymidine metabolism and DNA damage response. The cellular or imaging changes may not, however, be directly related to therapy response as assessed by volumetric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Schelhaas
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lydia Wachsmuth
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Hermann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Natascha Rieder
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Astrid Heller
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Heinzmann
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Davina J Honess
- Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Inga B Fricke
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nathalie Just
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sabrina Doblas
- Laboratory of Imaging Biomarkers, UMR 1149-CRI, INSERM, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Ralph Sinkus
- Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Division, Kings College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Döring
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus P Schäfers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - John R Griffiths
- Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Eric O Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas H Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Johanniter Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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6
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Duan X, Zhang X, Gan Q, Fang S, Ruan Q, Song X, Zhang J. Novel 99mTc-labelled complexes with thymidine isocyanide: radiosynthesis and evaluation as potential tumor imaging tracers. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:705-712. [PMID: 30108961 PMCID: PMC6071732 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00635g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel thymidine isocyanide (CN-TdR) functionalized at the N3 position of thymidine was synthesized and then radiolabelled with 99mTc(i) and [99mTc(i)(CO)3]+ cores to produce [99mTc(CN-TdR)6]+ and [99mTc(CO)3(CN-TdR)3]+, respectively. Both of them were prepared with high radiochemical purity and were stable over 6 h in saline at ambient temperature and in serum at 37 °C. The partition coefficient results demonstrated that they were hydrophilic. The cell internalization studies showed that their uptake might be mediated by nucleoside transporters. Biodistribution of these complexes in mice bearing the S180 tumor showed that they accumulated in the tumor with high uptake and cleared rapidly from blood and muscles, producing high tumor/blood and tumor/muscle ratios. Between them, [99mTc(CN-TdR)6]+ exhibited advantages concerning a higher tumor uptake, tumor/blood ratio and tumor/muscle ratio at 60 min post-injection. Single photon emission computed tomography imaging studies showed that there was a clear accumulation in tumor sites, suggesting that [99mTc(CN-TdR)6]+ could be a promising candidate for tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P.R. China .
| | - Xuran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P.R. China .
- Department of Isotopes , China Institute of Atomic Energy , P. O. Box 2108 , Beijing 102413 , P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Gan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P.R. China .
| | - Si'an Fang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P.R. China .
| | - Qing Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P.R. China .
| | - Xiaoqing Song
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P.R. China .
| | - Junbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P.R. China .
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7
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Schelhaas S, Heinzmann K, Honess DJ, Smith DM, Keen H, Heskamp S, Witney TH, Besret L, Doblas S, Griffiths JR, Aboagye EO, Jacobs AH. 3'-Deoxy-3'-[ 18F]Fluorothymidine Uptake Is Related to Thymidine Phosphorylase Expression in Various Experimental Tumor Models. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 20:194-199. [PMID: 28971330 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We recently reported that high thymidine phosphorylase (TP) expression is accompanied by low tumor thymidine concentration and high 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT) uptake in four untreated lung cancer xenografts. Here, we investigated whether this relationship also holds true for a broader range of tumor models. PROCEDURES Lysates from n = 15 different tumor models originating from n = 6 institutions were tested for TP and thymidylate synthase (TS) expression using western blots. Results were correlated to [18F]FLT accumulation in the tumors as determined by positron emission tomography (PET) measurements in the different institutions and to previously published thymidine concentrations. RESULTS Expression of TP correlated positively with [18F]FLT SUVmax (ρ = 0.549, P < 0.05). Furthermore, tumors with high TP levels possessed lower levels of thymidine (ρ = - 0.939, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In a broad range of tumors, [18F]FLT uptake as measured by PET is substantially influenced by TP expression and tumor thymidine concentrations. These data strengthen the role of TP as factor confounding [18F]FLT uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Schelhaas
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Kathrin Heinzmann
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Davina J Honess
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Heather Keen
- PHB Imaging Group, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Sandra Heskamp
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy H Witney
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - John R Griffiths
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric O Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas H Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Johanniter Hospital, Bonn, Germany.
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8
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Rapic S, Vangestel C, Verhaeghe J, Thomae D, Pauwels P, Van den Wyngaert T, Staelens S, Stroobants S. Evaluation of [ 18F]Fluorothymidine as a Biomarker for Early Therapy Response in a Mouse Model of Colorectal Cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 19:109-119. [PMID: 27324368 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-0974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In oncology, positron emission tomography imaging using dedicated tracers as biomarkers may assist in early evaluation of therapy efficacy. Using 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT), we investigated the early effects of chemotherapeutic treatment on cancer cell proliferation in a BRAF-mutated colorectal cancer xenograft model. PROCEDURES Colo205 subcutaneously inoculated animals underwent 90-min dynamic imaging before and 24 h after treatment with vehicle (control), cetuximab (resistant) or irinotecan (sensitive). Total distribution volume was quantified from dynamic data, and standardized uptake values as well as tumor-to-blood ratios were calculated from static images averaged over the last 20 min. In vivo imaging data was correlated with ex vivo proliferation and thymidine metabolism proteins. RESULTS All imaging parameters showed a significant post-treatment decrease from [18F]FLT baseline uptake for the irinotecan group (p ≤ 0.001) as compared with the cetuximab and vehicle group and correlated strongly with each other (p ≤ 0.0001). In vivo data were in agreement with Ki67 staining, showing a significantly lower percentage of Ki67-positive cells in the irinotecan group as compared with other groups (p ≤ 0.0001). Tumor expression of thymidine kinase 1 phosphorylated on serine 13, thymidylate synthase, and thymidine phosphorylase remained unaffected, while thymidine kinase 1 expression was, surprisingly, significantly higher in irinotecan-treated animals (p ≤ 0.01). In contrast, tumor ATP levels were lowest in this group. CONCLUSIONS [18F]FLT positron emission tomography was found to be a suitable biomarker of early tumor response to anti-proliferative treatment, with static imaging not being inferior to full compartmental analysis in our xenograft model. The dynamics of thymidine kinase 1 protein expression and protein activity in low ATP environments merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rapic
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christel Vangestel
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Verhaeghe
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - David Thomae
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Tim Van den Wyngaert
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Steven Staelens
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sigrid Stroobants
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
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9
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Heskamp S, Heijmen L, Gerrits D, Molkenboer-Kuenen JDM, Ter Voert EGW, Heinzmann K, Honess DJ, Smith DM, Griffiths JR, Doblas S, Sinkus R, Laverman P, Oyen WJG, Heerschap A, Boerman OC. Response Monitoring with [ 18F]FLT PET and Diffusion-Weighted MRI After Cytotoxic 5-FU Treatment in an Experimental Rat Model for Colorectal Liver Metastases. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 19:540-549. [PMID: 27798786 PMCID: PMC5498638 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-1021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to investigate the potential of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) and 3'-dexoy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT) positron emission tomography (PET) as early biomarkers of treatment response of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in a syngeneic rat model of colorectal cancer liver metastases. PROCEDURES Wag/Rij rats with intrahepatic syngeneic CC531 tumors were treated with 5-FU (15, 30, or 60 mg/kg in weekly intervals). Before treatment and at days 1, 3, 7, and 14 after treatment rats underwent DW-MRI and [18F]FLT PET. Tumors were analyzed immunohistochemically for Ki67, TK1, and ENT1 expression. RESULTS 5-FU inhibited the growth of CC531 tumors in a dose-dependent manner. Immunohistochemical analysis did not show significant changes in Ki67, TK1, and ENT1 expression. However, [18F]FLT SUVmean and SUVmax were significantly increased at days 4 and 7 after treatment with 5-FU (60 mg/kg) and returned to baseline at day 14 (SUVmax at days -1, 4, 7, and 14 was 1.1 ± 0.1, 2.3 ± 0.5, 2.3 ± 0.6, and 1.5 ± 0.4, respectively). No changes in [18F]FLT uptake were observed in the nontreated animals. Furthermore, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCmean) did not change in 5-FU-treated rats compared to untreated rats. CONCLUSION This study suggests that 5-FU treatment induces a flare in [18F]FLT uptake of responsive CC531 tumors in the liver, while the ADCmean did not change significantly. Future studies in larger groups are warranted to further investigate whether [18F]FLT PET can discriminate between disease progression and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Heskamp
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Linda Heijmen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Gerrits
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Edwin G W Ter Voert
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kathrin Heinzmann
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Davina J Honess
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - John R Griffiths
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sabrina Doblas
- LBI, CRI - UMR 1149 Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Ralph Sinkus
- BHF Centre of Excellence, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Peter Laverman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J G Oyen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arend Heerschap
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Otto C Boerman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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10
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Mudd SR, Comley RA, Bergstrom M, Holen KD, Luo Y, Carme S, Fox GB, Martarello L, Beaver JD. Molecular imaging in oncology drug development. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:140-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Schelhaas S, Heinzmann K, Bollineni VR, Kramer GM, Liu Y, Waterton JC, Aboagye EO, Shields AF, Soloviev D, Jacobs AH. Preclinical Applications of 3'-Deoxy-3'-[ 18F]Fluorothymidine in Oncology - A Systematic Review. Theranostics 2017; 7:40-50. [PMID: 28042315 PMCID: PMC5196884 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The positron emission tomography (PET) tracer 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT) has been proposed to measure cell proliferation non-invasively in vivo. Hence, it should provide valuable information for response assessment to tumor therapies. To date, [18F]FLT uptake has found limited use as a response biomarker in clinical trials in part because a better understanding is needed of the determinants of [18F]FLT uptake and therapy-induced changes of its retention in the tumor. In this systematic review of preclinical [18F]FLT studies, comprising 174 reports, we identify the factors governing [18F]FLT uptake in tumors, among which thymidine kinase 1 plays a primary role. The majority of publications (83 %) report that decreased [18F]FLT uptake reflects the effects of anticancer therapies. 144 times [18F]FLT uptake was related to changes in proliferation as determined by ex vivo analyses. Of these approaches, 77 % describe a positive relation, implying a good concordance of tracer accumulation and tumor biology. These preclinical data indicate that [18F]FLT uptake holds promise as an imaging biomarker for response assessment in clinical studies. Understanding of the parameters which influence cellular [18F]FLT uptake and retention as well as the mechanism of changes induced by therapy is essential for successful implementation of this PET tracer. Hence, our systematic review provides the background for the use of [18F]FLT in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Schelhaas
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Vikram R Bollineni
- European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gerbrand M Kramer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yan Liu
- European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Eric O Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Anthony F Shields
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Dmitry Soloviev
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas H Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany.; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Johanniter Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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12
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Schelhaas S, Held A, Wachsmuth L, Hermann S, Honess DJ, Heinzmann K, Smith DM, Griffiths JR, Faber C, Jacobs AH. Gemcitabine Mechanism of Action Confounds Early Assessment of Treatment Response by 3'-Deoxy-3'-[18F]Fluorothymidine in Preclinical Models of Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2016; 76:7096-7105. [PMID: 27784748 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
3'-Deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine positron emission tomography ([18F]FLT-PET) and diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) are promising approaches to monitor tumor therapy response. Here, we employed these two imaging modalities to evaluate the response of lung carcinoma xenografts in mice after gemcitabine therapy. Caliper measurements revealed that H1975 xenografts responded to gemcitabine treatment, whereas A549 growth was not affected. In both tumor models, uptake of [18F]FLT was significantly reduced 6 hours after drug administration. On the basis of the gemcitabine concentration and [18F]FLT excretion measured, this was presumably related to a direct competition of gemcitabine with the radiotracer for cellular uptake. On day 1 after therapy, [18F]FLT uptake was increased in both models, which was correlated with thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) expression. Two and 3 days after drug administration, [18F]FLT uptake as well as TK1 and Ki67 expression were unchanged. A reduction in [18F]FLT in the responsive H1975 xenografts could only be noted on day 5 of therapy. Changes in ADCmean in A549 xenografts 1 or 2 days after gemcitabine did not seem to be of therapy-related biological relevance as they were not related to cell death (assessed by caspase-3 IHC and cellular density) or tumor therapy response. Taken together, in these models, early changes of [18F]FLT uptake in tumors reflected mechanisms, such as competing gemcitabine uptake or gemcitabine-induced thymidylate synthase inhibition, and only reflected growth-inhibitory effects at a later time point. Hence, the time point for [18F]FLT-PET imaging of tumor response to gemcitabine is of crucial importance. Cancer Res; 76(24); 7096-105. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Schelhaas
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Annelena Held
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lydia Wachsmuth
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Hermann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Davina J Honess
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kathrin Heinzmann
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Donna-Michelle Smith
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John R Griffiths
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas H Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Johanniter Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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13
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Ukon N, Zhao S, Yu W, Shimizu Y, Nishijima KI, Kubo N, Kitagawa Y, Tamaki N, Higashikawa K, Yasui H, Kuge Y. Dynamic PET evaluation of elevated FLT level after sorafenib treatment in mice bearing human renal cell carcinoma xenograft. EJNMMI Res 2016; 6:90. [PMID: 27957722 PMCID: PMC5153393 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-016-0246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sorafenib, an oral multikinase inhibitor, has anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic activities and is therapeutically effective against renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Recently, we have evaluated the tumor responses to sorafenib treatment in a RCC xenograft using [Methyl-3H(N)]-3′-fluoro-3′-deoxythythymidine ([3H]FLT). Contrary to our expectation, the FLT level in the tumor significantly increased after the treatment. In this study, to clarify the reason for the elevated FLT level, dynamic 3′-[18F]fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine ([18F]FLT) positron emission tomography (PET) and kinetic studies were performed in mice bearing a RCC xenograft (A498). The A498 xenograft was established in nude mice, and the mice were assigned to the control (n = 5) and treatment (n = 5) groups. The mice in the treatment group were orally given sorafenib (20 mg/kg/day p.o.) once daily for 3 days. Twenty-four hours after the treatment, dynamic [18F]FLT PET was performed by small-animal PET. Three-dimensional regions of interest (ROIs) were manually defined for the tumors. A three-compartment model fitting was carried out to estimate four rate constants using the time activity curve (TAC) in the tumor and the blood clearance rate of [18F]FLT. Results The dynamic pattern of [18F]FLT levels in the tumor significantly changed after the treatment. The rate constant of [18F]FLT phosphorylation (k3) was significantly higher in the treatment group (0.111 ± 0.027 [1/min]) than in the control group (0.082 ± 0.009 [1/min]). No significant changes were observed in the distribution volume, the ratio of [18F]FLT forward transport (K1) to reverse transport (k2), between the two groups (0.556 ± 0.073 and 0.641 ± 0.052 [mL/g] in the control group). Conclusions Our dynamic PET studies indicated that the increase in FLT level may be caused by the phosphorylation of FLT in the tumor after the sorafenib treatment in the mice bearing a RCC xenograft. Dynamic PET studies with kinetic modeling could provide improved understanding of the biochemical processes involved in tumor responses to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Ukon
- Department of Tracer Kinetics & Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.,Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Songji Zhao
- Department of Tracer Kinetics & Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.,Department of Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Department of Tracer Kinetics & Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.,Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shimizu
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Integrated Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nishijima
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Integrated Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Naoki Kubo
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Integrated Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kitagawa
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Nagara Tamaki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kei Higashikawa
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Integrated Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hironobu Yasui
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Integrated Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yuji Kuge
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan. .,Department of Integrated Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
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14
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Heinzmann K, Honess DJ, Lewis DY, Smith DM, Cawthorne C, Keen H, Heskamp S, Schelhaas S, Witney TH, Soloviev D, Williams KJ, Jacobs AH, Aboagye EO, Griffiths JR, Brindle KM. The relationship between endogenous thymidine concentrations and [(18)F]FLT uptake in a range of preclinical tumour models. EJNMMI Res 2016; 6:63. [PMID: 27515446 PMCID: PMC4980847 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-016-0218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that 3'-deoxy-3'-[(18)F] fluorothymidine ([(18)F]FLT)) uptake depends on endogenous tumour thymidine concentration. The purpose of this study was to investigate tumour thymidine concentrations and whether they correlated with [(18)F]FLT uptake across a broad spectrum of murine cancer models. A modified liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was used to determine endogenous thymidine concentrations in plasma and tissues of tumour-bearing and non-tumour bearing mice and rats. Thymidine concentrations were determined in 22 tumour models, including xenografts, syngeneic and spontaneous tumours, from six research centres, and a subset was compared for [(18)F]FLT uptake, described by the maximum and mean tumour-to-liver uptake ratio (TTL) and SUV. RESULTS The LC-MS/MS method used to measure thymidine in plasma and tissue was modified to improve sensitivity and reproducibility. Thymidine concentrations determined in the plasma of 7 murine strains and one rat strain were between 0.61 ± 0.12 μM and 2.04 ± 0.64 μM, while the concentrations in 22 tumour models ranged from 0.54 ± 0.17 μM to 20.65 ± 3.65 μM. TTL at 60 min after [(18)F]FLT injection, determined in 14 of the 22 tumour models, ranged from 1.07 ± 0.16 to 5.22 ± 0.83 for the maximum and 0.67 ± 0.17 to 2.10 ± 0.18 for the mean uptake. TTL did not correlate with tumour thymidine concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous tumour thymidine concentrations alone are not predictive of [(18)F]FLT uptake in murine cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Heinzmann
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Present address: Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Davina Jean Honess
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Yestin Lewis
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- CRUK-EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Christopher Cawthorne
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Present address: Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Heather Keen
- Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Sandra Heskamp
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Schelhaas
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU), University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Timothy Howard Witney
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Present address: UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dmitry Soloviev
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- CRUK-EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kaye Janine Williams
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- CRUK-EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas Hans Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU), University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Eric Ofori Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kevin Michael Brindle
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- CRUK-EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester, Cambridge, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
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15
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Schelhaas S, Held A, Bäumer N, Viel T, Hermann S, Müller-Tidow C, Jacobs AH. Preclinical Evidence That 3′-Deoxy-3′-[18F]Fluorothymidine PET Can Visualize Recovery of Hematopoiesis after Gemcitabine Chemotherapy. Cancer Res 2016; 76:7089-7095. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Wiehr S, Rolle AM, Warnke P, Kohlhofer U, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Reischl G, Autenrieth IB, Pichler BJ, Autenrieth SE. The Positron Emission Tomography Tracer 3'-Deoxy-3'-[18F]Fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT) Is Not Suitable to Detect Tissue Proliferation Induced by Systemic Yersinia enterocolitica Infection in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164163. [PMID: 27701464 PMCID: PMC5049782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most frequently, gram-negative bacterial infections in humans are caused by Enterobacteriaceae and remain a major challenge in medical diagnostics. We non-invasively imaged moderate and severe systemic Yersinia enterocolitica infections in mice using the positron emission tomography (PET) tracer 3’-deoxy-3’-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT), which is a marker of proliferation, and compared the in vivo results to the ex vivo biodistributions, bacterial loads, and histologies of the corresponding organs. Y. enterocolitica infection is detectable with histology using H&E staining and immunohistochemistry for Ki 67. [18F]FLT revealed only background uptake in the spleen, which is the main manifestation site of systemic Y. enterocolitica-infected mice. The uptake was independent of the infection dose. Antibody-based thymidine kinase 1 (Tk-1) staining confirmed the negative [18F]FLT-PET data. Histological alterations of spleen tissue, observed via Ki 67-antibody-based staining, can not be detected by [18F]FLT-PET in this model. Thus, the proliferation marker [18F]FLT is not a suitable tracer for the diagnosis of systemic Y. enterocolitica infection in the C57BL/6 animal model of yersiniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wiehr
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Rolle
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Warnke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ursula Kohlhofer
- Institute of Pathology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Gerald Reischl
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingo B. Autenrieth
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd J. Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stella E. Autenrieth
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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17
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Osgood CL, Tantawy MN, Maloney N, Madaj ZB, Peck A, Boguslawski E, Jess J, Buck J, Winn ME, Manning HC, Grohar PJ. 18F-FLT Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a Pharmacodynamic Marker for EWS-FLI1 Activity and Ewing Sarcoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33926. [PMID: 27671553 PMCID: PMC5037393 DOI: 10.1038/srep33926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a bone and soft-tissue tumor that depends on the activity of the EWS-FLI1 transcription factor for cell survival. Although a number of compounds have been shown to inhibit EWS-FLI1 in vitro, a clinical EWS-FLI1-directed therapy has not been achieved. One problem plaguing drug development efforts is the lack of a suitable, non-invasive, pharmacodynamic marker of EWS-FLI1 activity. Here we show that 18F-FLT PET (18F- 3′-deoxy-3′-fluorothymidine positron emission tomography) reflects EWS-FLI1 activity in Ewing sarcoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. 18F-FLT is transported into the cell by ENT1 and ENT2, where it is phosphorylated by TK1 and trapped intracellularly. In this report, we show that silencing of EWS-FLI1 with either siRNA or small-molecule EWS-FLI1 inhibitors suppressed the expression of ENT1, ENT2, and TK1 and thus decreased 18F-FLT PET activity. This effect was not through a generalized loss in viability or metabolic suppression, as there was no suppression of 18F-FDG PET activity and no suppression with chemotherapy. These results provide the basis for the clinical translation of 18F-FLT as a companion biomarker of EWS-FLI1 activity and a novel diagnostic imaging approach for Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy L Osgood
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Nichole Maloney
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jason Buck
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, USA
| | - Mary E Winn
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | - Patrick J Grohar
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Helen De Vos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Michigan State University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, MI, USA
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18
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Serkova NJ, Eckhardt SG. Metabolic Imaging to Assess Treatment Response to Cytotoxic and Cytostatic Agents. Front Oncol 2016; 6:152. [PMID: 27471678 PMCID: PMC4946377 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For several decades, cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents were considered the basis of anticancer treatment for patients with metastatic tumors. A decrease in tumor burden, assessed by volumetric computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, according to the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST), was considered as a radiological response to cytotoxic chemotherapies. In addition to RECIST-based dimensional measurements, a metabolic response to cytotoxic drugs can be assessed by positron emission tomography (PET) using (18)F-fluoro-thymidine (FLT) as a radioactive tracer for drug-disrupted DNA synthesis. The decreased (18)FLT-PET uptake is often seen concurrently with increased apparent diffusion coefficients by diffusion-weighted imaging due to chemotherapy-induced changes in tumor cellularity. Recently, the discovery of molecular origins of tumorogenesis led to the introduction of novel signal transduction inhibitors (STIs). STIs are targeted cytostatic agents; their effect is based on a specific biological inhibition with no immediate cell death. As such, tumor size is not anymore a sensitive end point for a treatment response to STIs; novel physiological imaging end points are desirable. For receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors as well as modulators of the downstream signaling pathways, an almost immediate inhibition in glycolytic activity (the Warburg effect) and phospholipid turnover (the Kennedy pathway) has been seen by metabolic imaging in the first 24 h of treatment. The quantitative imaging end points by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and metabolic PET (including 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose, FDG, and total choline) provide an early treatment response to targeted STIs, before a reduction in tumor burden can be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Serkova
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - S. Gail Eckhardt
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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19
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Automated and efficient radiosynthesis of [(18)F]FLT using a low amount of precursor. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:520-7. [PMID: 27314451 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since 1991 until now, many radiosyntheses of [(18)F]FLT have been published. Most of them suffer from side reactions and/or difficult purification related to the large amount of precursor necessary for the labeling step. A fully automated synthesis using only commercial and unmodified materials with a reduced amount of precursor would be desirable. METHODS We first explored the possibility to elute efficiently [(18)F]fluorine from commercial and unmodified cartridges with various amount of base. Based on these results, 10mg and 5mg of precursors were used for the fluorination step. The best conditions were transposed in an automated process for a one pot two steps synthesis of labeled FLT. RESULTS Using commercial and non-treated carbonate form of QMA cartridges, we were able to elute quantitatively the [(18)F]fluorine with a very low amount of base (0.59mg) and, with only 5mg of precursor, to perform an efficient fluorination reaction with up to 94% incorporation of [(18)F]fluorine. The synthesis was fully automated and radiochemical yields of 54% (decay corrected) were obtained within a synthesis time of 52minutes. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that a fully automated and efficient radiosynthesis of [(18)F]FLT is feasible with only 5mg of precursor. Compare to the present state of the art, our method provides high yields of pure [(18)F]FLT and is broadly adaptable to other synthesis automates.
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20
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Sengupta D, Pratx G. Single-Cell Characterization of 18F-FLT Uptake with Radioluminescence Microscopy. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:1136-40. [PMID: 27081170 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.167734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The radiotracer 3'-deoxy-3'-(18)F-fluorothymidine ((18)F-FLT) is commonly used to measure cell proliferation in vivo. As a marker of cell proliferation, (18)F-FLT is expected to be differentially taken up by arrested and actively dividing cells, but PET measures only aggregate uptake by tumor cells and therefore the single-cell distribution of (18)F-FLT is unknown. We used a novel in vitro radioluminescence microscopy technique to measure the differential distribution of (18)F-FLT radiotracer with single-cell precision. METHODS Using radioluminescence microscopy, we imaged the absolute uptake of (18)F-FLT in live MDA-MB-231 cells grown under different serum conditions. We then compared (18)F-FLT uptake with a standard measure of cell proliferation, using fluorescence microscopy of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation in fixed cells. RESULTS According to 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine staining, few cells (1%) actively cycled under serum deprivation whereas most of them (71%) did under 20% serum. The distribution of (18)F-FLT reflected this dynamic. At 0% serum, uptake of (18)F-FLT was heterogeneous but relatively low. At 20% serum, a subpopulation of (18)F-FLT-avid cells, representing 61% of the total population, emerged. Uptake of (18)F-FLT in this population was 5-fold higher than in the remainder of the cells. Such a dichotomous distribution is not typically observed with other radiotracers, such as (18)F-FDG. CONCLUSION These results suggest that increased (18)F-FLT uptake by proliferating cells is due to a greater fraction of (18)F-FLT-avid cells rather than a change in (18)F-FLT uptake by individual cells. This finding is consistent with the fact that (18)F-FLT uptake is mediated by thymidine kinase 1 expression, which is higher in actively dividing cells. Overall, these findings suggest that, within the same patient, changes in (18)F-FLT uptake reflect changes in the number of actively dividing cells, provided other parameters remain the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanti Sengupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Guillem Pratx
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
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How Imaging Can Impact Clinical Trial Design: Molecular Imaging as a Biomarker for Targeted Cancer Therapy. Cancer J 2016; 21:218-24. [PMID: 26049702 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability to measure biochemical and molecular processes to guide cancer treatment represents a potentially powerful tool for trials of targeted cancer therapy. These assays have traditionally been performed by analysis of tissue samples. However, more recently, functional and molecular imaging has been developed that is capable of in vivo assays of cancer biochemistry and molecular biology and is highly complementary to tissue-based assays. Cancer imaging biomarkers can play a key role in increasing the efficacy and efficiency of therapeutic clinical trials and also provide insight into the biologic mechanisms that bring about a therapeutic response. Future progress will depend on close collaboration between imaging scientists and cancer physicians and on public and commercial sponsors, to take full advantage of what imaging has to offer for clinical trials of targeted cancer therapy. This review will provide examples of how molecular imaging can inform targeted cancer clinical trials and clinical decision making by (1) measuring regional expression of the therapeutic target, (2) assessing early (pharmacodynamic) response to treatment, and (3) predicting therapeutic outcome. The review includes a discussion of basic principles of molecular imaging biomarkers in cancer, with an emphasis on those methods that have been tested in patients. We then review clinical trials designed to evaluate imaging tests as integrated markers embedded in a therapeutic clinical trial with the goal of validating the imaging tests as integral markers that can aid patient selection and direct response-adapted treatment strategies. Examples of recently completed multicenter trials using imaging biomarkers are highlighted.
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22
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Honndorf VS, Schmidt H, Wehrl HF, Wiehr S, Ehrlichmann W, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Barjat H, Ricketts SA, Pichler BJ. Quantitative correlation at the molecular level of tumor response to docetaxel by multimodal diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and [¹⁸F]FDG/[¹⁸F]FLT positron emission tomography. Mol Imaging 2015; 13. [PMID: 25430886 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to quantitatively characterize the treatment effects of docetaxel in the HCT116 xenograft mouse model, applying diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) using 2-deoxy-2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-d-glucose ([¹⁸F]FDG) and 3'-deoxy-3'-[¹⁸F]-fluorothymidine ([¹⁸F]FLT). Mice were imaged at four time points over 8 days. Docetaxel (15 mg/kg) was administered after a baseline scan. Voxel-wise scatterplots of PET and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) data of tumor volumes were evaluated with a threshold cluster analysis and compared to histology (GLUT1, GLUT3, Ki67, activated caspase 3a). Compared to the extensive tumor growth observed in the vehicle-treated group (from 0.32 ± 0.21 cm³ to 0.69 ± 0.40 cm³), the administration of docetaxel led to tumor growth stasis (from 0.32 ± 0.20 cm³ to 0.45 ± 0.23 cm³). The [¹⁸F]FDG/ADC cluster analysis and the evaluation of peak histogram values revealed a significant treatment effect matching histology as opposed to [¹⁸F]FLT/ADC. [¹⁸F]FLT uptake and the Ki67 index were not in good agreement. Our voxel-based cluster analysis uncovered treatment effects not seen in the separate inspection of PET and MRI data and may be used as an independent analysis tool. [¹⁸F]FLT/ADC cluster analysis could still point out the treatment effect; however, [¹⁸F]FDG/ADC reflected the histology findings in higher agreement.
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Ye YX, Calcagno C, Binderup T, Courties G, Keliher EJ, Wojtkiewicz GR, Iwamoto Y, Tang J, Pérez-Medina C, Mani V, Ishino S, Johnbeck CB, Knigge U, Fayad ZA, Libby P, Weissleder R, Tawakol A, Dubey S, Belanger AP, Di Carli MF, Swirski FK, Kjaer A, Mulder WJM, Nahrendorf M. Imaging Macrophage and Hematopoietic Progenitor Proliferation in Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2015; 117:835-45. [PMID: 26394773 PMCID: PMC4619168 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.307024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Local plaque macrophage proliferation and monocyte production in hematopoietic organs promote progression of atherosclerosis. Therefore, noninvasive imaging of proliferation could serve as a biomarker and monitor therapeutic intervention. OBJECTIVE To explore (18)F-FLT positron emission tomography-computed tomography imaging of cell proliferation in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS (18)F-FLT positron emission tomography-computed tomography was performed in mice, rabbits, and humans with atherosclerosis. In apolipoprotein E knock out mice, increased (18)F-FLT signal was observed in atherosclerotic lesions, spleen, and bone marrow (standardized uptake values wild-type versus apolipoprotein E knock out mice, 0.05 ± 0.01 versus 0.17 ± 0.01, P<0.05 in aorta; 0.13 ± 0.01 versus 0.28 ± 0.02, P<0.05 in bone marrow; 0.06 ± 0.01 versus 0.22 ± 0.01, P<0.05 in spleen), corroborated by ex vivo scintillation counting and autoradiography. Flow cytometry confirmed significantly higher proliferation of macrophages in aortic lesions and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the spleen and bone marrow in these mice. In addition, (18)F-FLT plaque signal correlated with the duration of high cholesterol diet (r(2)=0.33, P<0.05). Aortic (18)F-FLT uptake was reduced when cell proliferation was suppressed with fluorouracil in apolipoprotein E knock out mice (P<0.05). In rabbits, inflamed atherosclerotic vasculature with the highest (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake enriched (18)F-FLT. In patients with atherosclerosis, (18)F-FLT signal significantly increased in the inflamed carotid artery and in the aorta. CONCLUSIONS (18)F-FLT positron emission tomography imaging may serve as an imaging biomarker for cell proliferation in plaque and hematopoietic activity in individuals with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xiang Ye
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Claudia Calcagno
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Tina Binderup
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Gabriel Courties
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Edmund J Keliher
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Gregory R Wojtkiewicz
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Yoshiko Iwamoto
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Jun Tang
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Carlos Pérez-Medina
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Venkatesh Mani
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Seigo Ishino
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Camilla Bardram Johnbeck
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Ulrich Knigge
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Peter Libby
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Ahmed Tawakol
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Shipra Dubey
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Anthony P Belanger
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Marcelo F Di Carli
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Filip K Swirski
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology (Y.-X.Y., G.C., E.J.K., G.R.W., Y.I., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.) and Division of Cardiology (A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (C.C., J.T., C.P.-M., V.M., S.I., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging (T.B., C.B.J., A.K.) and Departments of Clinical Endocrinology PE and Surgery C (U.K.), Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.L., M.F.D.C.); Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.D., A.P.B., M.F.D.C.); and Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.).
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Bocan TM, Panchal RG, Bavari S. Applications of in vivo imaging in the evaluation of the pathophysiology of viral and bacterial infections and in development of countermeasures to BSL3/4 pathogens. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 17:4-17. [PMID: 25008802 PMCID: PMC4544652 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
While preclinical and clinical imaging have been applied to drug discovery/development and characterization of disease pathology, few examples exist where imaging has been used to evaluate infectious agents or countermeasures to biosafety level (BSL)3/4 threat agents. Viruses engineered with reporter constructs, i.e., enzymes and receptors, which are amenable to detection by positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission tomography (SPECT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been used to evaluate the biodistribution of viruses containing specific therapeutic or gene transfer payloads. Bioluminescence and nuclear approaches involving engineered reporters, direct labeling of bacteria with radiotracers, or tracking bacteria through their constitutively expressed thymidine kinase have been utilized to characterize viral and bacterial pathogens post-infection. Most PET, SPECT, CT, or MRI approaches have focused on evaluating host responses to the pathogens such as inflammation, brain neurochemistry, and structural changes and on assessing the biodistribution of radiolabeled drugs. Imaging has the potential when applied preclinically to the development of countermeasures against BSL3/4 threat agents to address the following: (1) presence, biodistribution, and time course of infection in the presence or absence of drug; (2) binding of the therapeutic to the target; and (3) expression of a pharmacologic effect either related to drug mechanism, efficacy, or safety. Preclinical imaging could potentially provide real-time dynamic tools to characterize the pathogen and animal model and for developing countermeasures under the U.S. FDA Animal Rule provision with high confidence of success and clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Bocan
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Ft. Detrick, MD, 21702, USA,
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Kostakoglu L, Duan F, Idowu MO, Jolles PR, Bear HD, Muzi M, Cormack J, Muzi JP, Pryma DA, Specht JM, Hovanessian-Larsen L, Miliziano J, Mallett S, Shields AF, Mankoff DA. A Phase II Study of 3'-Deoxy-3'-18F-Fluorothymidine PET in the Assessment of Early Response of Breast Cancer to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: Results from ACRIN 6688. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1681-9. [PMID: 26359256 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.160663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Our objective was to determine whether early change in standardized uptake values (SUVs) of 3'deoxy-3'-(18)F-fluorothymidine ((18)F-FLT) using PET with CT could predict pathologic complete response (pCR) of primary breast cancer to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). The key secondary objective was to correlate SUV with the proliferation marker Ki-67 at baseline and after NAC. METHODS This prospective, multicenter phase II study did not specify the therapeutic regimen, thus, NAC varied among centers. All evaluable patients underwent (18)F-FLT PET/CT at baseline (FLT1) and after 1 cycle of NAC (FLT2); 43 patients were imaged at FLT1, FLT2, and after NAC completion (FLT3). The percentage change in maximum SUV (%ΔSUVmax) between FLT1 and FLT2 and FLT3 was calculated for the primary tumors. The predictive value of ΔSUVmax for pCR was determined using receiver-operating-characteristic curve analysis. The correlation between SUVmax and Ki-67 was also assessed. RESULTS Fifty-one of 90 recruited patients (median age, 54 y; stage IIA-IIIC) met the eligibility criteria for the primary objective analysis, with an additional 22 patients totaling 73 patients for secondary analyses. A pCR in the primary breast cancer was achieved in 9 of 51 patients. NAC resulted in a significant reduction in %SUVmax (mean Δ, 39%; 95% confidence interval, 31-46). There was a marginal difference in %ΔSUVmax_FLT1-FLT2 between pCR and no-pCR patient groups (Wilcoxon 1-sided P = 0.050). The area under the curve for ΔSUVmax in the prediction of pCR was 0.68 (90% confidence interval, 0.50-0.83; Delong 1-sided P = 0.05), with slightly better predictive value for percentage mean SUV (P = 0.02) and similar prediction for peak SUV (P = 0.04). There was a weak correlation with pretherapy SUVmax and Ki-67 (r = 0.29, P = 0.04), but the correlation between SUVmax and Ki-67 after completion of NAC was stronger (r = 0.68, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION (18)F-FLT PET imaging of breast cancer after 1 cycle of NAC weakly predicted pCR in the setting of variable NAC regimens. Posttherapy (18)F-FLT uptake correlated with Ki-67 on surgical specimens. These results suggest some efficacy of (18)F-FLT as an indicator of early therapeutic response of breast cancer to NAC and support future multicenter studies to test (18)F-FLT PET in a more uniformly treated patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lale Kostakoglu
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Fenghai Duan
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Paul R Jolles
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Harry D Bear
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia Massey Cancer Center of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mark Muzi
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jean Cormack
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - John P Muzi
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Daniel A Pryma
- Abramson Cancer Center and Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Sharon Mallett
- American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Anthony F Shields
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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McKinley ET, Watchmaker JM, Chakravarthy AB, Meyerhardt JA, Engelman JA, Walker RC, Washington MK, Coffey RJ, Manning HC. [(18)F]-FLT PET to predict early response to neoadjuvant therapy in KRAS wild-type rectal cancer: a pilot study. Ann Nucl Med 2015; 29:535-42. [PMID: 25899481 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-015-0974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT This pilot study evaluated the utility of 3'-deoxy-3'[18F]-fluorothymidine ([(18)F]-FLT) positron emission tomography (PET) to predict response to neoadjuvant therapy that included cetuximab in patients with wild-type KRAS rectal cancers. METHODS Baseline [(18)F]-FLT PET was collected prior to treatment initiation. Follow-up [(18)F]-FLT was collected after three weekly infusions of cetuximab, and following a combined regimen of cetuximab, 5-FU, and radiation. Imaging-matched biopsies were collected with each PET study. RESULTS Diminished [(18)F]-FLT PET was observed in 3/4 of patients following cetuximab treatment alone and in all patients following combination therapy. Reduced [(18)F]-FLT PET following combination therapy predicted disease-free status at surgery. Overall, [(18)F]-FLT PET agreed with Ki67 immunoreactivity from biopsy samples and surgically resected tissue, and was predictive of treatment-induced rise in p27 levels. CONCLUSION These results suggest that [(18)F]-FLT PET is a promising imaging biomarker to predict response to neoadjuvant therapy that included EGFR blockade with cetuximab in patients with rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot T McKinley
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University Medical School, 1161 21st Ave. S., AA1105 MCN, Nashville, TN, 37232-2310, USA
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Alam IS, Arshad MA, Nguyen QD, Aboagye EO. Radiopharmaceuticals as probes to characterize tumour tissue. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 42:537-61. [PMID: 25647074 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-014-2984-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumour cells exhibit several properties that allow them to grow and divide. A number of these properties are detectable by nuclear imaging methods. We discuss crucial tumour properties that can be described by current radioprobe technologies, further discuss areas of emerging radioprobe development, and finally articulate need areas that our field should aspire to develop. The review focuses largely on positron emission tomography and draws upon the seminal 'Hallmarks of Cancer' review article by Hanahan and Weinberg in 2011 placing into context the present and future roles of radiotracer imaging in characterizing tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israt S Alam
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
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Wei Q, Liu H, Zhou H, Zhang D, Zhang Z, Zhou Q. Anticancer activity of a thymidine quinoxaline conjugate is modulated by cytosolic thymidine pathways. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:159. [PMID: 25881156 PMCID: PMC4374574 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High levels of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) and thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP) are key molecular targets by thymidine therapeutics in cancer treatment. The dual roles of TYMP as a tumor growth factor and a key activation enzyme of anticancer metabolites resulted in a mixed outcome in cancer patients. In this study, we investigated the roles of TK1 and TYMP on a thymidine quinoxaline conjugate to evaluate an alternative to circumvent the contradictive role of TYMP. METHODS TK1 and TYMP levels in multiple liver cell lines were assessed along with the cytotoxicity of the thymidine conjugate. Cellular accumulation of the thymidine conjugate was determined with organelle-specific dyes. The impacts of TK1 and TYMP were evaluated with siRNA/shRNA suppression and pseudoviral overexpression. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on both normal and tumor tissues. In vivo study was carried out with a subcutaneous liver tumor model. RESULTS We found that the thymidine conjugate had varied activities in liver cancer cells with different levels of TK1 and TYMP. The conjugate mainly accumulated at endothelial reticulum and was consistent with cytosolic pathways. TK1 was responsible for the cytotoxicity yet high levels of TYMP counteracted such activities. Levels of TYMP and TK1 in the liver tumor tissues were significantly higher than those of normal liver tissues. Induced TK1 overexpression decreased the selectivity of dT-QX due to the concurring cytotoxicity in normal cells. In contrast, shRNA suppression of TYMP significantly enhanced the selective of the conjugate in vitro and reduced the tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS TK1 was responsible for anticancer activity of dT-QX while levels of TYMP counteracted such an activity. The counteraction by TYMP could be overcome with RNA silencing to significantly enhance the dT-QX selectivity in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wei
- Department of Nanomedicine & Biopharmaceuticals, National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Haijuan Liu
- Department of Nanomedicine & Biopharmaceuticals, National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Dejun Zhang
- Department of Nanomedicine & Biopharmaceuticals, National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Qibing Zhou
- Department of Nanomedicine & Biopharmaceuticals, National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. .,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Wondergem MJ, Rizvi SN, Jauw Y, Hoekstra OS, Hoetjes N, van de Ven PM, Boellaard R, Chamuleau ME, Cillessen SA, Regelink JC, Zweegman S, Zijlstra JM. 18F-FDG or 3′-Deoxy-3′-18F-Fluorothymidine to Detect Transformation of Follicular Lymphoma. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:216-21. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.149625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Modeling Tumor Dynamics and Overall Survival in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Erlotinib. J Thorac Oncol 2015; 10:84-92. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Hasegawa S, Morokoshi Y, Tsuji AB, Kokubo T, Aoki I, Furukawa T, Zhang MR, Saga T. Quantifying initial cellular events of mouse radiation lymphomagenesis and its tumor prevention in vivo by positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Mol Oncol 2014; 9:740-8. [PMID: 25510653 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced thymic lymphoma (RITL) in mice is induced by fractionated whole-body X-irradiation (FX) and has served as a useful model for studying radiation carcinogenesis. In this model, the initial postirradiation cellular events in the thymus and bone marrow (BM) are critically important for tumorigenesis, and BM transplantation (BMT) prevents RITL. However, direct assessment of these events is so far restricted by the lack of noninvasive monitoring techniques. Here, we have developed positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods to quantify the events critical for RITL development and the effects of BMT in living animals. Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were calculated from diffusion-weighted MRI to evaluate the changes in the BM of mice receiving FX. ADC values dramatically changed in the irradiated BM, corresponding to pathological findings of the irradiated BM, returning to normal levels following BMT sooner than with spontaneous recovery. PET with 4'-[methyl-(11)C]thiothymidine, a novel tracer for cell proliferation, revealed that the irradiated thymus showed significantly higher tracer uptake than the unirradiated thymus 1 week after FX. Interestingly, its increased uptake was completely abolished by BMT, even with very few donor-derived cells in the thymus. Thereafter, the thymus receiving BMT had significantly increased tracer uptake. These findings suggest that BMT first suppresses FX-induced aberrant thymocyte proliferation and then accelerates thymic regeneration. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using PET and MRI for noninvasive monitoring of tumorigenic cellular processes in an animal model of radiation-induced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitaka Hasegawa
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Yukie Morokoshi
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi B Tsuji
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kokubo
- Laboratory Animal and Genome Sciences Section, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takako Furukawa
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Saga
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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McKinley ET, Zhao P, Coffey RJ, Washington MK, Manning HC. 3'-Deoxy-3'-[18F]-Fluorothymidine PET imaging reflects PI3K-mTOR-mediated pro-survival response to targeted therapy in colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108193. [PMID: 25247710 PMCID: PMC4172755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers that predict response to targeted therapy in oncology are an essential component of personalized medicine. In preclinical treatment response studies that featured models of wild-type KRAS or mutant BRAF colorectal cancer treated with either cetuximab or vemurafenib, respectively, we illustrate that [18F]-FLT PET, a non-invasive molecular imaging readout of thymidine salvage, closely reflects pro-survival responses to targeted therapy that are mediated by PI3K-mTOR activity. Activation of pro-survival mechanisms forms the basis of numerous modes of resistance. Therefore, we conclude that [18F]-FLT PET may serve a novel and potentially critical role to predict tumors that exhibit molecular features that tend to reflect recalcitrance to MAPK-targeted therapy. Though these studies focused on colorectal cancer, we envision that the results may be applicable to other solid tumors as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot T. McKinley
- The Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Ping Zhao
- The Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - M. Kay Washington
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - H. Charles Manning
- The Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Geven EJW, Evers S, Nayak TK, Bergström M, Su F, Gerrits D, Franssen GM, Boerman OC. Therapy response monitoring of the early effects of a new BRAF inhibitor on melanoma xenograft in mice: evaluation of (18) F-FDG-PET and (18) F-FLT-PET. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 10:203-10. [PMID: 25204436 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the V600E mutated BRAF kinase gene (BRAF(V600E) ) is an important and effective approach to treating melanomas. A new specific small molecule inhibitor of BRAF(V600E) , PLX3603, showed potent melanoma growth-inhibiting characteristics in preclinical studies and is currently under clinical investigation. In this study we investigated the feasibility of (18) F-FDG and (18) F-FLT-PET to monitor the early effects of the BRAF(V600E) inhibitor in mice with melanoma xenografts. SCID/beige mice with subcutaneous (s.c.) A375 melanoma xenografts, expressing BRAF(V600E) , received the BRAF(V600E) inhibitor twice daily orally (0, 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg). At 1, 3 and 7 days after start of therapy, the uptake of (18) F-FDG and (18) F-FLT in the tumor and normal tissues was determined in ex vivo tissue samples. Serial (18) F-FDG and (18) F-FLT-PET scans were acquired of animals at 1 day before and 1, 3 and 7 days after start of treatment with 75 mg/kg BRAF(V600E) inhibitor. A dose-dependent decrease in (18) F-FDG uptake in the A375 tumors was observed by ex vivo biodistribution analysis. Administration of 75 mg/kg BRAF inhibitor for 1, 3 and 7 days resulted in a significantly decreased (18) F-FDG uptake in A375 tumors (41, 35 and 51%, respectively). (18) F-FLT uptake in the A375 tumors was low at baseline and no significant changes in (18) F-FLT uptake were observed at any of the doses administered. These effects were corroborated by serial in vivo (18) F-FDG and (18) F-FLT-PET imaging. These data demonstrate that (18) F-FDG-PET can be used as an imaging biomarker to noninvasively evaluate the early effects of PLX3603.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J W Geven
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Fei Su
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Nutley, USA
| | - Danny Gerrits
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben M Franssen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Otto C Boerman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Nakajo M, Nakajo M, Kajiya Y, Goto Y, Jinguji M, Tanaka S, Fukukura Y, Tani A, Higashi M. Correlations of (18)F-fluorothymidine uptake with pathological tumour size, Ki-67 and thymidine kinase 1 expressions in primary and metastatic lymph node colorectal cancer foci. Eur Radiol 2014; 24:3199-209. [PMID: 25120206 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-014-3379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine correlations of (18)F-fluorothymidine (FLT) uptake with pathological tumour size and immunohistochemical Ki-67, and thymidine kinase 1 (TK-1) expressions in primary and metastatic node colorectal cancer foci. METHODS Thirty primary cancers (PCs) and 37 metastatic nodes (MNs) were included. FLT uptake was assessed by visual scores (non-visible: 0-1 and visible: 2-4), standardized uptake value (SUV), and correlated with size, Ki-67, and TK-1. SUV was measured in visible lesions. FLT heterogeneity was assessed by visual scores (no heterogeneous uptake: 0 and heterogeneous uptake: 1-4). RESULTS Forty-two lesions were visible. The visible group showed significantly higher values than the non-visible group in size, Ki-67, and TK-1 (each p < 0.05). Size correlated significantly with visual score (PC; ρ = 0.74 and MN; ρ = 0.63), SUVmax (PC; ρ = 0.49, and MN; ρ = 0.76), and SUVmean (PC; ρ = 0.40 and MN; ρ = 0.76) (each p < 0.05). Visual score correlated significantly with size (ρ = 0.86), Ki-67max (ρ = 0.35), Ki-67mean (ρ = 0.38), TK-1max (ρ = 0.35) and TK-1mean (ρ = 0.25) (each p < 0.05). No significant correlations were found between FLT uptake and Ki-67 or TK-1 in 42 visible lesions (each p > 0.05). Heterogeneous FLT uptake was noted in 73 % (22/30) of PCs. CONCLUSION FLT uptake correlated with size. Heterogeneous FLT distribution in colorectal cancers may be one of the causes of weak or lack of FLT uptake/Ki-67 or TK-1 correlation. KEY POINTS FLT uptake correlated well with tumour size in colorectal cancer. Weak or lack of FLT uptake/Ki-67 and TK-1 correlations were observed. Immunohistochemical Ki-67 and TK-1 expressions are not always correlated with FLT uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoyo Nakajo
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan,
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Abstract
Veterinarians have gained increasing access to positron emission tomography (PET and PET/CT) imaging facilities, allowing them to use this powerful molecular imaging technique for clinical and research applications. SPECT is currently being used more in Europe than in the United States and has been shown to be useful in veterinary oncology and in the evaluation of orthopedic diseases. SPECT brain perfusion and receptor imaging is used to investigate behavioral disorders in animals that have interesting similarities to human psychiatric disorders. This article provides an overview of the potential applications of PET and SPECT. The use of commercially available and investigational PET radiopharmaceuticals in the management of veterinary disease has been discussed. To date, most of the work in this field has utilized the commercially available PET tracer, (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose for oncologic imaging. Normal biodistribution studies in several companion animal species (cats, dogs, and birds) have been published to assist in lesion detection and interpretation for veterinary radiologists and clinicians. Studies evaluating other (18)F-labeled tracers for research applications are underway at several institutions and companion animal models of human diseases are being increasingly recognized for their value in biomarker and therapy development. Although PET and SPECT technologies are in their infancy for clinical veterinary medicine, increasing access to and interest in these applications and other molecular imaging techniques has led to a greater knowledge and collective body of expertise for veterinarians worldwide. Initiation and fostering of physician-veterinarian collaborations are key components to the forward movement of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K LeBlanc
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Knoxville, TN.
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Sala R, Nguyen QD, Patel CBK, Mann D, Steinke JHG, Vilar R, Aboagye EO. Phosphorylation status of thymidine kinase 1 following antiproliferative drug treatment mediates 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]-fluorothymidine cellular retention. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101366. [PMID: 25003822 PMCID: PMC4086825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 3′-Deoxy-3′-[18F]-fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT) is being investigated as a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) proliferation biomarker. The mechanism of cellular [18F]FLT retention has been assigned primarily to alteration of the strict transcriptionally regulated S-phase expression of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1). This, however, does not explain how anticancer agents acting primarily through G2/M arrest affect [18F]FLT uptake. We investigated alternative mechanisms of [18F]FLT cellular retention involving post-translational modification of TK1 during mitosis. Methods [18F]FLT cellular retention was assessed in cell lines having different TK1 expression. Drug-induced phosphorylation of TK1 protein was evaluated by MnCl2-phos-tag gel electrophoresis and correlated with [18F]FLT cellular retention. We further elaborated the amino acid residues involved in TK1 phosphorylation by transient transfection of FLAG-pCMV2 plasmids encoding wild type or mutant variants of TK1 into TK1 negative cells. Results Baseline [18F]FLT cellular retention and TK1 protein expression were associated. S-phase and G2/M phase arrest caused greater than two-fold reduction in [18F]FLT cellular retention in colon cancer HCT116 cells (p<0.001). G2/M cell cycle arrest increased TK1 phosphorylation as measured by induction of at least one phosphorylated form of the protein on MnCl2-phos-tag gels. Changes in [18F]FLT cellular retention reflected TK1 phosphorylation and not expression of total protein, in keeping with the impact of phosphorylation on enzyme catalytic activity. Both Ser13 and Ser231 were shown to be involved in the TK1 phosphorylation-modulated [18F]FLT cellular retention; although the data suggested involvement of other amino-acid residues. Conclusion We have defined a regulatory role of TK1 phosphorylation in mediating [18F]FLT cellular retention and hence reporting of antiproliferative activity, with implications especially for drugs that induce a G2/M cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sala
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Quang-Dé Nguyen
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chirag B. K. Patel
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Mann
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim H. G. Steinke
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ramon Vilar
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric O. Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Johnson CH, Fisher TS, Hoang LT, Felding BH, Siuzdak G, O’Brien PJ. Luciferase does not Alter Metabolism in Cancer Cells. Metabolomics 2014; 10:354-360. [PMID: 24791164 PMCID: PMC4002053 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-014-0622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Luciferase transfected cell lines are used extensively for cancer models, revealing valuable biological information about disease mechanisms. However, these genetically encoded reporters, while useful for monitoring tumor response in cancer models, can impact cell metabolism. Indeed firefly luciferase and fatty acyl-CoA synthetases differ by a single amino acid, raising the possibility that luciferase activity might alter metabolism and introduce experimental artifacts. Therefore knowledge of the metabolic response to luciferase transfection is of significant importance, especially given the thousands of research studies using luciferase as an in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) reporter. Untargeted metabolomics experiments were performed to examine three different types of lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines (Ramos, Raji and SUP T1) commonly used in cancer research, each were analyzed with and without vector transduction. The Raji model was also tested under perturbed starvation conditions to examine potential luciferase-mediated stress responses. The results showed that no significant metabolic differences were observed between parental and luciferase transduced cells for each cell line, and that luciferase overexpression does not alter cell metabolism under basal or perturbed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H. Johnson
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Timothy S. Fisher
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Linh T. Hoang
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brunhilde H. Felding
- Departments of Molecular and Experimental Medicine and Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Correspondence to: and
| | - Peter J. O’Brien
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, USA
- Correspondence to: and
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Schelhaas S, Wachsmuth L, Viel T, Honess DJ, Heinzmann K, Smith DM, Hermann S, Wagner S, Kuhlmann MT, Müller-Tidow C, Kopka K, Schober O, Schäfers M, Schneider R, Aboagye EO, Griffiths J, Faber C, Jacobs AH. Variability of Proliferation and Diffusion in Different Lung Cancer Models as Measured by 3'-Deoxy-3'-¹⁸F-Fluorothymidine PET and Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:983-8. [PMID: 24777288 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.133348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Molecular imaging allows the noninvasive assessment of cancer progression and response to therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate molecular and cellular determinants of 3'-deoxy-3'-(18)F-fluorothymidine ((18)F-FLT) PET and diffusion-weighted (DW) MR imaging in lung carcinoma xenografts. METHODS Four lung cancer cell lines (A549, HTB56, EBC1, and H1975) were subcutaneously implanted in nude mice, and growth was followed by caliper measurements. Glucose uptake and tumor proliferation were determined by (18)F-FDG and (18)F-FLT PET, respectively. T2-weighted MR imaging was performed, and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was determined by DW MR imaging as an indicator of cell death. Imaging findings were correlated to histology with markers for tumor proliferation (Ki67, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine [BrdU]) and cell death (caspase-3, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling). The expression of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1), thymidine kinase 1 (TK1), thymidylate synthase, and thymidine phosphorylase (TP) were analyzed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Thymidine levels were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Xenografts varied with respect to in vivo growth rates. MR imaging and PET revealed intratumoral heterogeneities, which were confirmed by histology. (18)F-FLT uptake differed significantly between tumor lines, with A549 and H1975 demonstrating the highest radiotracer accumulation (A549, 8.5 ± 3.2; HTB56, 4.4 ± 0.7; EBC1, 4.4 ± 1.2; and H1975, 12.1 ± 3.5 maximal percentage injected dose per milliliter). In contrast, differences in (18)F-FDG uptake were only marginal. No clear relationship between (18)F-FLT accumulation and immunohistochemical markers for tumor proliferation (Ki67, BrdU) as well as hENT1, TK1, or TS expression was detected. However, TP was highly expressed in A549 and H1975 xenografts, which was accompanied by low tumor thymidine concentrations, suggesting that tumor thymidine levels influence (18)F-FLT uptake in the tumor models investigated. MR imaging revealed higher ADC values within proliferative regions of H1975 and A549 tumors than in HTB56 and EBC1. These ADC values were negatively correlated with cell density but not directly related to cell death. CONCLUSION A direct relationship of (18)F-FLT with proliferation or ADC with cell death might be complicated by the interplay of multiple processes at the cellular and physiologic levels in untreated tumors. This issue must be considered when using these imaging modalities in preclinical or clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Schelhaas
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lydia Wachsmuth
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Viel
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Davina J Honess
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kathrin Heinzmann
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sven Hermann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael T Kuhlmann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Otmar Schober
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Eric O Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - John Griffiths
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas H Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany Department of Geriatric Medicine, Johanniter Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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Graf N, Li Z, Herrmann K, Weh D, Aichler M, Slawska J, Walch A, Peschel C, Schwaiger M, Buck AK, Dechow T, Keller U. Positron emission tomographic monitoring of dual phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and mTOR inhibition in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:789-98. [PMID: 24920919 PMCID: PMC4043809 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s59314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dual phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition offers an attractive therapeutic strategy in anaplastic large cell lymphoma depending on oncogenic nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK) signaling. We tested the efficacy of a novel dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, NVP-BGT226 (BGT226), in two anaplastic large cell lymphoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo and performed an early response evaluation with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using the standard tracer, 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) and the thymidine analog, 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F] fluorothymidine (FLT). Methods The biological effects of BGT226 were determined in vitro in the NPM-ALK positive cell lines SU-DHL-1 and Karpas299 by 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, propidium iodide staining, and biochemical analysis of PI3K and mTOR downstream signaling. FDG-PET and FLT-PET were performed in immunodeficient mice bearing either SU-DHL-1 or Karpas299 xenografts at baseline and 7 days after initiation of treatment with BGT226. Lymphomas were removed for immunohistochemical analysis of proliferation and apoptosis to correlate PET findings with in vivo treatment effects. Results SU-DHL-1 cells showed sensitivity to BGT226 in vitro, with cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and an IC50 in the low nanomolar range, in contrast with Karpas299 cells, which were mainly resistant to BGT226. In vivo, both FDG-PET and FLT-PET discriminated sensitive from resistant lymphoma, as indicated by a significant reduction of tumor-to-background ratios on day 7 in treated SU-DHL-1 lymphoma-bearing animals compared with the control group, but not in animals with Karpas299 xenografts. Imaging results correlated with a marked decrease in the proliferation marker Ki67, and a slight increase in the apoptotic marker, cleaved caspase 3, as revealed by immunostaining of explanted lymphoma tissue. Conclusion Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibition using BGT226 is effective in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma and can be monitored with both FDG-PET and FLT-PET early on in the course of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Graf
- III Medical Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhoulei Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ken Herrmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany ; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Weh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Aichler
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jolanta Slawska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Peschel
- III Medical Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas K Buck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany ; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Dechow
- III Medical Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keller
- III Medical Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Fleuren ED, Versleijen-Jonkers YM, Roeffen MH, Franssen GM, Flucke UE, Houghton PJ, Oyen WJ, Boerman OC, van der Graaf WT. Temsirolimus combined with cisplatin or bevacizumab is active in osteosarcoma models. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2770-82. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmy D.G. Fleuren
- Department of Medical Oncology; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | | | - Melissa H.S. Roeffen
- Department of Medical Oncology; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Gerben M. Franssen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Uta E. Flucke
- Department of Pathology; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Houghton
- Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital; Columbus OH
| | - Wim J.G. Oyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Otto C. Boerman
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
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Thymidine phosphorylase influences [18F]fluorothymidine uptake in cancer cells and patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2014; 41:1327-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-014-2712-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Wu CY, Chou LS, Chan PC, Ho CH, Lin MH, Shen CC, Liu RS, Lin WJ, Wang HE. Monitoring tumor response with radiolabeled nucleoside analogs in a hepatoma-bearing mouse model early after doxisome(®) treatment. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 15:326-35. [PMID: 23247923 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-012-0604-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to demonstrate that 3'-deoxy-3'-(18)F-fluorothymidine ((18)F-FLT) positron emission tomography (PET) is a promising modality for noninvasively monitoring the therapeutic efficacy of Doxisome(®) in a subcutaneous hepatoma mouse model. PROCEDURES Male BALB/c nu/nu mice were inoculated with HepG2 hepatoma xenograft in the right flank. Doxisome(®) (5 mg/kg, three times a week for 2 weeks) was intravenously administrated for treatment. (18)F-FLT-microPET, biodistribution studies, and immunohistochemistry of Ki-67 were performed. RESULTS A significant difference (p < 0.05) in tumor volume was observed on day 5 between treated and control groups. The tumor-to-muscle ratio derived from (18)F-FLT-PET and (123)I-ICdR-microSPECT images of Doxisome(®)-treated mice dropped from 12.55 ± 0.76 to 3.81 ± 0.31 and from 2.48 ± 0.42 to 1.59 ± 0.08 after a three-dose treatment, respectively, while that of the control group remained steady. The retarded proliferation rate of treated xenograft was confirmed by Ki-67 immunohistochemistry staining. CONCLUSIONS This study clearly demonstrated that Doxisome(®) is an effective anti-cancer drug against the growth of HepG2 hepatoma and that (18)F-FLT-PET could provide early information of tumor response during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Li-Nong St., Taipei, Taiwan 11217
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Cullinane C, Solomon B, Hicks RJ. Imaging of molecular target modulation in oncology: challenges of early clinical trials. Clin Transl Imaging 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-013-0047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Imaging of treatment response to the combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel in human ovarian cancer xenograft tumors in mice using FDG and FLT PET. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85126. [PMID: 24386456 PMCID: PMC3873431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel is often used as first line chemotherapy for treatment of ovarian cancer. Therefore the use of imaging biomarkers early after initiation of treatment to determine treatment sensitivity would be valuable in order to identify responders from non-responders. In this study we describe the non-invasive PET imaging of glucose uptake and cell proliferation using 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) and 3’-deoxy-3’-[18F]fluorothymidine (FLT) for early assessment of treatment response in a pre-clinical mouse model of human ovarian cancer treated with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Methods Invivo uptake of FLT and FDG in human ovarian cancer xenografts in mice (A2780) was determined before treatment with carboplatin and paclitaxel (CaP) and repeatedday 1, 4 and 8 after treatment start. Tracer uptake was quantified using small animal PET/CT. Tracer uptake was compared with gene expression of Ki67, TK1, GLUT1, HK1 and HK2. Results Tumors in the CaP group was significantly smaller than in the control group (p=0.03) on day 8. On day 4 FDG SUVmax ratio was significantly lower in the CaP group compared to the control group (105±4% vs 138±9%; p=0.002) and on day 8 the FDG SUVmax ratio was lower in the CaP compared to the control group (125±13% vs 167±13%; p=0.05). On day 1 the uptake of FLT SUVmax ratio was 89±9% in the CaP group and 109±6% in the control group; however the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.08). Conclusions Our data suggest that both FDG and FLT PET may be used for the assessment of anti-tumor effects of a combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel in the treatment of ovarian cancer. FLT provides an early and transient signal and FDG a later and more prolonged response. This underscores the importance of optimal timing between treatment and FLT or FDG imaging since treatment response may otherwise be overlooked.
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Haagensen EJ, Thomas HD, Wilson I, Harnor SJ, Payne SL, Rennison T, Smith KM, Maxwell RJ, Newell DR. The enhanced in vivo activity of the combination of a MEK and a PI3K inhibitor correlates with [18F]-FLT PET in human colorectal cancer xenograft tumour-bearing mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81763. [PMID: 24339963 PMCID: PMC3858267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined targeting of the MAPK and PI3K signalling pathways in cancer may be necessary for optimal therapeutic activity. To support clinical studies of combination therapy, 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F]-fluorothymidine ([18F]-FLT) uptake measured by Positron Emission Tomography (PET) was evaluated as a non-invasive surrogate response biomarker in pre-clinical models. The in vivo anti-tumour efficacy and PK-PD properties of the MEK inhibitor PD 0325901 and the PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941, alone and in combination, were evaluated in HCT116 and HT29 human colorectal cancer xenograft tumour-bearing mice, and [18F]-FLT PET investigated in mice bearing HCT116 xenografts. Dual targeting of PI3K and MEK induced marked tumour growth inhibition in vivo, and enhanced anti-tumour activity was predicted by [18F]-FLT PET scanning after 2 days of treatment. Pharmacodynamic analyses using the combination of the PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 and the MEK inhibitor PD 0325901 revealed that increased efficacy is associated with an enhanced inhibition of the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, S6 and 4EBP1, compared to that observed with either single agent, and maintained inhibition of AKT phosphorylation. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that there was no marked PK interaction between the two drugs. Together these results indicate that the combination of PI3K and MEK inhibitors can result in significant efficacy, and demonstrate for the first time that [18F]-FLT PET can be correlated to the improved efficacy of combined PI3K and MEK inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J. Haagensen
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Huw D. Thomas
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Wilson
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Suzannah J. Harnor
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Sara L. Payne
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Tommy Rennison
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Kate M. Smith
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Ross J. Maxwell
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Newell
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The compound class of 3-carboranyl thymidine analogues (3CTAs) are boron delivery agents for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), a binary treatment modality for cancer. Presumably, these compounds accumulate selectively in tumor cells via intracellular trapping, which is mediated by hTK1. Favorable in vivo biodistribution profiles of 3CTAs led to promising results in preclinical BNCT of rats with intracerebral brain tumors. This review presents an overview on the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of first- and second-generation 3CTAs. Boronated nucleosides developed prior to 3CTAs for BNCT and non-boronated N3-substituted thymidine conjugates for other areas of cancer therapy and imaging are also described. In addition, basic features of carborane clusters, which are used as boron moieties in the design and synthesis of 3CTAs, and the biological and structural features of TK1-like enzymes, which are the molecular targets of 3CTAs, are discussed.
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Abstract
The field of anatomic pathology has changed significantly over the last decades and, as a result of the technological developments in molecular pathology and genetics, has had increasing pressures put on it to become quantitative and to provide more information about protein expression on a cellular level in tissue sections. Multispectral imaging (MSI) has a long history as an advanced imaging modality and has been used for over a decade now in pathology to improve quantitative accuracy, enable the analysis of multicolor immunohistochemistry, and drastically reduce the impact of contrast-robbing tissue autofluorescence common in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. When combined with advanced software for the automated segmentation of different tissue morphologies (eg, tumor vs stroma) and cellular and subcellular segmentation, MSI can enable the per-cell quantitation of many markers simultaneously. This article covers the role that MSI has played in anatomic pathology in the analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections, discusses the technological aspects of why MSI has been adopted, and provides a review of the literature of the application of MSI in anatomic pathology.
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Goggi JL, Bejot R, Moonshi SS, Bhakoo KK. Stratification of 18F-Labeled PET Imaging Agents for the Assessment of Antiangiogenic Therapy Responses in Tumors. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1630-6. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.115824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Murakami M, Zhao S, Zhao Y, Yu W, Fatema CN, Nishijima KI, Yamasaki M, Takiguchi M, Tamaki N, Kuge Y. Increased intratumoral fluorothymidine uptake levels following multikinase inhibitor sorafenib treatment in a human renal cell carcinoma xenograft model. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:667-672. [PMID: 24137387 PMCID: PMC3789029 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An early identification of the tumor response to sorafenib treatment is indispensable for selecting optimal personalized treatment strategies. However, at present, no reliable predictors are clinically available. 18F-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT) positron emission tomography (PET) is used to assess tumor proliferation, since the FLT uptake level reflects thymidine kinase-1 (TK-1) activity. Thus, the present study determined whether FLT was able to evaluate the early tumor response to sorafenib treatment in a human renal cell carcinoma (RCC; A498) xenograft in comparison with the tumor proliferation marker, Ki-67. Mice bearing A498 tumors were assigned to the control and sorafenib-treated groups and the tumor volume was measured every day. [Methyl-3H(N)]-3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (3H-FLT) was injected 2 h prior to the sacrifice of the mice on days three and seven following the treatment. 3H-FLT autoradiography (ARG) and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed using adjacent tumor sections. In the visual assessment, the intratumoral 3H-FLT uptake level diffusely increased following the treatment, while no significant changes were observed in Ki-67 IHC. The intratumoral 3H-FLT uptake levels significantly increased by 2.7- and 2.6-fold on days three and seven following the treatment, while the tumor volume and Ki-67 index did not significantly change. Thus, an increased FLT uptake level was demonstrated following the treatment, which may indicate the suppression of thymidylate synthase (TS) and the compensatory upregulation of TK-1 activity by sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Murakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan ; Department of Tracer Kinetics and Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
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Viel T, Schelhaas S, Wagner S, Wachsmuth L, Schwegmann K, Kuhlmann M, Faber C, Kopka K, Schäfers M, Jacobs AH. Early assessment of the efficacy of temozolomide chemotherapy in experimental glioblastoma using [18F]FLT-PET imaging. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67911. [PMID: 23861829 PMCID: PMC3701682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Addition of temozolomide (TMZ) to radiation therapy is the standard treatment for patients with glioblastoma (GBM). However, there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of TMZ. Considering the rapid evolution of the disease, methods to assess TMZ efficacy early during treatment would be of great benefit. Our aim was to monitor early effects of TMZ in a mouse model of GBM using positron emission tomography (PET) with 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT). Methods Human glioma cells sensitive to TMZ (Gli36dEGFR-1) were treated with sub-lethal doses of TMZ to obtain cells with lower sensitivity to TMZ (Gli36dEGFR-2), as measured by growth and clonogenic assays. Gli36dEGFR-1 and Gli36dEGFR-2 cells were subcutaneously (s.c.) or intracranially (i.c.) xenografted into nude mice. Mice were treated for 7 days with daily injection of 25 or 50 mg/kg TMZ. Treatment efficacy was measured using [18F]FLT-PET before treatment and after 2 days. Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) were used to determine tumor volumes before treatment and after 7 days. Results A significant difference was observed between TMZ and DMSO treated tumors in terms of variations of [18F]FLT T/B ratio as soon as day 2 in the i.c. as well as in the s.c. mouse model. Variations of [18F]FLT T/B uptake ratio between days 0 and 2 correlated with variations of tumor size between days 0 and 7 (s.c. model: ntumor = 17 in nmice = 11, P<0.01; i.c. model: ntumor/mice = 9, P<0.01). Conclusions Our results indicate that [18F]FLT-PET may be useful for an early evaluation of the response of GBM to TMZ chemotherapy in patients with glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Viel
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-University (WWU), Münster, Germany
| | - Sonja Schelhaas
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-University (WWU), Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-University (WWU), Münster, Germany
| | - Lydia Wachsmuth
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-University (WWU), Münster, Germany
| | - Katrin Schwegmann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-University (WWU), Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Kuhlmann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-University (WWU), Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-University (WWU), Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-University (WWU), Münster, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-University (WWU), Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Clinical Research (IZKF), Westfälische Wilhelms-University (WWU), Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas H. Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-University (WWU), Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Clinical Research (IZKF), Westfälische Wilhelms-University (WWU), Münster, Germany
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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