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Obrador E, Moreno-Murciano P, Oriol-Caballo M, López-Blanch R, Pineda B, Gutiérrez-Arroyo JL, Loras A, Gonzalez-Bonet LG, Martinez-Cadenas C, Estrela JM, Marqués-Torrejón MÁ. Glioblastoma Therapy: Past, Present and Future. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2529. [PMID: 38473776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) stands out as the most prevalent and lethal form of brain cancer. Although great efforts have been made by clinicians and researchers, no significant improvement in survival has been achieved since the Stupp protocol became the standard of care (SOC) in 2005. Despite multimodality treatments, recurrence is almost universal with survival rates under 2 years after diagnosis. Here, we discuss the recent progress in our understanding of GB pathophysiology, in particular, the importance of glioma stem cells (GSCs), the tumor microenvironment conditions, and epigenetic mechanisms involved in GB growth, aggressiveness and recurrence. The discussion on therapeutic strategies first covers the SOC treatment and targeted therapies that have been shown to interfere with different signaling pathways (pRB/CDK4/RB1/P16ink4, TP53/MDM2/P14arf, PI3k/Akt-PTEN, RAS/RAF/MEK, PARP) involved in GB tumorigenesis, pathophysiology, and treatment resistance acquisition. Below, we analyze several immunotherapeutic approaches (i.e., checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, CAR-modified NK or T cells, oncolytic virotherapy) that have been used in an attempt to enhance the immune response against GB, and thereby avoid recidivism or increase survival of GB patients. Finally, we present treatment attempts made using nanotherapies (nanometric structures having active anti-GB agents such as antibodies, chemotherapeutic/anti-angiogenic drugs or sensitizers, radionuclides, and molecules that target GB cellular receptors or open the blood-brain barrier) and non-ionizing energies (laser interstitial thermal therapy, high/low intensity focused ultrasounds, photodynamic/sonodynamic therapies and electroporation). The aim of this review is to discuss the advances and limitations of the current therapies and to present novel approaches that are under development or following clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Obrador
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - María Oriol-Caballo
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael López-Blanch
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Begoña Pineda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alba Loras
- Department of Medicine, Jaume I University of Castellon, 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Luis G Gonzalez-Bonet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Castellon General University Hospital, 12004 Castellon, Spain
| | | | - José M Estrela
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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2
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Cultrara C, Uhl C, Kirby K, Abed Elrazaq E, Zellander A, Andrews DW, Scott CB, Galluzzi L, Exley MA, Zilberberg J. A biologic-device combination product delivering tumor-derived antigens elicits immunogenic cell death-associated immune responses against glioblastoma. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e006880. [PMID: 37550054 PMCID: PMC10407365 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-006880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IGV-001 is a personalized, autologous cancer cell-based immunotherapy conceived to deliver a tumor-derived antigenic payload in the context of immunostimulatory signals to patients with glioblastoma (GBM). IGV-001 consists of patient-derived GBM cells treated with an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide against insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and placed in proprietary biodiffusion chambers (BDCs). The BDCs are then exposed to 5-6 Gy radiation and implanted at abdominal sites for ~48 hours. IGV-001 has previously been shown to be generally safe with promising clinical activity in newly diagnosed GBM patients. METHODS Mouse (m) or human (h) variants of IGV-001 were prepared using GL261 mouse GBM cells or human GBM cells, respectively. BDCs containing vehicle or mIGV-001 were implanted in the flanks of C57BL/6 albino female mice in preventative and therapeutic experiments, optionally in combination with a programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) blocker. Bioactivity of the general approach was also measured against hepatocellular carcinoma Hepa 1-6 cells. Mice were followed for the growth of subsequently implanted or pre-existing tumors and survival. Draining lymph nodes from mice receiving mIGV-001 were immunophenotyped. mIGV-001 and hIGV-001 were analyzed for extracellular ATP and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) as indicators of immunogenic cell death (ICD), along with flow cytometric analysis of viability, surface calreticulin, and reactive oxygen species. Stress and cell death-related pathways were analyzed by immunoblotting. RESULTS IGV-001 causes oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in GL261 cells, resulting in a cytotoxic response that enables the release of antigenic material and immunostimulatory, ICD-associated molecules including ATP and HMGB1 from BDCs. Immunophenotyping confirmed that IGV-001 increases the percentage of dendritic cells, as well as effector, and effector memory T cells in BDC-draining lymph nodes. Consistent with these observations, preventative IGV-001 limited tumor progression and extended overall survival in mice intracranially challenged with GL261 cells, a benefit that was associated with an increase in tumor-specific T cells with effector features. Similar findings were obtained in the Hepa 1-6 model. Moreover, therapeutically administered IGV-001 combined with PD-1 delayed progression in GBM-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS These results support treatment with IGV-001 to induce clinically relevant ICD-driven anticancer immune responses in patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Uhl
- Department of Research, Imvax, Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kenneth Kirby
- Department of Research, Imvax, Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Amelia Zellander
- Department of Research, Imvax, Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David W Andrews
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Clinical Operations, Imvax, Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark A Exley
- Department of Research, Imvax, Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jenny Zilberberg
- Department of Research, Imvax, Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Sooreshjani M, Tripathi S, Dussold C, Najem H, de Groot J, Lukas RV, Heimberger AB. The Use of Targeted Cytokines as Cancer Therapeutics in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3739. [PMID: 37509400 PMCID: PMC10378451 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play an important role in regulating the immune response. Although there is great interest in exploiting cytokines for cancer immunotherapy, their clinical potential is limited by their pleiotropic properties and instability. A variety of cancer cell-intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics pose a barrier to effective treatments including cytokines. Recent studies using gene and cell therapy offer new opportunities for targeting cytokines or their receptors, demonstrating that they are actionable targets. Current efforts such as virotherapy, systemic cytokine therapy, and cellular and gene therapy have provided novel strategies that incorporate cytokines as potential therapeutic strategies for glioblastoma. Ongoing research on characterizing the tumor microenvironment will be informative for prioritization and combinatorial strategies of cytokines for future clinical trials. Unique therapeutic opportunities exist at the convergence of cytokines that play a dual role in tumorigenesis and immune modulation. Here, we discuss the underlying strategies in pre- and clinical trials aiming to enhance treatment outcomes in glioblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moloud Sooreshjani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Shashwat Tripathi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Corey Dussold
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hinda Najem
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John de Groot
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rimas V. Lukas
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Amy B. Heimberger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL60611, USA
- Simpson Querrey Biomedical Research Center, 303 E. Superior Street, 6-516, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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4
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Chang R, Gulley JL, Fong L. Vaccinating against cancer: getting to prime time. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:jitc-2022-006628. [PMID: 37286302 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, cellular therapies, and T-cell engagers, have fundamentally changed our approach to treating cancer. However, successes with cancer vaccines have been more difficult to realize. While vaccines against specific viruses have been widely adopted to prevent the development of cancer, only two vaccines can improve survival in advanced disease: sipuleucel-T and talimogene laherparepvec. These represent the two approaches that have the most traction: vaccinating against cognate antigen and priming responses using tumors in situ. Here, we review the challenges and opportunities researchers face in developing therapeutic vaccines for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Chang
- Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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5
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Clinical Effects of Immuno-Oncology Therapy on Glioblastoma Patients: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020159. [PMID: 36831702 PMCID: PMC9953849 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent and deadly primary malignant glioma in adults is glioblastoma (GBM), which has a median survival time of about 15 months. Despite the standard of care for glioblastoma, which includes gross total resection, high-dose radiation, and temozolomide chemotherapy, this tumor is still one of the most aggressive and difficult to treat. So, it is critical to find more potent therapies that can help glioblastoma patients have better clinical outcomes. Additionally, the prognosis for recurring malignant gliomas is poor, necessitating the need for innovative therapeutics. Immunotherapy is a rather new treatment for glioblastoma and its effects are not well studied when it is combined with standard chemoradiation therapy. We conducted this study to evaluate different glioblastoma immunotherapy approaches in terms of feasibility, efficacy, and safety. We conducted a computer-assisted literature search of electronic databases for essays that are unique, involve either prospective or retrospective research, and are entirely written and published in English. We examined both observational data and randomized clinical trials. Eighteen studies met the criteria for inclusion. In conclusion, combining immunotherapy with radiochemotherapy and tumor removal is generally possible and safe, and rather effective in the prolongation of survival measures.
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6
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Chen KS, Reinshagen C, Van Schaik TA, Rossignoli F, Borges P, Mendonca NC, Abdi R, Simon B, Reardon DA, Wakimoto H, Shah K. Bifunctional cancer cell-based vaccine concomitantly drives direct tumor killing and antitumor immunity. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabo4778. [PMID: 36599004 PMCID: PMC10068810 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abo4778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The administration of inactivated tumor cells is known to induce a potent antitumor immune response; however, the efficacy of such an approach is limited by its inability to kill tumor cells before inducing the immune responses. Unlike inactivated tumor cells, living tumor cells have the ability to track and target tumors. Here, we developed a bifunctional whole cancer cell-based therapeutic with direct tumor killing and immunostimulatory roles. We repurposed the tumor cells from interferon-β (IFN-β) sensitive to resistant using CRISPR-Cas9 by knocking out the IFN-β-specific receptor and subsequently engineered them to release immunomodulatory agents IFN-β and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. These engineered therapeutic tumor cells (ThTCs) eliminated established glioblastoma tumors in mice by inducing caspase-mediated cancer cell apoptosis, down-regulating cancer-associated fibroblast-expressed platelet-derived growth factor receptor β, and activating antitumor immune cell trafficking and antigen-specific T cell activation signaling. This mechanism-based efficacy of ThTCs translated into a survival benefit and long-term immunity in primary, recurrent, and metastatic cancer models in immunocompetent and humanized mice. The incorporation of a double kill-switch comprising herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase and rapamycin-activated caspase 9 in ThTCs ensured the safety of our approach. Arming naturally neoantigen-rich tumor cells with bifunctional therapeutics represents a promising cell-based immunotherapy for solid tumors and establishes a road map toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Siong Chen
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clemens Reinshagen
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thijs A Van Schaik
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Filippo Rossignoli
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paulo Borges
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Natalia Claire Mendonca
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brennan Simon
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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7
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Remic T, Sersa G, Levpuscek K, Lampreht Tratar U, Ursic Valentinuzzi K, Cör A, Kamensek U. Tumor cell-based vaccine contributes to local tumor irradiation by eliciting a tumor model-dependent systemic immune response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974912. [PMID: 36131926 PMCID: PMC9483914 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodal treatment approaches, such as radio-immunotherapy, necessitate regimen optimization and the investigation of the interactions of different modalities. The aim of this study was two-fold. Firstly, to select the most effective combination of irradiation and the previously developed tumor cell-based vaccine and then to provide insight into the immune response to the selected combinatorial treatment. The study was performed in immunologically different murine tumor models: B16F10 melanoma and CT26 colorectal carcinoma. The most effective combinatorial treatment was selected by comparing three different IR regimens and three different vaccination regimens. We determined the local immune response by investigating immune cell infiltration at the vaccination site and in tumors. Lastly, we determined the systemic immune response by investigating the amount of tumor-specific effector lymphocytes in draining lymph nodes. The selected most effective combinatorial treatment was 5× 5 Gy in combination with concomitant single-dose vaccination (B16F10) or with concomitant multi-dose vaccination (CT26). The combinatorial treatment successfully elicited a local immune response at the vaccination site and in tumors in both tumor models. It also resulted in the highest amount of tumor-specific effector lymphocytes in draining lymph nodes in the B16F10, but not in the CT26 tumor-bearing mice. However, the amount of tumor-specific effector lymphocytes was intrinsically higher in the CT26 than in the B16F10 tumor model. Upon the selection of the most effective combinatorial treatment, we demonstrated that the vaccine elicits an immune response and contributes to the antitumor efficacy of tumor irradiation. However, this interaction is multi-faceted and appears to be dependent on the tumor immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinkara Remic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Sersa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Levpuscek
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ursa Lampreht Tratar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Ursic Valentinuzzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Cör
- Department of Research, Valdoltra Orthopaedic Hospital, Ankaran, Slovenia
- Faculty of Education, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Urska Kamensek
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Urska Kamensek,
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8
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Anderson KS, Erick TK, Chen M, Daley H, Campbell M, Colson Y, Mihm M, Zakka LR, Hopper M, Barry W, Winer EP, Dranoff G, Overmoyer B. The feasibility of using an autologous GM-CSF-secreting breast cancer vaccine to induce immunity in patients with stage II-III and metastatic breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 194:65-78. [PMID: 35482127 PMCID: PMC9046531 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-022-06562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The antigenic targets of immunity and the role of vaccination in breast cancer are unknown. We performed a phase I study of an autologous GM-CSF-secreting breast cancer vaccine in patients with metastatic and stage II-III breast cancer. METHODS Tumor cells from patients with metastatic (n = 15) and stage II-III (n = 7) disease were transduced with a replication-defective adenoviral vector encoding GM-CSF, and then irradiated. Twelve and seven patients with metastatic and stage II-III disease, respectively, received weekly vaccination for three weeks, followed by every other week until disease progression or vaccine supply was exhausted (metastatic) or until six total vaccine doses were administered (stage II-III). RESULTS Among those patients with metastatic disease who received vaccinations, eight had progressive disease at two months, three had stable disease for 4-13 months, and one has had no evidence of disease for 13 years. Of the patients with stage II-III disease, five died of metastatic disease between 1.16 and 8.49 years after the start of vaccinations (median 6.24 years) and two are alive as of September 2021. Toxicities included injection site reactions, fatigue, fever, upper respiratory symptoms, joint pain, nausea, and edema. Four of five evaluable patients with metastatic disease developed a skin reaction with immune cell infiltration after the fifth injection of unmodified, irradiated tumor cells. CONCLUSION We conclude that tumor cells can be harvested from patients with metastatic or stage II-III breast cancer to prepare autologous GM-CSF-secreting vaccines that induce coordinated immune responses with limited toxicity. TRIAL REGISTRATION AND DATE OF REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00317603 (April 25, 2006) and NCT00880464 (April 13, 2009).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Anderson
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, PO Box 876401, Tempe, AZ, 85287-6401, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
| | - Timothy K Erick
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, MB, Boston, USA
| | - Meixuan Chen
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, PO Box 876401, Tempe, AZ, 85287-6401, USA
| | - Heather Daley
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret Campbell
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, MB, Boston, USA
| | - Yolonda Colson
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin Mihm
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Labib R Zakka
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marika Hopper
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, PO Box 876401, Tempe, AZ, 85287-6401, USA
| | - William Barry
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, MB, Boston, USA
| | - Eric P Winer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, MB, Boston, USA
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beth Overmoyer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, MB, Boston, USA
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Lucroy MD, Kugler AM, El-Tayyeb F, Clauson RM, Kalinauskas AE, Suckow MA. Field safety experience with an autologous cancer vaccine in tumor-bearing cats: a retrospective study of 117 cases (2015-2020). J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:493-499. [PMID: 34328359 PMCID: PMC9160946 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211031504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and severity of adverse events (AEs) reported from use of an adjuvanted whole-cell autologous cancer vaccine in cats with solid tumors under field conditions. METHODS The case accession database at Torigen Pharmaceuticals was searched to identify client-owned cats that underwent biopsy or surgical resection of their primary tumor, had histologic confirmation of neoplasia and received at least one subcutaneous dose of an adjuvanted whole-cell autologous cancer vaccine. Records were reviewed for any reported AEs. RESULTS In total, 117 cats met the inclusion criteria and received 422 doses of autologous cancer vaccine. Six (5.1%) cats had seven reported AEs, with the majority of these (85.7%) being characterized as grade 1 or 2 (mild) and resolving without medical intervention. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE AEs were infrequent in cats treated with an adjuvanted whole-cell autologous cancer vaccine under typical field use conditions. This form of active cancer immunotherapy appears to be well tolerated by cats and may represent a treatment option for owners who are concerned about AEs associated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Additional studies are warranted to determine the efficacy of this form of individualized immunotherapy in cats with solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark A Suckow
- The Office of the Vice President for Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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10
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Greenberg CB, Javsicas LH, Clauson RM, Suckow MA, Kalinauskas AE, Lucroy MD. Field safety experience with an autologous cancer vaccine in 41 horses: a retrospective study (2019 – 2021). J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 114:103948. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Yang K, Wu Z, Zhang H, Zhang N, Wu W, Wang Z, Dai Z, Zhang X, Zhang L, Peng Y, Ye W, Zeng W, Liu Z, Cheng Q. Glioma targeted therapy: insight into future of molecular approaches. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:39. [PMID: 35135556 PMCID: PMC8822752 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the common type of brain tumors originating from glial cells. Epidemiologically, gliomas occur among all ages, more often seen in adults, which males are more susceptible than females. According to the fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (WHO CNS5), standard of care and prognosis of gliomas can be dramatically different. Generally, circumscribed gliomas are usually benign and recommended to early complete resection, with chemotherapy if necessary. Diffuse gliomas and other high-grade gliomas according to their molecule subtype are slightly intractable, with necessity of chemotherapy. However, for glioblastoma, feasible resection followed by radiotherapy plus temozolomide chemotherapy define the current standard of care. Here, we discuss novel feasible or potential targets for treatment of gliomas, especially IDH-wild type glioblastoma. Classic targets such as the p53 and retinoblastoma (RB) pathway and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene alteration have met failure due to complex regulatory network. There is ever-increasing interest in immunotherapy (immune checkpoint molecule, tumor associated macrophage, dendritic cell vaccine, CAR-T), tumor microenvironment, and combination of several efficacious methods. With many targeted therapy options emerging, biomarkers guiding the prescription of a particular targeted therapy are also attractive. More pre-clinical and clinical trials are urgently needed to explore and evaluate the feasibility of targeted therapy with the corresponding biomarkers for effective personalized treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,One-Third Lab, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wantao Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyu Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun Peng
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Teaching and Research Section of Clinical Nursing, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weijie Ye
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjing Zeng
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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12
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Zhao T, Li C, Ge H, Lin Y, Kang D. Glioblastoma vaccine tumor therapy research progress. Chin Neurosurg J 2022; 8:2. [PMID: 35045874 PMCID: PMC8766628 DOI: 10.1186/s41016-021-00269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignancy of the central nervous system in adults. The prognosis for late-stage glioblastoma (World Health Organization grade IV astrocytic glioma) is very poor. Novel treatment options are sought after and evaluated by clinicians and researchers, and remarkable advances have been made in surgical techniques, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, the treatment of glioblastoma remains extremely difficult and it can extend the lives of patients by only a few months. There has been notable progress in the field of immunotherapy, particularly with the use of tumor vaccines, for treating glioblastoma; especially peptide vaccines and cell-based vaccines such as dendritic cell vaccines and tumor cell vaccines. However, the results of the current clinical trials for vaccination are not satisfactory. This article reviews the progress in the development of vaccines for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunwang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanxiang Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian higher education institutions, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhi Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian higher education institutions, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China. .,Clinical Research and Translation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China. .,Fujian Institute for brain disorders and brain science, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Barthel L, Hadamitzky M, Dammann P, Schedlowski M, Sure U, Thakur BK, Hetze S. Glioma: molecular signature and crossroads with tumor microenvironment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 41:53-75. [PMID: 34687436 PMCID: PMC8924130 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09997-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In patients with glioblastoma, the average survival time with current treatments is short, mainly due to recurrences and resistance to therapy. This insufficient treatment success is, in large parts, due to the tremendous molecular heterogeneity of gliomas, which affects the overall prognosis and response to therapies and plays a vital role in gliomas’ grading. In addition, the tumor microenvironment is a major player for glioma development and resistance to therapy. Active communication between glioma cells and local or neighboring healthy cells and the immune environment promotes the cancerogenic processes and contributes to establishing glioma stem cells, which drives therapy resistance. Besides genetic alterations in the primary tumor, tumor-released factors, cytokines, proteins, extracellular vesicles, and environmental influences like hypoxia provide tumor cells the ability to evade host tumor surveillance machinery and promote disease progression. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that these players affect the molecular biological properties of gliomas and enable inter-cell communication that supports pro-cancerogenic cell properties. Identifying and characterizing these complex mechanisms are inevitably necessary to adapt therapeutic strategies and to develop novel measures. Here we provide an update about these junctions where constant traffic of biomolecules adds complexity in the management of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Barthel
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany. .,Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Martin Hadamitzky
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Philipp Dammann
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Manfred Schedlowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Sure
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Basant Kumar Thakur
- Cancer Exosome Research Lab, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Susann Hetze
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
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14
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Biavati L, Huff CA, Ferguson A, Sidorski A, Stevens MA, Rudraraju L, Zucchinetti C, Ali SA, Imus P, Gocke CB, Gittelman RM, Johnson S, Sanders C, Vignali M, Gandhi A, Ye X, Noonan KA, Borrello I. An Allogeneic Multiple Myeloma GM-CSF-Secreting Vaccine with Lenalidomide Induces Long-term Immunity and Durable Clinical Responses in Patients in Near Complete Remission. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:6696-6708. [PMID: 34667029 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This proof-of-principle clinical trial evaluated whether an allogeneic multiple myeloma GM-CSF-secreting vaccine (MM-GVAX) in combination with lenalidomide could deepen the clinical response in patients with multiple myeloma in sustained near complete remission (nCR). PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifteen patients on lenalidomide were treated with MM-GVAX and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV; Prevnar) at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months. RESULTS Eight patients (53.3%) achieved a true CR. With a median follow-up of 5 years, the median progression-free survival had not been reached, and the median overall survival was 7.8 years from enrollment. MM-GVAX induced clonal T-cell expansion and measurable cytokine responses that persisted up to 7 years in all patients. At baseline, a higher minimal residual disease was predictive of early relapse. After vaccination, a lack of both CD27-DNAM1-CD8+ T cells and antigen-presenting cells was associated with disease progression. CONCLUSIONS MM-GVAX, along with lenalidomide, effectively primed durable immunity and resulted in long-term disease control, as suggested by the reappearance of a detectable, fluctuating M-spike without meeting the criteria for clinical relapse. For patients in a nCR, MM-GVAX administration was safe and resulted in prolonged clinical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Biavati
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carol Ann Huff
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anna Ferguson
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy Sidorski
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - M Amanda Stevens
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lakshmi Rudraraju
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cristina Zucchinetti
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Syed Abbas Ali
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Philip Imus
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christian B Gocke
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaobu Ye
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kimberly A Noonan
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ivan Borrello
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
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15
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Dapash M, Castro B, Hou D, Lee-Chang C. Current Immunotherapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4548. [PMID: 34572775 PMCID: PMC8467991 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal primary brain tumor. Despite extensive effort in basic, translational, and clinical research, the treatment outcomes for patients with GBM are virtually unchanged over the past 15 years. GBM is one of the most immunologically "cold" tumors, in which cytotoxic T-cell infiltration is minimal, and myeloid infiltration predominates. This is due to the profound immunosuppressive nature of GBM, a tumor microenvironment that is metabolically challenging for immune cells, and the low mutational burden of GBMs. Together, these GBM characteristics contribute to the poor results obtained from immunotherapy. However, as indicated by an ongoing and expanding number of clinical trials, and despite the mostly disappointing results to date, immunotherapy remains a conceptually attractive approach for treating GBM. Checkpoint inhibitors, various vaccination strategies, and CAR T-cell therapy serve as some of the most investigated immunotherapeutic strategies. This review article aims to provide a general overview of the current state of glioblastoma immunotherapy. Information was compiled through a literature search conducted on PubMed and clinical trials between 1961 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dapash
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (B.C.); (D.H.)
| | - Brandyn Castro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (B.C.); (D.H.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - David Hou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (B.C.); (D.H.)
| | - Catalina Lee-Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (B.C.); (D.H.)
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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16
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He X, Ding L, Cao K, Peng H, Gu C, Li Y, Li D, Dong L, Hong X, Wang X, Fu M, Qiu C, Zhu C, Zhang Z, Song S, Wang C, Jiang Z, Xie Y, Qi Z, Zhao C, Zhao P, Zhang X, Xu J. A human cell-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine elicits potent neutralizing antibody responses and protects mice from SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1555-1573. [PMID: 34304724 PMCID: PMC8366622 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1957400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To curb the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), multiple platforms have been employed toward a safe and highly effective vaccine. Here, we develop a novel cell-based vaccine candidate, namely K562-S, by utilizing human cell K562 as a cellular carrier to display Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 on the membrane. Analogous to the traditional inactivated vaccine, K562-S cells can be propagated to a large scale by culturing and completely lose their viability after exposure to X-ray irradiation or formalin. We in turn demonstrated high immunogenicity of formalin-inactivated K562-S vaccine in both mouse and non-human primates and its protective efficacy in mice. In mice, immunization with inactivated K562-S vaccines can elicit potent neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses persisting longer than 5 months. We consequently showed in a hACE2 mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection that a two-shot vaccination with adjuvanted K562-S rendered greater than 3 log reduction in viral lung load and concomitant ameliorated lung pathology. Of importance, the administration of the same regimen in non-human primates was able to induce a neutralizing antibody titer averaging three-fold higher relative to human convalescent serum. These results together support the promise of K562-based, S-protein-expressing vaccines as a novel vaccination approach against SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, with a powerful capacity to carry external genes for cell-based vectors, this platform could rapidly generate two- and multiple-valent vaccines by incorporating SARS-CoV-2 mutants, SARS-CoV, or MERS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchuan He
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Longfei Ding
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangli Cao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoran Peng
- Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenjian Gu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutang Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Duoduo Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanlan Dong
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujing Hong
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Meilan Fu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenli Qiu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuisong Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziling Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Song
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences & Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengfan Jiang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences & Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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17
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A Functional GM-CSF Receptor on Dendritic Cells Is Required for Efficient Protective Anti-Tumor Immunity. IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1030016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a major role during the priming phase of anti-tumor immunization, as they are required for an efficient tumor-associated antigens presentation. At least one dendritic cell-based therapy has already been successfully approved by regulators for clinical application in prostate cancer patients. Moreover, DC development is dependent on the granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a cytokine that has been successfully used as a potent inducer of anti-tumoral immunity. To better understand the relation between DC and GM-CSF in anti-tumor immunity, we studied the DC function in mice lacking the cytokine receptor common subunit beta (βc-/-) for GM-CSF, IL-3 and IL-5 and immunized with irradiated tumor cells. Such immunization induces a protective, specific tumor immunization in wild-type mice, while βc-/- mice failed to mount an immune response. Upon in vitro stimulation, DC from βc-/- mice (DCβc-/-) are unable to undergo a full maturation level. In vivo experiments show that they lack the ability to prevent tumor growth, in contrast to DCWT. Moreover, matured DCWT rescued immunization in βc-/- mice. DC maturation is dependent on a functional pathway involving GM-CSF signaling through a biologically functional receptor. These findings may contribute to new strategies for efficient anti-tumor immunotherapies.
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18
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Tietze S, Michen S, Schackert G, Temme A. Prospects of immune checkpoint blockade and vaccine-based immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Innov Surg Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/iss-2020-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent primary brain tumor endowed with a dismal prognosis. Nowadays, immunotherapy in a particular immune checkpoint blockade and therapeutic vaccines are being extensively pursued. Yet, several characteristics of GBM may impact such immunotherapeutic approaches. This includes tumor heterogeneity, the relatively low mutational load of primary GBM, insufficient delivery of antibodies to tumor parenchyma and the unique immunosuppressive microenvironment of GBM. Moreover, standard treatment of GBM, comprising temozolomide chemotherapy, radiotherapy and in most instances the application of glucocorticoids for management of brain edema, results in a further increased immunosuppression. This review will provide a brief introduction to the principles of vaccine-based immunotherapy and give an overview of the current clinical studies, which employed immune checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viruses-based vaccination, cell-based and peptide-based vaccines. Recent experiences as well as the latest developments are reviewed. Overcoming obstacles, which limit the induction and long-term immune response against GBM when using vaccination approaches, are necessary for the implementation of effective immunotherapy of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Tietze
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery/Tumor Immunology , University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Susanne Michen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery/Tumor Immunology , University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Gabriele Schackert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery/Tumor Immunology , University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden , Dresden , Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , Dresden , Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases , University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Achim Temme
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery/Tumor Immunology , University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden , Dresden , Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , Dresden , Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases , University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden , Dresden , Germany
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19
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Mannan-BAM, TLR Ligands, Anti-CD40 Antibody (MBTA) Vaccine Immunotherapy: A Review of Current Evidence and Applications in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073455. [PMID: 33810617 PMCID: PMC8037428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The foundation of precision immunotherapy in oncology is rooted in computational biology and patient-derived sample sequencing to enrich for and target immunogenic epitopes. Discovery of these tumor-specific epitopes through tumor sequencing has revolutionized patient outcomes in many types of cancers that were previously untreatable. However, these therapeutic successes are far from universal, especially with cancers that carry high intratumoral heterogeneity such as glioblastoma (GBM). Herein, we present the technical aspects of Mannan-BAM, TLR Ligands, Anti-CD40 Antibody (MBTA) vaccine immunotherapy, an investigational therapeutic that potentially circumvents the need for in silico tumor-neoantigen enrichment. We then review the most promising GBM vaccination strategies to contextualize the MBTA vaccine. By reviewing current evidence using translational tumor models supporting MBTA vaccination, we evaluate the underlying principles that validate its clinical applicability. Finally, we showcase the translational potential of MBTA vaccination as a potential immunotherapy in GBM, along with established surgical and immunologic cancer treatment paradigms.
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20
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Sasso MS, Mitrousis N, Wang Y, Briquez PS, Hauert S, Ishihara J, Hubbell JA, Swartz MA. Lymphangiogenesis-inducing vaccines elicit potent and long-lasting T cell immunity against melanomas. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe4362. [PMID: 33762337 PMCID: PMC7990326 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe4362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In melanoma, the induction of lymphatic growth (lymphangiogenesis) has long been correlated with metastasis and poor prognosis, but we recently showed it can synergistically enhance cancer immunotherapy and boost T cell immunity. Here, we develop a translational approach for exploiting this "lymphangiogenic potentiation" of immunotherapy in a cancer vaccine using lethally irradiated tumor cells overexpressing vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and topical adjuvants. Our "VEGFC vax" induced extensive local lymphangiogenesis and promoted stronger T cell activation in both the intradermal vaccine site and draining lymph nodes, resulting in higher frequencies of antigen-specific T cells present systemically than control vaccines. In mouse melanoma models, VEGFC vax elicited potent tumor-specific T cell immunity and provided effective tumor control and long-term immunological memory. Together, these data introduce the potential of lymphangiogenesis induction as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy to consider in cancer vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stella Sasso
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Nikolaos Mitrousis
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Priscilla S Briquez
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sylvie Hauert
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jun Ishihara
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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21
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Litak J, Grajkowska W, Szumiło J, Krukow P, Maciejewski R, Roliński J, Grochowski C. PD-L1 Expression Correlated with p53 Expression in Pediatric Glioblastoma Multiforme. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020262. [PMID: 33669639 PMCID: PMC7923158 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas are infrequent in the pediatric population compared to adults, nevertheless, mortality and morbidity caused by malignant gliomas in this group of patients remain significant. PD-L1 and PD-1 Immune checkpoints (IC) molecules maintain immunological balance between activation and suppression. Eighteen patients with a histopathological diagnosis of pediatric glioblastoma multiforme (GBM, WHO IV) were studied. In total, PD-L1 expression was detected in 8 patients (44%). The molecular aspect of IC and immunotherapy targeted on PD-1/PD-L1 axis in pediatric population may be a promising adjuvant therapy in pediatric glioblastoma multiform treatment, however, this subject requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Litak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Wiesława Grajkowska
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Justyna Szumiło
- Chair and Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Paweł Krukow
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-439 Lublin, Poland;
| | | | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: (J.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Cezary Grochowski
- Laboratory of Virtual Man, Chair of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.R.); (C.G.)
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22
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Yan Y, Zeng S, Gong Z, Xu Z. Clinical implication of cellular vaccine in glioma: current advances and future prospects. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:257. [PMID: 33228738 PMCID: PMC7685666 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas, especially glioblastomas, represent one of the most aggressive and difficult-to-treat human brain tumors. In the last few decades, clinical immunotherapy has been developed and has provided exceptional achievements in checkpoint inhibitors and vaccines for cancer treatment. Immunization with cellular vaccines has the advantage of containing specific antigens and acceptable safety to potentially improve cancer therapy. Based on T cells, dendritic cells (DC), tumor cells and natural killer cells, the safety and feasibility of cellular vaccines have been validated in clinical trials for glioma treatment. For TAA engineered T cells, therapy mainly uses chimeric antigen receptors (IL13Rα2, EGFRvIII and HER2) and DNA methylation-induced technology (CT antigen) to activate the immune response. Autologous dendritic cells/tumor antigen vaccine (ADCTA) pulsed with tumor lysate and peptides elicit antigen-specific and cytotoxic T cell responses in patients with malignant gliomas, while its pro-survival effect is biased. Vaccinations using autologous tumor cells modified with TAAs or fusion with fibroblast cells are characterized by both effective humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Even though few therapeutic effects have been observed, most of this therapy showed safety and feasibility, asking for larger cohort studies and better guidelines to optimize cellular vaccine efficiency in anti-glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Hunan, 410008, Changsha, China.
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23
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Dusart P, Hallström BM, Renné T, Odeberg J, Uhlén M, Butler LM. A Systems-Based Map of Human Brain Cell-Type Enriched Genes and Malignancy-Associated Endothelial Changes. Cell Rep 2020; 29:1690-1706.e4. [PMID: 31693905 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the endothelium of the cerebral vasculature can contribute to inflammatory, thrombotic, and malignant disorders. The importance of defining cell-type-specific genes and their modification in disease is increasingly recognized. Here, we develop a bioinformatics-based approach to identify normal brain cell-enriched genes, using bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from 238 normal human cortex samples from 2 independent cohorts. We compare endothelial cell-enriched gene profiles with astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, neuron, and microglial cell profiles. Endothelial changes in malignant disease are explored using RNA-seq data from 516 lower-grade gliomas and 401 glioblastomas. Lower-grade gliomas appear to be an "endothelial intermediate" between normal brain and glioblastoma. We apply our method for the prediction of glioblastoma-specific endothelial biomarkers, providing potential diagnostic or therapeutic targets. In summary, we provide a roadmap of endothelial cell identity in normal and malignant brain, using a method developed to resolve bulk RNA-seq into constituent cell-type-enriched profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Dusart
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden; K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Björn Mikael Hallström
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jacob Odeberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden; K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; The University Hospital of North Norway (UNN), PB100, 9038 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lynn Marie Butler
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden; K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Clinical Chemistry and Blood Coagulation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Kerr MD, McBride DA, Chumber AK, Shah NJ. Combining therapeutic vaccines with chemo- and immunotherapies in the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:89-99. [PMID: 32867561 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1811673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy have spurred interest in the development of vaccines to mediate prophylactic protection and therapeutic efficacy against primary tumors or to prevent relapse. However, immunosuppressive mechanisms employed by cancer cells to generate effective resistance have hampered clinical translation of therapeutic cancer vaccines. To enhance vaccine efficacy, the immunomodulatory properties of cytoreductive therapies could amplify a cancer-specific immune response. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors discuss therapeutic cancer vaccines that harness whole cells and antigen-targeted vaccines. First, recent advancements in both autologous and allogeneic whole-cell vaccines and combinations with checkpoint blockade and chemotherapy are reviewed. Next, tumor antigen-targeted vaccines using peptide-based vaccines and DNA-vaccines are discussed. Finally, combination therapies using antigen-targeted vaccines are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION A deeper understanding of the immunostimulatory properties of cytoreductive therapies has supported their utility in combination therapies involving cancer vaccines as a potential strategy to induce a durable anti-tumor immune response for multiple types of cancers. Based on current evidence, combination therapies may have synergies that depend on the identity of the cytotoxic agent, vaccine target, dosing schedule, and cancer type. Together, these observations suggest that combining cancer vaccines with immunomodulatory cytoreductive therapy is a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Kerr
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,Program in Chemical Engineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David A McBride
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,Program in Chemical Engineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Arun K Chumber
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,Program in Chemical Engineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nisarg J Shah
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,Program in Chemical Engineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,Program in Immunology, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,San Diego Center for Precision Immunotherapy, Moores Cancer Center, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA
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25
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Abrams M, Reichman N, Khatri D, Patel NV, D’Amico RS, Wong T, Fralin S, Li M, Symons M, Langer D, Filippi CG, Boockvar JA. Update on glioma biotechnology. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 195:106075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Medina R, Wang H, Caisová V, Cui J, Indig IH, Uher O, Ye J, Nwankwo A, Sanchez V, Wu T, Nduom E, Heiss J, Gilbert MR, Terabe M, Ho W, Zenka J, Pacak K, Zhuang Z. Induction of Immune Response Against Metastatic Tumors via Vaccination of Mannan-BAM, TLR Ligands and Anti-CD40 Antibody (MBTA). ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020; 3. [PMID: 33709018 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence is demonstrating the extent of T-cell infiltration within the tumor microenvironment has favorable prognostic and therapeutic implications. Hence, immunotherapeutic strategies that augment the T-cell signature of tumors hold promising therapeutic potential. Recently, immunotherapy based on intratumoral injection of mannan-BAM, toll-like receptor ligands and anti-CD40 antibody (MBTA) demonstrated promising potential to modulate the immune phenotype of injected tumors. The strategy promotes the phagocytosis of tumor cells to facilitate the recognition of tumor antigens and induce a tumor-specific adaptive immune response. Using a syngeneic colon carcinoma model, we demonstrate MBTA's potential to augment CD8+ T-cell tumor infiltrate when administered intratumorally or subcutaneously as part of a whole tumor cell vaccine. Both immunotherapeutic strategies proved effective at controlling tumor growth, prolonged survival and induced immunological memory against the parental cell line. Collectively, our investigation demonstrates MBTA's potential to trigger a potent anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Medina
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Herui Wang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Veronika Caisová
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jing Cui
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Iris H Indig
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Ondrej Uher
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Juan Ye
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Anthony Nwankwo
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Victoria Sanchez
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Tianxia Wu
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Edjah Nduom
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - John Heiss
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Masaki Terabe
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Winson Ho
- UT Health Austin Pediatric Neurosciences at Dell Children's, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Jan Zenka
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Pacak
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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27
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Remic T, Sersa G, Ursic K, Cemazar M, Kamensek U. Development of Tumor Cell-Based Vaccine with IL-12 Gene Electrotransfer as Adjuvant. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010111. [PMID: 32121641 PMCID: PMC7157224 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell-based vaccines use tumor cells as a source of tumor-associated antigens. In our study, we aimed to develop and test a tumor vaccine composed of tumor cells killed by irradiation combined with in vivo interleukin-12 gene electrotransfer as an adjuvant. Vaccination was performed in the skin of B16-F10 malignant melanoma or CT26 colorectal carcinoma tumor-bearing mice, distant from the tumor site and combined with concurrent tumor irradiation. Vaccination was also performed before tumor inoculation in both tumor models and tumor outgrowth was followed. The antitumor efficacy of vaccination in combination with tumor irradiation or preventative vaccination varied between the tumor models. A synergistic effect between vaccination and irradiation was observed in the B16-F10, but not in the CT26 tumor model. In contrast, up to 56% of mice were protected from tumor outgrowth in the CT26 tumor model and none were protected in the B16-F10 tumor model. The results suggest a greater contribution of the therapeutic vaccination to tumor irradiation in a less immunogenic B16-F10 tumor model, in contrast to preventative vaccination, which has shown greater efficacy in a more immunogenic CT26 tumor model. Upon further optimization of the vaccination and irradiation regimen, our vaccine could present an alternative tumor cell-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinkara Remic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.R.); (G.S.); (K.U.); (M.C.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Sersa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.R.); (G.S.); (K.U.); (M.C.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Ursic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.R.); (G.S.); (K.U.); (M.C.)
| | - Maja Cemazar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.R.); (G.S.); (K.U.); (M.C.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia
| | - Urska Kamensek
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.R.); (G.S.); (K.U.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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28
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Fecci PE, Sampson JH. The current state of immunotherapy for gliomas: an eye toward the future. J Neurosurg 2019; 131:657-666. [DOI: 10.3171/2019.5.jns181762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has seen a crescendo of FDA approvals for immunotherapies against solid tumors, yet glioblastoma remains a prominent holdout. Despite more than 4 decades of work with a wide range of immunotherapeutic modalities targeting glioblastoma, efficacy has been challenging to obtain. Earlier forms of immune-based platforms have now given way to more current approaches, including chimeric antigen receptor T-cells, personalized neoantigen vaccines, oncolytic viruses, and checkpoint blockade. The recent experiences with each, as well as the latest developments and anticipated challenges, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E. Fecci
- 1Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, and
- 2The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - John H. Sampson
- 1Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, and
- 2The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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29
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Luo L, Lv M, Zhuang X, Zhang Q, Qiao T. Irradiation increases the immunogenicity of lung cancer cells and irradiation-based tumor cell vaccine elicits tumor-specific T cell responses in vivo. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:3805-3815. [PMID: 31190880 PMCID: PMC6529730 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s197516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: During the past decades, great efforts have been built to develop lung cancer vaccines. Whole tumor cell lysate (TCL) are ideal sources of antigens for cancer vaccine design, which however have limited efficacy due to insufficient immunogenicity. Recently, radiotherapy has been closely related to immunotherapy. Numerous studies have demonstrated the regulatory effect of irradiation (IR) on tumor immune response. Purpose: To explore the immunogenicity modulation effect of IR on lung cancer cells. Methods: RNA-sequence and qPCR assay was used to evaluate the change of tumor antigens expression after repeated X rays radiation on A549 cells. Vaccine based on TCL of irradiated Lewis lung cancer cells (IR-LLC) was established; therapeutic effect of TCL (IR-LLC) was examined in xenografted tumor model of mice. Flow cytometry was conducted to evaluate the rate of immune cells in spleen; ELISA was used to detect the level of cytokines in plasma. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the infiltrations of T-cell in tumor tissues; TIMER analysis was used to explore the correlations between tumor antigen expressions and the abundances of immune infiltrates. Results: IR upregulated the expression of tumor antigens in A549 cells. Compared to the control group and unirradiated tumor cell vaccine, TCL(IR-LLC) had a significantly stronger anti-tumor effect in mice bearing with LLC xenografts. TCL(IR-LLC) significantly increased matured DCs and total CD4+ T cells but downregulated Tregs and PD-1+ CD8+ T cells in mice spleen; TCL(IR-LLC) vaccine upregulated the level of IFN-γ and IL-4 while decreased IL-10 in serum; increased infiltrations of CD4+ T-cells and CD8+ T-cells were observed in the tumor issues of mice immunized with TCL(IR-LLC). Tumor antigens including FN1, MFGE8, MMP2, MYL9 may contribute to the enhanced T-cell response. Conclusion: This study confirmed the immunogenicity modulation effect of IR in NSCLC cells, indicating IR might be an effective strategy to enhance the anti-tumor immunity of cancer cell vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumeng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital, Medical Center of Fudan University, Shanghai 201500, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghe Lv
- Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital, Medical Center of Fudan University, Shanghai 201500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xibing Zhuang
- Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital, Medical Center of Fudan University, Shanghai 201500, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital, Medical Center of Fudan University, Shanghai 201500, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiankui Qiao
- Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital, Medical Center of Fudan University, Shanghai 201500, People's Republic of China
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30
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Daitoku S, Onimaru M, Tanimoto K, Kuroiwa M. Atraumatic splenic ruptures triggered both remission and death in a single case of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. J Clin Exp Hematop 2019; 59:40-45. [PMID: 30918143 PMCID: PMC6528142 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.18021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Daitoku
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Fukuoka Higashi Medical Center, Koga, Japan.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Japanese Red Cross Fukuoka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuho Onimaru
- Division of Pathophysiological and Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tanimoto
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Japanese Red Cross Fukuoka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mika Kuroiwa
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Fukuoka Higashi Medical Center, Koga, Japan
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31
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Jahan N, Talat H, Alonso A, Saha D, Curry WT. Triple combination immunotherapy with GVAX, anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, and agonist anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody is highly effective against murine intracranial glioma. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1577108. [PMID: 31069135 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1577108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-agent immunotherapy, including with immune checkpoint inhibition with anti-PD-1 antibody, has not extended survival in patients with malignant glioma. However, PD-1 inhibition may still play a role in combination immunotherapy with multiple agents. In this study, we evaluated anti-PD-1 antibody treatment in combination with multiple approaches, including vaccination and agonist anti-OX40 immunotherapy, as well as triple combination immunotherapy with each of the above agents in a murine glioma model. Treatments were delivered on days 3,6, and 9 after intracranial implantation of glioma cells in the right frontal lobes of the mice. Vaccination consisted of subcutaneous implantation of irradiated GL261 cells engineered to express GM-CSF. We harvested splenocytes and brain tissue 18 days after glioma implantation and analyzed them by ELISPOT and flow cytometry, respectively. Treated mice surviving for 120 days were challenged with implantation of large numbers of GL261 cells and either followed for survival or sacrificed for study of the memory response. Survival was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. Means were compared by the 2-tailed student's t-test. We report that combining anti-PD-1 immunotherapy with either vaccination or agonist anti-OX40 immunotherapy improves survival in GL261-bearing mice compared with any of the above as monotherapy. Triple combination immunotherapy with vaccination, anti-PD-1 antibody, and agonist anti-OX40 antibody results in long-term survival in all mice. Triple combination immunotherapy resulted in an elevated CD4+/CD8 + T lymphocyte ratio amongst tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes as well as a diminished fraction of regulatory T lymphocytes, likely reflective of a more vigorous Th1 antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Jahan
- Translational Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hammad Talat
- Translational Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Alonso
- Deparment of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dipongkor Saha
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Abilene, TX, USA
| | - William T Curry
- Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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32
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Meng X, Duan C, Pang H, Chen Q, Han B, Zha C, Dinislam M, Wu P, Li Z, Zhao S, Wang R, Lin L, Jiang C, Cai J. DNA damage repair alterations modulate M2 polarization of microglia to remodel the tumor microenvironment via the p53-mediated MDK expression in glioma. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:185-199. [PMID: 30773478 PMCID: PMC6442002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA damage repair (DDR) alterations are important events in cancer initiation, progression, and therapeutic resistance. However, the involvement of DDR alterations in glioma malignancy needs further investigation. This study aims to characterize the clinical and molecular features of gliomas with DDR alterations and elucidate the biological process of DDR alterations that regulate the cross talk between gliomas and the tumor microenvironment. Methods Integrated transcriptomic and genomic analyses were undertaken to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the role of DDR alterations in glioma. The prognostic DDR-related cytokines were identified from multiple datasets. In vivo and in vitro experiments validated the role of p53, the key molecule of DDR, regulating M2 polarization of microglia in glioma. Findings DDR alterations are associated with clinical and molecular characteristics of glioma. Gliomas with DDR alterations exhibit distinct immune phenotypes, and immune cell types and cytokine processes. DDR-related cytokines have an unfavorable prognostic implication for GBM patients and are synergistic with DDR alterations. Overexpression of MDK mediated by p53, the key transcriptional factor in DDR pathways, remodels the GBM immunosuppressive microenvironment by promoting M2 polarization of microglia, suggesting a potential role of DDR in regulating the glioma microenvironment. Interpretation Our work suggests that DDR alterations significantly contribute to remodeling the glioma microenvironment via regulating the immune response and cytokine pathways. Fund This study was supported by: 1. The National Key Research and Development Plan (No. 2016YFC0902500); 2. National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81702972, No. 81874204, No. 81572701, No. 81772666); 3. China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2018M640305); 4. Special Fund Project of Translational Medicine in the Chinese-Russian Medical Research Center (No. CR201812); 5. The Research Project of the Chinese Society of Neuro-oncology, CACA (CSNO-2016-MSD12); 6. The Research Project of the Health and Family Planning Commission of Heilongjiang Province (2017–201); and 7. Harbin Medical University Innovation Fund (2017LCZX37, 2017RWZX03). Gliomas with DNA damage repair alterations had distinct genomic variation spectrum. DDR alterations exhibit distinct immune phenotypes, cytokine processes and immune cell types in glioma. DDR-related cytokines in GME have an unfavorable prognostic implication for GBM patients. P53-mediated midkine expression derived from glioma cells promotes M2 polarization of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqi Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Chunbin Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Hengyuan Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Qun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Caijun Zha
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Magafurov Dinislam
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Neurosurgical department, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa 450008, Russia
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Shihong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Ruijia Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Chuanlu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Jinquan Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
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Jahan N, Talat H, Curry WT. Agonist OX40 immunotherapy improves survival in glioma-bearing mice and is complementary with vaccination with irradiated GM-CSF-expressing tumor cells. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:44-54. [PMID: 29016879 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma immunotherapy is an active area of clinical investigation. Glioma-associated immunosuppression remains an obstacle to efficacious immunotherapy, and combination approaches are likely necessary for durable success. OX40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that is upregulated on activated lymphocytes, ligation of which results in enhanced activity and may be active against cancer. We sought to confirm the efficacy of agonist anti-OX40 immunotherapy against glioma and hypothesized that it is complementary with irradiated whole tumor cell vaccination. Methods GL261 tumor cells were implanted into the right frontal lobes of syngeneic mice, which were then treated with controls, agonist anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody, vaccination with subcutaneous injection of irradiated granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-expressing GL261 cells (GVAX), or vaccination + agonist anti-OX40 therapy. Animals were followed for survival. On day 18, splenocytes were harvested for enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot analyses and brains were harvested for immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry analyses of infiltrating lymphocytes. Results Combination immunotherapy with GVAX and systemic agonist anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody improved survival by 14 days over controls (median survival 36 vs 22 days, P < 0.00005). Systemically, T helper cell type 1 (Th1) antitumor immunity was enhanced significantly by combination therapy. In the brain, combination immunotherapy increased the percentage of Th1 CD4+ T lymphocytes and reduced the fraction that were Th2. In the brain, vaccination improved the ratio of CD8+ to FoxP3+ T lymphocytes, while combination immunotherapy reversed intracranial T-lymphocyte exhaustion, reducing their coexpression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) as well as PD-1 and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3). Conclusions Anti-OX40 immunotherapy is active against intracranial glioma and synergizes with GVAX. Vaccination and anti-OX40 immunotherapy are mechanistically complementary, particularly in the glioma microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Jahan
- Translational Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hammad Talat
- Translational Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William T Curry
- Translational Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Young JS, Dayani F, Morshed RA, Okada H, Aghi MK. Immunotherapy for High Grade Gliomas: A Clinical Update and Practical Considerations for Neurosurgeons. World Neurosurg 2019; 124:397-409. [PMID: 30677574 PMCID: PMC6642850 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.12.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The current standard of care for patients with high grade gliomas includes surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation; but even still the majority of patients experience disease progression and succumb to their illness within a few years of diagnosis. Immunotherapy, which stimulates an anti-tumor immune response, has been revolutionary in the treatment of some hematological and solid malignancies, generating substantial excitement for its potential for patients with glioblastoma. The most commonly used immunotherapies include dendritic cell and peptide vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, and adoptive T cell therapy. However, to date, the preclinical success of these approaches against high-grade glioma models has not been replicated in human clinical trials. Moreover, the complex response to these biologically active treatments can complicate management decisions, and the neurosurgical oncology community needs to be actively involved in and up to date on the use of these agents in high grade glioma patients. In this review, we discuss the challenges immunotherapy faces for high grade gliomas, the completed and ongoing clinical trials for the major immunotherapies, and the nuances in management for patients being actively treated with one of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Young
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Fara Dayani
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ramin A Morshed
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Manish K Aghi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Deumelandt K, Platten M, Ochs K. Synergy of vaccination and agonist OX40 treatment-toward a mechanism-driven combination of glioma immunotherapy. Neuro Oncol 2018; 20:4-5. [PMID: 29092058 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Deumelandt
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Ochs
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Ravindranathan S, Nguyen KG, Kurtz SL, Frazier HN, Smith SG, Koppolu BP, Rajaram N, Zaharoff DA. Tumor-derived granulocyte colony-stimulating factor diminishes efficacy of breast tumor cell vaccines. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:126. [PMID: 30348199 PMCID: PMC6198508 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although metastasis is ultimately responsible for about 90% of breast cancer mortality, the vast majority of breast-cancer-related deaths are due to progressive recurrences from non-metastatic disease. Current adjuvant therapies are unable to prevent progressive recurrences for a significant fraction of patients with breast cancer. Autologous tumor cell vaccines (ATCVs) are a safe and potentially useful strategy to prevent breast cancer recurrence, in a personalized and patient-specific manner, following standard-of-care tumor resection. Given the high intra-patient and inter-patient heterogeneity in breast cancer, it is important to understand which factors influence the immunogenicity of breast tumor cells in order to maximize ATCV effectiveness. METHODS The relative immunogenicity of two murine breast carcinomas, 4T1 and EMT6, were compared in a prophylactic vaccination-tumor challenge model. Differences in cell surface expression of antigen-presentation-related and costimulatory molecules were compared along with immunosuppressive cytokine production. CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to modulate tumor-derived cytokine secretion. The impacts of cytokine deletion on splenomegaly, myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) accumulation and ATCV immunogenicity were assessed. RESULTS Mice vaccinated with an EMT6 vaccine exhibited significantly greater protective immunity than mice vaccinated with a 4T1 vaccine. Hybrid vaccination studies revealed that the 4T1 vaccination induced both local and systemic immune impairments. Although there were significant differences between EMT6 and 4T1 in the expression of costimulatory molecules, major disparities in the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines likely accounts for differences in immunogenicity between the cell lines. Ablation of one cytokine in particular, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), reversed MDSC accumulation and splenomegaly in the 4T1 model. Furthermore, G-CSF inhibition enhanced the immunogenicity of a 4T1-based vaccine to the extent that all vaccinated mice developed complete protective immunity. CONCLUSIONS Breast cancer cells that express high levels of G-CSF have the potential to diminish or abrogate the efficacy of breast cancer ATCVs. Fortunately, this study demonstrates that genetic ablation of immunosuppressive cytokines, such as G-CSF, can enhance the immunogenicity of breast cancer cell-based vaccines. Strategies that combine inhibition of immunosuppressive factors with immune stimulatory co-formulations already under development may help ATCVs reach their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khue G Nguyen
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samantha L Kurtz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Haven N Frazier
- Honors College, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Sean G Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Bhanu Prasanth Koppolu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Narasimhan Rajaram
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - David A Zaharoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA. .,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Honors College, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA. .,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Miller JJ, Curry WT, Cahill DP, Dietrich J. Perspectives on investigational drugs and immunotherapies for glioblastoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 25:1007-9. [PMID: 27415034 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1213242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie J Miller
- a Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology , Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Neurology , Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - William T Curry
- a Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology , Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center , Boston , MA , USA.,c Department of Neurosurgery , Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Dan P Cahill
- a Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology , Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center , Boston , MA , USA.,c Department of Neurosurgery , Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Jörg Dietrich
- a Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology , Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Neurology , Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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Rosskopf S, Jutz S, Neunkirchner A, Candia MR, Jahn-Schmid B, Bohle B, Pickl WF, Steinberger P. Creation of an engineered APC system to explore and optimize the presentation of immunodominant peptides of major allergens. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31580. [PMID: 27539532 PMCID: PMC4990899 DOI: 10.1038/srep31580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have generated engineered APC to present immunodominant peptides derived from the major aero-allergens of birch and mugwort pollen, Bet v 1142-153 and Art v 125-36, respectively. Jurkat-based T cell reporter lines expressing the cognate allergen-specific T cell receptors were used to read out the presentation of allergenic peptides on the engineered APC. Different modalities of peptide loading and presentation on MHC class II molecules were compared. Upon exogenous loading with allergenic peptides, the engineered APC elicited a dose-dependent response in the reporter T cells and the presence of chemical loading enhancers strongly increased reporter activation. Invariant chain-based MHC class II targeting strategies of endogenously expressed peptides resulted in stronger activation of the reporters than exogenous loading. Moreover, we used Bet v 1 as model allergen to study the ability of K562 cells to present antigenic peptides derived from whole proteins either taken up or endogenously expressed as LAMP-1 fusion protein. In both cases the ability of these cells to process and present peptides derived from whole proteins critically depended on the expression of HLA-DM. We have identified strategies to achieve efficient presentation of allergenic peptides on engineered APC and demonstrate their use to stimulate T cells from allergic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rosskopf
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabrina Jutz
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alina Neunkirchner
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martín R Candia
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatrice Jahn-Schmid
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bohle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer immunotherapy has made much progress in recent years. Clinical trials evaluating a variety of immunotherapeutic approaches are underway in patients with malignant gliomas. Thanks to recent advancements in cell engineering technologies, infusion of ex vivo prepared immune cells have emerged as promising strategies of cancer immunotherapy. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors review recent and current studies using cellular immunotherapies for malignant gliomas. Specifically, they cover the following areas: a) cellular vaccine approaches using tumor cell-based or dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines, and b) adoptive cell transfer (ACT) approaches, including lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, γδ T cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells and T-cell receptor (TCR) transduced T cells. EXPERT OPINION While some of the recent studies have shown promising results, the ultimate success of cellular immunotherapy in brain tumor patients would require improvements in the following areas: 1) feasibility in producing cellular therapeutics; 2) identification and characterization of targetable antigens given the paucity and heterogeneity of tumor specific antigens; 3) the development of strategies to promote effector T-cell trafficking; 4) overcoming local and systemic immune suppression, and 5) proper interpretation of imaging data for brain tumor patients receiving immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- a Neurological Surgery , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- a Neurological Surgery , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
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