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Li R, Sahoo P, Wang D, Wang Q, Brown CE, Rockne RC, Cho H. Modeling interaction of Glioma cells and CAR T-cells considering multiple CAR T-cells bindings. IMMUNOINFORMATICS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 9:100022. [PMID: 36875891 PMCID: PMC9983577 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuno.2023.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell based immunotherapy has shown its potential in treating blood cancers, and its application to solid tumors is currently being extensively investigated. For glioma brain tumors, various CAR T-cell targets include IL13Rα2, EGFRvIII, HER2, EphA2, GD2, B7-H3, and chlorotoxin. In this work, we are interested in developing a mathematical model of IL13Rα2 targeting CAR T-cells for treating glioma. We focus on extending the work of Kuznetsov et al. (1994) by considering binding of multiple CAR T-cells to a single glioma cell, and the dynamics of these multi-cellular conjugates. Our model more accurately describes experimentally observed CAR T-cell killing assay data than the models which do not consider multi-cellular conjugates. Moreover, we derive conditions in the CAR T-cell expansion rate that determines treatment success or failure. Finally, we show that our model captures distinct CAR T-cell killing dynamics from low to high antigen receptor densities in patient-derived brain tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runpeng Li
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, 92521, CA, USA
| | - Prativa Sahoo
- Division of Mathematical Oncology, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Rd., Duarte, 91010, CA, USA
| | - Dongrui Wang
- Zhejiang University Medical Center, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Qixuan Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, 92521, CA, USA.,Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, 92521, CA, USA
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Rd., Duarte, 91010, CA, USA
| | - Russell C Rockne
- Division of Mathematical Oncology, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Rd., Duarte, 91010, CA, USA
| | - Heyrim Cho
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, 92521, CA, USA.,Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, 92521, CA, USA
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Long Noncoding RNA LEMD1-AS1 Increases LEMD1 Expression and Activates PI3K-AKT Pathway to Promote Metastasis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3543948. [PMID: 35983249 PMCID: PMC9381283 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3543948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. The survival rate of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is only 50% due to a high incidence of metastasis. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a crucial role in OSCC genesis and progression, although their potential role in the metastasis of OSCC remains unclear. Methods. The transcriptome of 5 metastatic and 5 nonmetastatic OSCC samples were assessed by RNA sequencing. The biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of LEMD1-AS1 in OSCC were explored by in vitro and in vivo assays. Results. We identified 487 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and 1507 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) in OSCC with cervical lymph node (LN) metastasis relative to the nonmetastatic samples. In addition, both LEMD1-AS1 and its cognate LEMD1 were up-regulated in metastatic OSCC compared to nonmetastatic OSCC. Gain-of-function, loss-of-function, and rescue experiments indicated that LEMD1-AS1 upregulated LEMD1 to increase OSCC migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, LEMD1-AS1 stabilized LEMD1 and increased its mRNA and protein levels, and consequently activated the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway to facilitate OSCC metastasis. Conclusions. We established the lncRNA-mRNA landscape of metastatic OSCC, which indicated that LEMD1-AS1 enhanced OSCC metastasis by stabilizing its antisense transcript LEMD1. Thus, LEMD1-AS1 is a potential biomarker for predicting metastasis, as well as a therapeutic target of OSCC.
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Duhen T, Gough MJ, Leidner RS, Stanton SE. Development and therapeutic manipulation of the head and neck cancer tumor environment to improve clinical outcomes. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:902160. [PMID: 35937775 PMCID: PMC9354490 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.902160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical response to cancer therapies involves the complex interplay between the systemic, tumoral, and stromal immune response as well as the direct impact of treatments on cancer cells. Each individual's immunological and cancer histories are different, and their carcinogen exposures may differ. This means that even though two patients with oral tumors may carry an identical mutation in TP53, they are likely to have different pre-existing immune responses to their tumors. These differences may arise due to their distinct accessory mutations, genetic backgrounds, and may relate to clinical factors including previous chemotherapy exposure and concurrent medical comorbidities. In isolation, their cancer cells may respond similarly to cancer therapy, but due to their baseline variability in pre-existing immune responses, patients can have different responses to identical therapies. In this review we discuss how the immune environment of tumors develops, the critical immune cell populations in advanced cancers, and how immune interventions can manipulate the immune environment of patients with pre-malignancies or advanced cancers to improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, United States
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Davies JS, Karimipour F, Zhang L, Nagarsheth N, Norberg S, Serna C, Strauss J, Chiou S, Gulley JL, Hinrichs CS. Non-synergy of PD-1 blockade with T-cell therapy in solid tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e004906. [PMID: 35793866 PMCID: PMC9260838 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell therapy has shown promise in the treatment of certain solid tumors, but its efficacy may be limited by inhibition of therapeutic T cells by the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) receptor. Clinical trials are testing cell therapy in combination with PDCD1 disruption or PD-1-axis blockade. However, preclinical data to support these approaches and to guide the treatment design are lacking. METHODS Mechanisms of tumor regression and interaction between cell therapy and PD-1 blockade were investigated in congenic murine tumor models based on targeting established, solid tumors with T-cell receptor T cells directed against tumor-restricted, non-self antigens (ie, tumor neoantigens). RESULTS In solid tumor models of cell therapy, PD-1 blockade mediated a reproducible but non-synergistic increase in tumor regression following adoptive T-cell transfer. Tumor regression was associated with increased tumor infiltration by endogenous T cells but not by transferred T cells. The effect was independent of PD-1 receptor expression by transferred T cells and was dependent on the endogenous T-cell repertoire and on tumor antigenicity. PD-1 blockade primarily induced cell state changes in endogenous tumor-antigen-specific T cells rather than transferred T cells. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings support the concept that PD-1 blockade acts primarily through endogenous rather than transferred T cells to mediate a non-synergistic antitumor effect in solid tumor cell therapy. These findings have important implications for strategies to leverage PD-1 receptor disruption or blockade to enhance the efficacy of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Davies
- NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Ling Zhang
- NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Scott Norberg
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carylinda Serna
- NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Immuno-Oncology Translational Medicine, AstraZeneca Gaithersburg, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Julius Strauss
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shinheng Chiou
- Cancer Immunotherapy, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christian S Hinrichs
- Cancer Immunotherapy, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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5
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A Nanoparticle-Conjugated Anti-TBK1 siRNA Induces Autophagy-Related Apoptosis and Enhances cGAS-STING Pathway in GBM Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6521953. [PMID: 34931127 PMCID: PMC8684524 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6521953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Gene therapy shows considerable clinical benefit in cancer therapy, in which single-stranded ribonucleic acid (siRNA) is a promising strategy in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is critical in tumorigenesis and development, which lays a foundation for an ideal target for tumor therapy. However, the practical application of free siRNA is limited. It is urgent to develop novel strategies to deliver TBK1 siRNA to activate apoptosis and cGAS-STING pathway as a therapeutic strategy for GBM. Methods The expression and prognostic value of TBK1 were evaluated in the TCGA, CGGA, and GTEx databases. A novel gene delivery system was designed here via PEGylated reduced graphene oxide (rGO-PEG) to targeted delivery of anti-TBK1 siRNA efficiently. The efficacy of TBK1si/rGO-PEG was evaluated in GBM cells. The underlying pathways were explored by Western blot. Results TBK1 was highly expressed in glioma samples, and its high expression indicated poor prognoses in glioma patients. The rGO-PEG presented great efficiency in targeted delivery of TBK1si RNA into GBM cells with up to 97.1% transfection efficiency. TBK1si/rGO-PEG exhibited anti-GBM activities by inhibiting TBK1 and autophagy, as well as activating apoptosis and cGAS-STING pathway. Conclusion The rGO-PEG could be an efficient system facilitating the delivery of specific siRNA. TBK1si/rGO-PEG could be a novel strategy for the treatment of GBM.
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Luo XY, Wu KM, He XX. Advances in drug development for hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical trials and potential therapeutic targets. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:172. [PMID: 34006331 PMCID: PMC8130401 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01968-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest health burdens worldwide, few drugs are available for its clinical treatment. However, in recent years, major breakthroughs have been made in the development of new drugs due to intensive fundamental research and numerous clinical trials in HCC. Traditional systemic therapy schemes and emerging immunotherapy strategies have both advanced. Between 2017 and 2020, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a variety of drugs for the treatment of HCC, including multikinase inhibitors (regorafenib, lenvatinib, cabozantinib, and ramucirumab), immune checkpoint inhibitors (nivolumab and pembrolizumab), and bevacizumab combined with atezolizumab. Currently, there are more than 1000 ongoing clinical trials involving HCC, which represents a vibrant atmosphere in the HCC drug research and development field. Additionally, traditional Chinese medicine approaches are being gradually optimized. This review summarizes FDA-approved agents for HCC, elucidates promising agents evaluated in clinical phase I/II/III trials and identifies emerging targets for HCC treatment. In addition, we introduce the development of HCC drugs in China. Finally, we discuss potential problems in HCC drug therapy and possible future solutions and indicate future directions for the development of drugs for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yuan Luo
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Kong-Ming Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xing-Xing He
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Nagarsheth NB, Norberg SM, Sinkoe AL, Adhikary S, Meyer TJ, Lack JB, Warner AC, Schweitzer C, Doran SL, Korrapati S, Stevanović S, Trimble CL, Kanakry JA, Bagheri MH, Ferraro E, Astrow SH, Bot A, Faquin WC, Stroncek D, Gkitsas N, Highfill S, Hinrichs CS. TCR-engineered T cells targeting E7 for patients with metastatic HPV-associated epithelial cancers. Nat Med 2021; 27:419-425. [PMID: 33558725 PMCID: PMC9620481 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-01225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered T cell therapy can induce remarkable tumor responses in hematologic malignancies. However, it is not known if this type of therapy can be applied effectively to epithelial cancers, which account for 80-90% of human malignancies. We have conducted a first-in-human, phase 1 clinical trial of T cells engineered with a T cell receptor targeting HPV-16 E7 for the treatment of metastatic human papilloma virus-associated epithelial cancers (NCT02858310). The primary endpoint was maximum tolerated dose. Cell dose was not limited by toxicity with a maximum dose of 1 × 1011 engineered T cells administered. Tumor responses following treatment were evaluated using RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) guidelines. Robust tumor regression was observed with objective clinical responses in 6 of 12 patients, including 4 of 8 patients with anti-PD-1 refractory disease. Responses included extensive regression of bulky tumors and complete regression of most tumors in some patients. Genomic studies, which included intra-patient tumors with dichotomous treatment responses, revealed resistance mechanisms from defects in critical components of the antigen presentation and interferon response pathways. These findings demonstrate that engineered T cells can mediate regression of common carcinomas, and they reveal immune editing as a constraint on the curative potential of cellular therapy and possibly other immunotherapies in advanced epithelial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha B Nagarsheth
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Scott M Norberg
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew L Sinkoe
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Thomas J Meyer
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Justin B Lack
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew C Warner
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Stacey L Doran
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Soumya Korrapati
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sanja Stevanović
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cornelia L Trimble
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer A Kanakry
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mohammad Hadi Bagheri
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erin Ferraro
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Adrian Bot
- Kite, A Gilead Company, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - William C Faquin
- Pathology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Stroncek
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nikolaos Gkitsas
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven Highfill
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christian S Hinrichs
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Cho H, Wang Z, Levy D. Study of dose-dependent combination immunotherapy using engineered T cells and IL-2 in cervical cancer. J Theor Biol 2020; 505:110403. [PMID: 32693004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell based immunotherapy is gaining significant traction in cancer treatment. Despite its limited efficacy so far in treating solid tumors compared to hematologic cancers, recent advances in T cell engineering render this treatment increasingly more successful in solid tumors, demonstrating its broader therapeutic potential. In this paper we develop a mathematical model to study the efficacy of engineered T cell receptor (TCR) T cell therapy targeting the E7 antigen in cervical cancer cell lines. We consider a dynamical system that follows the population of cancer cells, TCR T cells, and IL-2 treatment concentration. We demonstrate that there exists a TCR T cell dosage window for a successful cancer elimination that can be expressed in terms of the initial tumor size. We obtain the TCR T cell dose for two cervical cancer cell lines: 4050 and CaSki. Finally, a combination therapy of TCR T cell and IL-2 treatment is studied. We show that certain treatment protocols can improve therapy responses in the 4050 cell line, but not in the CaSki cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyrim Cho
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
| | - Zuping Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
| | - Doron Levy
- Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Center for Scientific Computation and Mathematical Modeling (CSCAMM), University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
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Zhang L, Davies JS, Serna C, Yu Z, Restifo NP, Rosenberg SA, Morgan RA, Hinrichs CS. Enhanced efficacy and limited systemic cytokine exposure with membrane-anchored interleukin-12 T-cell therapy in murine tumor models. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2019-000210. [PMID: 31959727 PMCID: PMC7057422 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent, proinflammatory cytokine that holds promise for cancer immunotherapy, but its clinical use has been limited by its toxicity. To minimize systemic exposure and potential toxicity while maintaining the beneficial effects of IL-12, we developed a novel IL-12-based therapeutic system that combines tumor-specific T-cell-mediated delivery of IL-12 with membrane-restricted IL-12 localization and inducible IL-12 expression. Methods Therapeutic T cells targeting a tumor antigen were genetically engineered to express membrane-anchored IL-12 (aIL-12). Expression, function, and shedding of the aIL-12 molecule was assessed in vitro. Tumor treatment efficacy was assessed in vivo with T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic murine tumor models and a tumor xenograft model. Key outcomes were change in tumor size, circulating levels of IL-12 and other cytokines, and survival. Toxicity was assessed via change in body weight. Tumor growth curve measurements were compared using repeated-measures two-way analyses of variance. Results Retroviral gene transfer resulted in cell membrane expression of aIL-12 by transduced T cells. In each of two transgenic murine tumor models, tumor-specific T cells constitutively expressing aIL-12 demonstrated increased antitumor efficacy, low circulating IL-12 and interferon-γ, and no weight loss. Expression of aIL-12 via a NFAT-inducible promoter resulted in coordinate expression of aIL-12 with T cell activation. In an OT-I TCR transgenic murine tumor model, the NFAT-inducible aIL-12 molecule improved tumor treatment and did not result in detectable levels of IL-12 in serum or in weight loss. In a human tumor xenograft model, the NFAT-inducible aIL-12 molecule improved antitumor responses by human T cells coexpressing a tumor-specific engineered TCR. Serum IL-12 levels were undetectable with the NFAT-inducible construct in both models. Conclusion Expression of aIL-12 by tumor-targeting therapeutic T cells demonstrated low systemic exposure and improved efficacy. This treatment strategy may have broad applications to cellular therapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and TCR T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John S Davies
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carylinda Serna
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhiya Yu
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Lyell Immunopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven A Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Christian S Hinrichs
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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TILs and Anti-PD1 Therapy: An Alternative Combination Therapy for PDL1 Negative Metastatic Cervical Cancer. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:8345235. [PMID: 32964058 PMCID: PMC7492938 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8345235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the efficacy of TILs and anti-PD1 combination therapy in patients with metastatic cervical cancer with low MSI expression and PDL1-negative. Methods A total of 80 patients were put on TILs and anti-PD1 combination therapy, and the progression-free survival time (PFS) and overall survival time (OS) were assessed by Kaplan–Meier analysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors that could predict the prognosis of metastatic cervical cancer in the previously described patients. Results The objective response rate was 25%, whereas the mPFS and mOS were 6.1 and 11.3 months, respectively. The therapeutic efficacy was influenced by the characteristics of TILs, infection with HPV, and development of fever just after the therapy. Conclusion Overall, our results show that the combination therapy of TILs and anti-PD1 significantly improves the prognosis of metastatic cervical cancer.
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11
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Lum C, Prenen H, Body A, Lam M, Segelov E. A 2020 update of anal cancer: the increasing problem in women and expanding treatment landscape. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 14:665-680. [PMID: 32458709 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1775583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anal cancer is a rare malignancy with increasing incidence, notably in women. This disease is highly associated with HPV infection and its incidence and mortality are currently rising. Most patients present with localized disease which has a high survival after definitive treatment with chemoradiation. For patients who develop metastatic disease or present with this de novo, survival is poor. AREAS COVERED This review provides a summary of current literature on anal cancer. With a focus on women, this includes current epidemiological trends, role of HPV, and the current and future treatment landscape, including HPV vaccination and immunotherapy. Screening currently focusses on HIV-positive men, missing most female cases. In curative disease, trials are investigating treatment de-intensification in good prognostic groups. Immunotherapy is showing early promise in the advanced disease setting. EXPERT OPINION Similar to cervical cancer, anal cancer is strongly associated with HPV, and therefore, broader implementation of screening programs may reduce its incidence. HPV vaccination is expected to reduce the development of (pre)malignant anal lesions. The emergence of biomarkers will assist patient treatment selection, allowing optimal balance of treatment efficacy and morbidity. It is hoped that new treatment approaches, including immunotherapy, will improve outcomes. International collaboration is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lum
- Medical Oncology, Monash Medical Centre , Clayton, Australia
| | - Hans Prenen
- Medical Oncology, Monash Medical Centre , Clayton, Australia.,Oncology Department, University Hospital Antwerp , Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Amy Body
- Medical Oncology, Monash Medical Centre , Clayton, Australia
| | - Marissa Lam
- Medical Oncology, Monash Medical Centre , Clayton, Australia
| | - Eva Segelov
- Medical Oncology, Monash Medical Centre , Clayton, Australia.,School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University , Clayton, Australia
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12
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Marcinkowski B, Stevanović S, Helman SR, Norberg SM, Serna C, Jin B, Gkitsas N, Kadakia T, Warner A, Davis JL, Rooper L, Hinrichs CS. Cancer targeting by TCR gene-engineered T cells directed against Kita-Kyushu Lung Cancer Antigen-1. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:229. [PMID: 31455429 PMCID: PMC6712783 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) gene-engineered T cells have shown promise in the treatment of melanoma and synovial cell sarcoma, but their application to epithelial cancers has been limited. The identification of novel therapeutic TCRs for the targeting of these tumors is important for the development of new treatments. Here, we describe the preclinical characterization of a TCR directed against Kita-Kyushu Lung Cancer Antigen-1 (KK-LC-1, encoded by CT83), a cancer germline antigen with frequent expression in human epithelial malignancies including gastric cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer. Gene-engineered T cells expressing the KK-LC-1 TCR (KK-LC-1 TCR-Ts) demonstrated recognition of CT83+ tumor lines in vitro and mediated regression of established CT83+ xenograft tumors in immunodeficient mouse models. Cross-reactivity studies based on experimental determination of the recognition motifs for the target epitope did not demonstrate cross-reactivity against other human proteins. CT83 gene expression studies in 51 non-neural tissues and 24 neural tissues showed expression restricted exclusively to germ cells. CT83 was however expressed by a range of epithelial cancers, with the highest expression noted in gastric cancer. Collectively, these findings support the further investigation and clinical testing of KK-LC-1 TCR-Ts for gastric cancer and possibly other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Marcinkowski
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Room 4B04, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sanja Stevanović
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Room 4B04, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sarah R Helman
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Room 4B04, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Scott M Norberg
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Room 4B04, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Carylinda Serna
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Room 4B04, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin Jin
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Room 4B04, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nikolaos Gkitsas
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Room 4B04, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tejas Kadakia
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Room 4B04, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Warner
- Pathology and Histology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jeremy L Davis
- Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lisa Rooper
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Christian S Hinrichs
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Room 4B04, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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13
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Doran SL, Stevanović S, Adhikary S, Gartner JJ, Jia L, Kwong MLM, Faquin WC, Hewitt SM, Sherry RM, Yang JC, Rosenberg SA, Hinrichs CS. T-Cell Receptor Gene Therapy for Human Papillomavirus-Associated Epithelial Cancers: A First-in-Human, Phase I/II Study. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:2759-2768. [PMID: 31408414 PMCID: PMC6800280 DOI: 10.1200/jco.18.02424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetically engineered T-cell therapy is an emerging treatment of hematologic cancers with potential utility in epithelial cancers. We investigated T-cell therapy for the treatment of metastatic human papillomavirus (HPV)–associated epithelial cancers. METHODS This phase I/II, single-center trial enrolled patients with metastatic HPV16-positive cancer from any primary tumor site who had received prior platinum-based therapy. Treatment consisted of autologous genetically engineered T cells expressing a T-cell receptor directed against HPV16 E6 (E6 T-cell receptor T cells), a conditioning regimen, and systemic aldesleukin. RESULTS Twelve patients were treated in the study. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed in the phase I portion. Two patients, both in the highest-dose cohort, experienced objective tumor responses. A patient with three lung metastases experienced complete regression of one tumor and partial regression of two tumors, which were subsequently resected; she has no evidence of disease 3 years after treatment. All patients demonstrated high levels of peripheral blood engraftment with E6 T-cell receptor T cells 1 month after treatment (median, 30%; range, 4% to 53%). One patient’s resistant tumor demonstrated a frameshift deletion in interferon gamma receptor 1, which mediates response to interferon gamma, an essential molecule for T-cell–mediated antitumor activity. Another patient’s resistant tumor demonstrated loss of HLA-A*02:01, the antigen presentation molecule required for this therapy. A tumor from a patient who responded to treatment did not demonstrate genetic defects in interferon gamma response or antigen presentation. CONCLUSION Engineered T cells can induce regression of epithelial cancer. Tumor resistance was observed in the context of T-cell programmed death-1 expression and defects in interferon gamma and antigen presentation pathway components. These findings have important implications for development of cellular therapy in epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Li Jia
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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14
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Faithful preclinical mouse models for better translation to bedside in the field of immuno-oncology. Int J Clin Oncol 2019; 25:831-841. [PMID: 31407168 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-019-01520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The success of immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors has changed the practice of cancer treatment tremendously. However, there are still many clinical challenges, such as drug resistance, predictive biomarker development, exploration of combination therapies, and prediction of immune-related adverse events in preclinical settings. To overcome these problems, it is essential to establish faithful preclinical mouse models that recapitulate the clinical features, molecular genetics, biological heterogeneity, and immune microenvironment of human cancers. Here we review the advantages and disadvantages of current preclinical mouse models, including syngeneic murine tumor cell lines, autochthonous tumor models, cancer cell line-derived xenografts, patient-derived-xenografts, and various kinds of immunologically humanized mice. We discuss how these models should be characterized and applied in preclinical settings, and how we should prepare preclinical studies for successful translation from bench to bedside.
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15
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Zhang JL, Zhong XS, Yang SB, Kang X, Li Y, Chen JX, Li WB. Features and therapeutic potential of T-cell receptors in high-grade glioma. Chin Med J (Engl) 2019; 132:1435-1440. [PMID: 31205101 PMCID: PMC6629323 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that endogenous T cells play an important role in the prolonged survival time of high-grade glioma (HGG) patients. Our objectives were to investigate the features of T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires in HGG patients and to elucidate any potential therapeutic value. METHODS During November 2011 and December 2018, tumor tissues and blood samples of 35 patients with HGG who underwent surgery at Beijing Tiantan Hospital or Beijing Shijitan Hospital were selected after surgery. After isolating DNA from samples, multiple rounds of PCR were performed to establish a DNA immune repertoire (IR). Then, the sequences and frequencies of the complementarity-determining 3 (CDR3) region in TCR beta chain (TRB) were identified by high-throughput sequencing and IR analysis. A survival follow-up was conducted monthly thereafter until December 2018. Finally, the t test and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare statistical differences between two sets of data. RESULTS The Shannon diversity index (SHDI) of TRB sequences of HGG patients was significantly lower than that of healthy individuals (7.34 vs. 8.45, P = 0.001). The SHDI of TRB sequences of glioblastoma (GBM) patients with more than 16 months survival time was much higher than that of GBM patients with shorter survival times in both tumor tissues (3.48 ± 0.31 vs. 6.21 ± 0.33, t = -5.49, P = 0.002) and blood cells (6.02 ± 0.66 vs. 7.44 ± 0.32, t = -2.20, P = 0.036). In addition, patients achieved a distinctly higher proportion compared to that of healthy individuals in the proportion of TRBV9 and TRBV5 functional regions (9.83% vs. 6.83%, P = 0.001). Surgical tissue from patients who survived more than 16 months yielded a much higher proportion of TRBV4 and TRBV9 regions (7.14% vs. 3.28%, t = 3.18, P = 0.019). In surgical tissues from two GBM patients who survived for longer than 46 months, we found a potentially therapeutic TCR sequence. CONCLUSIONS HGG patients have less species diversity of TCR repertoires compared with that of healthy individuals. TRBV9 regions in TCRs may be protective factors for long-term survival of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Lin Zhang
- General Department of Neuro-oncology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Xiao-Song Zhong
- The Clinical Center of Gene and Cell Engineering, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Shou-Bo Yang
- General Department of Neuro-oncology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Xun Kang
- General Department of Neuro-oncology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Glioma, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Jian-Xin Chen
- Department of Glioma, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Wen-Bin Li
- General Department of Neuro-oncology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
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16
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Wang X, Hua Y, Xu G, Deng S, Yang D, Gao X. Targeting EZH2 for glioma therapy with a novel nanoparticle-siRNA complex. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:2637-2653. [PMID: 31043779 PMCID: PMC6472285 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s189871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background For the past few years, gene-therapy has recently shown considerable clinical benefit in cancer therapy, and the applications of gene therapies in cancer treatments continue to increase perennially. EZH2, an ideal candidate for tumor gene therapy, plays an important role in the tumorigenesis. Methods In this study, we developed a novel gene delivery system with a self-assembly method by Methoxy polyethylene glycol-polycaprolactone (MPEG-PCL) and DOTAP(DMC). And EZH2si-DMC was used to research anti-glioma both in vitro and in vivo. Results DMC with zeta-potential value of 36.7 mV and size of 35.6 nm showed good performance in the delivery siRNA to glioma cell in vitro with high 98% transfection efficiency. EZH2si-DMC showed good anti-glioma effect in vitro through inducing cell apoptosis and inhibiting cell growth. What’s more, treatment of tumor-bearing mice with DMC-EZH2si complex had significantly inhibited tumor growth at the subcutaneous model in vivo by inhibiting EZH2 protein expression, promoting apoptosis and reducing proliferation. Conclusion The EZH2 siRNA and DMC complex may be used to treat the glioma in clinical as a new drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China,
| | - Yuanqi Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China,
| | - Guangya Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China,
| | - Senyi Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China,
| | - Daoke Yang
- Tumor Hospital of First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China,
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17
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Greten TF, Lai CW, Li G, Staveley-O'Carroll KF. Targeted and Immune-Based Therapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:510-524. [PMID: 30287171 PMCID: PMC6340758 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatment options for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are rapidly changing based on positive results from phase 3 trials of targeted and immune-based therapies. More agents designed to target specific pathways and immune checkpoints are in clinical development. Some agents have already been shown to improve outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, as first- and second-line therapies, and are awaiting approval by the Food and Drug Administration or have been recently approved. We summarize the targeted and immune-based agents in trials of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and discuss the future of these strategies for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim F Greten
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; National Cancer Institute CCR Liver Cancer Program, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Chunwei Walter Lai
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Liver Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Guangfu Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
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18
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Stevanović S, Helman SR, Wunderlich JR, Langhan MM, Doran SL, Kwong MLM, Somerville RPT, Klebanoff CA, Kammula US, Sherry RM, Yang JC, Rosenberg SA, Hinrichs CS. A Phase II Study of Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocyte Therapy for Human Papillomavirus-associated Epithelial Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:1486-1493. [PMID: 30518633 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cellular therapy is an emerging cancer treatment modality, but its application to epithelial cancers has been limited. This clinical trial evaluated tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy for the treatment of patients with metastatic human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated carcinomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS The trial was a phase II design with two cohorts, cervical cancers and noncervical cancers. Cell infusion was preceded by a lymphocyte-depleting conditioning regimen and followed by systemic high-dose aldesleukin. RESULTS Objective tumor responses occurred in 5 of 18 (28%) patients in the cervical cancer cohort and 2 of 11 (18%) patients in the noncervical cancer cohort. Two of the responses in cervical cancer were complete and are ongoing 67 and 53 months after treatment. Responses in the noncervical cancer cohort were in anal cancer and oropharyngeal cancer. The HPV reactivity of the infused T cells correlated with clinical response. Peripheral blood repopulation with HPV-reactive T cells also correlated with clinical response. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the concept that cellular therapy can mediate the regression of epithelial cancers, and they suggest the importance of predictive biomarkers and novel treatment platforms for more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Stevanović
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI) Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah R Helman
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI) Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Stacey L Doran
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI) Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christian S Hinrichs
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI) Bethesda, Maryland.
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19
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Eino D, Tsukada Y, Naito H, Kanemura Y, Iba T, Wakabayashi T, Muramatsu F, Kidoya H, Arita H, Kagawa N, Fujimoto Y, Takara K, Kishima H, Takakura N. LPA4-Mediated Vascular Network Formation Increases the Efficacy of Anti-PD-1 Therapy against Brain Tumors. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6607-6620. [PMID: 30301839 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
: The structure and function of tumor blood vessels profoundly affects the tumor microenvironment. Signals mediated through the lysophosphatidic acid receptor 4 (LPA4) promote vascular network formation to restore normal vascular barrier function in subcutaneous tumors and thus improve drug delivery. However, the characteristics of the vasculature vary by organ and tumor types, and how drug delivery and leukocyte trafficking are affected by modification of vascular function by LPA in different cancers is unclear. Here, we show that LPA4 activation promotes the formation of fine vascular structures in brain tumors. RhoA/ROCK signaling contributed to LPA-induced endothelial cell-cell adhesion, and RhoA/ROCK activity following LPA4 stimulation regulated expression of VCAM-1. This resulted in increased lymphocyte infiltration into the tumor. LPA improved delivery of exogenous IgG into brain tumors and enhanced the anticancer effect of anti-programmed cell death-1 antibody therapy. These results indicate the effects of LPA on vascular structure and function apply not only to chemotherapy but also to immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that lysophosphatidic acid, a lipid mediator, promotes development of a fine capillary network in brain tumors by inducing tightening of endothelial cell-to-cell adhesion, facilitating improved drug delivery, and lymphocyte penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Eino
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Tsukada
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisamichi Naito
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yonehiro Kanemura
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Iba
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taku Wakabayashi
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Muramatsu
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kidoya
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Arita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Kagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasunori Fujimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takara
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Research Unit/Frontier Therapeutic Sciences Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kishima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takakura
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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20
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Díaz LR, Saavedra-López E, Romarate L, Mitxitorena I, Casanova PV, Cribaro GP, Gallego JM, Pérez-Vallés A, Forteza-Vila J, Alfaro-Cervello C, García-Verdugo JM, Barcia C, Barcia C. Imbalance of immunological synapse-kinapse states reflects tumor escape to immunity in glioblastoma. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120757. [PMID: 30232280 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the proper activation of T cells requires the physical interaction with target cells through the formation of immunological synapses (IS), an alteration at this level could be a reason why tumors escape the immune response. As part of their life cycle, it is thought that T cells alternate between a static phase, the IS, and a dynamic phase, the immunological kinapse (IK), depending on high or low antigen sensing. Our investigation performed in tissue samples of human glioma shows that T cells are able to establish synapsing interactions not only with glioma tumorigenic cells, but also with stromal myeloid cells. Particularly, the IS displaying a T cell receptor-rich (TCR-rich) central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC) is preferentially established with stromal cells, as opposed to malignant cells. Conversely, T cells in the malignant areas showed distinct morphometric parameters compared with nonneoplastic tissue - the former characterized by an elongated shape, well-suited to kinaptic dynamics. Importantly, high-resolution 3-dimensional analyses demonstrated the existence of bona-fide IK preferentially arranged in malignant areas of the tumor. This imbalance of IS/IK states between these 2 microenvironments reveals the low antigenic sensing of T cells when patrolling tumorigenic cells and reflects the immunoevasive environment of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, and.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Saavedra-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, and.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leire Romarate
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, and.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Izaskun Mitxitorena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, and.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola V Casanova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, and.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - George P Cribaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, and.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ana Pérez-Vallés
- Department of Pathology, Valencia General Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Forteza-Vila
- Unidad Mixta CIPF/UCV de Investigación Oncológica, Instituto Valenciano de Patología, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Alfaro-Cervello
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, Universitat de València, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M García-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, Universitat de València, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Barcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, and.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Helman SR, Stevanović S, Campbell TE, Kwong MLM, Doran SL, Faquin WC, Hinrichs CS. Human Papillomavirus T-Cell Cross-reactivity in Cervical Cancer: Implications for Immunotherapy Clinical Trial Design. JAMA Netw Open 2018; 1:e180706. [PMID: 30646017 PMCID: PMC6324313 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Clinical trials are testing vaccines that target human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) oncoproteins for the treatment of cervical cancer regardless of the HPV type of the tumor. For patients with HPV-18-positive cancers, this strategy relies on cross-reactivity of HPV-16-reactive T cells against the HPV-18 oncoproteins. Objectives To determine the prevalence of HPV-16 and HPV-18 metastatic cervical cancers in women enrolling in clinical trials at a US medical center and to assess whether HPV oncoprotein-targeting tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and T-cell receptors (TCRs) possess HPV-16/HPV-18 oncoprotein cross-reactivity. Design, Setting, and Participants This study was conducted at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, a tertiary care research hospital in the United States. The HPV type of the tumors from 65 consecutive patients with cervical cancer who were evaluated for participation in clinical trials was determined by retrospective medical record review. Immunological assays testing HPV cross-reactivity were conducted on all available archived samples of oncoprotein-reactive TILs from HPV-positive tumors (n = 16) and on a library of previously identified TCRs (n = 10). Interventions The HPV genotype of each patient's tumor was determined. The cross-reactivity of archived TILs and a library of TCRs was assessed. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were the prevalence of each HPV genotype and the frequency of TILs or TCRs with HPV oncoprotein-T-cell cross-reactivity. Cross-reactivity was assessed by enzyme-linked immunospot assays and interferon-γ production assays. Results The median (range) age of 65 referred patients was 44 (24-64) years. Ethnicity was recorded for 39 of 65 patients; 35 (89.7%) were white, 3 (7.7%) were Asian, and 1 (2.6%) was American Indian/Alaskan Native. Histologic tumor subtype was recorded for 41 of 65 patients; 25 (61.0%) were squamous cell carcinomas, 12 (29.3%) were adenocarcinomas, 2 (4.9%) were adenosquamous cell carcinomas, and 2 (4.9%) were neuroendocrine tumors. Thirty-nine of 65 patients (60.0%) had HPV-16-positive tumors and 21 patients (32.3%) had HPV-18-positive tumors. In the analysis of cross-reactivity, 1 of 16 oncoprotein-reactive archived TILs (9 from cervical cancers and 7 from other cancers) displayed HPV-16/HPV-18 cross-reactivity. None of the 10 oncoprotein-reactive TCRs displayed HPV-16/HPV-18 cross-reactivity. Conclusions and Relevance Cervical cancers that tested positive for HPV-18 were common in this study and may be common in other US clinical trial populations. Results showed that HPV-16/HPV-18 intergenotype T-cell cross-reactivity of T cells from HPV-16-positive and HPV-18-positive cancers was uncommon. These findings support clinical trial designs in which the HPV type targeted by a therapeutic vaccine is matched with the HPV type of a cancer and suggest a change is necessary in the design of active clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Helman
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sanja Stevanović
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tracy E. Campbell
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mei Li M. Kwong
- Department of Surgery, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC
| | - Stacey L. Doran
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Christian S. Hinrichs
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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22
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Jin BY, Campbell TE, Draper LM, Stevanović S, Weissbrich B, Yu Z, Restifo NP, Rosenberg SA, Trimble CL, Hinrichs CS. Engineered T cells targeting E7 mediate regression of human papillomavirus cancers in a murine model. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99488. [PMID: 29669936 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) T cell therapy is a promising cancer treatment modality. However, its successful development for epithelial cancers may depend on the identification of high-avidity TCRs directed against tumor-restricted target antigens. The human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 antigen is an attractive therapeutic target that is constitutively expressed by HPV+ cancers but not by healthy tissues. It is unknown if genetically engineered TCR T cells that target E7 can mediate regression of HPV+ cancers. We identified an HPV-16 E7-specific, HLA-A*02:01-restricted TCR from a uterine cervix biopsy from a woman with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. This TCR demonstrated high functional avidity, with CD8 coreceptor-independent tumor targeting. Human T cells transduced to express the TCR specifically recognized and killed HPV-16+ cervical and oropharyngeal cancer cell lines and mediated regression of established HPV-16+ human cervical cancer tumors in a mouse model. These findings support the therapeutic potential of this approach and established the basis for an E7 TCR gene therapy clinical trial in patients with metastatic HPV+ cancers (NCT02858310).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Y Jin
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tracy E Campbell
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lindsey M Draper
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sanja Stevanović
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Zhiya Yu
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Christian S Hinrichs
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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23
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Hinrichs CS. Cell-based molecularly targeted therapy: targeting oncoproteins with T cell receptor gene therapy. J Clin Invest 2018. [PMID: 29528339 DOI: 10.1172/jci120386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As oncogenes drive carcinogenesis and promote cancer cell survival, they are highly attractive therapeutic targets, and oncogene-targeting small molecules have achieved some clinical success. While many oncogenes are presently considered to be "druggable," tumors often acquire treatment resistance, and patients are rarely cured in response to oncogene-specific treatment. In this issue of the JCI, Veatch and colleagues describe a patient with metastatic acral melanoma who experienced a complete tumor response following infusion of tumor-infiltrating T cells that targeted multiple tumor antigens, including a BRAFV600E driver mutation. T cells genetically engineered to express an anti-BRAFV600E T cell receptor (TCR) from the patient demonstrated recognition of an epitope that spanned the BRAFV600E mutation. These findings suggest that BRAFV600E might be targeted therapeutically with adoptive transfer of anti-BRAFV600E T cells. This research supports the emerging therapeutic paradigm of targeting oncogenic drivers with T cell immunotherapy.
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De S, Ganesan S. Looking beyond drivers and passengers in cancer genome sequencing data. Ann Oncol 2018; 28:938-945. [PMID: 27998972 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer arises as a result of acquired changes in the DNA sequence of the genome of somatic cells. A subset of the genetic changes, dubbed driver mutations, propels tumor growth, and the remaining changes are passengers, apparently inconsequential for neoplastic transformation. Massive genome sequencing of thousands of tumors from all major cancer types has enabled cataloging of the so-called driver and passenger mutations, and facilitated molecular classification of cancer, guiding precision medicine approach for the patients. Nonetheless, innovative analyses of cancer genomics data has led to novel, sometimes serendipitous findings that have aided to our understanding of other aspects of the biology of the disease and opened up new frontiers. For instance, emerging findings show that mutational patterns in cancer genomes can help detect signatures of known and novel DNA damage and repair processes, provide a likely chronological account of genomic changes in cancer genomes, and allow revisiting the models of cancer evolution. These findings have stimulated original approaches to identify disease etiology, stratify patients, target the disease, and monitor patient responses, complementing driver-mutation centric approaches. In this review, we discuss these emerging approaches and unexpected breakthroughs, and their implications for basic cancer research and clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S De
- Center for Cancer Systems and Computational Biology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, USA
| | - S Ganesan
- Center for Cancer Systems and Computational Biology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, USA
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25
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Wolford JE, Tewari KS. Rational design for cervical cancer therapeutics: cellular and non-cellular based strategies on the horizon for recurrent, metastatic or refractory cervical cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:445-457. [PMID: 29463131 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1443074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Though cervical cytology, HPV DNA testing, and pre-invasive disease management has significantly reduced the number of new diagnoses of cervical cancer, women with persistent oncogenic HPV infection are at significant risk for developing invasive cervical cancer. Early stage and locally advanced disease can be cured, but women with advanced or recurrent disease have a very poor prognosis. This underscores the need for different treatment strategies for advanced cervical cancer, the most promising of which are novel therapeutics that target the ability of HPV to overcome host immune tolerance. Areas covered: This review includes new therapies being investigated for the treatment of recurrent, metastatic or refractory cervical cancer, separated into broad categories of cellular and non-cellular based strategies. Expert opinion: Advanced and recurrent cervical cancer has a poor prognosis, prompting investigations into the development of strategies that will eradicate tumor and/or overcome host immunologic tolerance of disease. It is unknown whether it will be these strategies alone or a combination of treatment modalities that will ultimately provide the best outcomes; nevertheless, the new data are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet E Wolford
- a Division of Gynecologic Oncology , University of California, Irvine Medical Center , Orange , CA , USA
| | - Krishnansu S Tewari
- a Division of Gynecologic Oncology , University of California, Irvine Medical Center , Orange , CA , USA
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26
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He S, Liu Y, Meng L, Sun H, Wang Y, Ji Y, Purushe J, Chen P, Li C, Madzo J, Issa JP, Soboloff J, Reshef R, Moore B, Gattinoni L, Zhang Y. Ezh2 phosphorylation state determines its capacity to maintain CD8 + T memory precursors for antitumor immunity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2125. [PMID: 29242551 PMCID: PMC5730609 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells sustain effector T-cell production while self-renewing in reaction to persistent antigen; yet, excessive expansion reduces memory potential and impairs antitumor immunity. Epigenetic mechanisms are thought to be important for balancing effector and memory differentiation; however, the epigenetic regulator(s) underpinning this process remains unknown. Herein, we show that the histone methyltransferase Ezh2 controls CD8+ T memory precursor formation and antitumor activity. Ezh2 activates Id3 while silencing Id2, Prdm1 and Eomes, promoting the expansion of memory precursor cells and their differentiation into functional memory cells. Akt activation phosphorylates Ezh2 and decreases its control of these transcriptional programs, causing enhanced effector differentiation at the expense of T memory precursors. Engineering T cells with an Akt-insensitive Ezh2 mutant markedly improves their memory potential and capability of controlling tumor growth compared to transiently inhibiting Akt. These findings establish Akt-mediated phosphorylation of Ezh2 as a critical target to potentiate antitumor immunotherapeutic strategies. During an immune response naive CD8+ T cells can differentiate into either effector or memory T cells. Here the authors show that Akt-mediated phosphorylation of the epigenetic regulator Ezh2 is critical for the generation of an anti-tumor CD8 T cell response and promotes the expansion of memory-precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Yongnian Liu
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Lijun Meng
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hongxing Sun
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yun Ji
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Janaki Purushe
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Pan Chen
- The Division of Endocrinology and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Changhong Li
- The Division of Endocrinology and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jozef Madzo
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Issa
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jonathan Soboloff
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ran Reshef
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Bethany Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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