1
|
Jin L, Liu Y, Wu Y, Huang Y, Zhang D. REST Is Not Resting: REST/NRSF in Health and Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1477. [PMID: 37892159 PMCID: PMC10605157 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin modifications play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression. The repressor element-1 (RE1) silencing transcription factor (REST), also known as neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) and X2 box repressor (XBR), was found to regulate gene transcription by binding to chromatin and recruiting chromatin-modifying enzymes. Earlier studies revealed that REST plays an important role in the development and disease of the nervous system, mainly by repressing the transcription of neuron-specific genes. Subsequently, REST was found to be critical in other tissues, such as the heart, pancreas, skin, eye, and vascular. Dysregulation of REST was also found in nervous and non-nervous system cancers. In parallel, multiple strategies to target REST have been developed. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive summary of the research progress made over the past 28 years since the discovery of REST, encompassing both physiological and pathological aspects. These insights into the effects and mechanisms of REST contribute to an in-depth understanding of the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of genes and their roles in the development and progression of disease, with a view to discovering potential therapeutic targets and intervention strategies for various related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Dianbao Zhang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lam XJ, Maniam S, Cheah PS, Ling KH. REST in the Road Map of Brain Development. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3417-3433. [PMID: 37517069 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01394-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) or also known as neuron-restrictive silencing factor (NRSF), is the key initiator of epigenetic neuronal gene-expression modification. Identification of a massive number of REST-targeted genes in the brain signifies its broad involvement in maintaining the functionality of the nervous system. Additionally, REST plays a crucial role in conferring neuroprotection to the neurons against various stressors or insults during injuries. At the cellular level, nuclear localisation of REST is a key determinant for the functional transcriptional regulation of REST towards its target genes. Emerging studies reveal the implication of REST nuclear mislocalisation or dysregulation in several neurological diseases. The expression of REST varies depending on different types of neurological disorders, which has created challenges in the discovery of REST-targeted interventions. Hence, this review presents a comprehensive summary on the physiological roles of REST throughout brain development and its implications in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, brain tumours and cerebrovascular diseases. This review offers valuable insights to the development of potential therapeutic approaches targeting REST to improve pathologies in the brain. The important roles of REST as a key player in the nervous system development, and its implications in several neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jieh Lam
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sandra Maniam
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pike-See Cheah
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing (MyAgeing), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing (MyAgeing), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Idris M, Coussement L, Alves MM, De Meyer T, Melotte V. Promoter hypermethylation of neural-related genes is compatible with stemness in solid cancers. Epigenetics Chromatin 2023; 16:31. [PMID: 37537688 PMCID: PMC10398991 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-023-00505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA hypermethylation is an epigenetic feature that modulates gene expression, and its deregulation is observed in cancer. Previously, we identified a neural-related DNA hypermethylation fingerprint in colon cancer, where most of the top hypermethylated and downregulated genes have known functions in the nervous system. To evaluate the presence of this signature and its relevance to carcinogenesis in general, we considered 16 solid cancer types available in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). RESULTS All tested cancers showed significant enrichment for neural-related genes amongst hypermethylated genes. This signature was already present in two premalignant tissue types and could not be explained by potential confounders such as bivalency status or tumor purity. Further characterization of the neural-related DNA hypermethylation signature in colon cancer showed particular enrichment for genes that are overexpressed during neural differentiation. Lastly, an analysis of upstream regulators identified RE1-Silencing Transcription factor (REST) as a potential mediator of this DNA methylation signature. CONCLUSION Our study confirms the presence of a neural-related DNA hypermethylation fingerprint in various cancers, of genes linked to neural differentiation, and points to REST as a possible regulator of this mechanism. We propose that this fingerprint indicates an involvement of DNA hypermethylation in the preservation of neural stemness in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Musa Idris
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Coussement
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria M Alves
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim De Meyer
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veerle Melotte
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The NRSF/REST transcription factor in hallmarks of cancer: From molecular mechanisms to clinical relevance. Biochimie 2023; 206:116-134. [PMID: 36283507 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), or neuron restrictive silencing factor (NRSF), was first identified as a repressor of neuronal genes in non-neuronal tissue. Interestingly, this transcription factor may act as a tumor suppressor or an oncogenic role in developing neuroendocrine and other tumors in patients. The hallmarks of cancer include six biological processes, including proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. In addition to two emerging hallmarks, the reprogramming of energy metabolism and evasion of the immune response are all implicated in the development of human tumors. It is essential to know the role of these processes as they will affect the outcome of alternatives for cancer treatment. Various studies in this review demonstrate that NRSF/REST affects the different hallmarks of cancer that could position NRSF/REST as an essential target in the therapy and diagnosis of certain types of cancer.
Collapse
|
5
|
Su XJ, Shen BD, Wang K, Song QX, Yang X, Wu DS, Shen HX, Zhu C. Roles of the Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor in the Pathophysiological Process of the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:834620. [PMID: 35300407 PMCID: PMC8921553 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.834620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF), also known as repressor element 1 (RE-1) silencing transcription factor (REST) or X2 box repressor (XBR), is a zinc finger transcription factor that is widely expressed in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. It is a master regulator of the nervous system, and the function of NRSF is the basis of neuronal differentiation, diversity, plasticity, and survival. NRSF can bind to the neuron-restrictive silencer element (NRSE), recruit some co-repressors, and then inhibit transcription of NRSE downstream genes through epigenetic mechanisms. In neurogenesis, NRSF functions not only as a transcriptional silencer that can mediate the transcriptional inhibition of neuron-specific genes in non-neuronal cells and thus give neuron cells specificity, but also as a transcriptional activator to induce neuronal differentiation. Many studies have confirmed the association between NRSF and brain disorders, such as brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Overexpression, underexpression, or mutation may lead to neurological disorders. In tumorigenesis, NRSF functions as an oncogene in neuronal tumors, such as neuroblastomas, medulloblastomas, and pheochromocytomas, stimulating their proliferation, which results in poor prognosis. Additionally, NRSF-mediated selective targets gene repression plays an important role in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain caused by nerve injury, cancer, and diabetes. At present, several compounds that target NRSF or its co-repressors, such as REST-VP16 and X5050, have been shown to be clinically effective against many brain diseases, such as seizures, implying that NRSF and its co-repressors may be potential and promising therapeutic targets for neural disorders. In the present review, we introduced the biological characteristics of NRSF; reviewed the progress to date in understanding the roles of NRSF in the pathophysiological processes of the nervous system, such as neurogenesis, brain disorders, neural tumorigenesis, and neuropathic pain; and suggested new therapeutic approaches to such brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jin Su
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei-Duo Shen
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Xin Song
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - De-Sheng Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Xing Shen
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in prostate cancer: A dual function mediator? Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:435-452. [PMID: 35202639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a member of a family of secreted cytokines with vital biological functions in cells. The abnormal expression of TGF-β signaling is a common finding in pathological conditions, particularly cancer. Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of death among men. Several genetic and epigenetic alterations can result in PCa development, and govern its progression. The present review attempts to shed some light on the role of TGF-β signaling in PCa. TGF-β signaling can either stimulate or inhibit proliferation and viability of PCa cells, depending on the context. The metastasis of PCa cells is increased by TGF-β signaling via induction of EMT and MMPs. Furthermore, TGF-β signaling can induce drug resistance of PCa cells, and can lead to immune evasion via reducing the anti-tumor activity of cytotoxic T cells and stimulating regulatory T cells. Upstream mediators such as microRNAs and lncRNAs, can regulate TGF-β signaling in PCa. Furthermore, some pharmacological compounds such as thymoquinone and valproic acid can suppress TGF-β signaling for PCa therapy. TGF-β over-expression is associated with poor prognosis in PCa patients. Furthermore, TGF-β up-regulation before prostatectomy is associated with recurrence of PCa. Overall, current review discusses role of TGF-β signaling in proliferation, metastasis and therapy response of PCa cells and in order to improve knowledge towards its regulation, upstream mediators of TGF-β such as non-coding RNAs are described. Finally, TGF-β regulation and its clinical application are discussed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Medellin B, Yang W, Konduri S, Dong J, Irani S, Wu H, Matthews WL, Zhang ZY, Siegel D, Zhang Y. Targeted Covalent Inhibition of Small CTD Phosphatase 1 to Promote the Degradation of the REST Transcription Factor in Human Cells. J Med Chem 2022; 65:507-519. [PMID: 34931516 PMCID: PMC8826594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) represses neuronal gene expression, whose dysregulation is implicated in brain tumors and neurological diseases. A high level of REST protein drives the tumor growth in some glioblastoma cells. While transcription factors like REST are challenging targets for small-molecule inhibitors, the inactivation of a regulatory protein, small CTD phosphatase 1 (SCP1), promotes REST degradation and reduces transcriptional activity. This study rationally designed a series of α,β-unsaturated sulfones to serve as potent and selective covalent inhibitors against SCP1. The compounds inactivate SCP1 via covalent modification of Cys181 located at the active site entrance. Cellular studies showed that the inhibitors inactivate SCP1 in a time- and dose-dependent manner with an EC50 ∼1.5 μM, reducing REST protein levels and activating specific REST-suppressed genes. These compounds represent a promising line of small-molecule inhibitors as a novel lead for glioblastoma whose growth is driven by REST transcription activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Srihari Konduri
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jiajun Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Department of Chemistry, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Seema Irani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Haoyi Wu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Wendy L. Matthews
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Department of Chemistry, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Dionico Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kamgar-Dayhoff P, Brelidze TI. Multifaceted effect of chlorpromazine in cancer: implications for cancer treatment. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1406-1426. [PMID: 34262651 PMCID: PMC8274723 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1951, chlorpromazine (CPZ) has been one of the most widely used antipsychotic medications for treating schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. In addition to its antipsychotic effect, many studies in the last several decades have found that CPZ has a potent antitumorigenic effect. These studies have shown that CPZ affects a number of molecular oncogenic targets through multiple pathways, including the regulation of cell cycle, cancer growth and metastasis, chemo-resistance and stemness of cancer cells. Here we review studies on molecular mechanisms of CPZ’s action on key proteins involved in cancer, including p53, YAP, Ras protein, ion channels, and MAPKs. We discuss common and overlapping signaling pathways of CPZ’s action, its cancer-type specificity, antitumorigenic effects of CPZ reported in animal models and population studies on the rate of cancer in psychiatric patients. We also discuss the potential benefits and limitations of repurposing CPZ for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pareesa Kamgar-Dayhoff
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Tinatin I Brelidze
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pogoda A, Chmielewska N, Maciejak P, Szyndler J. Transcriptional Dysregulation in Huntington's Disease: The Role in Pathogenesis and Potency for Pharmacological Targeting. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2783-2806. [PMID: 32628586 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200705225821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the gene that encodes a critical cell regulatory protein, huntingtin (Htt). The expansion of cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeats causes improper folding of functional proteins and is an initial trigger of pathological changes in the brain. Recent research has indicated that the functional dysregulation of many transcription factors underlies the neurodegenerative processes that accompany HD. These disturbances are caused not only by the loss of wild-type Htt (WT Htt) function but also by the occurrence of abnormalities that result from the action of mutant Htt (mHtt). In this review, we aim to describe the role of transcription factors that are currently thought to be strongly associated with HD pathogenesis, namely, RE1-silencing transcription factor, also known as neuron-restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF), forkhead box proteins (FOXPs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1a (PGC1α), heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1), and nuclear factor κ light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κB). We also take into account the role of these factors in the phenotype of HD as well as potential pharmacological interventions targeting the analyzed proteins. Furthermore, we considered whether molecular manipulation resulting in changes in transcription factor function may have clinical potency for treating HD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Pogoda
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury Street 61, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Chmielewska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego Street 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Maciejak
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego Street 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Szyndler
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Street 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Difference of binding modes among three ligands to a receptor mSin3B corresponding to their inhibitory activities. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6178. [PMID: 33731831 PMCID: PMC7971087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A preceding experiment suggested that a compound, which inhibits binding of the REST/NRSF segment to the cleft of a receptor protein mSin3B, can be a potential drug candidate to ameliorate many neuropathies. We have recently developed an enhanced conformational sampling method, genetic-algorithm-guided multi-dimensional virtual-system-coupled canonical molecular dynamics, and in the present study, applied it to three systems consisting of mSin3B and one of three compounds, sertraline, YN3, and acitretin. Other preceding experiments showed that only sertraline inhibits the binding of REST/NRSF to mSin3B. The current simulation study produced the spatial distribution of the compounds around mSin3B, and showed that sertraline and YN3 bound to the cleft of mSin3B with a high propensity, although acitretin did not. Further analyses of the simulation data indicated that only the sertraline-mSin3B complex produced a hydrophobic core similar to that observed in the molecular interface of the REST/NRSF-mSin3B complex: An aromatic ring of sertraline sunk deeply in the mSin3B's cleft forming a hydrophobic core contacting to hydrophobic amino-acid residues located at the bottom of the cleft. The present study proposes a step to design a compound that inhibits competitively the binding of a ligand to its receptor.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ma M, Zhou Y, Sun R, Shi J, Tan Y, Yang H, Zhang M, Shen R, Xu L, Wang Z, Fei J. STAT3 and AKT signaling pathways mediate oncogenic role of NRSF in hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:1063-1070. [PMID: 32556117 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) is a zinc finger protein that acts as a negative transcriptional regulator by recruiting histone deacetylases and other co-factors. It plays a crucial role in nervous system development and is recently reported to be involved in tumorigenesis in a tumor type-dependent manner; however, the role of NRSF in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumorigenesis remains unclear. Here, we found that NRSF expression was up-regulated in 27 of 49 human HCC tissue samples examined. Additionally, mice with conditional NRSF-knockout in the liver exhibited a higher tolerance against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced acute liver injury and were less sensitive to DEN-induced HCC initiation. Our results showed that silencing NRSF in HepG2 cells using RNAi technology significantly inhibited HepG2 cell proliferation and severely hindered their migration and invasion potentials. Our results demonstrated that NRSF plays a pivotal role in promoting DEN-induced HCC initiation via a mechanism related to the STAT3 and AKT signaling pathways. Thus, NRSF could be a potential therapeutic target for treating human HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yunhe Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Sports and Health Research Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruilin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SMOC, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Jiahao Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yutong Tan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hua Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruling Shen
- Joint Laboratory for Model Organism, Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Leon Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhugang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SMOC, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Jian Fei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SMOC, Shanghai 201318, China
- Joint Laboratory for Model Organism, Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Alshawli AS, Wurdak H, Wood IC, Ladbury JE. Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce medulloblastoma cell death independent of HDACs recruited in REST repression complexes. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1429. [PMID: 32720471 PMCID: PMC7549561 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST) acts as a transcriptional repressor by recruiting several chromatin modifiers, including histone deacetylase (HDAC). Elevated REST expression in medulloblastoma has been associated with tumor progression nevertheless, the tumor shows high sensitivity to HDAC inhibitors (HDACi). However, the functional implications of REST and its requirement for HDACi-induced anti-cancer effects are not well understood. METHODS In this study, the expression of REST was evaluated across the medulloblastoma subgroups and subtypes using published gene expression data. Further, the expression of REST was modulated using the CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and shRNA knockdown in the Daoy medulloblastoma cell line. RESULTS The results of this study showed that the expression of REST is elevated in most medulloblastoma subgroups compared to the non-cancerous cerebellum. Blocking of REST expression resulted in increasing the expression of REST-regulated genes, a moderate decrease in the fraction of the cells in the S-phase, and reducing the cells' migration ability. However, REST deficiency did not lead to a marked decrease in the Daoy cell viability and sensitivity to HDACi. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate that REST is not essential for sustaining the proliferation/viability of the Daoy cells. It also revealed that the anti-proliferative effect of HDACi is independent of REST expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulelah S. Alshawli
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Heiko Wurdak
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and PathologyUniversity of LeedsSt James's University HospitalLeedsUK
| | - Ian C. Wood
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - John E. Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cellular BiologyFaculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Significant decrease of a master regulator of genes (REST/NRSF) in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and cervical cancer. Biomed J 2020; 44:S171-S178. [PMID: 35491677 PMCID: PMC9068566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusion
Collapse
|
14
|
Marisetty AL, Lu L, Veo BL, Liu B, Coarfa C, Kamal MM, Kassem DH, Irshad K, Lu Y, Gumin J, Henry V, Paulucci-Holthauzen A, Rao G, Baladandayuthapani V, Lang FF, Fuller GN, Majumder S. REST-DRD2 mechanism impacts glioblastoma stem cell-mediated tumorigenesis. Neuro Oncol 2020; 21:775-785. [PMID: 30953587 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal, heterogeneous human brain tumor, with regulatory mechanisms that have yet to be fully characterized. Previous studies have indicated that the transcriptional repressor REST (repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor) regulates the oncogenic potential of GBM stem cells (GSCs) based on level of expression. However, how REST performs its regulatory role is not well understood. METHODS We examined 2 independent high REST (HR) GSC lines using genome-wide assays, biochemical validations, gene knockdown analysis, and mouse tumor models. We analyzed in-house patient tumors and patient data present in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). RESULTS Genome-wide transcriptome and DNA-binding analyses suggested the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) gene, a dominant regulator of neurotransmitter signaling, as a direct target of REST. Biochemical analyses and mouse intracranial tumor models using knockdown of REST and double knockdown of REST and DRD2 validated this target and suggested that DRD2 is a downstream target of REST regulating tumorigenesis, at least in part, through controlling invasion and apoptosis. Further, TCGA GBM data support the presence of the REST-DRD2 axis and reveal that high REST/low DRD2 (HRLD) and low REST/high DRD2 (LRHD) tumors are specific subtypes, are molecularly different from the known GBM subtypes, and represent functional groups with distinctive patterns of enrichment of gene sets and biological pathways. The inverse HRLD/LRHD expression pattern is also seen in in-house GBM tumors. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that REST regulates neurotransmitter signaling pathways through DRD2 in HR-GSCs to impact tumorigenesis. They further suggest that the REST-DRD2 mechanism forms distinct subtypes of GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anantha L Marisetty
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bethany L Veo
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mohamed Mostafa Kamal
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dina Hamada Kassem
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Khushboo Irshad
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yungang Lu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Joy Gumin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Verlene Henry
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Ganesh Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Frederick F Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gregory N Fuller
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sadhan Majumder
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Merino-Serrais P, Loera-Valencia R, Rodriguez-Rodriguez P, Parrado-Fernandez C, Ismail MA, Maioli S, Matute E, Jimenez-Mateos EM, Björkhem I, DeFelipe J, Cedazo-Minguez A. 27-Hydroxycholesterol Induces Aberrant Morphology and Synaptic Dysfunction in Hippocampal Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:429-446. [PMID: 30395175 PMCID: PMC6294414 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, but how high blood cholesterol levels are linked to neurodegeneration is still unknown. Here, we show that an excess of the blood-brain barrier permeable cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OH) impairs neuronal morphology and reduces hippocampal spine density and the levels of the postsynaptic protein PSD95. Dendritic spines are the main postsynaptic elements of excitatory synapses and are crucial structures for memory and cognition. Furthermore, PSD95 has an essential function for synaptic maintenance and plasticity. PSD95 synthesis is controlled by the REST-miR124a-PTBP1 axis. Here, we report that high levels of 27-OH induce REST-miR124a-PTBP1 axis dysregulation in a possible RxRγ-dependent manner, suggesting that 27-OH reduces PSD95 levels through this mechanism. Our results reveal a possible molecular link between hypercholesterolemia and neurodegeneration. We discuss the possibility that reduction of 27-OH levels could be a useful strategy for preventing memory and cognitive decline in neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Merino-Serrais
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raul Loera-Valencia
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristina Parrado-Fernandez
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Muhammad A Ismail
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silvia Maioli
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eduardo Matute
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Maria Jimenez-Mateos
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics Royal, College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Cedazo-Minguez
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jensen IS, Yuan J, He J, Lin L, Sander B, Golas MM. The FlpTRAP system for purification of specific, endogenous chromatin regions. Anal Biochem 2019; 587:113418. [PMID: 31520595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor/neuron-restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF) binds to repressor element 1/neuron-restrictive silencer element (RE1/NRSE) sites in the genome and recruits effector proteins to repress its target genes. Here, we developed the FlpTRAP system to isolate endogenously assembled DNA-protein complexes such as the REST/NRSF complex. In the FlpTRAP system, we take advantage of the step-arrest variant of the Flp recombinase, FlpH305L, which, in the presence of Flp recognition target (FRT) DNA, accumulates as FRT DNA-protein adduct. The FlpTRAP system consists of three elements: (i) FlpH305L-containing cell extracts or isolates, (ii) a cell line engineered to harbor the DNA motif of interest flanked by FRT sites, and (iii) affinity selection steps to isolate the target chromatin. Specifically, 3×FLAG-tagged FlpH305L was expressed in insect cell cultures infected with baculovirus, and cell lysates were prepared. The lysate was used to capture the FRT-SNAP25 RE1/NRSE-FRT chromatin from a human medulloblastoma cell line, and the target RE1/NRSE chromatin was isolated by anti-FLAG immunoaffinity chromatography. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and chromatin immunopurification (ChIP), we show that FlpH305L recognized and bound to the FRT sites. Overall, we suggest the FlpTRAP system as a tool to purify endogenous, specific chromatin loci from eukaryotic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida S Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, Building 1233, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Juan Yuan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, Building 1233, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jin He
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, Building 1233, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, Building 1233, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bjoern Sander
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, Building 1233, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Monika M Golas
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, Building 1233, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cortés-Sarabia K, Medina-Flores Y, Alarcón-Romero LDC, Mata-Ruíz O, Vences-Velázquez A, Rodríguez-Ruíz HA, Valdés J, Ortuño-Pineda C. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the DNA binding domain of the RE1-silencing transcription factor. J Biochem 2019; 166:393-402. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The use of monoclonal antibodies for the detection of cellular biomarkers during carcinogenesis provides new strategies for cancer diagnosis or prognosis in patients. Loss of the Restrictive Element 1-Silencing Transcription (REST) factor has been observed in previous molecular and immunological approaches in aggressive breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, liver carcinoma, and colo-rectal cancer; however, for clinic diagnosis, monoclonal antibodies for REST recognition are unavailable. The goal of this work was to design, produce and characterize monoclonal antibodies against the REST DNA binding damain (DBD) that would be suitable for immunoassays. We searched for conserved domains, and immunogenic and antigenic sites in the REST structure via in silico analysis. For mice immunization, we used a recombinant REST DBD purified by affinity chromatography, and then Hybridomas were generated by mouse spleen fusion with myeloma cells. Finally, for monoclonal antibody characterization, we performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA), western blot, dot blot, immunocytochemistry (ICC) and immunoprecipitation assays. Results showed that the DBD is conserved in REST isoforms and contains immunogenic and antigenic sites. We generated three clones producing monoclonal antibodies against REST DBD, one of them specifically recognized native REST and was suitable for ICC in samples from patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cortés-Sarabia
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, Guerrero
| | - Yolanda Medina-Flores
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos “Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez”, Francisco de P. Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, Ciudad de México
| | - Luz Del Carmen Alarcón-Romero
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, Guerrero
| | - Olga Mata-Ruíz
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos “Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez”, Francisco de P. Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, Ciudad de México
| | - Amalia Vences-Velázquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, Guerrero
| | - Hugo Alberto Rodríguez-Ruíz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, Guerrero
| | - Jesús Valdés
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 2508, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carlos Ortuño-Pineda
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, Guerrero
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dobson THW, Tao RH, Swaminathan J, Maegawa S, Shaik S, Bravo-Alegria J, Sharma A, Kennis B, Yang Y, Callegari K, Haltom AR, Taylor P, Kogiso M, Qi L, Khatua S, Goldman S, Lulla RR, Fangusaro J, MacDonald TJ, Li XN, Hawkins C, Rajaram V, Gopalakrishnan V. Transcriptional repressor REST drives lineage stage-specific chromatin compaction at Ptch1 and increases AKT activation in a mouse model of medulloblastoma. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/565/eaan8680. [PMID: 30670636 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan8680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In medulloblastomas (MBs), the expression and activity of RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) is increased in tumors driven by the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway, specifically the SHH-α (children 3 to 16 years) and SHH-β (infants) subgroups. Neuronal maturation is greater in SHH-β than SHH-α tumors, but both correlate with poor overall patient survival. We studied the contribution of REST to MB using a transgenic mouse model (RESTTG ) wherein conditional NeuroD2-controlled REST transgene expression in lineage-committed Ptch1 +/- cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs) accelerated tumorigenesis and increased penetrance and infiltrative disease. This model revealed a neuronal maturation context-specific antagonistic interplay between the transcriptional repressor REST and the activator GLI1 at Ptch1 Expression of Arrb1, which encodes β-arrestin1 (a GLI1 inhibitor), was substantially reduced in proliferating and, to a lesser extent, lineage-committed RESTTG cells compared with wild-type proliferating CGNPs. Lineage-committed RESTTG cells also had decreased GLI1 activity and increased histone H3K9 methylation at the Ptch1 locus, which correlated with premature silencing of Ptch1 These cells also had decreased expression of Pten, which encodes a negative regulator of the kinase AKT. Expression of PTCH1 and GLI1 were less, and ARRB1 was somewhat greater, in patient SHH-β than SHH-α MBs, whereas that of PTEN was similarly lower in both subtypes than in others. Inhibition of histone modifiers or AKT reduced proliferation and induced apoptosis, respectively, in cultured REST-high MB cells. Our findings linking REST to differentiation-specific chromatin remodeling, PTCH1 silencing, and AKT activation in MB tissues reveal potential subgroup-specific therapeutic targets for MB patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara H W Dobson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rong-Hua Tao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Shinji Maegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shavali Shaik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Javiera Bravo-Alegria
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bridget Kennis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yanwen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Keri Callegari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amanda R Haltom
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pete Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mari Kogiso
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lin Qi
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Soumen Khatua
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stewart Goldman
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rishi R Lulla
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jason Fangusaro
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Department of Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Veena Rajaram
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. .,Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Brain Tumor Center, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Center for Cancer Epigenetics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center-University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Neuroendocrine Key Regulator Gene Expression in Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Neoplasia 2018; 20:1227-1235. [PMID: 30414538 PMCID: PMC6226622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive non-melanoma skin cancer of the elderly which is associated with the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). MCC reveals a trilinear differentiation characterized by neuroendocrine, epithelial and pre/pro B-cell lymphocytic gene expression disguising the cellular origin of MCC. Here we investigated the expression of the neuroendocrine key regulators RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST), neurogenic differentiation 1 (NeuroD1) and the Achaete-scute homolog 1 (ASCL1) in MCC. All MCCs were devoid of REST and were positive for NeuroD1 expression. Only one MCC tissue revealed focal ASCL1 expression. This was confirmed in MCPyV-positive MCC cell lines. Of interest, MCPyV-negative cell lines did express REST. The introduction of REST expression in REST-negative, MCPyV-positive MCC cells downregulated the neuroendocrine gene expression. The lack of the neuroendocrine master regulator ASCL1 in almost all tested MCCs points to an important role of the absence of the negative regulator REST towards the MCC neuroendocrine phenotype. This is underlined by the expression of the REST-regulated microRNAs miR-9/9* in REST-negative MCC cell lines. These data might provide the basis for the understanding of neuroendocrine gene expression profile which is expected to help to elucidate the cellular origin of MCC.
Collapse
|
20
|
Callegari K, Maegawa S, Bravo-Alegria J, Gopalakrishnan V. Pharmacological inhibition of LSD1 activity blocks REST-dependent medulloblastoma cell migration. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:60. [PMID: 30227871 PMCID: PMC6145331 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Current problems in the clinic include metastasis, recurrence, and treatment-related sequelae that highlight the need for targeted therapies. Epigenetic perturbations are an established hallmark of human MB and expression of Lysine Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) is elevated in MBs compared to normal tissue, suggesting that LSD1 inhibitors may have efficacy against human MB tumors. METHODS Expression of LSD1 was examined across a publicly-available database and correlated with patient outcomes. Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) MB samples were clustered based on expression of LSD1 and LSD1-associated RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) target genes as well as genes involved in metastasis. Resulting clusters were examined for patient outcomes associated with LSD1 and REST expression. Human SHH MB cell lines were transduced with a REST-transgene to create isogenic cell pairs. In vitro viability and cell migration assays were used to examine the effect of LSD1 knockdown or inhibition on these parameters. RESULTS We demonstrate that subsets of SHH MB tumors have elevated LSD1 expression coincident with increased expression of its deubiquitylase, USP7, and REST. Patients with co-elevation of USP7, REST, and LSD1 have poorer outcomes compared to those with lower expression of these genes. In SHH MB cell lines, REST elevation increased cell growth and LSD1 protein levels. Surprisingly, while genetic loss of LSD1 reduced cell viability, pharmacological targeting of its activity using LSD1 inhibitors did not affect cell viability. However, a reduction in REST-dependent cell migration was seen in wound healing, suggesting that REST-LSD1 interaction regulates cell migration. Ingenuity pathway analyses validated these findings and identified Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 alpha (HIF1A) as a potential target. In line with this, ectopic expression of HIF1A rescued the loss of migration seen following LSD1 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS A subset of SHH patients display increased levels of LSD1 and REST, which is associated with poor outcomes. REST elevation in MB in conjunction with elevated LSD1 promotes MB cell migration. LSD1 inhibition blocks REST-dependent cell migration of MB cells in a HIF1A-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keri Callegari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 853, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Austin, USA
| | - Shinji Maegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 853, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Javiera Bravo-Alegria
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 853, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 853, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Center for Cancer Epigenetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Brain Tumor Center, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Austin, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sertraline, chlorprothixene, and chlorpromazine characteristically interact with the REST-binding site of the corepressor mSin3, showing medulloblastoma cell growth inhibitory activities. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13763. [PMID: 30213984 PMCID: PMC6137095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of repressor-element 1 silencing transcription factor REST/NRSF is related to several neuropathies, including medulloblastoma, glioblastoma, Huntington’s disease, and neuropathic pain. Inhibitors of the interaction between the N-terminal repressor domain of REST/NRSF and the PAH1 domain of its corepressor mSin3 may ameliorate such neuropathies. In-silico screening based on the complex structure of REST/NRSF and mSin3 PAH1 yielded 52 active compounds, including approved neuropathic drugs. We investigated their binding affinity to PAH1 by NMR, and their inhibitory activity toward medulloblastoma cell growth. Interestingly, three antidepressant and antipsychotic medicines, sertraline, chlorprothixene, and chlorpromazine, were found to strongly bind to PAH1. Multivariate analysis based on NMR chemical shift changes in PAH1 residues induced by ligand binding was used to identify compound characteristics associated with cell growth inhibition. Active compounds showed a new chemo-type for inhibitors of the REST/NRSF-mSin3 interaction, raising the possibility of new therapies for neuropathies caused by dysregulation of REST/NRSF.
Collapse
|
22
|
Huang S, Wa Q, Pan J, Peng X, Ren D, Li Q, Dai Y, Yang Q, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhou W, Yuan D, Cao J, Li Y, He P, Tang Y. Transcriptional downregulation of miR-133b by REST promotes prostate cancer metastasis to bone via activating TGF-β signaling. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:779. [PMID: 30006541 PMCID: PMC6045651 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High avidity of bone metastasis is an important characteristic in prostate cancer (PCa). Downexpression of miR-133b has been reported to be implicated in the development, progression and recurrence in PCa. However, clinical significance and biological roles of miR-133b in bone metastasis of PCa remain unclear. Here we report that miR-133b is downregulated in PCa tissues and further decreased in bone metastatic PCa tissues. Downexpression of miR-133b positively correlates with advanced clinicopathological characteristics and shorter bone metastasis-free survival in PCa patients. Upregulating miR-133b inhibits invasion, migration in vitro and bone metastasis in vivo in PCa cells. Mechanistically, we find that miR-133b suppresses activity of TGF-β signaling via directly targeting TGF-β receptor I and II, which further inhibits bone metastasis of PCa cells. Our results further reveal that overexpression of REST contributes to miR-133b downexpression via transcriptional repression in PCa tissues. Importantly, silencing miR-133b enhances invasion and migration abilities in vitro and bone metastasis ability in vivo in REST-silenced PCa cells. The clinical correlation of miR-133b with TGFBRI, TGFBRII, REST and TGF-β signaling activity is verified in PCa tissues. Therefore, our results uncover a novel mechanism of miR-133b downexpression that REST transcriptionally inhibits miR-133b expression in PCa cells, and meanwhile support the notion that administration of miR-133b may serve as a rational regimen in the treatment of PCa bone metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingde Wa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical college, 563003, Zunyi, China
| | - Jincheng Pan
- Department of Urology Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiji Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhu Dai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, 529030, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, 529030, China
| | - Dan Yuan
- Department of Urology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, 529030, China
| | - Jiazheng Cao
- Department of Urology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, 529030, China
| | - Yuming Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, 529030, China
| | - Peiheng He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yubo Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yu Y, Li S, Zhang H, Zhang X, Guo D, Zhang J. NRSF/REST levels are decreased in cholangiocellular carcinoma but not hepatocellular carcinoma compared with normal liver tissues: A tissue microarray study. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6592-6598. [PMID: 29725406 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF), also termed repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST), has been previously demonstrated to repress the expression of neuronal genes in non-neuronal cells, facilitating the controlled development and organization of nerve tissue. However, previous studies have reported NRSF/REST to be upregulated or downregulated in multiple types of carcinoma. Liver diseases are a major global health concern, with cirrhosis and liver carcinoma among the most common causes of mortality worldwide. A previous study demonstrated that there were >400 NRSF/REST target genes in mouse liver cells; however, the expression profile of NRSF/REST in human liver disease remains unclear. The present study examined NRSF/REST expression in human normal and liver carcinoma samples using tissue microarray immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated that in normal liver tissues, NRSF/REST can be detected in the cytoplasm and nuclei of the cell; whereas in the liver carcinoma tissue, NRSF/REST is only detected in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, the number of samples with high levels of NRSF/REST was significantly lower in cholangiocellular carcinoma samples compared with normal tissues. Additionally, no detectable sex- or age-associated differences were identified in NRSF/REST expression among all the tissues examined. In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed nuclear loss of NRSF/REST in hepatic carcinomas and decreased expression of NRSF/REST in cholangiocellular carcinoma, indicating that the cytoplasmic translocation of NRSF/REST may be involved in liver tumorigenesis. A low expression level of NRSF/REST may be a novel biomarker for cholangiocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xuqing Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Deyu Guo
- Department of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Jiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shaik S, Kennis B, Maegawa S, Schadler K, Yanwen Y, Callegari K, Lulla RR, Goldman S, Nazarian J, Rajaram V, Fangusaro J, Gopalakrishnan V. REST upregulates gremlin to modulate diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma vasculature. Oncotarget 2018; 9:5233-5250. [PMID: 29435175 PMCID: PMC5797046 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a highly aggressive glial tumor that occurs in children. The extremely poor median and 5-year survival in children afflicted with DIPG highlights the need for novel biology-driven therapeutics. Here, we have implicated the chromatin remodeler and regulator of brain development called RE1 Silencing Transcription Factor (REST), in DIPG pathology. We show that REST protein is aberrantly elevated in at least 21% of DIPG tumors compared to normal controls. Its knockdown in DIPG cell lines diminished cell growth and decreased their tumorigenicity in mouse intracranial models. DIPGs are vascularized tumors and interestingly, REST loss in DIPG cells also caused a substantial decline in tumor vasculature as measured by a decrease in CD31 and VEGFR2 staining. These observations were validated in vitro, where a significant decline in tube formation by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was seen following REST-loss in DIPG cells. Mechanistically, REST controlled the secretion of a pro-angiogenic molecule and ligand for VEGFR2 called Gremlin-1 (GREM-1), and was associated with enhanced AKT activation. Importantly, the decline in tube formation caused by REST loss could be rescued by addition of recombinant GREM-1, which also caused AKT activation in HUVECs and human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). In summary, our study is the first to demonstrate autocrine and paracrine functions for REST in DIPG development. It also provides the foundation for future investigations on anti-angiogenic therapies targeting GREM-1 in combination with drugs that target REST-associated chromatin remodeling activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shavali Shaik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bridget Kennis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shinji Maegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Keri Schadler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Yanwen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Keri Callegari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rishi R. Lulla
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stewart Goldman
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Javad Nazarian
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Veena Rajaram
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jason Fangusaro
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li C, Wang Z, Tang X, Zeng L, Fan X, Li Z. Molecular mechanisms and potential prognostic effects of REST and REST4 in glioma (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3707-3712. [PMID: 29067465 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma refers to a tumor of the brain and central nervous system, which is characterized by high incidence, high mortality and high recurrence rate. Although the association between glioma and the repressor element silencing transcription factor (REST) has been reported by numerous studies, the complicated regulatory mechanisms underlying REST remain unknown. REST is a transcriptional repressor that undergoes alternative splicing to produce splicing variants when transcribed. Previous studies have demonstrated that alternative splicing may serve a role in the outcome of glioma. The present review discussed the mutual relationship among REST, REST4 and glioma. It was concluded that increased REST expression in glioma may be associated with poor prognosis; and REST4, an AS variant of REST, also functions to regulate glioma by suppressing REST. In addition, the present review discussed the regulation of REST and its target genes in glioma, and identified factors that induce REST alternative splicing, particularly in glioma. These findings suggest that REST may be considered a prognostic factor, which can be predictive of patient outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuilin Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhifei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Liu Zeng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xitang Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
REST is a crucial regulator for acquiring EMT-like and stemness phenotypes in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42795. [PMID: 28256535 PMCID: PMC5335619 DOI: 10.1038/srep42795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistance prostate cancer (CRPC), also known as hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC), requires immediate attention since it is not only resistant to androgen ablation, chemo- and radiotherapy, but also highly metastatic. Increasing evidence suggests that enrichment of neuroendocrine (NE) cells is associated with CRPC. Here, combined RNA-seq and ChIP-seq analysis reveals that REST is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness acquisition in NE differentiated prostate cancer (PCa) cells via direct transcriptional repression of Twist1 and CD44. Specifically we show that short-term knockdown of REST induces NE differentiation of LNCaP cells. Long-term REST knockdown enhanced the expression of Twist1 and CD44, cell migration and sphere formation. Overexpression of REST in hormone-refractory CWR22Rv1 PCa cells significantly reduces Twist1 and CD44 expression, cell migration and sphere formation. Collectively, our study uncovers REST in regulating EMT and stemness properties of NE PCa cells and suggests that REST is a potential therapeutic target for CRPC.
Collapse
|
27
|
Aksoy I, Marcy G, Chen J, Divakar U, Kumar V, John-Sanchez D, Rahmani M, Buckley NJ, Stanton LW. A Role for RE-1-Silencing Transcription Factor in Embryonic Stem Cells Cardiac Lineage Specification. Stem Cells 2016; 34:860-72. [PMID: 26864965 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During development, lineage specification is controlled by several signaling pathways involving various transcription factors (TFs). Here, we studied the RE-1-silencing transcription factor (REST) and identified an important role of this TF in cardiac differentiation. Using mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to model development, we found that REST knockout cells lost the ability to differentiate into the cardiac lineage. Detailed analysis of specific lineage markers expression showed selective downregulation of endoderm markers in REST-null cells, thus contributing to a loss of cardiogenic signals. REST regulates cardiac differentiation of ESCs by negatively regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and positively regulating the cardiogenic TF Gata4. We propose here a new role for REST in cell fate specification besides its well-known repressive role of neuronal differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Aksoy
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U1208, 69500 Bron, France.,University of Lyon, University of Lyon I, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Marcy
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U1208, 69500 Bron, France.,University of Lyon, University of Lyon I, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Jiaxuan Chen
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ushashree Divakar
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vibhor Kumar
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel John-Sanchez
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mehran Rahmani
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Noel J Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Lawrence W Stanton
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Brain REST/NRSF Is Not Only a Silent Repressor but Also an Active Protector. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:541-550. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9658-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
29
|
Schiffer D, Caldera V, Mellai M, Conforti P, Cattaneo E, Zuccato C. Repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) is present in human control and Huntington's disease neurones. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 40:899-910. [PMID: 24634989 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor/neurone-restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF) is a master regulator of neuronal gene expression. REST/NRSF functions by recruiting other cofactors to genomic loci that contain the repressor element 1/neurone restrictive silencer element (RE1/NRSE) binding motif. In brain, demonstration of REST protein presence in neurones has remained controversial. However, RE1/NRSE containing neuronal genes are actively modulated and REST dysregulation is implicated in Huntington's disease (HD). We aimed to investigate REST distribution in autopsy brain from control and HD patients. METHODS Brain tissues from six controls and six HD cases (Vonsattel grade 3 and 4) were investigated using immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS REST was present in neurones and glial cells of the cortex, caudate nucleus, hippocampus and cerebellum. REST labelling was mainly cytoplasmic in neurones while preferential nuclear staining of REST was found in glial cells. We also found that REST and huntingtin (HTT) colocalize in human neurones. Low levels of cytoplasmic REST were detected in neurones of the HD cortex and caudate but no direct relationship between decreased neuronal REST expression and disease grade was observed. CONCLUSIONS These data support the notion of REST presence in human brain neurones and glial cells and indicate the importance of developing compounds able to restore REST-regulated transcription of neuronal genes in HD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Schiffer
- Neuro-Bio-Oncology Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Vercelli; Consorzio per le Neuroscienze, University of Pavia, Pavia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Vriend J, Ghavami S, Marzban H. The role of the ubiquitin proteasome system in cerebellar development and medulloblastoma. Mol Brain 2015; 8:64. [PMID: 26475605 PMCID: PMC4609148 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0155-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar granule cells precursors are derived from the upper rhombic lip and migrate tangentially independent of glia along the subpial stream pathway to form the external germinal zone. Postnatally, granule cells migrate from the external germinal zone radially through the Purkinje cell layer, guided by Bergmann glia fibers, to the internal granular cell layer. Medulloblastomas (MBs) are the most common malignant childhood brain tumor. Many of these tumors develop from precursor cells of the embryonic rhombic lips. Four main groups of MB are recognized. The WNT group of MBs arise primarily from the lower rhombic lip and embryonic brainstem. The SHH group of MBs originate from cerebellar granule cell precursors in the external germinal zone of the embryonic cerebellum. The cellular origins of type 3 and type 4 MBs are not clear. Several ubiquitin ligases are revealed to be significant factors in development of the cerebellum as well as in the initiation and maintenance of MBs. Proteasome dysfunction at a critical stage of development may be a major factor in determining whether progenitor cells which are destined to become granule cells differentiate normally or become MB cells. We propose the hypothesis that proteasomal activity is essential to regulate the critical transition between proliferating granule cells and differentiated granule cells and that proteasome dysfunction may lead to MB. Proteasome dysfunction could also account for various mutations in MBs resulting from deficiencies in DNA checkpoint and repair mechanisms prior to development of MBs. Data showing a role for the ubiquitin ligases β-TrCP, FBW7, Huwe1, and SKP2 in MBs suggest the possibility of a classification of MBs based on the expression (over expression or under expression) of specific ubiquitin ligases which function as oncogenes, tumor suppressors or cell cycle regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Vriend
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. .,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nesti E. Harnessing the master transcriptional repressor REST to reciprocally regulate neurogenesis. NEUROGENESIS 2015; 2:e1055419. [PMID: 27535341 PMCID: PMC4973598 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2015.1055419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis begins in embryonic development and continues at a reduced rate into adulthood in vertebrate species, yet the signaling cascades regulating this process remain poorly understood. Plasma membrane-initiated signaling cascades regulate neurogenesis via downstream pathways including components of the transcriptional machinery. A nuclear factor that temporally regulates neurogenesis by repressing neuronal differentiation is the repressor element 1 (RE1) silencing transcription (REST) factor. We have recently discovered a regulatory site on REST that serves as a molecular switch for neuronal differentiation. Specifically, C-terminal domain small phosphatase 1, CTDSP1, present in non-neuronal cells, maintains REST activity by dephosphorylating this site. Reciprocally, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, ERK, activated by growth factor signaling in neural progenitors, and peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase Pin1, decrease REST activity through phosphorylation-dependent degradation. Our findings further resolve the mechanism for temporal regulation of REST and terminal neuronal differentiation. They also provide new potential therapeutic targets to enhance neuronal regeneration after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Nesti
- Alcamena Stem Cell Therapeutics, LLC ; Beltsville, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cho E, Moon SM, Park BR, Kim DK, Lee BK, Kim CS. NRSF/REST regulates the mTOR signaling pathway in oral cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:1459-64. [PMID: 25524378 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuron-restrictive silencer factor/repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (NRSF/REST) was originally discovered as a transcriptional repressor of neuronal genes in non-neuronal cells. However, it was recently reported to be abundantly expressed in several types of aggressive cancer cells, as well as in mature neurons. In the present study, the role of NRSF/REST in the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) KB cell line was evaluated. NRSF/REST was expressed at a higher level in KB cells when compared with that in normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOKs). Knockdown of NRSF/REST by siRNA reduced cell viability only in KB cells in a time-dependent manner, and this effect was due to the activation of apoptosis components and DNA fragmentation. In addition, knockdown of NRSF/REST disrupted the mTOR signaling pathway which is a key survival factor in many types of cancer cells. For example, the phosphorylation of elF4G, elF4E and 4E-BP1 was significantly reduced in the KΒ cells upon NRSF/REST knockdown. These results imply that NRSF/REST plays an important role in the survival of oral cancer cells by regulating the mTOR signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Cho
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Moon
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ram Park
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyung Kim
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kwon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Chun Sung Kim
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
NRSF: an Angel or a Devil in Neurogenesis and Neurological Diseases. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 56:131-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
34
|
Orta-Salazar E, Aguilar-Vázquez A, Martínez-Coria H, Luquín-De Anda S, Rivera-Cervantes M, Beas-Zarate C, Feria-Velasco A, Díaz-Cintra S. REST/NRSF-induced changes of ChAT protein expression in the neocortex and hippocampus of the 3xTg-AD mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2014; 116:83-9. [PMID: 25261598 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The cholinergic system is one of the neurotransmitter systems altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of human dementia. The objective of this work was to determine the REST/NRSF involvement in altered ChAT expression in the neocortex and hippocampus of an AD transgenic mouse (homozygous 3xTg-AD) that over-expresses 3 proteins, amyloid-β precursor protein, presenilin-1, and tau, all of which are associated with AD and cause cellular degeneration. MAIN METHODS Two groups (WT and 3xTg-AD) of 11-month-old female mice were analyzed and compared. Half of the brains of each group were used for ChAT immunohistochemistry, and Western Blot analyses of ChAT and REST/NRSF were performed on the other half. KEY FINDINGS We observed significant decreases in the number of ChAT-immunoreactive cells in the Meynert nucleus and of fibers in the frontal motor cortex and hippocampal CA1 area in transgenic mice compared with control mice. An increased level of REST/NRSF protein and a reduction of ChAT protein expression in the 3xTg-AD mice compared with their controls were also found in both in the latter two cerebral regions. SIGNIFICANCE The increased REST/NRSF expression reported here and its effect on the regulatory region for ChAT transcription could explain the decreased expression of ChAT in the 3xTg-AD mouse; these findings may be associated with the degeneration observed in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Orta-Salazar
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal. CP 45110, México; University of CA, Irvine Campus, USA
| | - A Aguilar-Vázquez
- Instituto de Neurobiología (INB), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla Qro, CP 76230, México
| | | | - S Luquín-De Anda
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jal. CP 44340, México
| | - M Rivera-Cervantes
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal. CP 45110, México
| | - C Beas-Zarate
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal. CP 45110, México
| | - A Feria-Velasco
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal. CP 45110, México
| | - S Díaz-Cintra
- Instituto de Neurobiología (INB), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla Qro, CP 76230, México.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Das A, Chai JC, Jung KH, Das ND, Kang SC, Lee YS, Seo H, Chai YG. JMJD2A attenuation affects cell cycle and tumourigenic inflammatory gene regulation in lipopolysaccharide stimulated neuroectodermal stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2014; 328:361-78. [PMID: 25193078 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
JMJD2A is a lysine trimethyl-specific histone demethylase that is highly expressed in a variety of tumours. The role of JMJD2A in tumour progression remains unclear. The objectives of this study were to identify JMJD2A-regulated genes and understand the function of JMJD2A in p53-null neuroectodermal stem cells (p53(-/-) NE-4Cs). We determined the effect of LPS as a model of inflammation in p53(-/-) NE-4Cs and investigated whether the epigenetic modifier JMJD2A alter the expression of tumourigenic inflammatory genes. Global gene expression was measured in JMJD2A knockdown (kd) p53(-/-) NE-4Cs and in LPS-stimulated JMJD2A-kd p53(-/-) NE-4C cells. JMJD2A attenuation significantly down-regulated genes were Cdca2, Ccnd2, Ccnd1, Crebbp, IL6rα, and Stat3 related with cell cycle, proliferation, and inflammatory-disease responses. Importantly, some tumour-suppressor genes including Dapk3, Timp2 and TFPI were significantly up-regulated but were not affected by silencing of the JMJD2B. Furthermore, we confirmed the attenuation of JMJD2A also down-regulated Cdca2, Ccnd2, Crebbp, and Rest in primary NSCs isolated from the forebrains of E15 embryos of C57/BL6J mice with effective p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α (PFT-α). Transcription factor (TF) motif analysis revealed known binding patterns for CDC5, MYC, and CREB, as well as three novel motifs in JMJD2A-regulated genes. IPA established molecular networks. The molecular network signatures and functional gene-expression profiling data from this study warrants further investigation as an effective therapeutic target, and studies to elucidate the molecular mechanism of JMJD2A-kd-dependent effects in neuroectodermal stem cells should be performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amitabh Das
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Choul Chai
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Ansan 426-791, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung Hwa Jung
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Ansan 426-791, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nando Dulal Das
- Clinical Research Centre, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-711, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Chul Kang
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Ansan 426-791, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Seek Lee
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Ansan 426-791, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyemyung Seo
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Ansan 426-791, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Gyu Chai
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular & Life Science, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Ansan 426-791, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liang J, Tong P, Zhao W, Li Y, Zhang L, Xia Y, Yu Y. The REST gene signature predicts drug sensitivity in neuroblastoma cell lines and is significantly associated with neuroblastoma tumor stage. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:11220-33. [PMID: 24968265 PMCID: PMC4139778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150711220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common and deadly solid tumor in children, and there is currently no effective treatment available for neuroblastoma patients. The repressor element-1 silencing transcription (REST) factor has been found to play important roles in the regulation of neural differentiation and tumorigenesis. Recently, a REST signature consisting of downstream targets of REST has been reported to have clinical relevance in both breast cancer and glioblastoma. However it remains unclear how the REST signature works in neuroblastoma. Publicly available datasets were mined and bioinformatic approaches were used to investigate the utility of the REST signature in neuroblastoma with both preclinical and real patient data. The REST signature was found to be associated with drug sensitivity in neuroblastoma cell lines. Further, neuroblastoma patients with enhanced REST activity are significantly associated with higher clinical stages. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 11q23, which occurs in a large subset of high-risk neuroblastomas, tends to be correlated with high REST activity, with marginal significance. In conclusion, the REST signature has important implications for targeted therapy, and it is a prognostic factor in neuroblastoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Pan Tong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Wanni Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan 250013, China.
| | - Yaqiao Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Ying Xia
- The Vivan L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Yanbing Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Terry S, Beltran H. The many faces of neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer progression. Front Oncol 2014; 4:60. [PMID: 24724054 PMCID: PMC3971158 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In normal prostate, neuroendocrine (NE) cells are rare and interspersed among the epithelium. These cells are believed to provide trophic signals to epithelial cell populations through the secretion of an abundance of neuropeptides that can diffuse to influence surrounding cells. In the setting of prostate cancer (PC), NE cells can also stimulate surrounding prostate adenocarcinoma cell growth, but in some cases adenocarcinoma cells themselves acquire NE characteristics. This epithelial plasticity is associated with decreased androgen receptor (AR) signaling and the accumulation of neuronal and stem cell characteristics. Transformation to an NE phenotype is one proposed mechanism of resistance to contemporary AR-targeted treatments, is associated with poor prognosis, and thought to represent up to 25% of lethal PCs. Importantly, the advent of high-throughput technologies has started to provide clues for understanding the complex molecular profiles of tumors exhibiting NE differentiation. Here, we discuss these recent advances, the multifaceted manner by which an NE-like state may arise during the different stages of disease progression, and the potential benefit of this knowledge for the management of patients with advanced PC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Terry
- U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM , Créteil , France ; UMR 3244, Institut Curie , Paris , France
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chromatin-modifying agents for epigenetic reprogramming and endogenous neural stem cell-mediated repair in stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 2:7-16. [PMID: 24014083 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-010-0051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The recent explosion of interest in epigenetics and chromatin biology has made a significant impact on our understanding of the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia and led to the identification of new treatment strategies for stroke, such as those that employ histone deacetylase inhibitors. These are key advances; however, the rapid pace of discovery in chromatin biology and innovation in the development of chromatin-modifying agents implies there are emerging classes of drugs that may also have potential benefits in stroke. Herein, we discuss how various chromatin regulatory factors and their recently identified inhibitors may serve as drug targets and therapeutic agents for stroke, respectively. These factors primarily include members of the repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST)/neuron-restrictive silencer factor macromolecular complex, polycomb group (PcG) proteins, and associated chromatin remodeling factors, which have been linked to the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. Further, we suggest that, because of the key roles played by REST, PcG proteins and other chromatin remodeling factors in neural stem and progenitor cell (NSPC) biology, chromatin-modifying agents can be utilized not only to mitigate ischemic injury directly but also potentially to promote endogenous NSPC-mediated brain repair mechanisms.
Collapse
|
39
|
Tivnan A, Zhao J, Johns TG, Day BW, Stringer BW, Boyd AW, Tiwari S, Giles KM, Teo C, McDonald KL. The tumor suppressor microRNA, miR-124a, is regulated by epigenetic silencing and by the transcriptional factor, REST in glioblastoma. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1459-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
|
40
|
Sankar S, Gomez NC, Bell R, Patel M, Davis IJ, Lessnick SL, Luo W. EWS and RE1-Silencing Transcription Factor Inhibit Neuronal Phenotype Development and Oncogenic Transformation in Ewing Sarcoma. Genes Cancer 2013; 4:213-23. [PMID: 24069508 DOI: 10.1177/1947601913489569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding EWS (EWSR1) is involved in various chromosomal translocations that cause the production of oncoproteins responsible for multiple cancers including Ewing sarcoma, myxoid liposarcoma, soft tissue clear cell sarcoma, and desmoplastic small round cell sarcoma. It is well known that EWS fuses to FLI to create EWS/FLI, which is the abnormal transcription factor that drives tumor development in Ewing sarcoma. However, the role of wild-type EWS in Ewing sarcoma pathogenesis remains unclear. In the current study, we identified EWS-regulated genes and cellular processes through RNA interference combined with RNA sequencing and functional annotation analyses. Interestingly, we found that EWS and EWS/FLI co-regulate a significant cluster of genes, indicating an interplay between the 2 proteins in regulating cellular functions. We found that among the EWS-down-regulated genes are a subset of neuronal genes that contain binding sites for the RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST or neuron-restrictive silencer factor [NRSF]), neuron-restrictive silencer element (NRSE), suggesting a cooperative interaction between REST and EWS in gene regulation. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that EWS interacts directly with REST. Genome-wide binding analysis showed that EWS binds chromatin at or near NRSE. Furthermore, functional studies revealed that both EWS and REST inhibit neuronal phenotype development and oncogenic transformation in Ewing sarcoma cells. Our data implicate an important role of EWS in the development of Ewing sarcoma phenotype and highlight a potential value in modulating EWS function in the treatment of Ewing sarcoma and other EWS translocation-based cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savita Sankar
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Conforti P, Zuccato C, Gaudenzi G, Ieraci A, Camnasio S, Buckley NJ, Mutti C, Cotelli F, Contini A, Cattaneo E. Binding of the repressor complex REST-mSIN3b by small molecules restores neuronal gene transcription in Huntington's disease models. J Neurochem 2013; 127:22-35. [PMID: 23800350 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional dysregulation is a hallmark of Huntington's disease (HD) and one cause of this dysregulation is enhanced activity of the REST-mSIN3a-mSIN3b-CoREST-HDAC repressor complex, which silences transcription through REST binding to the RE1/NRSE silencer. Normally, huntingtin (HTT) prevents this binding, allowing expressing of REST target genes. Here, we aimed to identify HTT mimetics that disrupt REST complex formation in HD. From a structure-based virtual screening of 7 million molecules, we selected 94 compounds predicted to interfere with REST complex formation by targeting the PAH1 domain of mSIN3b. Primary screening using DiaNRSELuc8 cells revealed two classes of compounds causing a greater than two-fold increase in luciferase. In particular, quinolone-like compound 91 (C91) at a non-toxic nanomolar concentration reduced mSIN3b nuclear entry and occupancy at the RE1/NRSE within the Bdnf locus, and restored brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in HD cells. The mRNA levels of other RE1/NRSE-regulated genes were similarly increased while non-REST-regulated genes were unaffected. C91 stimulated REST-regulated gene expression in HTT-knockdown Zebrafish and increased BDNF mRNA in the presence of mutant HTT. Thus, a combination of virtual screening and biological approaches can lead to compounds reducing REST complex formation, which may be useful in HD and in other pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Conforti
- Department of BioSciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; Center for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Faronato M, Patel V, Darling S, Dearden L, Clague MJ, Urbé S, Coulson JM. The deubiquitylase USP15 stabilizes newly synthesized REST and rescues its expression at mitotic exit. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1964-77. [PMID: 23708518 PMCID: PMC3735711 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible ubiquitylation of proteins contributes to their integrity, abundance and activity. The RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) plays key physiological roles and is dysregulated in a spectrum of disease. It is rapidly turned over and is phosphorylated, polyubiquitylated and degraded en masse during neuronal differentiation and cell cycle progression. Through siRNA screening we identified the deubiquitylase USP15 as a key regulator of cellular REST. Both antagonism of REST polyubiquitylation and rescue of endogenous REST levels are dependent on the deubiquitylase activity of USP15. However, USP15 depletion does not destabilize pre-existing REST, but rather specifically impairs de novo REST synthesis. Indeed, we find that a small fraction of endogenous USP15 is associated with polysomes. In accordance with these findings, USP15 does not antagonize the degradation of phosphorylated REST at mitosis. Instead it is required for the rapid accumulation of newly synthesized REST on mitotic exit, thus playing a key role in its cell cycle oscillations. Importantly, this study reveals a novel role for a DUB in specifically promoting new protein synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Faronato
- Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chen GL, Miller GM. Extensive alternative splicing of the repressor element silencing transcription factor linked to cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62217. [PMID: 23614038 PMCID: PMC3628349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The repressor element silencing transcription factor (REST) is a coordinate transcriptional and epigenetic regulator which functions as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene depending on cellular context, and a truncated splice variant REST4 has been linked to various types of cancer. We performed a comprehensive analysis of alternative splicing (AS) of REST by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and PCR amplification of cDNAs from various tissues and cell lines with specific primers. We identified 8 novel alternative exons including an alternate last exon which doubles the REST gene boundary, along with numerous 5'/3' splice sites and ends in the constitutive exons. With the combination of various splicing patterns (e.g. exon skipping and alternative usage of the first and last exons) that are predictive of altered REST activity, at least 45 alternatively spliced variants of coding and non-coding mRNA were expressed in a species- and cell-type/tissue-specific manner with individual differences. By examining the repertoire of REST pre-mRNA splicing in 27 patients with kidney, liver and lung cancer, we found that all patients without exception showed differential expression of various REST splice variants between paired tumor and adjacent normal tissues, with striking cell-type/tissue and individual differences. Moreover, we revealed that exon 3 skipping, which causes no frame shift but loss of a domain essential for nuclear translocation, was affected by pioglitazone, a highly selective activator of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) which contributes to cell differentiation and tumorigenesis besides its metabolic actions. Accordingly, this study demonstrates an extensive AS of REST pre-mRNA which redefines REST gene boundary and structure, along with a general but differential link between REST pre-mRNA splicing and various types of cancer. These findings advance our understanding of the complex, context-dependent regulation of REST gene expression and function, and provide potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Lin Chen
- Division of Neuroscience, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Das CM, Taylor P, Gireud M, Singh A, Lee D, Fuller G, Ji L, Fangusaro J, Rajaram V, Goldman S, Eberhart C, Gopalakrishnan V. The deubiquitylase USP37 links REST to the control of p27 stability and cell proliferation. Oncogene 2013; 32:1691-701. [PMID: 22665064 PMCID: PMC3435483 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST) is a repressor of neuronal differentiation and its elevated expression in neural cells blocks neuronal differentiation. In this study, we demonstrate a role for REST in the control of proliferation of medulloblastoma cells. REST expression decreased the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)NIB/p27, a CDK inhibitor and a brake of cell proliferation in these cells. The reciprocal relationship between REST and p27 was validated in human tumor samples. REST knockdown in medulloblastoma cells derepessed a novel REST target gene encoding the deubiquitylase ubiquitin (Ub)-specific peptidase 37 (USP37). Ectopically expressed wild-type USP37 formed a complex with p27, promoted its deubiquitination and stabilization and blocked cell proliferation. Knockdown of REST and USP37 prevented p27 stabilization and blocked the diminution in proliferative potential that normally accompanied REST loss. Unexpectedly, wild-type USP37 expression also induced the expression of REST-target neuronal differentiation genes even though REST levels were unaffected. In contrast, a mutant of USP37 carrying a site-directed change in a conserved cysteine failed to rescue REST-mediated p27 destabilization, maintenance of cell proliferation and blockade to neuronal differentiation. Consistent with these findings, a significant correlation between USP37 and p27 was observed in patient tumors. Collectively, these findings provide a novel connection between REST and the proteasomal machinery in the control of p27 and cell proliferation in medulloblastoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandra M. Das
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pete Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Monica Gireud
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Akanksha Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dean Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Greg Fuller
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lingyun Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason Fangusaro
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Veena Rajaram
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Stewart Goldman
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Charles Eberhart
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Centers for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Program in Neuroscience, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Negrini S, Prada I, D'Alessandro R, Meldolesi J. REST: an oncogene or a tumor suppressor? Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:289-95. [PMID: 23414932 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Repressor Element-1 (RE-1) Silencing Transcription (REST) factor, which is highly expressed in stem cells and non-neural cells, with low expression in neurons and other neural cells, orchestrates neural differentiation and preserves the unique neural phenotype. REST also plays a role in proliferation, although its effect differs depending on the cell type. It acts as an oncogene in neural cells and tumors (medulloblastomas, neuroblastomas, glioblastomas) and as a tumor suppressor in carcinomas of the lung, breast, and colon. The mechanisms underlying this duality have started to emerge recently and new therapeutic approaches based on these findings are being developed. Here, we present the mechanisms proposed to account for the oncogenic and antioncogenic roles of REST and discuss the therapeutic perspective of recent advances, particularly for small-cell lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Negrini
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Swartling FJ, Bolin S, Phillips JJ, Persson AI. Signals that regulate the oncogenic fate of neural stem cells and progenitors. Exp Neurol 2013; 260:56-68. [PMID: 23376224 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors have frequently been associated with a neural stem cell (NSC) origin and contain stem-like tumor cells, so-called brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) that share many features with normal NSCs. A stem cell state of BTSCs confers resistance to radiotherapy and treatment with alkylating agents. It is also a hallmark of aggressive brain tumors and is maintained by transcriptional networks that are also active in embryonic stem cells. Advances in reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have further identified genes that drive stemness. In this review, we will highlight the possible drivers of stemness in medulloblastoma and glioma, the most frequent types of primary malignant brain cancer in children and adults, respectively. Signals that drive expansion of developmentally defined neural precursor cells are also active in corresponding brain tumors. Transcriptomal subgroups of human medulloblastoma and glioma match features of NSCs but also more restricted progenitors. Lessons from genetically-engineered mouse (GEM) models show that temporally and regionally defined NSCs can give rise to distinct subgroups of medulloblastoma and glioma. We will further discuss how acquisition of stem cell features may drive brain tumorigenesis from a non-NSC origin. Genetic alterations, signaling pathways, and therapy-induced changes in the tumor microenvironment can drive reprogramming networks and induce stemness in brain tumors. Finally, we propose a model where dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) that normally provide barriers against reprogramming plays an integral role in promoting stemness in brain tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik J Swartling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Bolin
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Department of Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Anders I Persson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Department of Neurology, Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
A REST derived gene signature stratifies glioblastomas into chemotherapy resistant and responsive disease. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:686. [PMID: 23216891 PMCID: PMC3545737 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastomas are the most common central nervous system neoplasia in adults, with 9,000 cases in the US annually. Glioblastoma multiformae, the most aggressive glioma subtype, has an 18% one-year survival rate, and 3% two year survival rate. Recent work has highlighted the role of the transcription factor RE1 Silencing Transcription Factor, REST in glioblastoma but how REST function correlates with disease outcome has not been described. Method Using a bioinformatic approach and mining of publicly available microarray datasets, we describe an aggressive subtype of gliomas defined by a gene signature derived from REST. Using this REST gene signature we predict that REST function is enhanced in advanced glioblastoma. We compare disease outcomes between tumors based on REST status and treatment regimen, and describe downstream targets of REST that may contribute to the decreased benefits observed with high dose chemotherapy in REM tumors. Results We present human data showing that patients with “REST Enhanced Malignancies” (REM) tumors present with a shorter disease free survival compared to non-REM gliomas. Importantly, REM tumors are refractory to multiple rounds of chemotherapy and patients fail to respond to this line of treatment. Conclusions This report is the first to describe a REST gene signature that predicts response to multiple rounds of chemotherapy, the mainline therapy for this disease. The REST gene signature may have important clinical implications for the treatment of glioblastoma.
Collapse
|
48
|
Conforti P, Mas Monteys A, Zuccato C, Buckley NJ, Davidson B, Cattaneo E. In vivo delivery of DN:REST improves transcriptional changes of REST-regulated genes in HD mice. Gene Ther 2012; 20:678-85. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
49
|
Kwon JH, Shin JH, Kim ES, Lee N, Park JY, Koo BS, Hong SM, Park CW, Choi KY. REST-dependent expression of TRF2 renders non-neuronal cancer cells resistant to DNA damage during oxidative stress. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:832-42. [PMID: 22821339 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
REST is a neuronal gene silencing factor ubiquitously expressed in non-neuronal tissues. REST is additionally believed to serve as a tumor suppressor in non-neuronal cancers. Conversely, recent findings on REST-dependent tumorigenesis in non-neuronal cells consistently suggest a potential role of REST as a tumor promoter. Here, we have uncovered for the first time the mechanism by which REST contributes to cancer cell survival in non-neuronal cancers. We observed abundant expression of REST in various types of non-neuronal cancer cells compared to normal tissues. The delicate roles of REST were further evaluated in HCT116 and HeLa, non-neuronal cancer cell lines expressing REST. REST silencing resulted in decreased cell survival and activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) through a decrease in the level of TRF2, a telomere-binding protein. These responses were correlated with reduced colony formation ability and accelerated telomere shortening in cancer cells upon the stable knockdown of REST. Interestingly, REST was down-regulated under oxidative stress conditions via ubiquitin proteasome system, suggesting that sustainability of REST expression is critical to determine cell survival during oxidative stress in a tumor microenvironment. Our results collectively indicate that REST-dependent TRF2 expression renders cancer cells resistant to DNA damage during oxidative stress, and mechanisms to overcome oxidative stress, such as high levels of REST or the stress-resistant REST mutants found in specific human cancers, may account for REST-dependent tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hee Kwon
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kamal MM, Sathyan P, Singh SK, Zinn PO, Marisetty AL, Liang S, Gumin J, El-Mesallamy HO, Suki D, Colman H, Fuller GN, Lang FF, Majumder S. REST regulates oncogenic properties of glioblastoma stem cells. Stem Cells 2012; 30:405-14. [PMID: 22228704 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors are the most common malignant primary brain tumors in adults. Although many GBM tumors are believed to be caused by self-renewing, glioblastoma-derived stem-like cells (GSCs), the mechanisms that regulate self-renewal and other oncogenic properties of GSCs are only now being unraveled. Here we showed that GSCs derived from GBM patient specimens express varying levels of the transcriptional repressor repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor (REST), suggesting heterogeneity across different GSC lines. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments indicated that REST maintains self-renewal of GSCs. High REST-expressing GSCs (HR-GSCs) produced tumors histopathologically distinct from those generated by low REST-expressing GSCs (LR-GSCs) in orthotopic mouse brain tumor models. Knockdown of REST in HR-GSCs resulted in increased survival in GSC-transplanted mice and produced tumors with higher apoptotic and lower invasive properties. Conversely, forced expression of exogenous REST in LR-GSCs produced decreased survival in mice and produced tumors with lower apoptotic and higher invasive properties, similar to HR-GSCs. Thus, based on our results, we propose that a novel function of REST is to maintain self-renewal and other oncogenic properties of GSCs and that REST can play a major role in mediating tumorigenicity in GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Kamal
- Department of Genetics,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|