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Hu Y, Wang H, Liu Y. NETosis: Sculpting tumor metastasis and immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2024; 321:263-279. [PMID: 37712361 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The process of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation, called NETosis, is a peculiar death modality of neutrophils, which was first observed as an immune response against bacterial infection. However, recent work has revealed the unique biology of NETosis in facilitating tumor metastatic process. Neutrophil extracellular traps released by the tumor microenvironment (TME) shield tumor cells from cytotoxic immunity, leading to impaired tumor clearance. Besides, tumor cells tapped by NETs enable to travel through vessels and subsequently seed distant organs. Targeted ablation of NETosis has been proven to be beneficial in potentiating the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy in the metastatic settings. This review outlines the impact of NETosis at almost all stages of tumor metastasis. Furthermore, understanding the multifaceted interplay between NETosis and the TME components is crucial for supporting the rational development of highly effective combination immunotherapeutic strategies with anti-NETosis for patients with metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Hu
- Department of Digestive Diseases 1, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Houhong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Bozhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Bozhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
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2
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Ash S, Askenasy N. Immunotherapy for neuroblastoma by hematopoietic cell transplantation and post-transplant immunomodulation. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 185:103956. [PMID: 36893946 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma represents a relatively common childhood tumor that imposes therapeutic difficulties. High risk neuroblastoma patients have poor prognosis, display limited response to radiochemotherapy and may be treated by hematopoietic cell transplantation. Allogeneic and haploidentical transplants have the distinct advantage of reinstitution of immune surveillance, reinforced by antigenic barriers. The key factors favorable to ignition of potent anti-tumor reactions are transition to adaptive immunity, recovery from lymphopenia and removal of inhibitory signals that inactivate immune cells at the local and systemic levels. Post-transplant immunomodulation may further foster anti-tumor reactivity, with positive but transient impact of infusions of lymphocytes and natural killer cells both from the donor, the recipient or third party. The most promising approaches include introduction of antigen-presenting cells in early post-transplant stages and neutralization of inhibitory signals. Further studies will likely shed light on the nature and actions of suppressor factors within tumor stroma and at the systemic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifra Ash
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Frankel Laboratory of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.
| | - Nadir Askenasy
- Frankel Laboratory of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
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3
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Agathangelidis A, Vlachonikola E, Davi F, Langerak AW, Chatzidimitriou A. High-Throughput immunogenetics for precision medicine in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 84:80-88. [PMID: 34757183 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by an extremely complex biological background, which hinders personalized therapeutic interventions. Precision medicine promises to overcome this obstacle through integrating information from different 'subsystems', including the host, the external environment, the tumor itself and the tumor micro-environment. Immunogenetics is an essential tool that allows dissecting both lymphoid cancer ontogeny at both a cell-intrinsic and a cell-extrinsic level, i.e. through characterizing micro-environmental interactions, with a view to precision medicine. This is particularly thanks to the introduction of powerful, high-throughput approaches i.e. next generation sequencing, which allow the comprehensive characterization of immune repertoires. Indeed, NGS immunogenetic analysis (Immune-seq) has emerged as key to both understanding cancer pathogenesis and improving the accuracy of clinical decision making in oncology. Immune-seq has applications in lymphoid malignancies, assisting in the diagnosis e.g. through differentiating from reactive conditions, as well as in disease monitoring through accurate assessment of minimal residual disease. Moreover, Immune-seq facilitates the study of T cell receptor clonal dynamics in critical clinical contexts, including transplantation as well as innovative immunotherapy for solid cancers. The clinical utility of Immune-seq represents the focus of the present contribution, where we highlight what can be achieved but also what must be addressed in order to maximally realize the promise of Immune-seq in precision medicine in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Agathangelidis
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elisavet Vlachonikola
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Frederic Davi
- Department of Hematology, APHP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière and Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Anton W Langerak
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anastasia Chatzidimitriou
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75236, Sweden.
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4
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Shenouda S, Kulkarni K, Abuetabh Y, Sergi C. Cancer Stem Cells and their Management in Cancer Therapy. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 15:212-227. [PMID: 32660407 DOI: 10.2174/1574892815666200713145931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decade, the proposed Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) hypothesis has steadily changed the way cancer treatment is approached. CSCs may be the source of the heterogeneous non-tumorigenic cell population included in a neoplasm. Intratumor and intertumoral heterogeneity is a well-known phenomenon that massively entangles the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The literature seems to suggest that heterogeneity develops progressively within tumor-initiating stem cells. CSCs harbor genetic and/or epigenetic alterations that allow them to differentiate into multiple tumor cell types sequentially. OBJECTIVE The CSC hypothesis, cellular therapy, and the most recent patents on CSCs were reviewed. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were screened for this information. Also, an analysis of the most recent data targeting CSCs in pediatric cancer developed at two Canadian institutions is provided. The genes involved with the activation of CSCs and the drugs used to antagonize them are also highlighted. RESULTS It is underlined that (1) CSCs possess stem cell-like properties, including the ability for self-renewal; (2) CSCs can start carcinogenesis and are responsible for tumor recurrence after treatment; (3) Although some limitations have been raised, which may oppose the CSC hypothesis, cancer progression and metastasis have been recognized to be caused by CSCs. CONCLUSION The significant roles of cell therapy may include an auto-transplant with high-dose treatment, an improvement of the immune function, creation of chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and the recruitment of NK cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Shenouda
- Department of Lab. Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ketan Kulkarni
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Yasser Abuetabh
- Department of Lab. Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Consolato Sergi
- Department of Lab. Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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5
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Lee B, Adamska JZ, Namkoong H, Bellin MD, Wilhelm J, Szot GL, Louis DM, Davis MM, Pandol SJ, Habtezion A. Distinct immune characteristics distinguish hereditary and idiopathic chronic pancreatitis. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:2705-2711. [PMID: 32053120 DOI: 10.1172/jci134066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is considered an irreversible fibroinflammatory pancreatic disease. Despite numerous animal model studies, questions remain about local immune characteristics in human CP. We profiled pancreatic immune cell characteristics in control organ donors and CP patients including those with hereditary and idiopathic CP undergoing total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation. Flow cytometric analysis revealed a significant increase in the frequency of CD68+ macrophages in idiopathic CP. In contrast, hereditary CP samples showed a significant increase in CD3+ T cell frequency, which prompted us to investigate the T cell receptor β (TCRβ) repertoire in the CP and control groups. TCRβ sequencing revealed a significant increase in TCRβ repertoire diversity and reduced clonality in both CP groups versus controls. Interestingly, we observed differences in Vβ-Jβ gene family usage between hereditary and idiopathic CP and a positive correlation of TCRβ rearrangements with disease severity scores. Immunophenotyping analyses in hereditary and idiopathic CP pancreases indicate differences in innate and adaptive immune responses, which highlights differences in immunopathogenic mechanisms of disease among subtypes of CP. TCR repertoire analysis further suggests a role for specific T cell responses in hereditary versus idiopathic CP pathogenesis, providing insights into immune responses associated with human CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomi Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Julia Z Adamska
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hong Namkoong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Melena D Bellin
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical Center and Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Josh Wilhelm
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gregory L Szot
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, and.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California, USA.,Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, and
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6
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Wang X, Ding X, Yu B, Zhang X, Shen Y, Cong H. Tumor microenvironment-responsive polymer with chlorin e6 to interface hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles-loaded oxygen supply factor for boosted photodynamic therapy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:305709. [PMID: 32299065 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab89d1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatment has always been a big problem for people. With the application of photodynamic therapy, the problem has been alleviated. However, the problem of tumor hypoxia affecting photodynamic therapy has been waiting to be resolved. Therefore, we report here that a redox nanocarrier (called RN) is prepared by hollow mesoporous silica sphere (HMSNs) and a redox-responsive polymer ligand. The nanocarrier is loaded with metformin and catalase, and the polymer is linked to the photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6). Metformin inhibits the mitochondrial respiration of cancer cells, reducing the activity of cancer cells and increasing the oxygen concentration required for photodynamic therapy. Not only the effect of photodynamic therapy is enhanced, but also the effect of chemotherapy is increased to achieve super additive treatment. These RNs exhibit not only low cytotoxicity but also high biocompatibility in vitro experiments. In vitro Ce6 release studies have shown a higher release in the presence of glutathione (GSH). Confocal microscopy can further indicate that the nanoparticles are carried to the area around the nucleus of the cancer cells. In addition, treatment with a mouse tumor model demonstrated that RN has an effective therapeutic effect on tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
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7
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Monitoring Immune Responses in Neuroblastoma Patients during Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020519. [PMID: 32102342 PMCID: PMC7072382 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NBL) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood. Despite intense treatment, children with this high-risk disease have a poor prognosis. Immunotherapy showed a significant improvement in event-free survival in high-risk NBL patients receiving chimeric anti-GD2 in combination with cytokines and isotretinoin after myeloablative consolidation therapy. However, response to immunotherapy varies widely, and often therapy is stopped due to severe toxicities. Objective markers that help to predict which patients will respond or develop toxicity to a certain treatment are lacking. Immunotherapy guided via immune monitoring protocols will help to identify responders as early as possible, to decipher the immune response at play, and to adjust or develop new treatment strategies. In this review, we summarize recent studies investigating frequency and phenotype of immune cells in NBL patients prior and during current treatment protocols and highlight how these findings are related to clinical outcome. In addition, we discuss potential targets to improve immunogenicity and strategies that may help to improve therapy efficacy. We conclude that immune monitoring during therapy of NBL patients is essential to identify predictive biomarkers to guide patients towards effective treatment, with limited toxicities and optimal quality of life.
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Zhuang Y, Zhang C, Wu Q, Zhang J, Ye Z, Qian Q. Application of immune repertoire sequencing in cancer immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 74:105688. [PMID: 31276974 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the prominent breakthrough in the field of tumor immunology, diverse cancer immunotherapies have attracted great attention in the last decade. The immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapies, and therapeutic cancer vaccines have already achieved impressive clinical success. However, the fact that only a small subset of patients with specific tumor types can benefit from these treatments limits the application of cancer immunotherapy. To seek out the molecular mechanisms behind this challenge and to select cancer precision medicine for different individuals, researchers apply the immune repertoire sequencing (IRS) to evaluate genetic responses of each patient to current immunotherapies. This review summarizes the technical advances and recent applications of IRS in cancer immunotherapy, indicates the limitations of this technique, and predicts future perspectives both in basic studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhuang
- Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Changzheng Zhang
- Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Cell Therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenlong Ye
- Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Cell Therapy Research Institute, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Cell Therapy, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qijun Qian
- Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Cell Therapy Research Institute, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Cell Therapy, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Pennell CA, Barnum JL, McDonald-Hyman CS, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Riddle MJ, Xiong Z, Loschi M, Thangavelu G, Campbell HM, Storlie MD, Refaeli Y, Furlan SN, Jensen MC, Kean LS, Miller JS, Tolar J, Osborn MJ, Blazar BR. Human CD19-Targeted Mouse T Cells Induce B Cell Aplasia and Toxicity in Human CD19 Transgenic Mice. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1423-1434. [PMID: 29735365 PMCID: PMC5986973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy for CD19+ B cell malignancies can be limited by acute toxicities and immunoglobulin replacement needs due to B cell aplasia from persistent CAR T cells. Life-threatening complications include cytokine release syndrome and neurologic adverse events, the exact etiologies of which are unclear. To elucidate the underlying toxicity mechanisms and test potentially safer CAR T cells, we developed a mouse model in which human CD19 (hCD19)-specific mouse CAR T cells were adoptively transferred into mice whose normal B cells express a hCD19 transgene at hemizygous levels. Compared to homozygous hCD19 transgenic mice that have ∼75% fewer circulating B cells, hemizygous mice had hCD19 frequencies and antigen density more closely simulating human B cells. Hemizygous mice given a lethal dose of hCD19 transgene-expressing lymphoma cells and treated with CAR T cells had undetectable tumor levels. Recipients experienced B cell aplasia and antigen- and dose-dependent acute toxicities mirroring patient complications. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon γ (IFN-γ), and inflammatory pathway transcripts were enriched in affected tissues. As in patients, antibody-mediated neutralization of IL-6 (and IFN-γ) blunted toxicity. Apparent behavioral abnormalities associated with decreased microglial cells point to CAR-T-cell-induced neurotoxicity. This model will prove useful in testing strategies designed to improve hCD19-specific CAR T cell safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Pennell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Jessie L Barnum
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Cameron S McDonald-Hyman
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Megan J Riddle
- Stem Cell Institute, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhengming Xiong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael Loschi
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Govindarajan Thangavelu
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Heather M Campbell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Meghan D Storlie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yosef Refaeli
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Scott N Furlan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Michael C Jensen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Leslie S Kean
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Miller
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Stem Cell Institute, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mark J Osborn
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Hishiki T, Mise N, Harada K, Ihara F, Takami M, Saito T, Terui K, Nakata M, Komatsu S, Yoshida H, Motohashi S. Frequency and proliferative response of circulating invariant natural killer T cells in pediatric patients with malignant solid tumors. Pediatr Surg Int 2018; 34:169-176. [PMID: 29018953 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-017-4185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells play an important role in tumor immunity, enhancing both innate and acquired immunity. We have previously shown the enhancement of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against neuroblastoma by activated iNKT cells. As a first step towards clinical application, we studied the frequency and proliferative response of circulating iNKT cells in children with and without cancer. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 10 patients with pediatric malignant solid tumors and 11 patients with non-neoplastic diseases (control). The frequency of circulating iNKT cells was quantified by flow cytometry. Whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells were then stimulated with α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) for 7 days, and the expansion rate of the iNKT-cell fraction was assessed. RESULTS The frequency of iNKT cells in the patients of the cancer and control group did not differ to a statistically significant extent. The iNKT-cell population increased after α-GalCer stimulation in all cases. The iNKT cells of patients who had undergone intensive chemotherapy also had the potential to expand in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Unlike adult cancer patients, the numbers of circulating iNKT cells were not decreased in pediatric cancer patients. α-GalCer stimulation induced a proliferative response in all of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoro Hishiki
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. .,Division of Surgical Oncology, Children's Cancer Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan. .,Division of Pediatric Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Naoko Mise
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Harada
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumie Ihara
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mariko Takami
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keita Terui
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsuyuki Nakata
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shugo Komatsu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideo Yoshida
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Motohashi
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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11
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Correction: Adoptive Transfer of Autologous T Cells Improves T-cell Repertoire Diversity and Long-term B-cell Function in Pediatric Patients with Neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:869. [PMID: 28148692 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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T cell receptor repertoire usage in cancer as a surrogate marker for immune responses. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:255-268. [PMID: 28074285 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing the interaction of cancer cells with the host adaptive immune system is critical for understanding tumor immunology and the modus operandi of immunotherapeutic interventions to treat cancer. As the key cellular effectors of adaptive immunity, T cells are endowed with specialized receptors (the T cell receptor; TCR), to recognize and to eliminate cancer cells. The diversity of the TCR repertoire results from specialized genetic diversification mechanisms that generate an incredible variability allowing recognizing extensive collections of antigens. Based on the attainment and function of the TCR, the TCR repertoire is a mirror of the human immune response, and the dynamic changes of its usage can be assumed as a promising biomarker to monitor immunomodulatory therapies. Recent advances in multiplexed PCR amplification and massive parallel sequencing technologies have facilitated the characterization of TCR repertoires at high resolution even when only biomaterial of limited quantity and quality, such as formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) archived tissues, is available. Here, we review the concept framework and current experimental approaches to characterize the TCR repertoire usage in cancer including inherent technical and biological challenges.
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13
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Kumar MD, Dravid A, Kumar A, Sen D. Gene therapy as a potential tool for treating neuroblastoma-a focused review. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 23:115-24. [PMID: 27080224 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma, a solid tumor caused by rapid division of undifferentiated neuroblasts, is the most common childhood malignancy affecting children aged <5 years. Several approaches and strategies developed and tested to cure neuroblastoma have met with limited success due to different reasons. Many oncogenes are deregulated during the onset and development of neuroblastoma and thus offer an opportunity to circumvent this disease if the expression of these genes is restored to normalcy. Gene therapy is a powerful tool with the potential to inhibit the deleterious effects of oncogenes by inserting corrected/normal genes into the genome. Both viral and non-viral vector-based gene therapies have been developed and adopted to deliver the target genes into neuroblastoma cells. These attempts have given hope to bringing in a new regime of treatment against neuroblastoma. A few gene-therapy-based treatment strategies have been tested in limited clinical trials yielding some positive results. This mini review is an attempt to provide an overview of the available options of gene therapy to treat neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Dravid
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Sen
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.,Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Fraietta JA, Schwab RD, Maus MV. Improving therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Semin Oncol 2016; 43:291-9. [PMID: 27040708 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell immunotherapy for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has heralded a new era of synthetic biology. The infusion of genetically engineered, autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells directed against CD19 expressed by normal and malignant B cells represents a novel approach to cancer therapy. The results of recent clinical trials of CAR T cells in relapsed and refractory CLL have demonstrated long-term disease-free remissions, underscoring the power of harnessing and redirecting the immune system against cancer. This review will briefly summarize T-cell therapies in development for CLL disease. We discuss the role of T-cell function and phenotype, T-cell culture optimization, CAR design, and approaches to potentiate the survival and anti-tumor effects of infused lymphocytes. Future efforts will focus on improving the efficacy of CAR T cells for the treatment of CLL and incorporating adoptive cell immunotherapy into standard medical management of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Fraietta
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapy, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert D Schwab
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapy, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Heiblig M, Elhamri M, Michallet M, Thomas X. Adoptive immunotherapy for acute leukemia: New insights in chimeric antigen receptors. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:1022-1038. [PMID: 26328018 PMCID: PMC4550626 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i7.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Relapses remain a major concern in acute leukemia. It is well known that leukemia stem cells (LSCs) hide in hematopoietic niches and escape to the immune system surveillance through the outgrowth of poorly immunogenic tumor-cell variants and the suppression of the active immune response. Despite the introduction of new reagents and new therapeutic approaches, no treatment strategies have been able to definitively eradicate LSCs. However, recent adoptive immunotherapy in cancer is expected to revolutionize our way to fight against this disease, by redirecting the immune system in order to eliminate relapse issues. Initially described at the onset of the 90’s, chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are recombinant receptors transferred in various T cell subsets, providing specific antigens binding in a non-major histocompatibility complex restricted manner, and effective on a large variety of human leukocyte antigen-divers cell populations. Once transferred, engineered T cells act like an expanding “living drug” specifically targeting the tumor-associated antigen, and ensure long-term anti-tumor memory. Over the last decades, substantial improvements have been made in CARs design. CAR T cells have finally reached the clinical practice and first clinical trials have shown promising results. In acute lymphoblastic leukemia, high rate of complete and prolonged clinical responses have been observed after anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy, with specific but manageable adverse events. In this review, our goal was to describe CAR structures and functions, and to summarize recent data regarding pre-clinical studies and clinical trials in acute leukemia.
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Gill S, June CH. Going viral: chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for hematological malignancies. Immunol Rev 2015; 263:68-89. [PMID: 25510272 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
On July 1, 2014, the United States Food and Drug Administration granted 'breakthrough therapy' designation to CTL019, the anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy developed at the University of Pennsylvania. This is the first personalized cellular therapy for cancer to be so designated and occurred 25 years after the first publication describing genetic redirection of T cells to a surface antigen of choice. The peer-reviewed literature currently contains the outcomes of more than 100 patients treated on clinical trials of anti-CD19 redirected T cells, and preliminary results on many more patients have been presented. At last count almost 30 clinical trials targeting CD19 were actively recruiting patients in North America, Europe, and Asia. Patients with high-risk B-cell malignancies therefore represent the first beneficiaries of an exciting and potent new treatment modality that harnesses the power of the immune system as never before. A handful of trials are targeting non-CD19 hematological and solid malignancies and represent the vanguard of enormous preclinical efforts to develop CAR T-cell therapy beyond B-cell malignancies. In this review, we explain the concept of chimeric antigen receptor gene-modified T cells, describe the extant results in hematologic malignancies, and share our outlook on where this modality is likely to head in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saar Gill
- Abramson Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Mussai F, Egan S, Hunter S, Webber H, Fisher J, Wheat R, McConville C, Sbirkov Y, Wheeler K, Bendle G, Petrie K, Anderson J, Chesler L, De Santo C. Neuroblastoma Arginase Activity Creates an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment That Impairs Autologous and Engineered Immunity. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3043-53. [PMID: 26054597 PMCID: PMC4527662 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, and survival remains poor for patients with advanced disease. Novel immune therapies are currently in development, but clinical outcomes have not matched preclinical results. Here, we describe key mechanisms in which neuroblastoma inhibits the immune response. We show that murine and human neuroblastoma tumor cells suppress T-cell proliferation through increased arginase activity. Arginase II is the predominant isoform expressed and creates an arginine-deplete local and systemic microenvironment. Neuroblastoma arginase activity results in inhibition of myeloid cell activation and suppression of bone marrow CD34(+) progenitor proliferation. Finally, we demonstrate that the arginase activity of neuroblastoma impairs NY-ESO-1-specific T-cell receptor and GD2-specific chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. High arginase II expression correlates with poor survival for patients with neuroblastoma. The results support the hypothesis that neuroblastoma creates an arginase-dependent immunosuppressive microenvironment in both the tumor and blood that leads to impaired immunosurveillance and suboptimal efficacy of immunotherapeutic approaches.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Arginase/immunology
- Arginase/metabolism
- Arginine/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Gangliosides/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neuroblastoma/immunology
- Neuroblastoma/metabolism
- Neuroblastoma/mortality
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Mussai
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Sharon Egan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Hunter
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Webber
- Paediatric Solid Tumour Biology and Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Fisher
- Unit of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Wheat
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carmel McConville
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yordan Sbirkov
- Paediatric Solid Tumour Biology and Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Wheeler
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Children's Hospital Oxford, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Bendle
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Petrie
- Paediatric Solid Tumour Biology and Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Anderson
- Unit of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Chesler
- Paediatric Solid Tumour Biology and Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carmela De Santo
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Efficacy and safety of cord blood–derived cytokine-induced killer cells in treatment of patients with malignancies. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:1130-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Barrett DM, Grupp SA, June CH. Chimeric Antigen Receptor- and TCR-Modified T Cells Enter Main Street and Wall Street. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:755-61. [PMID: 26188068 PMCID: PMC4507286 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The field of adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is currently comprised of chimeric Ag receptor (CAR)- and TCR-engineered T cells and has emerged from principles of basic immunology to paradigm-shifting clinical immunotherapy. ACT of T cells engineered to express artificial receptors that target cells of choice is an exciting new approach for cancer, and it holds equal promise for chronic infection and autoimmunity. Using principles of synthetic biology, advances in immunology, and genetic engineering have made it possible to generate human T cells that display desired specificities and enhanced functionalities. Clinical trials in patients with advanced B cell leukemias and lymphomas treated with CD19-specific CAR T cells have induced durable remissions in adults and children. The prospects for the widespread availability of engineered T cells have changed dramatically given the recent entry of the pharmaceutical industry to this arena. In this overview, we discuss some of the challenges and opportunities that face the field of ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Barrett
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Stephan A Grupp
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Carl H June
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Comprehensive analysis of the T-cell receptor beta chain gene in rhesus monkey by high throughput sequencing. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10092. [PMID: 25961410 PMCID: PMC4426732 DOI: 10.1038/srep10092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Profiling immune repertoires by high throughput sequencing enhances our understanding of immune system complexity and immune-related diseases in humans. Previously, cloning and Sanger sequencing identified limited numbers of T cell receptor (TCR) nucleotide sequences in rhesus monkeys, thus their full immune repertoire is unknown. We applied multiplex PCR and Illumina high throughput sequencing to study the TCRβ of rhesus monkeys. We identified 1.26 million TCRβ sequences corresponding to 643,570 unique TCRβ sequences and 270,557 unique complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) gene sequences. Precise measurements of CDR3 length distribution, CDR3 amino acid distribution, length distribution of N nucleotide of junctional region, and TCRV and TCRJ gene usage preferences were performed. A comprehensive profile of rhesus monkey immune repertoire might aid human infectious disease studies using rhesus monkeys.
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Li QY, Shi Y, Huang DH, Yang T, Wang JH, Yan GH, Wang HY, Tang XJ, Xiao CY, Zhang WJ, Zhang M, Wang L, Gong Y, Yang W, Wu XY, Xiang Y. Cytokine-induced killer cells combined with dendritic cells inhibited liver cancer cells. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:5601-10. [PMID: 26131143 PMCID: PMC4483965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prognosis of advanced liver cancer patients treated with CIK-DCs and the mechanism of apoptosis of HEPG 2 cells. METHODS 67 patients were enrolled in the study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were separated, of which adherent PBMCs used granulocyte 2 macrophage colony2 stimulating factor (GM2CSF), tumor necrosis factor 2α (TNF2α), and interleukin 24 (IL24) to induce DCs, which were sensitized with antigen of autologous or exogenous cancer cells to obtain Ag-DCs; suspended PBMCs used interferon 2γ (IFN2γ), IL-2, and CD 3 monoclonal antibody (CD3mAb) respectively, to induce CIK cells. DCs and CIK cells were cultured together. Flow cytometry was used to detect the phenotypes of DCs and CIK cells, and the blood retransfused into patients. Western blot and flow cytometer were used to analyze the growth cycle of HepG 2 cells and the expression of BAX and PCNA. RESULTS No patients underwent complete remission, 5 obtained partial remission and 29 had stable disease. Of the 31 patients whose lesions could not be evaluated, 17 received effective treatment, showing that the immune response was enhanced. In vitro laboratory experiments revealed that DC-CIK cells markedly affected the growth cycle of HepG 2 cells. Analysis showed that DC-CIK cells enhanced the gene expression of BAX and inhibited the activity of PCNA. CONCLUSIONS Co-cultured DCs and CIK cells inhibit the proliferation and migration of liver cancer cells by down-regulating PCNA and up-regulating BAX. This approach may be an effective method to treat advanced liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ying Li
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute181 Hanyu Road, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute181 Hanyu Road, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - De-Hong Huang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute181 Hanyu Road, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute181 Hanyu Road, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jiang-Hong Wang
- Center of Endoscopy Examination & Therapy, Chongqing Cancer Institute181 Hanyu Road, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Guo-He Yan
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute181 Hanyu Road, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Hong-Yu Wang
- Shanghai Claison Biotechnologic Limited CompanyShanghai 201201, China
| | - Xian-Jun Tang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute181 Hanyu Road, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Chun-Yan Xiao
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute181 Hanyu Road, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute181 Hanyu Road, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute181 Hanyu Road, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute181 Hanyu Road, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute181 Hanyu Road, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute181 Hanyu Road, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xian-Yu Wu
- Shanghai Claison Biotechnologic Limited CompanyShanghai 201201, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute181 Hanyu Road, Chongqing 400030, China
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Abstract
Recent clinical success has underscored the potential for immunotherapy based on the adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of engineered T lymphocytes to mediate dramatic, potent, and durable clinical responses. This success has led to the broader evaluation of engineered T-lymphocyte-based adoptive cell therapy to treat a broad range of malignancies. In this review, we summarize concepts, successes, and challenges for the broader development of this promising field, focusing principally on lessons gleaned from immunological principles and clinical thought. We present ACT in the context of integrating T-cell and tumor biology and the broader systemic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ruella
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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GuhaThakurta D, Sheikh NA, Meagher TC, Letarte S, Trager JB. Applications of systems biology in cancer immunotherapy: from target discovery to biomarkers of clinical outcome. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 6:387-401. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2013.811814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Gill S, Porter DL. CAR-modified anti-CD19 T cells for the treatment of B-cell malignancies: rules of the road. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 14:37-49. [PMID: 24261468 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.860442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malignancies of the B lymphocyte or its precursor include B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma as well as chronic and acute lymphoid leukemias. These are among the most common hematologic malignancies and many patients with B-cell malignancies are incurable. Although most patients initially respond to first-line treatment, relapse is frequent and is associated with a poor prognosis. T cells that are genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) recognizing the B-cell-associated molecule CD19 have emerged as a potentially potent and exciting therapeutic modality in recent years. AREAS COVERED This review explores the current peer-reviewed publications in the field and a discussion of expert opinion. EXPERT OPINION Genetic engineering of T cells has become clinically feasible and appears to be safe. Here we provide an insight into the process of patient selection, engineered T-cell production, infusion procedure, expected toxicities and efficacy of this exciting approach as it is practiced in the treatment of B-cell malignancies. Anti-CD19-redirected T cells likely represent the vanguard of an exciting new approach to treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saar Gill
- University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA 19106 , USA
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Abstract
Improved outcomes for patients with cancer hinge on the development of new targeted therapies with acceptable short-term and long-term toxicity. Progress in basic, preclinical, and clinical arenas spanning cellular immunology, synthetic biology, and cell-processing technologies has paved the way for clinical applications of chimeric antigen receptor-based therapies. This new form of targeted immunotherapy merges the exquisite targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the potent cytotoxicity and long-term persistence provided by cytotoxic T cells. Although this field is still in its infancy, clinical trials have already shown clinically significant antitumor activity in neuroblastoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and B cell lymphoma, and trials targeting a variety of other adult and pediatric malignancies are under way. Ongoing work is focused on identifying optimal tumor targets and on elucidating and manipulating both cell- and host-associated factors to support expansion and persistence of the genetically engineered cells in vivo. The potential to target essentially any tumor-associated cell-surface antigen for which a monoclonal antibody can be made opens up an entirely new arena for targeted therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Barrett
- Abramson Cancer Center and the Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
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Woodsworth DJ, Castellarin M, Holt RA. Sequence analysis of T-cell repertoires in health and disease. Genome Med 2013; 5:98. [PMID: 24172704 PMCID: PMC3979016 DOI: 10.1186/gm502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) variability enables the cellular immune system to discriminate between self and non-self. High-throughput TCR sequencing (TCR-seq) involves the use of next generation sequencing platforms to generate large numbers of short DNA sequences covering key regions of the TCR coding sequence, which enables quantification of T-cell diversity at unprecedented resolution. TCR-seq studies have provided new insights into the healthy human T-cell repertoire, such as revised estimates of repertoire size and the understanding that TCR specificities are shared among individuals more frequently than previously anticipated. In the context of disease, TCR-seq has been instrumental in characterizing the recovery of the immune repertoire after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and the method has been used to develop biomarkers and diagnostics for various infectious and neoplastic diseases. However, T-cell repertoire sequencing is still in its infancy. It is expected that maturation of the field will involve the introduction of improved, standardized tools for data handling, deposition and statistical analysis, as well as the emergence of new and equivalently large-scale technologies for T-cell functional analysis and antigen discovery. In this review, we introduce this nascent field and TCR-seq methodology, we discuss recent insights into healthy and diseased TCR repertoires, and we examine the applications and challenges for TCR-seq in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Woodsworth
- BC Cancer Agency, Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Genome Sciences & Technology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Mauro Castellarin
- BC Cancer Agency, Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Robert A Holt
- BC Cancer Agency, Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Genome Sciences & Technology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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Kalos M, June CH. Adoptive T cell transfer for cancer immunotherapy in the era of synthetic biology. Immunity 2013; 39:49-60. [PMID: 23890063 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell transfer for cancer and chronic infection is an emerging field that shows promise in recent trials. Synthetic-biology-based engineering of T lymphocytes to express high-affinity antigen receptors can overcome immune tolerance, which has been a major limitation of immunotherapy-based strategies. Advances in cell engineering and culture approaches to enable efficient gene transfer and ex vivo cell expansion have facilitated broader evaluation of this technology, moving adoptive transfer from a "boutique" application to the cusp of a mainstream technology. The major challenge currently facing the field is to increase the specificity of engineered T cells for tumors, because targeting shared antigens has the potential to lead to on-target off-tumor toxicities, as observed in recent trials. As the field of adoptive transfer technology matures, the major engineering challenge is the development of automated cell culture systems, so that the approach can extend beyond specialized academic centers and become widely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kalos
- Abramson Cancer Center and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5156, USA.
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Robins H. Immunosequencing: applications of immune repertoire deep sequencing. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:646-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Galon J, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Adoptive cell transfer for anticancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e24238. [PMID: 23762803 PMCID: PMC3667909 DOI: 10.4161/onci.24238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) represents a prominent form of immunotherapy against malignant diseases. ACT is conceptually distinct from dendritic cell-based approaches (which de facto constitute cellular vaccines) and allogeneic transplantation (which can be employed for the therapy of hematopoietic tumors) as it involves the isolation of autologous lymphocytes exhibiting antitumor activity, their expansion/activation ex vivo and their reintroduction into the patient. Re-infusion is most often performed in the context of lymphodepleting regimens (to minimize immunosuppression by host cells) and combined with immunostimulatory interventions, such as the administration of Toll-like receptor agonists. Autologous cells that are suitable for ACT protocols can be isolated from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes or generated by engineering their circulating counterparts for the expression of transgenic tumor-specific T-cell receptors. Importantly, lymphocytes can be genetically modified prior to re-infusion for increasing their persistence in vivo, boosting antitumor responses and minimizing side effects. Moreover, recent data indicate that exhausted antitumor T lymphocytes may be rejuvenated in vitro by exposing them to specific cytokine cocktails, a strategy that might considerably improve the clinical success of ACT. Following up the Trial Watch that we published on this topic in the third issue of OncoImmunology (May 2012), here we summarize the latest developments in ACT-related research, covering both high-impact studies that have been published during the last 13 months and clinical trials that have been initiated in the same period to assess the antineoplastic profile of this form of cellular immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; Paris France
- INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
| | | | - Wolf Hervé Fridman
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Equipe 13; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Galon
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris, France
- Equipe 15; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM; U872; Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France
- INSERM; U970; Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; Paris France
- INSERM; U1015; CICBT507; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris, France
- Equipe 11; Labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- Metabolomics Platform; Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Equipe 11; Labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
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Kumar AJ, Hexner EO, Frey NV, Luger SM, Loren AW, Reshef R, Boyer J, Smith J, Stadtmauer EA, Levine BL, June CH, Porter DL, Goldstein SC. Pilot study of prophylactic ex vivo costimulated donor leukocyte infusion after reduced-intensity conditioned allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013; 19:1094-101. [PMID: 23635453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Donor leukocyte infusion (DLI) can induce potent graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) activity in patients with relapsed hematologic malignancies after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Unfortunately, except in patients with chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia, responses to DLI have been disappointing. GVL induction is likely to be most effective in the setting of minimal residual disease. Prevention of relapse through the provision of prophylactic DLI to high-risk patients may improve the outcome of allogeneic HSCT. We previously reported that ex vivo costimulated T cell infusion of activated DLI (aDLI) as treatment for relapse is safe and has potent GVL effects. We hypothesized that prophylactic aDLI can be given safely and prevent relapse in high-risk patients after allogeneic HSCT. Eighteen patients with acute myeolgenous leukemia (n = 14), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n = 3), or myelodysplastic syndrome (n = 1) underwent allogeneic HSCT after a reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimen with alemtuzumab, fludarabine, and busulfan. Graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) prophylaxis consisted of tacrolimus and methotrexate with a planned early and rapid taper of tacrolimus. Patients without GVHD, off immune suppression, and in remission received aDLI at a dose of 1 × 10(7) CD3(+) cells/kg (aDLI 1) at day +120, followed by a second infusion of 1 × 10(8) CD3 cells/kg (aDLI 2) at day +180. At a median follow-up of 58 months, 5 of the 18 patients (28%) were alive, and 4 patients were in remission. Eleven patients (65%) relapsed, at a median time of 191 days. Twelve of the 18 patients received at least one aDLI, and 6 of these 12 patients also received aDLI 2. Six patients did not receive any aDLI owing to early relapse (n = 2), protocol ineligibility (n = 1), or GVHD (n = 3). Only 2 of the 12 patients who received aDLI 1 developed GVHD. Two out of the 12 patients remain in remission at the time of this report. Disease recurrence was the cause of death in 10 of the 13 patients (77%) who died. Our data indicate that prophylactic ex vivo costimulated CD3/CD28 DLI is safe, feasible, and not associated with significant GVHD. Relapse remains the major cause of treatment failure after RIC HSCT even with rapid withdrawal of immune suppression and the use of prophylactic aDLI, and better strategies to prevent relapse are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita J Kumar
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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