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Erdmann K, Distler F, Gräfe S, Kwe J, Erb HHH, Fuessel S, Pahernik S, Thomas C, Borkowetz A. Transcript Markers from Urinary Extracellular Vesicles for Predicting Risk Reclassification of Prostate Cancer Patients on Active Surveillance. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2453. [PMID: 39001515 PMCID: PMC11240337 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), its derivatives, and magnetic resonance tomography (MRI) lack sufficient specificity and sensitivity for the prediction of risk reclassification of prostate cancer (PCa) patients on active surveillance (AS). We investigated selected transcripts in urinary extracellular vesicles (uEV) from PCa patients on AS to predict PCa risk reclassification (defined by ISUP 1 with PSA > 10 ng/mL or ISUP 2-5 with any PSA level) in control biopsy. Before the control biopsy, urine samples were prospectively collected from 72 patients, of whom 43% were reclassified during AS. Following RNA isolation from uEV, multiplexed reverse transcription, and pre-amplification, 29 PCa-associated transcripts were quantified by quantitative PCR. The predictive ability of the transcripts to indicate PCa risk reclassification was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses via calculation of the area under the curve (AUC) and was then compared to clinical parameters followed by multivariate regression analysis. ROC curve analyses revealed a predictive potential for AMACR, HPN, MALAT1, PCA3, and PCAT29 (AUC = 0.614-0.655, p < 0.1). PSA, PSA density, PSA velocity, and MRI maxPI-RADS showed AUC values of 0.681-0.747 (p < 0.05), with accuracies for indicating a PCa risk reclassification of 64-68%. A model including AMACR, MALAT1, PCAT29, PSA density, and MRI maxPI-RADS resulted in an AUC of 0.867 (p < 0.001) with a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 87%, 83%, and 85%, respectively, thus surpassing the predictive power of the individual markers. These findings highlight the potential of uEV transcripts in combination with clinical parameters as monitoring markers during the AS of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Erdmann
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (K.E.); (S.G.); (J.K.); (H.H.H.E.); (C.T.); (A.B.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Distler
- Department of Urology, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (F.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Sebastian Gräfe
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (K.E.); (S.G.); (J.K.); (H.H.H.E.); (C.T.); (A.B.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jeremy Kwe
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (K.E.); (S.G.); (J.K.); (H.H.H.E.); (C.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Holger H. H. Erb
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (K.E.); (S.G.); (J.K.); (H.H.H.E.); (C.T.); (A.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Fuessel
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (K.E.); (S.G.); (J.K.); (H.H.H.E.); (C.T.); (A.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sascha Pahernik
- Department of Urology, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (F.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Christian Thomas
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (K.E.); (S.G.); (J.K.); (H.H.H.E.); (C.T.); (A.B.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Angelika Borkowetz
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (K.E.); (S.G.); (J.K.); (H.H.H.E.); (C.T.); (A.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Chen J, Yu F, He G, Hao W, Hu W. A nomogram based on peripheral lymphocyte for predicting 8-year survival in patients with prostate cancer: a single-center study using LASSO-cox regression. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:254. [PMID: 38395827 PMCID: PMC10885398 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-11929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop a functional clinical nomogram for predicting 8-year overall survival (OS) of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) primary based on peripheral lymphocyte. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using data from a single-institutional registry of 94 patients with PCa in China, this study identified and integrated significant prognostic factors for survival to build a nomogram. The discriminative ability was measured by concordance index (C-index) and ROC curves (Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves). And the predictive accuracy was measured by the calibration curves. Decision curve analyses (DCA) was used to measure the clinical usefulness. RESULTS A total of 94 patients were included for analysis. Five independent prognostic factors were identified by LASSO-Cox regression and incorporated into the nomogram: age, the T stage, the absolute counts of peripheral CD3(+)CD4(+) T lymphocytes, CD3(-)CD16(+)CD56(+) NK cells and CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio. The area under the curve (AUC) values of the predictive model for 5-, 8-, and 10-year overall survival were 0.81, 0.76, and 0.73, respectively. The calibration curves for probability of 5-,8- and 10-year OS showed optimal agreement between nomogram prediction and actual observation. The stratification into different risk groups allowed significant distinction. DCA indicated the good clinical application value of the model. CONCLUSION We developed a novel nomogram that enables personalized prediction of OS for patients diagnosed with PCa. This finding revealed a relative in age and survival rate in PCa, and a more favorable prognosis in patients exhibiting higher levels of CD4 + T, CD4+/CD8 + ratio and CD3(-)CD16(+)CD56(+) NK cells specifically. This clinically applicable prognostic model exhibits promising predictive capabilities, offering valuable support to clinicians in informed decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ganyuan He
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenke Hao
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wenxue Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Zhu S, Xu N, Zeng H. Molecular complexity of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e6939. [PMID: 38379333 PMCID: PMC10879723 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) is an aggressive subtype of prostate cancer characterized by the growth of tumor cells within the prostate ducts. It is often found alongside invasive carcinoma and is associated with poor prognosis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving IDC-P is crucial for improved diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment strategies. This review summarizes the molecular characteristics of IDC-P and their prognostic indications, comparing them to conventional prostate acinar adenocarcinoma, to gain insights into its unique behavior and identify potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Zhu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Nanwei Xu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Chen Z, Li C, Zhou Y, Yao Y, Liu J, Wu M, Su J. Liquid biopsies for cancer: From bench to clinic. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e329. [PMID: 37492785 PMCID: PMC10363811 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, liquid biopsy has been increasingly used as a supplement, or even, a replacement to the traditional biopsy in clinical oncological practice, due to its noninvasive and early detectable properties. The detections can be based on a variety of features extracted from tumor‑derived entities, such as quantitative alterations, genetic changes, and epigenetic aberrations, and so on. So far, the clinical applications of cancer liquid biopsy mainly aimed at two aspects, prediction (early diagnosis, prognosis and recurrent evaluation, therapeutic response monitoring, etc.) and intervention. In spite of the rapid development and great contributions achieved, cancer liquid biopsy is still a field under investigation and deserves more clinical practice. To better open up future work, here we systematically reviewed and compared the latest progress of the most widely recognized circulating components, including circulating tumor cells, cell-free circulating DNA, noncoding RNA, and nucleosomes, from their discovery histories to clinical values. According to the features applied, we particularly divided the contents into two parts, beyond epigenetics and epigenetic-based. The latter was considered as the highlight along with a brief overview of the advances in both experimental and bioinformatic approaches, due to its unique advantages and relatively lack of documentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Chen
- School of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Oujiang LaboratoryZhejiang Lab for Regenerative MedicineVision and Brain HealthWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Chenghao Li
- School of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yue Zhou
- School of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Oujiang LaboratoryZhejiang Lab for Regenerative MedicineVision and Brain HealthWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yinghao Yao
- Oujiang LaboratoryZhejiang Lab for Regenerative MedicineVision and Brain HealthWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Min Wu
- Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jianzhong Su
- School of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Oujiang LaboratoryZhejiang Lab for Regenerative MedicineVision and Brain HealthWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiangChina
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Zhang Y, Tao J, Wang R, Xuan H, Chen Z, Xiao L, Ding H, Sun Z. Prognostic value of E‑26 transformation‑specific‑related gene in prostate cancer based on immunohistochemistry analysis. Oncol Lett 2023; 26:296. [PMID: 37274473 PMCID: PMC10236269 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
E-26 transformation-specific-related gene (ERG) has been implicated in prostate cancer; however, its prognostic role remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the association of ERG with the prognosis after radical prostatectomy in patients with prostate cancer. Patient data were collected at the Huadong Hospital, affiliated with Fudan University, between January 2016 and March 2020. ERG protein expression was detected using immunohistochemistry. Independent-sample t-tests and χ2 tests were used to evaluate prostate cancer prognosis depending on ERG levels. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate biochemical failure-free survival (BFFS) and the log-rank test was used to test the distribution. Prognostic factors were determined using Cox regression analysis. The median patient age was 69 years (range, 47-82 years). The median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and free-PSA levels before treatment were 9.58 ng/ml (range, 0.003-187.400 ng/ml) and 1.13 ng/ml (range, 0.0059-30.6100 ng/ml), respectively. ERG protein expression was positive in 43 (16.6%) and negative in 216 (83.4%) cases. The median follow-up period and BFFS were 30 and 28 months, respectively. There was a significant difference in biochemical recurrence (P=0.017) between patients with positive and negative ERG expression. Patients with positive ERG expression had significantly worse BFFS curves compared with those with negative ERG expression (P=0.0038). In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, positive ERG expression was found to be an independent prognostic factor in patients with prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy (hazard ratio, 4.08; 95% confidence interval, 2.03-8.17; P=0.000074). In conclusion, positive ERG expression is an independent prognostic risk factor for prostate cancer. These findings may be valuable for improvements in the clinical application of ERG immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tao
- Department of Urology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Rangrang Wang
- Department of Surgery, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Haojie Xuan
- Department of Urology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- Department of Urology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Haiyong Ding
- Department of Urology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Zhongquan Sun
- Department of Urology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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Dinneen E, Shaw GL, Kealy R, Alexandris P, Finnegan K, Chu K, Haidar N, Santos‐Vidal S, Kudahetti S, Moore CM, Grey ADR, Berney DM, Sahdev A, Cathcart PJ, Oliver RTD, Rajan P, Cuzick J. Feasibility of aspirin and/or vitamin D3 for men with prostate cancer on active surveillance with Prolaris® testing. BJUI COMPASS 2022; 3:458-465. [PMID: 36267207 PMCID: PMC9579886 DOI: 10.1002/bco2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To test the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of aspirin and/or vitamin D3 in active surveillance (AS) low/favourable intermediate risk prostate cancer (PCa) patients with Prolaris® testing. Patients and Methods Newly-diagnosed low/favourable intermediate risk PCa patients (PSA ≤ 15 ng/ml, International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Grade Group ≤2, maximum biopsy core length <10 mm, clinical stage ≤cT2c) were recruited into a multi-centre randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (ISRCTN91422391, NCT03103152). Participants were randomised to oral low dose (100 mg), standard dose (300 mg) aspirin or placebo and/or vitamin D3 (4000 IU) versus placebo in a 3 × 2 factorial RCT design with biopsy tissue Prolaris® testing. The primary endpoint was trial acceptance/entry rates. Secondary endpoints included feasibility of Prolaris® testing, 12-month disease re-assessment (imaging/biochemical/histological), and 12-month treatment adherence/safety. Disease progression was defined as any of the following (i) 50% increase in baseline PSA, (ii) new Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) 4/5 lesion(s) on multi-parametric MRI where no previous lesion, (iii) 33% volume increase in lesion size, or radiological upstaging to ≥T3, (iv) ISUP Grade Group upgrade or (v) 50% increase in maximum cancer core length. Results Of 130 eligible patients, 104 (80%) accepted recruitment from seven sites over 12 months, of which 94 patients represented the per protocol population receiving treatment. Prolaris® testing was performed on 76/94 (81%) diagnostic biopsies. Twelve-month disease progression rate was 43.3%. Assessable 12-month treatment adherence in non-progressing patients to aspirin and vitamin D across all treatment arms was 91%. Two drug-attributable serious adverse events in 1 patient allocated to aspirin were identified. The study was not designed to determine differences between treatment arms. Conclusion Recruitment of AS PCa patients into a multi-centre multi-arm placebo-controlled RCT of minimally-toxic adjunctive oral drug treatments with molecular biomarker profiling is acceptable and safe. A larger phase III study is needed to determine optimal agents, intervention efficacy, and outcome-associated biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Dinneen
- Division of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Urology, University College Hospital at Westmoreland StreetUniversity College Hospital London NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- Centre for Prevention, Detection and Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Cancer Research UK Barts CentreQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Gregory L. Shaw
- Division of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Urology, University College Hospital at Westmoreland StreetUniversity College Hospital London NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- Centre for Prevention, Detection and Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Cancer Research UK Barts CentreQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Department of Urology, The Royal London HospitalBarts Health NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Roseann Kealy
- Centre for Prevention, Detection and Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Cancer Research UK Barts CentreQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
Cancer Prevention Trial Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK.
| | - Panos Alexandris
- Centre for Prevention, Detection and Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Cancer Research UK Barts CentreQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Kier Finnegan
- Centre for Prevention, Detection and Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Cancer Research UK Barts CentreQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Kimberley Chu
- Centre for Prevention, Detection and Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Cancer Research UK Barts CentreQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Nadia Haidar
- Centre for Prevention, Detection and Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Cancer Research UK Barts CentreQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Sara Santos‐Vidal
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Barts CentreQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Sakunthala Kudahetti
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Barts CentreQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Caroline M. Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Urology, University College Hospital at Westmoreland StreetUniversity College Hospital London NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Alistair D. R. Grey
- Division of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Urology, University College Hospital at Westmoreland StreetUniversity College Hospital London NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- Department of Urology, The Royal London HospitalBarts Health NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Daniel M. Berney
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Barts CentreQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, The Royal London HospitalBarts Health NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Anju Sahdev
- Department of Radiology, St Bartholomew's HospitalBarts Health NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Paul J. Cathcart
- Department of Urology, Guy's HospitalGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - R. Timothy D. Oliver
- Centre for Prevention, Detection and Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Cancer Research UK Barts CentreQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Prabhakar Rajan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Urology, University College Hospital at Westmoreland StreetUniversity College Hospital London NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- Department of Urology, The Royal London HospitalBarts Health NHS TrustLondonUK
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Barts CentreQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Jack Cuzick
- Centre for Prevention, Detection and Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Cancer Research UK Barts CentreQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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A review on the role of PCA3 lncRNA in carcinogenesis with an especial focus on prostate cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 231:153800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Hout M, Merhe A, Heidar NA, El-Asmar JM, Wazzan W, Bachir B, Jaafar R, El-Hajj A, Bulbul M. Outcomes of active surveillance for clinically localized prostate cancer in a middle eastern tertiary care center. Arch Ital Urol Androl 2021; 93:385-388. [PMID: 34933522 DOI: 10.4081/aiua.2021.4.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of our study was to evaluate the outcome of active surveillance (AS) for prostate cancer for a cohort of patients at our institution. METHODS A total of 43 patients with low risk prostate cancer were enrolled in an active surveillance pilot program at our institution between 2008 and 2018. Follow up protocols included: periodic prostate specific antigen (PSA), digital rectal examination (DRE), multiparametric MRI, and prostate biopsy at one year. Pertinent parameters were collected, and descriptive statistics were reported along with a subset analysis of patients that dropped out of the protocol to receive active treatment for disease progression. RESULTS Out of 43 eligible patients, 46.5% had a significant rise in follow up PSA. DRE was initially suspicious in 27.9% of patients, and none had any change in DRE on follow up. Initially, prostate MRIs showed PIRADS 3, 4, and 5 in 14%, 37.2%, and 11.6% respectively, while 23.2% had a negative initial MRI. 14% did not have an MRI. Upon follow up, 18.6% of patients had progression on MRI. Initial biopsies revealed that 86% were classified as WHO group 1, while 14% as WHO group 2. With regards to the follow up biopsies, 11.6% were upgraded. 20.9% of our patients had active treatment; 44.4% due to upgraded biopsy results, 22.2% due to PSA progression, 22.2% due to strong patient preference, and 11.1% due to radiologic progression. CONCLUSIONS For selected men with low risk prostate cancer, AS is a reasonable alternative. The decision for active treatment should be tailored upon changes in PSA, DRE, MRI, and biopsy results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hout
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut.
| | - Ali Merhe
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut.
| | - Nassib Abou Heidar
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut.
| | - Jose M El-Asmar
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut.
| | - Wassim Wazzan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut.
| | - Bassel Bachir
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut.
| | - Rola Jaafar
- Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut.
| | - Albert El-Hajj
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Muhammad Bulbul
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut.
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Eyrich NW, Wei JT, Niknafs YS, Siddiqui J, Ellimoottil C, Salami SS, Palapattu GS, Mehra R, Kunju LP, Tomlins SA, Chinnaiyan AM, Morgan TM, Tosoian JJ. Association of MyProstateScore (MPS) with prostate cancer grade in the radical prostatectomy specimen. Urol Oncol 2021; 40:4.e1-4.e7. [PMID: 34753659 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the association between urinary MyProstateScore (MPS) and pathologic grade group (GG) at surgery in men diagnosed with GG1 prostate cancer (PCa) on biopsy. METHODS Using an institutional biospecimen protocol, we identified men with GG1 PCa on biopsy and PSA ≤10 ng/ml who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) at the University of Michigan. MPS was retrospectively calculated using prospectively collected, post-DRE urine samples. The primary outcome was upgrading on RP pathology, defined as GG ≥ 2. The associations of MPS, PSA, and PSA density (PSAD) with upgrading were assessed on univariable logistic regression, and the predictive accuracy of each marker was estimated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS There were 52 men with urinary specimens available that met study criteria, based on biopsy Gleason Grade and specimen collection. At RP, 17 men (33%) had GG1 cancer and 35 (67%) had GG ≥ 2 cancer. Preoperative MPS was significantly higher in patients with GG ≥ 2 cancer at surgery (median 37.8 [IQR, 22.2-52.4]) as compared to GG1 (19.3 [IQR, 9.2-29.4]; P = 0.001). On univariable logistic regression, increasing MPS values were significantly associated with upgrading (odds ratio 1.07 per one-unit MPS increase, 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.12, P = 0.004), while PSA and PSAD were not significantly associated with upgrading. Similarly, the discriminative ability of the MPS model (AUC 0.78) for upgrading at RP was higher compared to models based on PSA (AUC 0.52) and PSAD (AUC 0.62). CONCLUSIONS In men diagnosed with GG1 PCa who underwent surgery, MPS was significantly associated with RP cancer grade. In this limited cohort of men, these findings suggest that MPS could help identify patients with undetected high-grade cancer. Additional studies are needed to better characterize this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Eyrich
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - John T Wei
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Dow Division of Health Services Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yashar S Niknafs
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Javed Siddiqui
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Chad Ellimoottil
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Simpa S Salami
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ganesh S Palapattu
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lakshmi P Kunju
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Todd M Morgan
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jeffrey J Tosoian
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.
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10
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Manceau C, Fromont G, Beauval JB, Barret E, Brureau L, Créhange G, Dariane C, Fiard G, Gauthé M, Mathieu R, Renard-Penna R, Roubaud G, Ruffion A, Sargos P, Rouprêt M, Ploussard G. Biomarker in Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4251. [PMID: 34503059 PMCID: PMC8428218 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Active surveillance (AS) in prostate cancer (PCa) represents a curative alternative for men with localised low-risk PCa. Continuous improvement of AS patient's selection and surveillance modalities aims at reducing misclassification, simplifying modalities of surveillance and decreasing need for invasive procedures such repeated biopsies. Biomarkers represent interesting tools to evaluate PCa diagnosis and prognosis, of which many are readily available or under evaluation. The aim of this review is to investigate the biomarker performance for AS selection and patient outcome prediction. Blood, urinary and tissue biomarkers were studied and a brief description of use was proposed along with a summary of major findings. Biomarkers represent promising tools which could be part of a more tailored risk AS strategy aiming to offer personalized medicine and to individualize the treatment and monitoring of each patient. The usefulness of biomarkers has mainly been suggested for AS selection, whereas few studies have investigated their role during the monitoring phase. Randomized prospective studies dealing with imaging are needed as well as larger prospective studies with long-term follow-up and strong oncologic endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Manceau
- Department of Urology, CHU-IUC Toulouse, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Gaëlle Fromont
- Department of Pathology, CHRU Tours, F-37000 Tours, France;
| | - Jean-Baptiste Beauval
- Department of Urology, La Croix du Sud Hospital, F-31130 Quint Fonsegrives, France; (J.-B.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Eric Barret
- Department of Urology, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, F-75014 Paris, France;
| | - Laurent Brureau
- Department of Urology, CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, University of Antilles, University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)–UMR_S 1085, F-97110 Pointe-à-Pitre, France;
| | - Gilles Créhange
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Curie Institute, F-75005 Paris, France;
| | - Charles Dariane
- Department of Urology, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, APHP, Paris–Paris University–U1151 Inserm-INEM, Necker, F-75015 Paris, France;
| | - Gaëlle Fiard
- Department of Urology, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Mathieu Gauthé
- AP-HP Health Economics Research Unit, INSERM-UMR1153, F-75004 Paris, France;
| | - Romain Mathieu
- Department of Urology, CHU Rennes, F-35033 Rennes, France;
| | - Raphaële Renard-Penna
- Department of Radiology, Sorbonne University, AP-HP, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Guilhem Roubaud
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, F-33000 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Alain Ruffion
- Service d’Urologie Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69002 Lyon, France;
- Equipe 2–Centre d’Innovation en Cancérologie de Lyon (EA 3738 CICLY)–Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud–Université Lyon 1, F-69002 Lyon, France
| | - Paul Sargos
- Department of Radiotherapy, Institut Bergonié, 33000 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Morgan Rouprêt
- Department of Urology, Sorbonne University, GRC 5 Predictive Onco-Uro, AP-HP, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Guillaume Ploussard
- Department of Urology, La Croix du Sud Hospital, F-31130 Quint Fonsegrives, France; (J.-B.B.); (G.P.)
- Institut Universitaire du Cancer Oncopole, F-31000 Toulouse, France
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11
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Pastor-Navarro B, Rubio-Briones J, Borque-Fernando Á, Esteban LM, Dominguez-Escrig JL, López-Guerrero JA. Active Surveillance in Prostate Cancer: Role of Available Biomarkers in Daily Practice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6266. [PMID: 34200878 PMCID: PMC8230496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men. The diagnosis is currently based on PSA levels, which are associated with overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Moreover, most PCas are localized tumours; hence, many patients with low-/very low-risk PCa could benefit from active surveillance (AS) programs instead of more aggressive, active treatments. Heterogeneity within inclusion criteria and follow-up strategies are the main controversial issues that AS presently faces. Many biomarkers are currently under investigation in this setting; however, none has yet demonstrated enough diagnostic ability as an independent predictor of pathological or clinical progression. This work aims to review the currently available literature on tissue, blood and urine biomarkers validated in clinical practice for the management of AS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Pastor-Navarro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología (IVO), 46009 Valencia, Spain;
- Príncipe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), IVO-CIPF Joint Research Unit of Cancer, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Rubio-Briones
- Department of Urology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología (IVO), 46009 Valencia, Spain; (J.R.-B.); (J.L.D.-E.)
| | - Ángel Borque-Fernando
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Miguel Servet, IIS-Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Luis M. Esteban
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Engineering School of La Almunia, University of Zaragoza, 50100 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Jose Luis Dominguez-Escrig
- Department of Urology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología (IVO), 46009 Valencia, Spain; (J.R.-B.); (J.L.D.-E.)
| | - José Antonio López-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología (IVO), 46009 Valencia, Spain;
- Príncipe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), IVO-CIPF Joint Research Unit of Cancer, 46012 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Valencia ‘San Vicente Martir’, 46001 Valencia, Spain
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12
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Advances in the selection of patients with prostate cancer for active surveillance. Nat Rev Urol 2021; 18:197-208. [PMID: 33623103 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00432-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Early identification and management of prostate cancer completely changed with the discovery of prostate-specific antigen. However, improved detection has also led to overdiagnosis and consequently overtreatment of patients with low-risk disease. Strategies for the management of patients using active surveillance - the monitoring of clinically insignificant disease until intervention is warranted - were developed in response to this issue. The success of this approach is critically dependent on the accurate selection of patients who are predicted to be at the lowest risk of prostate cancer mortality. The Epstein criteria for clinically insignificant prostate cancer were first published in 1994 and have been repeatedly validated for risk-stratification and selection for active surveillance over the past few decades. Current active surveillance programmes use modified criteria with 30-50% of patients receiving treatment at 10 years. Nonetheless, tools for prostate cancer diagnosis have continued to evolve with improvements in biopsy format and targeting, advances in imaging technologies such as multiparametric MRI, and the identification of serum-, tissue- and urine-based biomarkers. These advances have the potential to further improve the identification of men with low-risk disease who can be appropriately managed using active surveillance.
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13
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Dall'Era M. Liquid biomarkers in active surveillance. World J Urol 2021; 40:21-26. [PMID: 33590279 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-021-03609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In the past two decades, new biomarkers for prostate cancer detection and risk prediction have become available for clinical use. While tissue-based gene expression assays offer molecular risk assessment after diagnoses, several serum- and urine-based 'liquid' biomarkers are available for the pre-biopsy setting which may also play a role for active surveillance (AS). METHODS The medical literature was queried utilizing PubMed (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) for all relevant original publications describing prostate cancer biomarkers that can be identified in the blood, urine, or semen. Referenced studies must have defined patient inclusion criteria and descriptions of the biomarkers. Included studies investigated the utility of liquid biomarkers for selection or monitoring of men with prostate cancer for active surveillance. RESULTS PSA is the most common and readily available biomarker for prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. Contemporary AS guidelines consider diagnostic PSA level in addition to other clinical factors when selecting men for this approach, with most recommending that initial PSA should be under 10 ng/ml. Serum PSA changes are associated with outcomes on AS but are not adequately sensitive so drive men to secondary treatment in isolation. PSA derivates including the Prostate Health Index (phi) and the 4K Score can predict higher grade cancer and may help tailor repeat prostate biopsy strategies, but further data are needed prior to routine clinic use. Several urine-based biomarkers including PCA3 and TMPRSS2:ERG levels have also been studied in the AS setting. CONCLUSIONS Multiple serum- and urine-based liquid biomarkers are available for use in men with prostate cancer. For AS, serum PSA is utilized in part for patient selection as well as to monitor disease over time. Models that incorporate PSA kinetics with other clinical characteristics may help tailor surveillance strategies to reduce disease burden and health care costs over time. Several novel liquid biomarkers demonstrate promise and may eventually have applications for prostate cancer surveillance as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dall'Era
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, CA, 95864, USA.
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14
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Dong M, Lih TM, Chen SY, Cho KC, Eguez RV, Höti N, Zhou Y, Yang W, Mangold L, Chan DW, Zhang Z, Sokoll LJ, Partin A, Zhang H. Urinary glycoproteins associated with aggressive prostate cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:11892-11907. [PMID: 33204318 PMCID: PMC7667684 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is an urgent need for the detection of aggressive prostate cancer. Glycoproteins play essential roles in cancer development, while urine is a noninvasive and easily obtainable biological fluid that contains secretory glycoproteins from the urogenital system. Therefore, here we aimed to identify urinary glycoproteins that are capable of differentiating aggressive from non-aggressive prostate cancer. Methods: Quantitative mass spectrometry data of glycopeptides from a discovery cohort comprised of 74 aggressive (Gleason score ≥8) and 68 non-aggressive (Gleason score = 6) prostate cancer urine specimens were acquired via a data independent acquisition approach. The glycopeptides showing distinct expression profiles in aggressive relative to non-aggressive prostate cancer were further evaluated for their performance in distinguishing the two groups either individually or in combination with others using repeated 5-fold cross validation with logistic regression to build predictive models. Predictive models showing good performance from the discovery cohort were further evaluated using a validation cohort. Results: Among the 20 candidate glycoproteins, urinary ACPP outperformed the other candidates. Urinary ACPP can also serve as an adjunct to serum PSA to further improve the discrimination power for aggressive prostate cancer (AUC= 0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.75 to 0.89). A three-signature panel including urinary ACPP, urinary CLU, and serum PSA displayed the ability to distinguish aggressive prostate cancer from non-aggressive prostate cancer with an AUC of 0.86 (95% confidence interval 0.8 to 0.92). Another three-signature panel containing urinary ACPP, urinary LOX, and serum PSA also demonstrated its ability in recognizing aggressive prostate cancer (AUC=0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.75 to 0.9). Moreover, consistent performance was observed from each panel when evaluated using a validation cohort. Conclusion: We have identified glycopeptides of urinary glycoproteins associated with aggressive prostate cancer using a quantitative mass spectrometry-based glycoproteomic approach and demonstrated their potential to serve as noninvasive urinary glycoprotein biomarkers worthy of further validation by a multi-center study.
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15
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Computer Extracted Features from Initial H&E Tissue Biopsies Predict Disease Progression for Prostate Cancer Patients on Active Surveillance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092708. [PMID: 32967377 PMCID: PMC7563653 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we assessed the ability of computerized features of nuclear morphology from diagnostic biopsy images to predict prostate cancer (CaP) progression in active surveillance (AS) patients. Improved risk characterization of AS patients could reduce over-testing of low-risk patients while directing high-risk patients to therapy. A total of 191 (125 progressors, 66 non-progressors) AS patients from a single site were identified using The Johns Hopkins University's (JHU) AS-eligibility criteria. Progression was determined by pathologists at JHU. 30 progressors and 30 non-progressors were randomly selected to create the training cohort D1 (n = 60). The remaining patients comprised the validation cohort D2 (n = 131). Digitized Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) biopsies were annotated by a pathologist for CaP regions. Nuclei within the cancer regions were segmented using a watershed method and 216 nuclear features describing position, shape, orientation, and clustering were extracted. Six features associated with disease progression were identified using D1 and then used to train a machine learning classifier. The classifier was validated on D2. The classifier was further compared on a subset of D2 (n = 47) against pro-PSA, an isoform of prostate specific antigen (PSA) more linked with CaP, in predicting progression. Performance was evaluated with area under the curve (AUC). A combination of nuclear spatial arrangement, shape, and disorder features were associated with progression. The classifier using these features yielded an AUC of 0.75 in D2. On the 47 patient subset with pro-PSA measurements, the classifier yielded an AUC of 0.79 compared to an AUC of 0.42 for pro-PSA. Nuclear morphometric features from digitized H&E biopsies predicted progression in AS patients. This may be useful for identifying AS-eligible patients who could benefit from immediate curative therapy. However, additional multi-site validation is needed.
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16
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Pudova EA, Krasnov GS, Nyushko KM, Kobelyatskaya AA, Savvateeva MV, Poloznikov AA, Dolotkazin DR, Klimina KM, Guvatova ZG, Simanovsky SA, Gladysh NS, Tokarev AT, Melnikova NV, Dmitriev AA, Alekseev BY, Kaprin AD, Kiseleva MV, Snezhkina AV, Kudryavtseva AV. miRNAs expression signature potentially associated with lymphatic dissemination in locally advanced prostate cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:129. [PMID: 32948204 PMCID: PMC7500008 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is one of the most common and socially significant cancers among men. The aim of our study was to reveal changes in miRNA expression profiles associated with lymphatic dissemination in prostate cancer and to identify the most prominent miRNAs as potential prognostic markers for future studies. Methods High-throughput miRNA sequencing was performed for 44 prostate cancer specimens taken from Russian patients, with and without lymphatic dissemination (N1 – 20 samples; N0 – 24 samples). Results We found at least 18 microRNAs with differential expression between N0 and N1 sample groups: miR-182-5p, miR-183-5p, miR-96-5p, miR-25-3p, miR-93-5p, miR-7-5p, miR-615-3p, miR-10b, miR-1248 (N1-miRs; elevated expression in N1 cohort; p < 0.05); miR-1271-5p, miR-184, miR-222-3p, miR-221-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-455-3p, miR-143-5p, miR-181c-3p and miR-455-5p (N0-miRs; elevated expression in N0; p < 0.05). The expression levels of N1-miRs were highly correlated between each other (the same is applied for N0-miRs) and the expression levels of N0-miRs and N1-miRs were anti-correlated. The tumor samples can be divided into two groups depending on the expression ratio between N0-miRs and N1-miRs. Conclusions We found the miRNA expression signature associated with lymphatic dissemination, in particular on the Russian patient cohort. Many of these miRNAs are well-known players in either oncogenic transformation or tumor suppression. Further experimental studies with extended sampling are required to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Pudova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - George S Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill M Nyushko
- National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Maria V Savvateeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Poloznikov
- National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniyar R Dolotkazin
- National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kseniya M Klimina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zulfiya G Guvatova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A Simanovsky
- A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Nataliya V Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Y Alekseev
- National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey D Kaprin
- National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V Kiseleva
- National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Anna V Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Performance of PCA3 and TMPRSS2:ERG urinary biomarkers in prediction of biopsy outcome in the Canary Prostate Active Surveillance Study (PASS). Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2019; 22:438-445. [PMID: 30664734 PMCID: PMC6642858 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-018-0124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For men on active surveillance for prostate cancer, biomarkers may improve prediction of reclassification to higher grade or volume cancer. This study examined the association of urinary PCA3 and TMPRSS2:ERG (T2:ERG) with biopsy-based reclassification. METHODS Urine was collected at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months in the multi-institutional Canary Prostate Active Surveillance Study (PASS), and PCA3 and T2:ERG levels were quantitated. Reclassification was an increase in Gleason score or ratio of biopsy cores with cancer to ≥34%. The association of biomarker scores, adjusted for common clinical variables, with short- and long-term reclassification was evaluated. Discriminatory capacity of models with clinical variables alone or with biomarkers was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and decision curve analysis (DCA). RESULTS Seven hundred and eighty-two men contributed 2069 urine specimens. After adjusting for PSA, prostate size, and ratio of biopsy cores with cancer, PCA3 but not T2:ERG was associated with short-term reclassification at the first surveillance biopsy (OR = 1.3; 95% CI 1.0-1.7, p = 0.02). The addition of PCA3 to a model with clinical variables improved area under the curve from 0.743 to 0.753 and increased net benefit minimally. After adjusting for clinical variables, neither marker nor marker kinetics was associated with time to reclassification in subsequent biopsies. CONCLUSIONS PCA3 but not T2:ERG was associated with cancer reclassification in the first surveillance biopsy but has negligible improvement over clinical variables alone in ROC or DCA analyses. Neither marker was associated with reclassification in subsequent biopsies.
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18
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Tan GH, Finelli A, Ahmad A, Wettstein MS, Chandrasekar T, Zlotta AR, Fleshner NE, Hamilton RJ, Kulkarni GS, Ajib K, Nason G, Perlis N. A novel predictor of clinical progression in patients on active surveillance for prostate cancer. Can Urol Assoc J 2019; 13:250-255. [PMID: 31496491 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.6122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Active surveillance (AS) is standard of care in low-risk prostate cancer (PCa). This study describes a novel total cancer location (TCLo) density metric and aims to determine its performance in predicting clinical progression (CP) and grade progression (GP). METHODS This was a retrospective study of patients on AS after confirmatory biopsy (CBx). We excluded patients with Gleason ≥7 at CBx and <2 years followup. TCLo was the number of locations with positive cores at diagnosis (DBx) and CBx. TCLo density was TCLo/prostate volume (PV). CP was progression to any active treatment while GP occurred if Gleason ≥7 was identified on repeat biopsy or surgical pathology. Independent predictors of time to CP or GP were estimated with Cox regression. Kaplan-Meier analysis compared progression-free survival (PFS) curves between TCLo density groups. Test characteristics of TCLo density were explored with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS We included 181 patients who had CBx from 2012-2015 and met inclusion criteria. The mean age of patients was 62.58 years (standard deviation [SD] 7.13) and median followup was 60.9 months (interquartile range [IQR] 23.4). A high TCLo density score (>0.05) was independently associated with time to CP (hazard ratio [HR] 4.70; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.62-8.42; p<0.001) and GP (HR 3.85; 95% CI 1.91-7.73; p<0.001). ROC curves showed TCLo density has greater area under the curve than number of positive cores at CBx in predicting progression. CONCLUSIONS TCLo density is able to stratify patients on AS for risk of CP and GP. With further validation, it could be added to the decision-making algorithm in AS for low-risk localized PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Hee Tan
- Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Urology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Antonio Finelli
- Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Urology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ardalan Ahmad
- Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Urology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marian S Wettstein
- Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Urology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thenappan Chandrasekar
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alexandre R Zlotta
- Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Urology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neil E Fleshner
- Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Urology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert J Hamilton
- Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Urology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Girish S Kulkarni
- Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Urology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Khaled Ajib
- Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Urology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory Nason
- Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Urology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan Perlis
- Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Urology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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19
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Active surveillance for prostate and thyroid cancers: evolution in clinical paradigms and lessons learned. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16:168-184. [PMID: 30413793 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-018-0116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The adverse effects of overdiagnosis and overtreatment observed in men with clinically insignificant prostate cancers after the introduction of prostate-specific antigen-based screening are now being observed in those with thyroid cancer, owing to the introduction of new imaging technologies. Thus, the evolving paradigm of active surveillance in prostate and thyroid cancers might be valuable in informing the development of future active surveillance protocols. The lessons learned from active surveillance and their implications include the need to minimize the use of broad, population-based screening programmes that do not incorporate patient education and the need for individualized or shared decision-making, which can decrease the extent of overtreatment. Furthermore, from the experience in patients with prostate cancer, we have learned that consensus is required regarding the optimal selection of patients for active surveillance, using more-specific evidence-based methods for stratifying patients by risk. In this Review, we describe the epidemiology, pathology and screening guidelines for the management of patients with prostate and thyroid cancers; the evidence of overdiagnosis and overtreatment; and provide overviews of existing international active surveillance protocols.
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Nicholas TR, Strittmatter BG, Hollenhorst PC. Oncogenic ETS Factors in Prostate Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:409-436. [PMID: 31900919 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is unique among carcinomas in that a fusion gene created by a chromosomal rearrangement is a common driver of the disease. The TMPRSS2/ERG rearrangement drives aberrant expression of the ETS family transcription factor ERG in 50% of prostate tumors. Similar rearrangements promote aberrant expression of the ETS family transcription factors ETV1 and ETV4 in another 10% of cases. Together, these three ETS factors are thought to promote tumorigenesis in the majority of prostate cancers. A goal of precision medicine is to be able to apply targeted therapeutics that are specific to disease subtypes. ETS gene rearrangement positive tumors represent the largest molecular subtype of prostate cancer, but to date there is no treatment specific to this marker. In this chapter we will review the latest findings regarding the molecular mechanisms of ETS factor function in the prostate. These molecular details may provide a path towards new therapeutic targets for this subtype of prostate cancer. Further, we will describe efforts to target the oncogenic functions of ETS family transcription factors directly as well as indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brady G Strittmatter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Peter C Hollenhorst
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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Lamy PJ, Allory Y, Gauchez AS, Asselain B, Beuzeboc P, de Cremoux P, Fontugne J, Georges A, Hennequin C, Lehmann-Che J, Massard C, Millet I, Murez T, Schlageter MH, Rouvière O, Kassab-Chahmi D, Rozet F, Descotes JL, Rébillard X. Prognostic Biomarkers Used for Localised Prostate Cancer Management: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol Focus 2018; 4:790-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Bekelman JE, Rumble RB, Chen RC, Pisansky TM, Finelli A, Feifer A, Nguyen PL, Loblaw DA, Tagawa ST, Gillessen S, Morgan TM, Liu G, Vapiwala N, Haluschak JJ, Stephenson A, Touijer K, Kungel T, Freedland SJ. Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Endorsement of an American Urological Association/American Society for Radiation Oncology/Society of Urologic Oncology Guideline. J Clin Oncol 2018; 36:3251-3258. [PMID: 30183466 DOI: 10.1200/jco.18.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In April 2017, the American Urological Association, American Society for Radiation Oncology, and Society of Urologic Oncology released a joint evidence-based practice guideline on clinically localized prostate cancer. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) has a policy and set of procedures for endorsing clinical practice guidelines that have been developed by other professional organizations. Methods The Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer guideline was reviewed for developmental rigor by methodologists. An ASCO Expert Panel then reviewed the content and the recommendations. Results The ASCO Expert Panel determined that the recommendations from the Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer guideline were clear, thorough, and based upon the most relevant scientific evidence. ASCO endorsed the Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer guideline except for two recommendations on cryosurgery. The two recommendations covering cryosurgery were not endorsed because the panel found that there is insufficient evidence to support the use of cryotherapy in this setting. Recommendations The ASCO Expert Panel endorsed all but two of the original guideline recommendations as written and offered a series of discussion points to guide practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin E. Bekelman
- Justin E. Bekelman and Neha Vapiwala, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; R. Bryan Rumble, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Ronald C. Chen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Stephen J. Freedland, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC; Thomas M. Pisansky, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Antonio Finelli, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network; Andrew Feifer, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto; D
| | - R. Bryan Rumble
- Justin E. Bekelman and Neha Vapiwala, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; R. Bryan Rumble, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Ronald C. Chen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Stephen J. Freedland, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC; Thomas M. Pisansky, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Antonio Finelli, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network; Andrew Feifer, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto; D
| | - Ronald C. Chen
- Justin E. Bekelman and Neha Vapiwala, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; R. Bryan Rumble, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Ronald C. Chen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Stephen J. Freedland, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC; Thomas M. Pisansky, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Antonio Finelli, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network; Andrew Feifer, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto; D
| | - Thomas M. Pisansky
- Justin E. Bekelman and Neha Vapiwala, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; R. Bryan Rumble, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Ronald C. Chen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Stephen J. Freedland, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC; Thomas M. Pisansky, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Antonio Finelli, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network; Andrew Feifer, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto; D
| | - Antonio Finelli
- Justin E. Bekelman and Neha Vapiwala, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; R. Bryan Rumble, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Ronald C. Chen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Stephen J. Freedland, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC; Thomas M. Pisansky, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Antonio Finelli, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network; Andrew Feifer, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto; D
| | - Andrew Feifer
- Justin E. Bekelman and Neha Vapiwala, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; R. Bryan Rumble, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Ronald C. Chen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Stephen J. Freedland, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC; Thomas M. Pisansky, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Antonio Finelli, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network; Andrew Feifer, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto; D
| | - Paul L. Nguyen
- Justin E. Bekelman and Neha Vapiwala, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; R. Bryan Rumble, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Ronald C. Chen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Stephen J. Freedland, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC; Thomas M. Pisansky, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Antonio Finelli, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network; Andrew Feifer, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto; D
| | - D. Andrew Loblaw
- Justin E. Bekelman and Neha Vapiwala, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; R. Bryan Rumble, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Ronald C. Chen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Stephen J. Freedland, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC; Thomas M. Pisansky, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Antonio Finelli, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network; Andrew Feifer, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto; D
| | - Scott T. Tagawa
- Justin E. Bekelman and Neha Vapiwala, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; R. Bryan Rumble, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Ronald C. Chen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Stephen J. Freedland, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC; Thomas M. Pisansky, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Antonio Finelli, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network; Andrew Feifer, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto; D
| | - Silke Gillessen
- Justin E. Bekelman and Neha Vapiwala, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; R. Bryan Rumble, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Ronald C. Chen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Stephen J. Freedland, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC; Thomas M. Pisansky, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Antonio Finelli, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network; Andrew Feifer, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto; D
| | - Todd M. Morgan
- Justin E. Bekelman and Neha Vapiwala, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; R. Bryan Rumble, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Ronald C. Chen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Stephen J. Freedland, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC; Thomas M. Pisansky, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Antonio Finelli, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network; Andrew Feifer, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto; D
| | - Glenn Liu
- Justin E. Bekelman and Neha Vapiwala, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; R. Bryan Rumble, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Ronald C. Chen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Stephen J. Freedland, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC; Thomas M. Pisansky, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Antonio Finelli, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network; Andrew Feifer, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto; D
| | - Neha Vapiwala
- Justin E. Bekelman and Neha Vapiwala, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; R. Bryan Rumble, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Ronald C. Chen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Stephen J. Freedland, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC; Thomas M. Pisansky, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Antonio Finelli, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network; Andrew Feifer, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto; D
| | - John J. Haluschak
- Justin E. Bekelman and Neha Vapiwala, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; R. Bryan Rumble, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Ronald C. Chen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Stephen J. Freedland, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC; Thomas M. Pisansky, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Antonio Finelli, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network; Andrew Feifer, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto; D
| | - Andrew Stephenson
- Justin E. Bekelman and Neha Vapiwala, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; R. Bryan Rumble, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Ronald C. Chen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Stephen J. Freedland, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC; Thomas M. Pisansky, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Antonio Finelli, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network; Andrew Feifer, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto; D
| | - Karim Touijer
- Justin E. Bekelman and Neha Vapiwala, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; R. Bryan Rumble, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Ronald C. Chen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Stephen J. Freedland, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC; Thomas M. Pisansky, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Antonio Finelli, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network; Andrew Feifer, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto; D
| | - Terry Kungel
- Justin E. Bekelman and Neha Vapiwala, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; R. Bryan Rumble, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Ronald C. Chen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Stephen J. Freedland, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC; Thomas M. Pisansky, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Antonio Finelli, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network; Andrew Feifer, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto; D
| | - Stephen J. Freedland
- Justin E. Bekelman and Neha Vapiwala, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; R. Bryan Rumble, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Ronald C. Chen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Stephen J. Freedland, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC; Thomas M. Pisansky, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Antonio Finelli, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network; Andrew Feifer, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto; D
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García-Perdomo HA, Chaves MJ, Osorio JC, Sanchez A. Association between TMPRSS2:ERG fusion gene and the prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Cent European J Urol 2018; 71:410-419. [PMID: 30680235 PMCID: PMC6338815 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2018.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction To identify the association between the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion gene, their variants and the onset of localized prostate cancer. Material and methods A systematic search strategy was carried out through MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, CENTRAL and unpublished literature. We included randomized control trials, cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies that involved patients >18 years-old assessing the association between TMPRSS2 fusion gene, its single nucleotide polymorphisms and prostate cancer. The primary outcome was prostate cancer defined by histology of the tumor coming from transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy, transurethral resection of the prostate or radical prostatectomy. We assessed the risk of bias with QUADAS2 and performed a meta-analysis with Stata 14. Results We found 241 records with the search strategies. After duplicates were removed, 18 studies were included in qualitative analysis and 15 studies in meta-analysis. All included studies that had no applicability concerns and low risk of bias for flow and timing. Nine studies had an unclear risk of bias for index and reference tests, since they did not describe the blinding assessment appropriately. Regarding the association between TMPRSS2:ERG and prostate cancer, we found an odds ratio (OR) 2.24 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.29 to 3.91). Regarding the kind of sample, urine showed an OR 2.79 and a 95% CI (1.12 to 6.98) and when using a DNA molecular template, the OR was 3.55 with a 95% CI (1.08 to 11.65). Conclusions There was an association between TMPRSS2:ERG fusion gene with the diagnosis of prostate cancer, mainly in urine samples and DNA-based molecular templates. TMPRSS2:ERG might be used as the gold standard biomarker for diagnosis and stratification of PCa.
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Active Surveillance for Low-risk Prostate Cancer: The European Association of Urology Position in 2018. Eur Urol 2018; 74:357-368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Ploussard G, de la Taille A. The role of prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) in prostate cancer detection. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2018; 18:1013-1020. [PMID: 30016891 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2018.1502086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) score has been the first urine assay to obtain the Food and Drug Administration approval for guiding decisions regarding additional biopsies. Different aspects of this urinary assay (diagnostic performance, prognostic value, cost/benefit balance, integration with other molecular and imaging modalities) have now been well evaluated. Areas covered: This expert review will summarize current achievements and future perspectives provided by this urine biomarker. Expert commentary: The clinical benefit of the PCA3 score, in addition to the other established factors has been demonstrated before regarding biopsy decision making in men with persistent risk of prostate cancer. Its potential prognostic value also suggests its usefulness in selecting low risk patients for active surveillance protocols, however future daily-practice changing studies are needed. Economics assessment and additional value compared with other biomolecular and imaging modalities are still under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre de la Taille
- b Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse- Oncopole , CHU Henri Mondor , APHP, Créteil , France.,c INSERM U955 Equipe 7 , Université Paris Val-de-Marne , Créteil , France
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26
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Campbell DH, Lund ME, Nocon AL, Cozzi PJ, Frydenberg M, De Souza P, Schiller B, Beebe-Dimmer JL, Ruterbusch JJ, Walsh BJ. Detection of glypican-1 (GPC-1) expression in urine cell sediments in prostate cancer. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196017. [PMID: 29672570 PMCID: PMC5908171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While measurement of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) is an important screening tool for prostate cancer, new biomarkers are necessary for better discrimination between presence and absence of disease. The MIL-38 monoclonal antibody is specific for the membrane glycoprotein glypican 1 (GPC-1) and binds to prostate cancer tissue. Urine is known to be a source of cellular material. Thus, we hypothesized that detection of GPC-1 in urine cellular material may identify individuals with prostate cancer. Urine samples from patients with prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or normal controls were collected and cell sediments prepared. GPC-1-positive cells were detected using a MIL-38 immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and samples were classed positive or negative for GPC-1 expressing cells. Assay sensitivity and specificity, stratified by PSA, was reported. A total of 125 patient samples were analyzed (N = 41 prostate cancer; N = 37 BPH; N = 47 normal controls). The use of MIL-38 to detect GPC-1 by IFA discriminated between prostate cancer and BPH urine specimens with a sensitivity and specificity of 71% and 76%, respectively. Assay specificity increased with increasing PSA, with the highest specificity (89%) for patients with PSA ≥4 ng/ml. At lower PSA (<2 ng/ml) specificity decreased, as evidenced by a greater number of false positives in this concentration range. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for GPC-1-positive cells in patients with prostate cancer, adjusted for PSA, was greatest at the lowest serum PSA (<2 ng/ml; OR = 13.4; 95% CI: 4.0-44.7) compared with no adjustment for PSA (OR = 6.4; 95% CI: 2.8-14.9). The use of MIL-38 for detection of GPC-1 may be a useful tool for detection of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria E. Lund
- Minomic International Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aline L. Nocon
- Minomic International Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul J. Cozzi
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Frydenberg
- Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul De Souza
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Jennifer L. Beebe-Dimmer
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Julie J. Ruterbusch
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
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Cao L, Lee CH, Ning J, Handy BC, Wagar EA, Meng QH. Combination of Prostate Cancer Antigen 3 and Prostate-Specific Antigen Improves Diagnostic Accuracy in Men at Risk of Prostate Cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2018; 142:1106-1112. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2017-0185-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context.—
Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) is a noncoding RNA that is highly overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa) tissue and excreted in urine in patients with PCa.
Objective.—
To assess the clinical utility of urinary PCA3 in men at risk of PCa.
Design.—
We retrospectively reviewed a cohort of 271 men (median age, 63 years) with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and/or strong family history, and/or abnormal digital rectal examination findings. Diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV), positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+, LR−), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under the receiver-operating characteristic curves (AUC) were evaluated.
Results.—
PCA3 score was a significant predictor of prostate biopsy outcome (P < .001). A PCA3 score of 30 was the optimal cutoff for our study cohort, with a diagnostic sensitivity of 72.7%, specificity of 67.5%, PPV of 47.1%, NPV of 86.2%, LR+ of 2.24, LR− of 0.40, and DOR of 5.55. At this cutoff score, the PCA3 assay could avoid 57.4% of unnecessary invasive biopsies in the overall study cohort and 70.3% in the subgroup with PSA level in the “gray zone” (4–10 ng/mL). A logistic regression algorithm combining PCA3 with PSA increased the AUC from 0.571 for PSA-only to 0.729 (P < .001). The logistic combined marker gained the ability to discriminate low-grade from high-grade cancers.
Conclusions.—
Our data suggest that PCA3 improves the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of PSA and that the combination of PCA3 with PSA gives better overall performance in identification of PCa than serum PSA alone in the high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qing H. Meng
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (Drs Cao, Handy, Wagar, and Meng) and Biostatistics (Drs Lee and Ning), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Dr Cao is now at the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Sierra PS, Damodaran S, Jarrard D. Clinical and pathologic factors predicting reclassification in active surveillance cohorts. Int Braz J Urol 2018; 44:440-451. [PMID: 29368876 PMCID: PMC5996796 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2017.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of small, lower risk well-differentiated prostate cancer is increasing and almost half of the patients with this diagnosis are candidates for initial conservative management in an attempt to avoid overtreatment and morbidity associated with surgery or radiation. A proportion of patients labeled as low risk, candidates for Active Surveillance (AS), harbor aggressive disease and would benefit from definitive treatment. The focus of this review is to identify clinicopathologic features that may help identify these less optimal AS candidates. A systematic Medline/PubMed Review was performed in January 2017 according to PRISMA guidelines; 83 articles were selected for full text review according to their relevance and after applying limits described. For patients meeting AS criteria including Gleason Score 6, several factors can assist in predicting those patients that are at higher risk for reclassification including higher PSA density, bilateral cancer, African American race, small prostate volume and low testosterone. Nomograms combining these features improve risk stratification. Clinical and pathologic features provide a significant amount of information for risk stratification (>70%) for patients considering active surveillance. Higher risk patient subgroups can benefit from further evaluation or consideration of treatment. Recommendations will continue to evolve as data from longer term AS cohorts matures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shivashankar Damodaran
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David Jarrard
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
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Abstract
Given the high incidence of prostate cancer and the need for shared decision-making before screening, it is imperative that primary care providers understand treatment options and treatment adverse effects. In this review article, the treatment options for the localized and metastatic prostate cancer are discussed, including the different modalities and their indications, adverse effects, oncologic outcomes, posttreatment monitoring, and potential treatment options following cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Weiner
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, 16-710, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Shilajit D Kundu
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, 16-710, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Wu B, Gong X, Kennedy WA, Brooks JD. Identification of transcripts associated with renal damage due to ureteral obstruction as candidate urinary biomarkers. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F16-F26. [PMID: 29488389 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00382.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal obstruction is a common cause of renal failure in adults and children and is suspected when hydronephrosis is detected on imaging. Because not all cases of hydronephrosis are associated with renal damage, biomarkers are needed to guide intervention to relieve obstruction. We performed gene expression profiling on the kidneys from adult mice over a detailed time course after obstruction and compared these data with a neonatal model of bilateral high-grade obstruction induced by conditional deletion of the calcineurin β1 gene. Having identified a set of 143 transcripts modulated in both adult and neonatal obstruction, we tested their expression in a model of short-term obstruction (1 day), where renal damage is transient and reversible, and long-term obstruction (5 days), where significant renal damage is permanent. A significant number of transcripts increased early after obstruction, and later normalized, while 26 transcripts remained elevated 10 and 28 days after relief of 5 days of ureteral obstruction. With the use of qPCR, elevated levels of several of these candidate RNA biomarkers of renal damage were detected in urine from obstructed mice. In addition, several of these candidate RNA biomarkers of damage resulting from obstruction were detectable in catheterized urine samples from children undergoing surgery for ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Measurement of urinary transcripts modulated in response to renal obstruction could serve as biomarkers of renal damage with important clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Department of Urology, Stanford University , Stanford, California
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Urology, Stanford University , Stanford, California
| | | | - James D Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University , Stanford, California
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31
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Wang JH, Downs TM, Jason Abel E, Richards KA, Jarrard DF. Prostate Biopsy in Active Surveillance Protocols: Immediate Re-biopsy and Timing of Subsequent Biopsies. Curr Urol Rep 2018; 18:48. [PMID: 28589399 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-017-0702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This manuscript reviews contemporary literature regarding prostate cancer active surveillance (AS) protocols as well as other tools that may guide the management of biopsy frequency and assess the possibility of progression in low-risk prostate cancer. RECENT FINDINGS There is no consensus regarding the timing of surveillance biopsies; however, an immediate repeat biopsy within 12 months of diagnosis for patients considering AS confirms patients who have favorable risk disease yet also identifies patients who were undersampled initially. Studies regarding multiparametric MRI, nomograms, and biomarkers show promise in risk stratifying and counseling patients during AS. Further studies are needed to determine if these supplemental tests can decrease the frequency of surveillance biopsies. An immediate re-biopsy can help to reduce the risk of missing clinically significant disease. Other clinical tools, including mpMRI, exist that can be used as an adjunct to counsel patients and guide a personalized discussion regarding the frequency of surveillance biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tracy M Downs
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - E Jason Abel
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kyle A Richards
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David F Jarrard
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. .,University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA. .,Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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Abstract
The use of active surveillance (AS) is increasing for favorable-risk prostate cancer. However, there remain challenges in patient selection for AS, due to the limitations of current clinical staging. In addition, monitoring protocols relying on serial biopsies is invasive and presents risks such as infection. For these reasons, there is substantial interest in identifying markers that can be used to improve AS selection and monitoring. In this article, we review the evidence on serum, urine and tissue markers in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Loeb
- Department of Urology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Population Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,The Manhattan VA, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Tosoian
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
Diagnostic biomarkers derived from blood, urine, or prostate tissue provide additional information beyond clinical calculators to determine the risk of detecting high-grade prostate cancer. Once diagnosed, multiple markers leverage prostate cancer biopsy tissue to prognosticate clinical outcomes, including adverse pathology at radical prostatectomy, disease recurrence, and prostate cancer mortality; however the clinical utility of some outcomes to patient decision making is unclear. Markers using tissue from radical prostatectomy specimens provide additional information about the risk of biochemical recurrence, development of metastatic disease, and subsequent mortality beyond existing multivariable clinical calculators (the use of a marker to simply sub-stratify risk groups such as the NCCN groups is of minimal value). No biomarkers currently available for prostate cancer have been prospectively validated to be predict an improved clinical outcome for a specific therapy based on the test result; however, further research and development of these tests may produce a truly predictive biomarker for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Gadzinski
- Department of Urology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew R Cooperberg
- Department of Urology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Netto GJ, Eich ML, Varambally S. Prostate Cancer: An Update on Molecular Pathology with Clinical Implications. EUR UROL SUPPL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Glaser ZA, Gordetsky JB, Porter KK, Varambally S, Rais-Bahrami S. Prostate Cancer Imaging and Biomarkers Guiding Safe Selection of Active Surveillance. Front Oncol 2017; 7:256. [PMID: 29164056 PMCID: PMC5670116 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Active surveillance (AS) is a widely adopted strategy to monitor men with low-risk, localized prostate cancer (PCa). Current AS inclusion criteria may misclassify as many as one in four patients. The advent of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and novel PCa biomarkers may offer improved risk stratification. We performed a review of recently published literature to characterize emerging evidence in support of these novel modalities. Methods An English literature search was conducted on PubMed for available original investigations on localized PCa, AS, imaging, and biomarkers published within the past 3 years. Our Boolean criteria included the following terms: PCa, AS, imaging, biomarker, genetic, genomic, prospective, retrospective, and comparative. The bibliographies and diagnostic modalities of the identified studies were used to expand our search. Results Our review identified 222 original studies. Our expanded search yielded 244 studies. Among these, 70 met our inclusion criteria. Evidence suggests mpMRI offers improved detection of clinically significant PCa, and MRI-fusion technology enhances the sensitivity of surveillance biopsies. Multiple studies demonstrate the promise of commercially available screening assays for prediction of AS failure, and several novel biomarkers show promise in this setting. Conclusion In the era of AS for men with low-risk PCa, improved strategies for proper stratification are needed. mpMRI has dramatically enhanced the detection of clinically significant PCa. The advent of novel biomarkers for prediction of aggressive disease and AS failure has shown some initial promise, but further validation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Glaser
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jennifer B Gordetsky
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kristin K Porter
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | - Soroush Rais-Bahrami
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Fradet V, Toren P, Nguile-Makao M, Lodde M, Lévesque J, Léger C, Caron A, Bergeron A, Ben-Zvi T, Lacombe L, Pouliot F, Tiguert R, Dujardin T, Fradet Y. Prognostic value of urinary prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) during active surveillance of patients with low-risk prostate cancer receiving 5α-reductase inhibitors. BJU Int 2017; 121:399-404. [PMID: 28972698 DOI: 10.1111/bju.14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the clinical performance of the urinary prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) test to predict the risk of Gleason grade re-classification amongst men receiving a 5α-reductase inhibitor (5ARI) during active surveillance (AS) for prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with low-risk prostate cancer were enrolled in a prospective Phase II study of AS complemented with prescription of a 5ARI. A repeat biopsy was taken within the first year and annually according to physician and patient preference. In all, 90 patients had urine collected after digital rectal examination of the prostate before the first repeat biopsy. The PCA3 test was performed in a blinded manner at a central laboratory. RESULTS Using a PCA3-test score threshold of 35, there was a significant difference (P < 0.001) in the risk of being diagnosed with Gleason ≥7 cancer during a median of 7 years of follow-up. Adjusted Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses also showed a significantly higher risk of upgrading to Gleason ≥7 during follow-up for those with a higher PCA3-test score. CONCLUSION The urinary PCA3 test predicted Gleason grade re-classification amongst patients receiving a 5ARI during AS for low-risk prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fradet
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Toren
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Michele Lodde
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jérome Lévesque
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Léger
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - André Caron
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Bergeron
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Tal Ben-Zvi
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Lacombe
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Pouliot
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Rabi Tiguert
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Thierry Dujardin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Fradet
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Preventing clinical progression and need for treatment in patients on active surveillance for prostate cancer. Curr Opin Urol 2017; 28:46-54. [PMID: 29028765 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Active surveillance is an established treatment option for men with localized, low-risk prostate cancer (CaP). It entails the postponement of immediate therapy with the option of delayed intervention upon disease progression. The rate of clinical progression and need for treatment on active surveillance is approximately 50% over 15 years. The present review summarizes recent data on current methods, attempting to prevent clinical progression. RECENT FINDINGS Patient selection for active surveillance is the first mandatory step required to lower progression. Adherence to active surveillance protocols is critical in making sure patients are monitored well and treated early when progression occurs. Before active surveillance allocation and during active surveillance follow-up, methods involving multiparametric MRI, prostate specific antigen derivatives, biopsy factors, urinary, tissue and genetic markers can be used to prevent clinical progression and/or identify those at risk for progression. Medications such as 5α-reductase inhibitors and others might inhibit disease progression in patients on active surveillance. SUMMARY Active surveillance is required because of overdiagnosis, along with our inability to accurately predict individual CaP behavior. Several methods can potentially reduce the risk of CaP progression in patients with active surveillance. However, a measure of uncertainty and fear of progression will always accompany patients with active surveillance and the physicians treating them.
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Faiena I, Kim S, Farber N, Kwon YS, Shinder B, Patel N, Salmasi AH, Jang T, Singer EA, Kim WJ, Kim IY. Predicting clinically significant prostate cancer based on pre-operative patient profile and serum biomarkers. Oncotarget 2017; 8:109783-109790. [PMID: 29312648 PMCID: PMC5752561 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported association of multiple preoperative factors predicting clinically significant prostate cancer with varying results. We assessed the predictive model using a combination of hormone profile, serum biomarkers, and patient characteristics in order to improve the accuracy of risk stratification of patients with prostate cancer. Data on 224 patients from our prostatectomy database were queried. Demographic characteristics, including age, body mass index (BMI), clinical stage, clinical Gleason score (GS) as well as serum biomarkers, such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium (Ca), prostate acid phosphatase (PAP), testosterone, and chromogranin A (CgA), were used to build a predictive model of clinically significant prostate cancer using logistic regression methods. We assessed the utility and validity of prediction models using multiple 10-fold cross-validation. Bias-corrected area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (bAUC) over 200 runs was reported as the predictive performance of the models. On univariate analyses, covariates most predictive of clinically significant prostate cancer were clinical GS (OR 5.8, 95% CI 3.1–10.8; P < 0.0001; bAUC = 0.635), total PSA (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.06–1.2; P = 0.0003; bAUC = 0.656), PAP (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.1; P = 0.016; bAUC = 0.583), and BMI (OR 1.064, 95% C.I. 0.998, 1.134; P < 0.056; bAUC = 0.575). On multivariate analyses, the most predictive model included the combination of preoperative PSA, prostate weight, clinical GS, BMI and PAP with bAUC 0.771 ([2.5, 97.5] percentiles = [0.76, 0.78]). Our model using preoperative PSA, clinical GS, BMI, PAP, and prostate weight may be a tool to identify individuals with adverse oncologic characteristics and classify patients according to their risk profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izak Faiena
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sinae Kim
- Department of Biostatistics, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Divison of Biometrics, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Nicholas Farber
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Young Suk Kwon
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Brian Shinder
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Neal Patel
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Amirali H Salmasi
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas Jang
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Eric A Singer
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheonju, Korea
| | - Isaac Y Kim
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Active surveillance has been increasingly utilized as a strategy for the management of favorable-risk, localized prostate cancer. In this review, we describe contemporary management strategies of active surveillance, with a focus on traditional stratification schemes, new prognostic tools, and patient outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Patient selection, follow-up strategy, and indication for delayed intervention for active surveillance remain centered around PSA, digital rectal exam, and biopsy findings. Novel tools which include imaging, biomarkers, and genetic assays have been investigated as potential prognostic adjuncts; however, their role in active surveillance remains institutionally dependent. Although 30-50% of patients on active surveillance ultimately undergo delayed treatment, the vast majority will remain free of metastasis with a low risk of dying from prostate cancer. The optimal method for patient selection into active surveillance is unknown; however, cancer-specific mortality rates remain excellent. New prognostication tools are promising, and long-term prospective, randomized data regarding their use in active surveillance will be beneficial.
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Basourakos SP, Davis JW, Chapin BF, Ward JF, Pettaway CA, Pisters LL, Navai N, Achim MF, Wang X, Chen HC, Choi S, Kuban D, Troncoso P, Hanash S, Thompson TC, Kim J. Baseline and longitudinal plasma caveolin-1 level as a biomarker in active surveillance for early-stage prostate cancer. BJU Int 2017; 121:69-76. [PMID: 28710901 DOI: 10.1111/bju.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the role of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) as a predictor of disease reclassification (DR) in men with early prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance (AS). PATIENTS AND METHODS We analysed archived plasma samples prospectively collected from patients with early prostate cancer in a single-institution AS study. Of 825 patients enrolled, 542 had ≥1 year of follow-up. Baseline and longitudinal plasma Cav-1 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Tumour volume or Gleason grade increases were criteria for DR. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess associations between clinicopathological characteristics and reclassification risk. RESULTS In 542 patients, 480 (88.6%) had stage cT1c disease, 542 (100.0%) had a median prostate-specific antigen level of 4.1 ng/mL, and 531 (98.0%) had a median Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment score of 1. In all, 473 (87.3%) had a Gleason score of 3+3. After a median of 3.1 years of follow-up, disease was reclassified in 163 patients (30.1%). The mean baseline Cav-1 level was 2.2 ± 8.5 ng/mL and the median 0.2 ng/mL (range, 0-85.5 ng/mL). In univariate analysis, baseline Cav-1 was a significant predictor for risk of DR (odds ratio [OR] 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24-2.65; P = 0.002). In multivariate analysis, with adjustments for age, tumour length, group risk stratification and number of positive cores, reclassification risk associated with Cav-1 remained significant (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.28-2.84; P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Baseline plasma Cav-1 level was an independent predictor of disease classification. New methods for refining AS and intervention may result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon P Basourakos
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John W Davis
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian F Chapin
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John F Ward
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Curtis A Pettaway
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Louis L Pisters
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Neema Navai
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary F Achim
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hsiang-Chun Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Seungtaek Choi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Deborah Kuban
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patricia Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sam Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Timothy C Thompson
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeri Kim
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Moschini M, Carroll PR, Eggener SE, Epstein JI, Graefen M, Montironi R, Parker C. Low-risk Prostate Cancer: Identification, Management, and Outcomes. Eur Urol 2017; 72:238-249. [PMID: 28318726 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The incidence of low-risk prostate cancer (PCa) has increased as a consequence of prostate-specific antigen testing. OBJECTIVE In this collaborative review article, we examine recent literature regarding low-risk PCa and the available prognostic and therapeutic options. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We performed a literature review of the Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases. The search strategy included the terms: prostate cancer, low risk, active surveillance, focal therapy, radical prostatectomy, watchful waiting, biomarker, magnetic resonance imaging, alone or in combination. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Prospective randomized trials have failed to show an impact of radical treatments on cancer-specific survival in low-risk PCa patients. Several series have reported the risk of adverse pathologic outcomes at radical prostatectomy. However, it is not clear if these patients are at higher risk of death from PCa. Long-term follow-up indicates the feasibility of active surveillance in low-risk PCa patients, although approximately 30% of men starting active surveillance undergo treatment within 5 yr. Considering focal therapies, robust data investigating its impact on long-term survival outcomes are still required and therefore should be considered experimental. Magnetic resonance imaging and tissue biomarkers may help to predict clinically significant PCa in men initially diagnosed with low-risk disease. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of low-risk PCa has increased in recent years. Only a small proportion of men with low-risk PCa progress to clinical symptoms, metastases, or death and prospective trials have not shown a benefit for immediate radical treatments. Tissue biomarkers, magnetic resonance imaging, and ongoing surveillance may help to identify those men with low-risk PCa who harbor more clinically significant disease. PATIENT SUMMARY Low-risk prostate cancer is very common. Active surveillance has excellent long-term results, while randomized trials have failed to show a beneficial impact of immediate radical treatments on survival. Biomarkers and magnetic resonance imaging may help to identify which men may benefit from early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Moschini
- Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, URI, Milan, Italy.
| | - Peter R Carroll
- Department of Urology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott E Eggener
- University of Chicago Medical Center, Section of Urology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Markus Graefen
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Christopher Parker
- Academic Urology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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Leapman MS, Carroll PR. Risk Stratification of Newly Diagnosed Prostate Cancer with Genomic Platforms. UROLOGY PRACTICE 2017; 4:322-328. [PMID: 37592678 DOI: 10.1016/j.urpr.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interest in novel risk stratification tools for men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer has flourished, aiming to offer increasingly accurate predictions of future disease behavior to ultimately better guide clinical management. We highlight the use of genomic platforms attempting to refine clinical decisions at the point of initial diagnosis. METHODS In the context of a benchmark standard of clinical risk stratification tools we reviewed the role of genomic tests, including individual gene expression assays, as well as a growing number of tissue based expression tests assessing multiple gene panels, to improve predictions at initial diagnosis. RESULTS The role of single gene status including TMPRSS2:ERG fusion and PTEN expression has been investigated among men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. Gene expression profiles incorporating panels of genes associated with prostate cancer outcome have received external validation and have commercial application in assays that incorporate baseline clinical risk to offer predictions of immediate pathological and downstream disease end points. Comparisons of gene signatures have offered insights into relative predictive performance in archival tissue. However, to date no studies appear to directly support a single genomic assay offering superior clinical usefulness for decision making at the time of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Risk stratification tools incorporating genomic analysis of prostate cancer have been developed which seek to improve the accuracy of initial predictions. Further study is warranted to define the additive clinical benefit associated with their use if implemented broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Leapman
- Department of Urology, UCSF - Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Peter R Carroll
- Department of Urology, UCSF - Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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43
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O'Malley PG, Nguyen DP, Al Hussein Al Awamlh B, Wu G, Thompson IM, Sanda M, Rubin M, Wei JT, Lee R, Christos P, Barbieri C, Scherr DS. Racial Variation in the Utility of Urinary Biomarkers PCA3 and T2ERG in a Large Multicenter Study. J Urol 2017; 198:42-49. [PMID: 28115190 PMCID: PMC5568076 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2017.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To our knowledge it is unknown whether urinary biomarkers for prostate cancer have added utility to clinical risk calculators in different racial groups. We examined the utility of urinary biomarkers added to clinical risk calculators for predicting prostate cancer in African American and nonAfrican American men. MATERIALS AND METHODS Demographics, PCPT (Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial) risk scores, data on the biomarkers data PCA3 (prostate cancer antigen 3) and T2ERG (transmembrane protease serine 2 and v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog gene fusion), and biopsy pathology features were prospectively collected on 718 men as part of EDRN (Early Detection Research Network). Utility was determined by generating ROC curves and comparing AUC values for the baseline multivariable PCPT model and for models containing biomarker scores. RESULTS PCA3 and T2ERG added utility for the prediction of prostate cancer and clinically significant prostate cancer when combined with the PCPT Risk Calculator. This utility was seen in nonAfrican American men only for PCA3 (AUC 0.64 increased to 0.75 for prostate cancer and to 0.69-0.77 for clinically significant prostate cancer, both p <0.001) and for T2ERG (AUC 0.64-0.74 for prostate cancer, p <0.001, and 0.69-0.73 for clinically significant prostate cancer, p = 0.029). African American men did not have an added benefit with the addition of biomarkers, including PCA3 (AUC 0.75-0.77, p = 0.64, and 0.65-0.66, p = 0.74) and T2ERG (AUC 0.75-0.74, p = 0.74, and 0.65-0.64, p = 0.88), for prostate cancer and clinically significant prostate cancer, respectively. Limitations include the small number of African American men (72). The post hoc subgroup analysis nature of the study limited findings to being hypothesis generating. CONCLUSIONS As novel biomarkers are discovered, clinical utility should be established across demographically diverse cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padraic G O'Malley
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York.
| | | | | | - Guojiao Wu
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Ian M Thompson
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Martin Sanda
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mark Rubin
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - John T Wei
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Livonia, Michigan
| | - Richard Lee
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Paul Christos
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Christopher Barbieri
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Douglas S Scherr
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
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Epigenetic Signature: A New Player as Predictor of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer (PCa) in Patients on Active Surveillance (AS). Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061146. [PMID: 28555004 PMCID: PMC5485970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing notably increased the number of prostate cancer (PCa) diagnoses. However, about 30% of these patients have low-risk tumors that are not lethal and remain asymptomatic during their lifetime. Overtreatment of such patients may reduce quality of life and increase healthcare costs. Active surveillance (AS) has become an accepted alternative to immediate treatment in selected men with low-risk PCa. Despite much progress in recent years toward identifying the best candidates for AS in recent years, the greatest risk remains the possibility of misclassification of the cancer or missing a high-risk cancer. This is particularly worrisome in men with a life expectancy of greater than 10–15 years. The Prostate Cancer Research International Active Surveillance (PRIAS) study showed that, in addition to age and PSA at diagnosis, both PSA density (PSA-D) and the number of positive cores at diagnosis (two compared with one) are the strongest predictors for reclassification biopsy or switching to deferred treatment. However, there is still no consensus upon guidelines for placing patients on AS. Each institution has its own protocol for AS that is based on PRIAS criteria. Many different variables have been proposed as tools to enrol patients in AS: PSA-D, the percentage of freePSA, and the extent of cancer on biopsy (number of positive cores or percentage of core involvement). More recently, the Prostate Health Index (PHI), the 4 Kallikrein (4K) score, and other patient factors, such as age, race, and family history, have been investigated as tools able to predict clinically significant PCa. Recently, some reports suggested that epigenetic mapping differs significantly between cancer patients and healthy subjects. These findings indicated as future prospect the use of epigenetic markers to identify PCa patients with low-grade disease, who are likely candidates for AS. This review explores literature data about the potential of epigenetic markers as predictors of clinically significant disease.
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Ferlicot S. [Prostate cancer histoseminar: Update of the 2016 WHO classification - case No. 8: Acinar prostatic adenocarcinoma, Gleason score 6 (3+3)]. Ann Pathol 2017; 37:259-263. [PMID: 28522121 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Ferlicot
- Service d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, hôpital de Bicêtre, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Sud, université Paris-Sud, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre cedex, France.
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Telang JM, Lane BR, Cher ML, Miller DC, Dupree JM. Prostate cancer family history and eligibility for active surveillance: a systematic review of the literature. BJU Int 2017; 120:464-467. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaya M. Telang
- Department of Urology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
| | | | - Michael L. Cher
- Department of Urology; Wayne State University; Detroit MI USA
| | - David C. Miller
- Department of Urology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - James M. Dupree
- Department of Urology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
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Longitudinal assessment of urinary PCA3 for predicting prostate cancer grade reclassification in favorable-risk men during active surveillance. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2017; 20:339-342. [PMID: 28417979 PMCID: PMC5555773 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2017.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background To assess the utility of urinary prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) as both a one-time and longitudinal measure in men on active surveillance (AS). Methods The Johns Hopkins AS program monitors men with favorable-risk prostate cancer with serial PSA, digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate MRI, and prostate biopsy. Since 2007, post-DRE urinary specimens have also been routinely obtained. Men with multiple PCA3 measures obtained over ≥3 years of monitoring were included. Utility of first PCA3 score (fPCA3), subsequent PCA3 (sPCA3), and change in PCA3 were assessed for prediction of Gleason grade reclassification (GR, Gleason score>6) during follow-up. Results In total, 260 men met study criteria. Median time from enrollment to fPCA3 was 2 years (IQR 1–3) and from fPCA3 to sPCA3 was 5 years (IQR 4–6). During median follow-up of 6 years (IQR 5–8), 28 men (11%) underwent GR. Men with GR had higher median fPCA3 (48.0vs.24.5, p=0.007) and sPCA3 (63.5vs.36.0, p=0.002) than those without GR, while longitudinal change in PCA3 did not differ by GR status (log-normalized rate 0.07vs.0.06, p=0.53). In a multivariable model including age, risk-classification, and PSA density, fPCA3 remained significantly associated with GR (log[fPCA3] odds ratio=1.77, p=0.04). Conclusions PCA3 scores obtained during AS were higher in men who underwent GR, but the rate of change in PCA3 over time did not differ by GR status. PCA3 was a significant predictor of GR in a multivariable model including conventional risk factors, suggesting that PCA3 provides incremental prognostic information in the AS setting.
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48
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Ramalho-Carvalho J, Fromm B, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. Deciphering the function of non-coding RNAs in prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2017; 35:235-62. [PMID: 27221068 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The advent of next-generation sequencing methods is fuelling the discovery of multiple non-coding RNA transcripts with direct implication in cell biology and homeostasis. This new layer of biological regulation seems to be of particular importance in human pathogenesis, including cancer. The aberrant expression of ncRNAs is a feature of prostate cancer, as they promote tumor-suppressive or oncogenic activities, controlling multicellular events leading to carcinogenesis and tumor progression. From the small RNAs involved in the RNAi pathway to the long non-coding RNAs controlling chromatin remodeling, alternative splicing, and DNA repair, the non-coding transcriptome represents the significant majority of transcriptional output. As such, ncRNAs appear as exciting new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools. However, additional work is required to characterize the RNA species, their functions, and their applicability to clinical practice in oncology. In this review, we summarize the most important features of ncRNA biology, emphasizing its relevance in prostate carcinogenesis and its potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Ramalho-Carvalho
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar-University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Bastian Fromm
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal.,Departments of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal. .,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal. .,Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg, 1st floor, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
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Yates C, Long MD, Campbell MJ, Sucheston-Campbell L. miRNAs as drivers of TMPRSS2-ERG negative prostate tumors in African American men. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2017; 22:212-229. [PMID: 27814612 PMCID: PMC5858730 DOI: 10.2741/4482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
African Americans (AAs) who have PCa typically have more aggressive disease and make up a disproportionate number of the disease deaths, relative to European Americans (EAs). TMPRSS2 translocations, a common event in EA patients, are exploited in diagnostic and prognostic settings, whereas they are diminished in frequency in AA men. Thus, these patients with TMPRSS2 fusion-negative disease represent an under-investigated patient group. We propose that epigenetic events are a significant and alternative driver of aggressive disease in fusion-negative PCa. To reveal epigenetically governed microRNAs (miRNAs) that are enriched in fusion-negative disease and associated with aggressive in AA PCa, we leveraged both our experimental evidence and publically available data. These analyses identified 18 miRNAs that are differentially altered in fusion-negative disease, associated with DNA CpG methylation, and implicated in aggressive and AA PCas. Understanding the relationships between miRNA expression, upstream epigenetic regulation by DNA methylation, and downstream regulation of mRNA targets in fusion negative disease is imperative to understanding the biological basis of the racial health disparity in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton Yates
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088
| | - Mark D Long
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Moray J Campbell
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088,
| | - Lara Sucheston-Campbell
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263
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Ma G, Tang M, Wu Y, Xu X, Pan F, Xu R. LncRNAs and miRNAs: potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for prostate cancer. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:5141-5150. [PMID: 28077991 PMCID: PMC5209471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second lethal disease for men in western countries. Although androgen receptor (AR) signaling has been widely investigated, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), deficient of open reading frame, have also received considerable attention. Growing studies showed that the aberrant ncRNAs expression contributed to cell proliferation, metastasis and drug resistance in PCa. Therefore, therapeutically targeting ncRNAs may synergize androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) to have a better effect to fight against PCa, especially castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). This review would systematically summarize the multicellular events controlled by ncRNAs and give a snapshot of future scientific activities and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, China & School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao UniversityXiamen, China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene DrugsXiamen, China
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular MedicineXiamen 361021, China
| | - Mingqing Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, China & School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao UniversityXiamen, China
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular MedicineXiamen 361021, China
| | - Yaqing Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, China & School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao UniversityXiamen, China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene DrugsXiamen, China
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, China & School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Feng Pan
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, China & School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Ruian Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, China & School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao UniversityXiamen, China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene DrugsXiamen, China
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular MedicineXiamen 361021, China
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