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Zhang XW, Wu YS, Xu TM, Cui MH. CAR-T Cells in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer: A Promising Cell Therapy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030465. [PMID: 36979400 PMCID: PMC10046142 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is among the most common gynecologic malignancies with a poor prognosis and a high mortality rate. Most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage (stage III or IV), with 5-year survival rates ranging from 25% to 47% worldwide. Surgical resection and first-line chemotherapy are the main treatment modalities for OC. However, patients usually relapse within a few years of initial treatment due to resistance to chemotherapy. Cell-based therapies, particularly adoptive T-cell therapy and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, represent an alternative immunotherapy approach with great potential for hematologic malignancies. However, the use of CAR-T-cell therapy for the treatment of OC is still associated with several difficulties. In this review, we comprehensively discuss recent innovations in CAR-T-cell engineering to improve clinical efficacy, as well as strategies to overcome the limitations of CAR-T-cell therapy in OC.
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2
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Interactions between Platelets and Tumor Microenvironment Components in Ovarian Cancer and Their Implications for Treatment and Clinical Outcomes. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041282. [PMID: 36831623 PMCID: PMC9953912 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets, the primary operatives of hemostasis that contribute to blood coagulation and wound healing after blood vessel injury, are also involved in pathological conditions, including cancer. Malignancy-associated thrombosis is common in ovarian cancer patients and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Platelets extravasate into the tumor microenvironment in ovarian cancer and interact with cancer cells and non-cancerous elements. Ovarian cancer cells also activate platelets. The communication between activated platelets, cancer cells, and the tumor microenvironment is via various platelet membrane proteins or mediators released through degranulation or the secretion of microvesicles from platelets. These interactions trigger signaling cascades in tumors that promote ovarian cancer progression, metastasis, and neoangiogenesis. This review discusses how interactions between platelets, cancer cells, cancer stem cells, stromal cells, and the extracellular matrix in the tumor microenvironment influence ovarian cancer progression. It also presents novel potential therapeutic approaches toward this gynecological cancer.
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Zhang H, Hong Z, Li P, Jiang H, Wu P, Chen J. Identification and Validation of an Immune Evasion Molecular Subgroup of Patients With Colon Cancer for Implications of Immunotherapy. Front Genet 2022; 13:811660. [PMID: 35991554 PMCID: PMC9389216 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.811660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune evasion (IEV) plays a critical role in the development and progression of colon cancer. However, studies to predict the prognosis of colon cancer via IEV-related genes are limited. Therefore, based on the 182 IEV-related genes, we used the univariate and Lasso Cox regression model to construct the IEV-related genes signature (IEVSig) of 16 prognostic IEV-related genes using the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas online databases. We found that IEVSig was an independent prognostic factor, and patients with high IEVSig had higher TNM stage and shorter recurrence-free survival than their counterparts. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and gene set enrichment analyses revealed that patients with high and low IEVSig had significantly different enrichment pathways. Immune cell infiltration analysis showed that nine immune cells obviously increased in the high-IEVSig group, whereas five immune cells increased in the low-IEVSig group. Immunotherapy cohort analysis revealed that patients with high IEVSig had a higher proportion of progressive disease or stable disease after receiving immunotherapy than patients with low IEVSig. Furthermore, patients with low IEVSig had higher tumor mutation load and neoantigen burden, which indicated an improved response to immunotherapy, than patients with high IEVSig. Thus, an IEV-related prognostic signature was established to predict the prognosis of patients with colon cancer and derive a prediction marker to offer insights into therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Zhang
- Endoscopy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Correspondence: Hongbin Zhang,
| | - Zaifa Hong
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Peipei Li
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Xiamen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, China
| | - Han Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinzhong Chen
- Endoscopy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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4
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Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in prostate cancer: A dual function mediator? Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:435-452. [PMID: 35202639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a member of a family of secreted cytokines with vital biological functions in cells. The abnormal expression of TGF-β signaling is a common finding in pathological conditions, particularly cancer. Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of death among men. Several genetic and epigenetic alterations can result in PCa development, and govern its progression. The present review attempts to shed some light on the role of TGF-β signaling in PCa. TGF-β signaling can either stimulate or inhibit proliferation and viability of PCa cells, depending on the context. The metastasis of PCa cells is increased by TGF-β signaling via induction of EMT and MMPs. Furthermore, TGF-β signaling can induce drug resistance of PCa cells, and can lead to immune evasion via reducing the anti-tumor activity of cytotoxic T cells and stimulating regulatory T cells. Upstream mediators such as microRNAs and lncRNAs, can regulate TGF-β signaling in PCa. Furthermore, some pharmacological compounds such as thymoquinone and valproic acid can suppress TGF-β signaling for PCa therapy. TGF-β over-expression is associated with poor prognosis in PCa patients. Furthermore, TGF-β up-regulation before prostatectomy is associated with recurrence of PCa. Overall, current review discusses role of TGF-β signaling in proliferation, metastasis and therapy response of PCa cells and in order to improve knowledge towards its regulation, upstream mediators of TGF-β such as non-coding RNAs are described. Finally, TGF-β regulation and its clinical application are discussed.
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5
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Palano MT, Gallazzi M, Cucchiara M, Dehò F, Capogrosso P, Bruno A, Mortara L. The tumor innate immune microenvironment in prostate cancer: an overview of soluble factors and cellular effectors. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2022; 3:694-718. [PMID: 36338516 PMCID: PMC9630328 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2022.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) accounts as the most common non-cutaneous disease affecting males, and as the first cancer, for incidence, in male. With the introduction of the concept of immunoscore, PCa has been classified as a cold tumor, thus driving the attention in the development of strategies aimed at blocking the infiltration/activation of immunosuppressive cells, while favoring the infiltration/activation of anti-tumor immune cells. Even if immunotherapy has revolutionized the approaches to cancer therapy, there is still a window failure, due to the immune cell plasticity within PCa, that can acquire pro-tumor features, subsequent to the tumor microenvironment (TME) capability to polarize them. This review discussed selected relevant soluble factors [transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, IL-23] and cellular components of the innate immunity, as drivers of tumor progression, immunosuppression, and angiogenesis within the PCa-TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Palano
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Unit of Molecular Pathology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Gallazzi
- Laboratory of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Martina Cucchiara
- Laboratory of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Federico Dehò
- Unit of Urology, ASST-Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Paolo Capogrosso
- Unit of Urology, ASST-Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Antonino Bruno
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Unit of Molecular Pathology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy,Laboratory of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy,Correspondence: Antonino Bruno,
| | - Lorenzo Mortara
- Laboratory of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy,Lorenzo Mortara, . Laboratory of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
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6
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Principe DR, Timbers KE, Atia LG, Koch RM, Rana A. TGFβ Signaling in the Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5086. [PMID: 34680235 PMCID: PMC8533869 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with poor clinical outcomes, largely attributed to incomplete responses to standard therapeutic approaches. Recently, selective inhibitors of the Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway have shown early promise in the treatment of PDAC, particularly as a means of augmenting responses to chemo- and immunotherapies. However, TGFβ is a potent and pleiotropic cytokine with several seemingly paradoxical roles within the pancreatic tumor microenvironment (TME). Although TGFβ signaling can have potent tumor-suppressive effects in epithelial cells, TGFβ signaling also accelerates pancreatic tumorigenesis by enhancing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), fibrosis, and the evasion of the cytotoxic immune surveillance program. Here, we discuss the known roles of TGFβ signaling in pancreatic carcinogenesis, the biologic consequences of the genetic inactivation of select components of the TGFβ pathway, as well as past and present attempts to advance TGFβ inhibitors in the treatment of PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Principe
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (K.E.T.); (L.G.A.); (R.M.K.)
| | - Kaytlin E. Timbers
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (K.E.T.); (L.G.A.); (R.M.K.)
| | - Luke G. Atia
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (K.E.T.); (L.G.A.); (R.M.K.)
| | - Regina M. Koch
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (K.E.T.); (L.G.A.); (R.M.K.)
| | - Ajay Rana
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Hospital, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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7
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Nascimento-Gonçalves E, Seixas F, Ferreira R, Colaço B, Parada B, Oliveira PA. An overview of the latest in state-of-the-art murine models for prostate cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1349-1364. [PMID: 34224283 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1943354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer (PCa) is a complex, heterogenous and multifocal disease, which is debilitating for patients and often fatal - due to bone metastasis and castration-resistant cancer. The use of murine models that mimic human disease has been crucial in the development of innovative therapies and for better understanding the mechanisms associated with initiation and progression of PCa. AREAS COVERED This review presents a critical analysis of murine models for the study of PCa, highlighting their strengths, weaknesses and applications. EXPERT OPINION In animal models, disease may not occur exactly as it does in humans, and sometimes the levels of efficacy that certain treatments obtain in animal models cannot be translated into clinical practice. To choose the most appropriate animal model for each research work, it is crucial to understand the anatomical and physiological differences between the mouse and the human prostate, while it is also important to identify biological similarities and differences between murine and human prostate tumors. Although significant progress has already been made, thanks to many years of research and study, the number of new challenges and obstacles to overcome mean there is a long and difficult road still to travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Nascimento-Gonçalves
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (Laqv-requimte),department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro (UA), Portugal
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (Laqv-requimte),department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro (UA), Portugal
| | - Bruno Colaço
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Zootechnics, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Belmiro Parada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (Icbr), Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Urology and Renal Transplantation Department, Coimbra University Hospital Centre (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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8
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Elbadawy M, Abugomaa A, Yamawaki H, Usui T, Sasaki K. Development of Prostate Cancer Organoid Culture Models in Basic Medicine and Translational Research. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E777. [PMID: 32218271 PMCID: PMC7226333 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most prevalent cancer in men and the second main cause of cancer-related death in Western society. The lack of proper PC models that recapitulate the molecular and genomic landscape of clinical disease has hampered progress toward translational research to understand the disease initiation, progression, and therapeutic responses in each patient. Although several models have been developed, they hardly emulated the complicated PC microenvironment. Precision medicine is an emerging approach predicting appropriate therapies for individual cancer patients by means of various analyses of individual genomic profiling and targeting specific cancer pathways. In PC, precision medicine also has the potential to impose changes in clinical practices. Here, we describe the various PC models with special focus on PC organoids and their values in basic medicine, personalized therapy, and translational researches in vitro and in vivo, which could help to achieve the full transformative power of cancer precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elbadawy
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (M.E.); (A.A.); (K.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Elqaliobiya, Egypt
| | - Amira Abugomaa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (M.E.); (A.A.); (K.S.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Dakahliya, Egypt
| | - Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan;
| | - Tatsuya Usui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (M.E.); (A.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Kazuaki Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (M.E.); (A.A.); (K.S.)
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Xu J, Wang Y, Shi J, Liu J, Li Q, Chen L. Combination therapy: A feasibility strategy for CAR-T cell therapy in the treatment of solid tumors. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2063-2070. [PMID: 30008901 PMCID: PMC6036511 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies have been demonstrated to have durable and potentially curative therapeutic efficacies in patients with hematological malignancies. Currently, multiple clinical trials in CAR-T cell therapy have been evaluated for the treatment of patients with solid malignancies, but have had less marked therapeutic effects when the agents are used as monotherapies. When summarizing relevant studies, the present study found that combination therapy strategies for solid tumors based on CAR-T cell therapies might be more effective. This review will focus on various aspects of treating solid tumors with CAR-T cell therapy: i) The therapeutic efficacy of CAR-T cell monotherapy, ii) the feasibility of the CAR-T cell therapy in conjunction with chemotherapy, iii) the feasibility of CAR-T cell therapy with radiotherapy, iv) the feasibility of CAR-T cell therapy with chemoradiotherapy, and v) the feasibility of the combination of CAR-T cell therapy with other strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Xu
- Galactophore Department, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Yali Wang
- Galactophore Department, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Shi
- Galactophore Department, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Juan Liu
- Galactophore Department, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Qingguo Li
- Galactophore Department, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Longzhou Chen
- Galactophore Department, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
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10
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Zhang Q, Helfand BT, Carneiro BA, Qin W, Yang XJ, Lee C, Zhang W, Giles FJ, Cristofanilli M, Kuzel TM. Efficacy Against Human Prostate Cancer by Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen-specific, Transforming Growth Factor-β Insensitive Genetically Targeted CD8 + T-cells Derived from Patients with Metastatic Castrate-resistant Disease. Eur Urol 2017; 73:648-652. [PMID: 29275833 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Current immunotherapy has limited efficacy on metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). We therefore sought to improve the antitumor ability of mCRPC patient-derived CD8+ T-cells by the endowment of specificity to prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and insensitivity to immunosuppressant molecule transforming growth factor-β (TGF-ß) under the control of herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase. CD8+ T-cells were collected by leukapheresis and cultured in a Food and Drug Administration-approved Cell Processing Work Station. We developed a chimeric antigen receptor retroviral construct using an anti-PSMA chimeric immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor(ζ) gene (PZ1) and dominant negative TGF-ß type II receptor (TßRIIDN), that could induce CD8+ T-cells to be PSMA reactive and insensitive to TGF-ß. Cr51 release assay was performed on PC-3 and PC-3-PSMA. The further antitumor functions of PSMA-specific, TGF-ß insensitive CD8+ T-cells was evaluated using an immunodeficient RAG-1-/- mouse model. We found PSMA-specific, TGF-ß insensitive CD8+ T-cells from mCRPC were expanded with strong expression of PZ1 and thymidine kinase genes, and their growth was not suppressed by TGF-ß. The survival of these cells decreased sharply after treatment with ganciclovir. Treatment of PSMA-specific TGF-ß, insensitive CD8+ T-cells was associated with 61.58% specific lysis on PC-3-PSMA, and significantly suppressed PC3-PSMA tumor compared with the PC3 tumor. A large amount of tumor apoptosis and CD8+ T-cell infiltration were found only in the PC3-PSMA tumor. This study verified that PSMA-specific, TGF-ß insensitive CD8+ T-cells derived from mCRPC patients could be successfully expanded and used to overcome the immunosuppressive effects of the tumor microenvironment to control PSMA-expressing PC in vitro and in vivo. This may provide a promising approach for men with mCRPC who fail androgen deprivation therapy. PATIENT SUMMARY We investigated the role of a novel chimeric antigen receptor T-immunotherapy based on autologous metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer patient-derived prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-specific, transforming growth factor-ß insensitive CD8+ T-cells on PSMA-positive prostate cancer. We found that this chimeric antigen receptor T-cells could kill PSMA-positive prostate cancer specifically. The results suggest that this novel immunotherapy treatment is a potential new approach for men with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Brian T Helfand
- Department of Surgery, Northshore University Heathsystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Benedito A Carneiro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Weijun Qin
- Department of Urology, The Forth Military Medical University, Xian, Shan Xi, China
| | - Ximing J Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chung Lee
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Weipeng Zhang
- McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francis J Giles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Timothy M Kuzel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Cell Therapy, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
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11
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Resistance to TGFβ suppression and improved anti-tumor responses in CD8 + T cells lacking PTPN22. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1343. [PMID: 29116089 PMCID: PMC5676842 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is important in maintaining self-tolerance and inhibits T cell reactivity. We show that CD8+ T cells that lack the tyrosine phosphatase Ptpn22, a major predisposing gene for autoimmune disease, are resistant to the suppressive effects of TGFβ. Resistance to TGFβ suppression, while disadvantageous in autoimmunity, helps Ptpn22−/− T cells to be intrinsically superior at clearing established tumors that secrete TGFβ. Mechanistically, loss of Ptpn22 increases the capacity of T cells to produce IL-2, which overcomes TGFβ-mediated suppression. These data suggest that a viable strategy to improve anti-tumor adoptive cell therapy may be to engineer tumor-restricted T cells with mutations identified as risk factors for autoimmunity. TGFβ secretion in the tumor microenvironment inhibits T cell-mediated anti-tumor immune responses. Here the authors show that a mutation predisposing to autoimmune diseases confers T cells resistance to TGFβ inhibitory action and could be exploited to engineer immunotherapies for TGFβ secreting tumors.
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12
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Maugham ML, Thomas PB, Crisp GJ, Philp LK, Shah ET, Herington AC, Chen C, Gregory LS, Nelson CC, Seim I, Jeffery PL, Chopin LK. Insights from engraftable immunodeficient mouse models of hyperinsulinaemia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:491. [PMID: 28352127 PMCID: PMC5428450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperinsulinaemia, obesity and dyslipidaemia are independent and collective risk factors for many cancers. Here, the long-term effects of a 23% Western high-fat diet (HFD) in two immunodeficient mouse strains (NOD/SCID and Rag1 -/-) suitable for engraftment with human-derived tissue xenografts, and the effect of diet-induced hyperinsulinaemia on human prostate cancer cell line xenograft growth, were investigated. Rag1 -/-and NOD/SCID HFD-fed mice demonstrated diet-induced impairments in glucose tolerance at 16 and 23 weeks post weaning. Rag1 -/- mice developed significantly higher fasting insulin levels (2.16 ± 1.01 ng/ml, P = 0.01) and increased insulin resistance (6.70 ± 1.68 HOMA-IR, P = 0.01) compared to low-fat chow-fed mice (0.71 ± 0.12 ng/ml and 2.91 ± 0.42 HOMA-IR). This was not observed in the NOD/SCID strain. Hepatic steatosis was more extensive in Rag1 -/- HFD-fed mice compared to NOD/SCID mice. Intramyocellular lipid storage was increased in Rag1 -/- HFD-fed mice, but not in NOD/SCID mice. In Rag1 -/- HFD-fed mice, LNCaP xenograft tumours grew more rapidly compared to low-fat chow-fed mice. This is the first characterisation of the metabolic effects of long-term Western HFD in two mouse strains suitable for xenograft studies. We conclude that Rag1 -/- mice are an appropriate and novel xenograft model for studying the relationship between cancer and hyperinsulinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Maugham
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Skeletal Biology and Forensic Anthropology Research Laboratory, Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Patrick B Thomas
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gabrielle J Crisp
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa K Philp
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Esha T Shah
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adrian C Herington
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laura S Gregory
- Skeletal Biology and Forensic Anthropology Research Laboratory, Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Inge Seim
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Penny L Jeffery
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Lisa K Chopin
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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13
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Doersch KM, Moses KA, Zimmer WE. Synergistic immunologic targets for the treatment of prostate cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1900-1910. [PMID: 27444149 PMCID: PMC5068457 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216660212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common disease and, while detection and treatment have advanced, it remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in men. Research suggests significant involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis and progression of prostate cancer, indicating that immunologic therapies may benefit patients. Two immunologic factors, interleukin-2 and transforming growth factor-β, may be especially attractive therapeutic targets for prostate cancer. Specifically, an increase in interleukin-2 signaling and a decrease in transforming growth factor-β signaling might help improve immunologic recognition and targeting of tumor cells. The purpose of this review is to highlight the evidence that interleukin-2 and blockade of transforming growth factor-β could be used to target prostate cancer based on current understanding of immune function in the context of prostate cancer. Additionally, current treatments related to these two factors for prostate and other cancers will be used to strengthen the argument for this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Doersch
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Kelvin A Moses
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Warren E Zimmer
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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14
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Chen L, Yi X, Goswami S, Ahn YH, Roybal JD, Yang Y, Diao L, Peng D, Peng D, Fradette JJ, Wang J, Byers LA, Kurie JM, Ullrich SE, Qin FXF, Gibbons DL. Growth and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma is potentiated by BMP4-mediated immunosuppression. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1234570. [PMID: 27999749 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1234570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells modulate the recruitment and function of inflammatory cells to create an immunosuppressive microenvironment that favors tumor growth and metastasis. However, the tumor-derived regulatory programs that promote intratumoral immunosuppression remain poorly defined. Here, we show in a KrasLA1/+p53R172HΔg/+-based mouse model that bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) augments the expression of the T cell co-inhibitory receptor ligand PD-L1 in the mesenchymal subset of lung cancer cells, leading to profound CD8+ T cell-mediated immunosuppression, producing tumor growth and metastasis. We previously reported in this model that BMP4 functions as a pro-tumorigenic factor regulated by miR-200 via GATA4/6. Thus, BMP4-mediated immunosuppression is part of a larger miR-200-directed gene expression program in tumors that promotes tumor progression, which could have important implications for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limo Chen
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaohui Yi
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sangeeta Goswami
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Young-Ho Ahn
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine and Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jonathon D Roybal
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yongbin Yang
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixia Diao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Di Peng
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - David Peng
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jared J Fradette
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lauren A Byers
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan M Kurie
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen E Ullrich
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - F Xiao-Feng Qin
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Don L Gibbons
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Dysregulation of TGFβ1 Activity in Cancer and Its Influence on the Quality of Anti-Tumor Immunity. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5090076. [PMID: 27589814 PMCID: PMC5039479 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5090076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TGFβ1 is a pleiotropic cytokine that exhibits a variety of physiologic and immune regulatory functions. Although its influence on multiple cell types is critical for the regulation of numerous biologic processes in the host, dysregulation of both TGFβ1 expression and activity is frequently observed in cancer and contributes to various aspects of cancer progression. This review focuses on TGFβ1’s contribution to tumor immune suppression and escape, with emphasis on the influence of this regulatory cytokine on the differentiation and function of dendritic cells and T cells. Clinical trials targeting TGFβ1 in cancer patients are also reviewed, and strategies for future therapeutic interventions that build on our current understanding of immune regulation by TGFβ1 are discussed.
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16
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Mouse Models in Prostate Cancer Translational Research: From Xenograft to PDX. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9750795. [PMID: 27294148 PMCID: PMC4887629 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9750795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the advancement of clinical and preclinical research on PCa, which resulted in the last five years in a decrement of disease incidence by 3-4%, it remains the most frequent cancer in men and the second for mortality rate. Based on this evidence we present a brief dissertation on numerous preclinical models, comparing their advantages and disadvantages; among this we report the PDX mouse models that show greater fidelity to the disease, in terms of histopathologic features of implanted tumor, gene and miRNA expression, and metastatic pattern, well describing all tumor progression stages; this characteristic encourages the translation of preclinical results. These models become particularly useful in meeting the need of new treatments identification that eradicate PCa bone metastases growing, clarifying pathway of angiogenesis, identifying castration-resistant stem-like cells, and studying the antiandrogen therapies. Also of considerable interest are the studies of 3D cell cultures derived from PDX, which have the ability to maintain PDX cell viability with continued native androgen receptor expression, also showing a differential sensitivity to drugs. 3D PDX PCa may represent a diagnostic platform for the rapid assessment of drugs and push personalized medicine. Today the development of preclinical models in vitro and in vivo is necessary in order to obtain increasingly reliable answers before reaching phase III of the drug discovery.
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17
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Principe DR, DeCant B, Mascariñas E, Wayne EA, Diaz AM, Akagi N, Hwang R, Pasche B, Dawson DW, Fang D, Bentrem DJ, Munshi HG, Jung B, Grippo PJ. TGFβ Signaling in the Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment Promotes Fibrosis and Immune Evasion to Facilitate Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2525-39. [PMID: 26980767 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In early pancreatic carcinogenesis, TGFβ acts as a tumor suppressor due to its growth-inhibitory effects in epithelial cells. However, in advanced disease, TGFβ appears to promote tumor progression. Therefore, to better understand the contributions of TGFβ signaling to pancreatic carcinogenesis, we generated mouse models of pancreatic cancer with either epithelial or systemic TGFBR deficiency. We found that epithelial suppression of TGFβ signals facilitated pancreatic tumorigenesis, whereas global loss of TGFβ signaling protected against tumor development via inhibition of tumor-associated fibrosis, stromal TGFβ1 production, and the resultant restoration of antitumor immune function. Similarly, TGFBR-deficient T cells resisted TGFβ-induced inactivation ex vivo, and adoptive transfer of TGFBR-deficient CD8(+) T cells led to enhanced infiltration and granzyme B-mediated destruction of developing tumors. These findings paralleled our observations in human patients, where TGFβ expression correlated with increased fibrosis and associated negatively with expression of granzyme B. Collectively, our findings suggest that, despite opposing the proliferation of some epithelial cells, TGFβ may promote pancreatic cancer development by affecting stromal and hematopoietic cell function. Therefore, the use of TGFBR inhibition to target components of the tumor microenvironment warrants consideration as a potential therapy for pancreatic cancer, particularly in patients who have already lost tumor-suppressive TGFβ signals in the epithelium. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2525-39. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Principe
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Brian DeCant
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Emman Mascariñas
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth A Wayne
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrew M Diaz
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Naomi Akagi
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rosa Hwang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Boris Pasche
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - David W Dawson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David J Bentrem
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hidayatullah G Munshi
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara Jung
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Paul J Grippo
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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18
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Disruption of Anti-tumor T Cell Responses by Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. RESISTANCE TO TARGETED ANTI-CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42223-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Role of the adjacent stroma cells in prostate cancer development and progression: synergy between TGF-β and IGF signaling. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:502093. [PMID: 25089270 PMCID: PMC4095744 DOI: 10.1155/2014/502093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This review postulates the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I/IGF-II) signaling in stromal cells during prostate carcinogenesis and progression. It is known that stromal cells have a reciprocal relationship to the adjacent epithelial cells in the maintenance of structural and functional integrity of the prostate. An interaction between TGF-β and IGF signaling occupies a central part in this stromal-epithelial interaction. An increase in TGF-β and IGF signaling will set off the imbalance of this relationship and will lead to cancer development. A continuous input from TGF-β and IGF in the tumor microenvironment will result in cancer progression. Understanding of these events can help prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of prostate cancer.
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20
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Harper J, Sainson RCA. Regulation of the anti-tumour immune response by cancer-associated fibroblasts. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 25:69-77. [PMID: 24406209 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microenvironment of established tumours is often immunosuppressed, and this allows tumours to grow and disseminate without being eliminated by the patient's immune system. The recent FDA approval of immunotherapies such as ipilimumab and sipuleucel-T that directly activate the adaptive and innate immune responses has triggered interest in developing other novel anti-cancer approaches that modulate the immune system. Understanding how the different constituents of the tumour microenvironment influence the immune system is thus crucial and is expected to generate a plethora of factors that can be targeted to boost immunity and trigger long lasting anti-tumour efficacy. Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a crucial component of the tumour microenvironment. Through secretion of multiple growth factors, cytokines and proteases, CAFs are known to be key effectors for tumour progression and can promote cancer cell growth, invasiveness and angiogenesis. However, recent publications have also linked CAF biology to innate and adaptive immune cell recruitment and regulation. Here, we review recent findings on how CAFs can influence the immune status of tumours through direct and indirect interaction with immune cells and other key components of the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Harper
- MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK.
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21
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Nacif M, Shaker O. Targeting Transforming Growth Factor-<i>β</i> (TGF-<i>β</i>) in Cancer and Non-Neoplastic Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2014.57082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Jia L, Zhang S, Ye Y, Li X, Mercado-Uribe I, Bast RC, Liu J. Paclitaxel inhibits ovarian tumor growth by inducing epithelial cancer cells to benign fibroblast-like cells. Cancer Lett 2012; 326:176-82. [PMID: 22902993 PMCID: PMC3495569 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel is commonly used to treat multiple human malignancies, but its mechanism of action is still poorly defined. Human ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells (parental SKOV3) were treated with paclitaxel (1μM) for 2days, and the morphologic changes in the cells were monitored for more than 4months. Parental SKOV3 underwent a markedly morphologic transition from the epithelial to fibroblast-like phenotype following treatment with paclitaxel; the resulting cells were designated as SKOV3-P. The SKOV3-P cells' proliferative ability was assessed via a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The molecular characteristics of these cells were assessed via immunocytochemical staining and Western blot analysis. Their invasiveness and tumor formation ability was evaluated via wound-scratch and colony formation assays. The tumorigenicity of SKOV3-P cells was assessed in vivo after subcutaneous injection of tumor cells between injections of parental and paclitaxel-treated cells in nude mice. SKOV3-P cells have decreased the proliferation and invasion ability, decreased colony-forming ability when cultured in Matrigel and lost their tumor formation as compared with parental SKOV3 cells when injected in nude mice. SKOV3-P cells have decreased expression of E-cadherin, cytokeratin, Snail, PI3K, and P-Akt-Ser473, and increased expression of fibronectin, vimentin, Slug, P27, and PTEN. These results demonstrated that paclitaxel can inhibit tumor growth by inducing ovarian cancer epithelial cells toward a benign fibroblast-like phenotype through dysregulation of previously known pathways involved in the regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which may represent a novel mechanism for paclitaxel-induced tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhou Jia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yanfen Ye
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, South Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Li
- Cancer Research Institute, South Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Imelda Mercado-Uribe
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert C. Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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23
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Abstract
Many drugs that target transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signalling have been developed, some of which have reached Phase III clinical trials for a number of disease applications. Preclinical and clinical studies indicate the utility of these agents in fibrosis and oncology, particularly in augmentation of existing cancer therapies, such as radiation and chemotherapy, as well as in tumour vaccines. There are also reports of specialized applications, such as the reduction of vascular symptoms of Marfan syndrome. Here, we consider why the TGFβ signalling pathway is a drug target, the potential clinical applications of TGFβ inhibition, the issues arising with anti-TGFβ therapy and how these might be tackled using personalized approaches to dosing, monitoring of biomarkers as well as brief and/or localized drug-dosing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Akhurst
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.
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24
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T cell- but not tumor cell-produced TGF-β1 promotes the development of spontaneous mammary cancer. Oncotarget 2012; 2:1339-51. [PMID: 22248703 PMCID: PMC3282091 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During their development, tumors acquire multiple capabilities that enable them to proliferate, disseminate and evade immunosurveillance. A putative mechanism is through the production of the cytokine TGF-β1. We showed in our recent studies that T cell-produced TGF-β1 inhibits antitumor T cell responses to foster tumor growth raising the question of the precise function of TGF-β1 produced by tumor cells in tumor development. Here, using a transgenic model of mammary cancer, we report that deletion of TGF-β1 from tumor cells did not protect mice from tumor development. However, ablation of TGF-β1 from T cells significantly inhibited mammary tumor growth. Additionally, absence of TGF-β1 in T cells prevented tumors from advancing to higher pathological grades and further suppressed secondary tumor development in the lungs. These findings reveal T cells but not tumor cells as a critical source of TGF-β1 that promotes tumor development.
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25
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Zhang Q, Chen L, Helfand BT, Jang TL, Sharma V, Kozlowski J, Kuzel TM, Zhu LJ, Yang XJ, Javonovic B, Guo Y, Lonning S, Harper J, Teicher BA, Brendler C, Yu N, Catalona WJ, Lee C. TGF-β regulates DNA methyltransferase expression in prostate cancer, correlates with aggressive capabilities, and predicts disease recurrence. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25168. [PMID: 21980391 PMCID: PMC3184137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) is one of the major factors mediating the methylation of cancer related genes such as TGF-β receptors (TβRs). This in turn may result in a loss of sensitivity to physiologic levels of TGF-β in aggressive prostate cancer (CaP). The specific mechanisms of DNMT's role in CaP remain undetermined. In this study, we describe the mechanism of TGF-β-mediated DNMT in CaP and its association with clinical outcomes following radical prostatectomy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used human CaP cell lines with varying degrees of invasive capability to describe how TGF-β mediates the expression of DNMT in CaP, and its effects on methylation status of TGF-β receptors and the invasive capability of CaP in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we determined the association between DNMT expression and clinical outcome after radical prostatectomy. We found that more aggressive CaP cells had significantly higher TGF-β levels, increased expression of DNMT, but reduced TβRs when compared to benign prostate cells and less aggressive prostate cancer cells. Blockade of TGF-β signaling or ERK activation (p-ERK) was associated with a dramatic decrease in the expression of DNMT, which results in a coincident increase in the expression of TβRs. Blockade of either TGF-β signaling or DNMT dramatically decreased the invasive capabilities of CaP. Inhibition of TGF-β in an TRAMP-C2 CaP model in C57BL/6 mice using 1D11 was associated with downregulation of DNMTs and p-ERK and impairment in tumor growth. Finally, independent of Gleason grade, increased DNMT1 expression was associated with biochemical recurrence following surgical treatment for prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Our findings demonstrate that CaP derived TGF-β may induce the expression of DNMTs in CaP which is associated with methylation of its receptors and the aggressive potential of CaP. In addition, DNMTs is an independent predictor for disease recurrence after prostatectomy, and may have clinical implications for CaP prognostication and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
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26
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Singh A, Qin H, Fernandez I, Wei J, Lin J, Kwak LW, Roy K. An injectable synthetic immune-priming center mediates efficient T-cell class switching and T-helper 1 response against B cell lymphoma. J Control Release 2011; 155:184-92. [PMID: 21708196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) of B-cell lineages relapse despite initial anti-tumor response to chemotherapy or antibody treatments. Failure to eliminate the tumor is often because of inadequate priming, low cell numbers and suboptimal phenotype of effector T cells. Here we describe a new biomaterial-based controlled-release paradigm to treat weakly immunogenic NHLs by in-situ amplifying the number of functional, antigen-specific T-helper 1 (Th1) cells following immunotherapy. An injectable, synthetic immune priming center (sIPC) consisting of an in-situ crosslinking, chemokine-carrying hydrogel and both DNA- and siRNA dual-loaded microparticles, is reported. This sIPC chemo attracts a large number of immature dendritic cells (DCs) at the site of administration and efficiently co-delivers both DNA antigens and interleukin-10 (IL10)-silencing siRNA to those cells. Using a murine model of A20 B cell lymphoma, we demonstrate that combination of DNA-antigen delivery and IL10 silencing, synergistically activate recruited immature DCs and cause a strong shift towards Th1 response while suppressing Th2 and Th17 cytokines. sIPC-based immunotherapy showed 45% more CD8+ cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response and 53% stronger CD4+ CTL activity compared to naked DNA vaccine. In addition, in-vivo sIPC immunization induced significant protection (p<0.01) against subsequent tumor challenge. Such a multi-modal, injectable system that simultaneously delivers chemokines, siRNA and DNA antigens to DCs marks a new approach to in-situ priming and modulation during immunotherapy and could provide effective vaccination strategies against cancers and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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27
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Mouse models of prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer 2011; 2011:895238. [PMID: 22111002 PMCID: PMC3221286 DOI: 10.1155/2011/895238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and optimization of high-throughput screening methods has identified a multitude of genetic changes associated with human disease. The use of immunodeficient and genetically engineered mouse models that mimic the human disease has been crucial in validating the importance of these genetic pathways in prostate cancer. These models provide a platform for finding novel therapies to treat human patients afflicted with prostate cancer as well as those who have debilitating bone metastases. In this paper, we focus on the historical development and phenotypic descriptions of mouse models used to study prostate cancer. We also comment on how closely each model recapitulates human prostate cancer.
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Flavell RA, Sanjabi S, Wrzesinski SH, Licona-Limón P. The polarization of immune cells in the tumour environment by TGFbeta. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:554-67. [PMID: 20616810 PMCID: PMC3885992 DOI: 10.1038/nri2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) is an immunosuppressive cytokine produced by tumour cells and immune cells that can polarize many components of the immune system. This Review covers the effects of TGFbeta on natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, CD8(+) and CD4(+) effector and regulatory T cells, and NKT cells in animal tumour models and in patients with cancer. Collectively, many recent studies favour the hypothesis that blocking TGFbeta-induced signalling in the tumour microenvironment enhances antitumour immunity and may be beneficial for cancer therapy. An overview of the current drugs and reagents available for inhibiting TGFbeta-induced signalling and their phase in clinical development is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Flavell
- Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S-569, PO BOX 208011, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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Otten J, Bokemeyer C, Fiedler W. Tgf-Beta superfamily receptors-targets for antiangiogenic therapy? JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:317068. [PMID: 20490264 PMCID: PMC2871186 DOI: 10.1155/2010/317068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The TGF-beta pathway controls a broad range of cellular behavior including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of various cell types including tumor cells, endothelial cells, immune cells, and fibroblasts. Besides TGF-beta's direct effects on tumor growth and its involvement in neoangiogenesis have received recent attention. Germline mutations in TGF-beta receptors or coreceptors causing Hereditary Hemorrhagic Teleangiectasia and the Loeys-Dietz syndrome underline the involvement of TGF-beta in vessel formation and maturation. Several therapeutic approaches are evaluated at present targeting the TGF-beta pathway including utilization of antisense oligonucleotides against TGF-beta itself or antibodies or small molecule inhibitors of TGF-beta receptors. Some of these therapeutic agents have already entered the clinical arena including an antibody against the endothelium specific TGF-beta class I receptor ALK-1 targeting tumor vasculature. In conclusion, therapeutic manipulation of the TGF-beta pathway opens great opportunities in future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Otten
- Sections of Pneumonology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hubertus Wald University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Sections of Pneumonology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hubertus Wald University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Walter Fiedler
- Sections of Pneumonology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hubertus Wald University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Wang L, Wen W, Yuan J, Helfand B, Li Y, Shi C, Tian F, Zheng J, Wang F, Chen L, Liang L, Zhou L, Lee C, Chen Z, Guo Y, Wang H, Zhang Q, Qin W. Immunotherapy for human renal cell carcinoma by adoptive transfer of autologous transforming growth factor beta-insensitive CD8+ T cells. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 16:164-73. [PMID: 20028741 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a potent immunosuppressor that has been associated with tumor evasion from the host immune surveillance and, thus, tumor progression. We tested a novel immunotherapy for human renal cell cancer (RCC) using a technique that involves the adoptive transfer of autologous tumor-reactive, TGF-beta-insensitive CD8(+) T cells into human RCC-challenged immunodeficient mice to identify its potent antitumor responses. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The present study was conducted using a one-to-one adoptive transfer strategy to treat tumor-bearing severe combined immunodeficient (SCID/beige) mouse. The SCID/beige mice were humanized with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with RCC (Hu-PBMC-SCID) before adoptive transfer. Autologous CD8(+) T cells were expanded ex vivo using autologous patient's dendritic cells pulsed with the tumor lysate and rendered TGF-beta insensitive by dominant-negative TGF-beta type II receptor. In addition, human RCC cell lines were generated using patients' tumor cells injected into SCID/beige mice. RESULTS Using flow cytometry analysis, we confirmed the expression of the tumor-reactive, TGF-beta-insensitive CD8(+) T cells were the effector CD8(+) cells (CD27(-)CDRA(+)). Adoptive transfer of autologous TGF-beta-insensitive CD8(+) T cells into tumor-bearing Hu-PBMC-SCID mice induced robust tumor-specific CTL responses in vitro, were associated with tumor apoptosis, suppressed lung metastasis, and prolonged survival times in vivo. CONCLUSION The one-to-one adoptive transfer strategy is an ideal in vivo murine model for studying the relationship between TGF-beta and immunosurveillance in RCC in vivo. Furthermore, this technique may offer the promise of a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of human patients with RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxin Wang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Zhang Q, Helfand BT, Jang TL, Zhu LJ, Chen L, Yang XJ, Kozlowski J, Smith N, Kundu SD, Yang G, Raji AA, Javonovic B, Pins M, Lindholm P, Guo Y, Catalona WJ, Lee C. Nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated transforming growth factor-beta-induced expression of vimentin is an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:3557-67. [PMID: 19447876 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to occur in some cancers; however, the pathway remains controversial and varies with different cancers. In addition, the mechanisms by which TGF-beta and the EMT contribute to prostate cancer recurrence are largely unknown. In this study, we elucidated TGF-beta-mediated EMT as a predictor of disease recurrence after therapy for prostate cancer, which has not been reported before. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed TGF-beta-induced EMT using nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) as an intermediate mediator in prostate cancer cell lines. A total of 287 radical prostatectomy specimens were evaluated using immunohistochemistry in a high-throughput tissue microarray analysis. Levels of TGF-beta signaling components and EMT-related factors were analyzed using specific antibodies. Results were expressed as the percentage of cancer cells that stained positive for a given antibody and were correlated with disease recurrence rates at a mean of 7 years following radical prostatectomy. RESULTS In prostate cancer cell lines, TGF-beta-induced EMT was mediated by NF-kappaB signaling. Blockade of NF-kappaB or TGF-beta signaling resulted in abrogation of vimentin expression and inhibition of the invasive capability of these cells. There was high risk of biochemical recurrence associated with tumors that displayed high levels of expression of TGF-beta1, vimentin, and NF-kappaB and low level of cytokeratin 18. This was particularly true for vimentin, which is independent of patients' Gleason score. CONCLUSIONS The detection of NF-kappaB-mediated TGF-beta-induced EMT in primary tumors predicts disease recurrence in prostate cancer patients following radical prostatectomy. The changes in TGF-beta signaling and EMT-related factors provide novel molecular markers that may predict prostate cancer outcomes following treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Neuwirt H, Puhr M, Santer FR, Susani M, Doppler W, Marcias G, Rauch V, Brugger M, Hobisch A, Kenner L, Culig Z. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 is expressed in human prostate cancer and exerts growth-inhibitory function through down-regulation of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:1921-30. [PMID: 19342366 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins play a pivotal role in the development and progression of various cancers. We have previously shown that SOCS-3 is expressed in prostate cancer, and its expression is inversely correlated with activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3. We hypothesized that SOCS-1, if expressed in prostate cancer cells, has a growth-regulatory role in this malignancy. The presence of both SOCS-1 mRNA and protein was detected in all tested cell lines. To assess SOCS-1 expression levels in vivo, we analyzed tissue microarrays and found a high percentage of positive cells in both prostate intraepithelial neoplasias and cancers. SOCS-1 expression levels decreased in samples taken from patients undergoing hormonal therapy but increased in specimens from patients who failed therapy. In LNCaP-interleukin-6- prostate cancer cells, SOCS-1 was up-regulated by interleukin-6 and in PC3-AR cells by androgens; such up-regulation was also found to significantly impair cell proliferation. To corroborate these findings, we used a specific small interfering RNA against SOCS-1 and blocked expression of the protein. Down-regulation of SOCS-1 expression caused a potent growth stimulation of PC3, DU-145, and LNCaP-interleukin-6- cells that was associated with the increased expression levels of cyclins D1 and E as well as cyclin-dependent kinases 2 and 4. In summary, we show that SOCS-1 is expressed in prostate cancer both in vitro and in vivo and acts as a negative growth regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Neuwirt
- Department of Urology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
It is now apparent that naïve peripheral T cells are a dynamic population where active processes prevent inappropriate activation while supporting survival. The process of thymic education makes naïve peripheral T cells dependent on interactions with self-MHC for survival. However, as these signals can potentially result in inappropriate activation, various non-redundant, intrinsic negative regulatory molecules including Tob, Nfatc2, and Smad3 actively enforce T cell quiescence. Interactions among these pathways are only now coming to light and may include positive or negative crosstalk. In the case of positive crosstalk, self-MHC initiated signals and intrinsic negative regulatory factors may cooperate to dampen T cell activation and sustain peripheral tolerance in a binary fashion (on-off). In the case of negative crosstalk, self-MHC signals may promote survival through partial activation while intrinsic negative regulatory factors act as rheostats to restrain cell cycle entry and prevent T cells from crossing a threshold that would break tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime F Modiano
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
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Nam JS, Terabe M, Mamura M, Kang MJ, Chae H, Stuelten C, Kohn E, Tang B, Sabzevari H, Anver MR, Lawrence S, Danielpour D, Lonning S, Berzofsky JA, Wakefield LM. An anti-transforming growth factor beta antibody suppresses metastasis via cooperative effects on multiple cell compartments. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3835-43. [PMID: 18483268 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is frequently associated with metastasis and poor prognosis, and TGF-beta antagonism has been shown to prevent metastasis in preclinical models with surprisingly little toxicity. Here, we have used the transplantable 4T1 model of metastatic breast cancer to address underlying mechanisms. We showed that efficacy of the anti-TGF-beta antibody 1D11 in suppressing metastasis was dependent on a synergistic combination of effects on both the tumor parenchyma and microenvironment. The main outcome was a highly significant enhancement of the CD8+ T-cell-mediated antitumor immune response, but effects on the innate immune response and on angiogenesis also contributed to efficacy. Treatment with 1D11 increased infiltration of natural killer cells and T cells at the metastatic site, and enhanced expression of coactivators (NKG2D) and cytotoxic effectors (perforin and granzyme B) on CD8+ T cells. On the tumor cells, increased expression of an NKG2D ligand (Rae1gamma) and of a death receptor (TNFRSF1A) contributed to enhanced immune cell-mediated recognition and lysis. The data suggest that elevated TGF-beta expression in the tumor microenvironment modulates a complex web of intercellular interactions that aggregately promote metastasis and progression. TGF-beta antibodies reverse this effect, and the absence of a major effect of TGF-beta antagonism on any one cell compartment may be critical for a good therapeutic window and the avoidance of autoimmune complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Seok Nam
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea
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Wallace A, Kapoor V, Sun J, Mrass P, Weninger W, Heitjan DF, June C, Kaiser LR, Ling LE, Albelda SM. Transforming growth factor-beta receptor blockade augments the effectiveness of adoptive T-cell therapy of established solid cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:3966-74. [PMID: 18559619 PMCID: PMC2491721 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adoptive cellular immunotherapy is a promising approach to eradicate established tumors. However, a significant hurdle in the success of cellular immunotherapy involves recently identified mechanisms of immune suppression on cytotoxic T cells at the effector phase. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is one of the most important of these immunosuppressive factors because it affects both T-cell and macrophage functions. We thus hypothesized that systemic blockade of TGF-beta signaling combined with adoptive T-cell transfer would enhance the effectiveness of the therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Flank tumors were generated in mice using the chicken ovalbumin-expressing thymoma cell line, EG7. Splenocytes from transgenic OT-1 mice (whose CD8 T cells recognize an immunodominant peptide in chicken ovalbumin) were activated in vitro and adoptively transferred into mice bearing large tumors in the presence or absence of an orally available TGF-beta receptor-I kinase blocker (SM16). RESULTS We observed markedly smaller tumors in the group receiving the combination of SM16 chow and adoptive transfer. Additional investigation revealed that TGF-beta receptor blockade increased the persistence of adoptively transferred T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes, increased numbers of adoptively transferred T cells within tumors, increased activation of these infiltrating T cells, and altered the tumor microenvironment with a significant increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha and decrease in arginase mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS We found that systemic blockade of TGF-beta receptor activity augmented the antitumor activity of adoptively transferred T cells and may thus be a useful adjunct in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Africa Wallace
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
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Metastasis: a therapeutic target for cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:206-19. [PMID: 18253104 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis remains the major driver of mortality in patients with cancer. Our growing body of knowledge regarding this process provides the basis for the development of molecularly targeted therapeutics aimed at the tumor cell or its interaction with the host microenvironment. Here we discuss the similarity and differences between primary tumors and metastases, pathways controlling the colonization of a distant organ, and incorporation of antimetastatic therapies into clinical testing.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Most cancers are characterized by excessive transforming growth factor-beta production by tumors, which can promote tumor growth and mediate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Transforming growth factor-beta also has the ability to overproduce extracellular matrix components in response to injury and other stimuli. There are many strategies undergoing current evaluation for inhibiting the deleterious biological effects of transforming growth factor-beta by disrupting its signaling at various levels. The current review focuses on the recent advances made in this area, and the potential of these strategies in the clinical treatment of cancer and fibrosis. RECENT FINDINGS Four main strategies used most recently for disrupting transforming growth factor-beta signaling are brought into focus in this review: inhibition or sequestration of the transforming growth factor-beta protein ligands, inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta receptor kinase activity, inhibition of SMAD signaling downstream of transforming growth factor-beta kinase activity and restoration of antitumor immunity upon transforming growth factor-beta inhibition. Various techniques currently used to employ these four strategies are discussed. SUMMARY Several lines of evidence suggest that altered transforming growth factor-beta signaling contributes to tumor progression and metastasis as well as development of fibrosis. Accumulating data from preclinical and clinical studies indicate that antagonizing aberrant transforming growth factor-beta signaling is a promising novel therapeutic approach in cancer and fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pennison
- Cancer Genetics Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Galliher AJ, Neil JR, Schiemann WP. Role of transforming growth factor-beta in cancer progression. Future Oncol 2007; 2:743-63. [PMID: 17155901 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.2.6.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion and metastasis are the most lethal characteristics of cancer and the leading causes of cancer-related death. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is a multifunctional cytokine that normally functions to prevent the uncontrolled proliferation of epithelial, endothelial and hematopoietic cells. Quite dichotomously, however, aberrant genetic or epigenetic events often negate the cytostatic function of TGF-beta in these cells, leading to tumor formation. Once freed from the growth-inhibitory effects of TGF-beta, cancer cells acquire the ability to proliferate, invade and metastasize when stimulated by TGF-beta. A thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these paradoxical functions of TGF-beta remains elusive. Here, the authors review the tumor-suppressing and -promoting activities of TGF-beta and discuss the potential use and targeting of the TGF-beta-signaling system to prevent the progression and acquisition of metastatic phenotypes by human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Galliher
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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