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Plakoglobin and High-Mobility Group Box 1 Mediate Intestinal Epithelial Cell Apoptosis Induced by Clostridioides difficile TcdB. mBio 2022; 13:e0184922. [PMID: 36043787 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01849-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated intestinal disease, resulting in severe diarrhea and fatal pseudomembranous colitis. TcdB, one of the essential virulence factors secreted by this bacterium, induces host cell apoptosis through a poorly understood mechanism. Here, we performed an RNA interference (RNAi) screen customized to Caco-2 cells, a cell line model of the intestinal epithelium, to discover host factors involved in TcdB-induced apoptosis. We identified plakoglobin, also known as junction plakoglobin (JUP) or γ-catenin, a member of the catenin family, as a novel host factor and a previously known cell death-related chromatin factor, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Disruption of those host factors by RNAi and CRISPR resulted in resistance of cells to TcdB-mediated and mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis. JUP was redistributed from adherens junctions to the mitochondria and colocalized with the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-XL. JUP proteins could permeabilize the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in the release of cytochrome c. Our results reveal a novel role of JUP in targeting the mitochondria to promote the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Treatment with glycyrrhizin, an HMGB1 inhibitor, resulted in significantly increased resistance to TcdB-induced epithelial damage in cultured cells and a mouse ligated colon loop model. These findings demonstrate the critical roles of JUP and HMGB1 in TcdB-induced epithelial cell apoptosis. IMPORTANCE Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea. Toxins, especially TcdB, cause epithelial cell apoptosis, but the underlying cell death mechanism is less clear. Through an apoptosis-focused RNAi screen using a bacterium-made small interfering (siRNA) library customized to a human colonic epithelial cell model, we found a novel host factor, plakoglobin (γ-catenin), as a key factor required for cell apoptosis induced by TcdB. Plakoglobin targets and permeabilizes mitochondria after stimulation by TcdB, demonstrating a hitherto underappreciated role of this catenin family member in the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. We also found a previously known cell death-related chromatin factor, HMGB1, and explored the inhibition of HMGB1 for CDI therapy in vivo.
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Lee YS, Heo W, Nam J, Jeung YH, Bae J. The combination of ionizing radiation and proteasomal inhibition by bortezomib enhances the expression of NKG2D ligands in multiple myeloma cells. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2018; 59:245-252. [PMID: 29518205 PMCID: PMC5967576 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rry005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bortezomib, which is a potent proteasome inhibitor, has been used as a first-line drugs to treat multiple myeloma for a few decades, and radiotherapy has frequently been applied to manage acute bone lesions in the patients. Therefore, it was necessary to investigate what the benefits might be if the two therapies were applied simultaneously in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Since it was known that radiotherapy and proteasome inhibitors could increase the expression of NKG2D ligands through induction of protein synthesis and suppression of protein degradation of NKG2D ligands, respectively, we supposed that the combined treatment might further enhance the expression of NKG2D ligands. In this study, we analyzed the expression level of NKG2D ligands using multiplex PCR and flow cytometry after treatment of IM-9 and RPMI-8226 myeloma cells with bortezomib and ionizing radiation; we then assayed the susceptibility to NK-92 cells. Although the expression of only some kinds of NKG2D ligands were increased by treatment with bortezomib alone, five kinds of NKG2D ligands that we assayed were further induced at the surface protein level after combined treatment with ionizing radiation and bortezomib. Furthermore, combined treatment made myeloma cells more susceptible to NK-92 cells, compared with treatment with bortezomib alone. In conclusion, the combination therapy of ionizing radiation plus the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is a promising therapeutical strategy for enhancing NK cell-mediated anticancer immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Shin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busandaehakro-49, Mulgeum-eup Yangsan-si Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, South Korea
- PNU BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Education Center, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busandaehakro-49, Mulgeum-eup Yangsan-si Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, South Korea
| | - Woong Heo
- Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busandaehakro-49, Mulgeum-eup Yangsan-si Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, South Korea
- PNU BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Education Center, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busandaehakro-49, Mulgeum-eup Yangsan-si Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, South Korea
| | - Jiho Nam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Geumo-ro 20, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, South Korea
| | - Young Hwa Jeung
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Jaeho Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busandaehakro-49, Mulgeum-eup Yangsan-si Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, South Korea
- PNU BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Education Center, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busandaehakro-49, Mulgeum-eup Yangsan-si Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, South Korea
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Du X, Tong J, Lu H, He C, Du S, Jia P, Zhao W, Xu H, Li J, Shen Z, Wu Y, Tong J, Zhou L. Combination of bortezomib and daunorubicin in the induction of apoptosis in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:101-108. [PMID: 28487980 PMCID: PMC5482122 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment of T‑cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‑ALL), the outcome of T‑ALL treatment remains unsatisfactory, therefore, more effective treatment is urgently required. The present study examined the cytotoxicities of bortezomib in combination with daunorubicin against human Jurkat and Molt‑4 T‑ALL cells and primary T‑ALL cells. Compared with treatment alone, co‑exposure of cells to bortezomib and daunorubicin resulted in a significant increase in cell death in the Jurkat cells, as evidenced by the increased percentage of Annexin V‑positive cells, the formation of apoptotic bodies. In addition, the administration sequence of bortezomib and daunorubicin had an effect on cell viability. Treatment with bortezomib followed by daunorubicin treatment was more effective, compared with treatment with daunorubicin followed by bortezomib. Co-treatment with bortezomib and daunorubicin markedly enhanced the activation of caspase‑3, ‑8 and ‑9, which was reversed by the pan‑caspase inhibitor, Z‑VAD‑FMK. In addition, cotreatment with bortezomib and daunorubicin enhanced the collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and upregulated the proapoptotic protein, B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2)‑interacting mediator of cell death (Bim), but not Bcl‑2 or Bcl‑extra large. Consistent with this, it was demonstrated that cotreatment of bortezomib and daunorubicin efficiently induced apoptosis in primary T‑ALL cells, and cell death was associated with the collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and the upregulation of Bim. Taken together, these findings indicated that the combination of bortezomib and daunorubicin significantly enhanced their apoptosis‑inducing effect in T‑ALL cells, which may warrant further investigation in preclinical and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Jia Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Cong He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Shenghong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Peimin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Weili Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Hanzhang Xu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E‑Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Junmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Zhixiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yingli Wu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E‑Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
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Li C, Hu J, Li W, Song G, Shen J. Combined bortezomib-based chemotherapy and p53 gene therapy using hollow mesoporous silica nanospheres for p53 mutant non-small cell lung cancer treatment. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:77-88. [DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00449k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hollow mesoporous silica nanospheres (HMSN)-based co-delivery of bortezomib (BTZ) and the tumor suppressor gene p53 was developed for p53 signal impaired NSCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Junqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Wenyao Li
- School of Material Engineering
- Research & Development Center for Key Technologies of Intelligent Ultra-Intense Laser Processing Equipments
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Guosheng Song
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Jia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200031
- China
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Abstract
The destruction of proteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome system is a multi-step, complex process involving polyubiquitination of substrate proteins, followed by proteolytic degradation by the macromolecular 26S proteasome complex. Inhibitors of the proteasome promote the accumulation of proteins that are deleterious to cell survival, and represent promising anti-cancer agents. In multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma, treatment with the first-generation proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, or the second-generation inhibitor, carfilzomib, has demonstrated significant therapeutic benefit in humans. This has prompted United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) approval of these agents and development of additional second-generation compounds with improved properties. There is considerable interest in extending the benefits of proteasome inhibitors to the treatment of solid tumor malignancies. Herein, we review progress that has been made in the preclinical development and clinical evaluation of different proteasome inhibitors in solid tumors. In addition, we describe several novel approaches that are currently being pursued for the treatment of solid tumors, including drug combinatorial strategies incorporating proteasome inhibitors and the targeting of components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system that are distinct from the 26S proteasome complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Johnson
- Division of Hematology/OncologyDepartments of Medicine, and Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Room 2.18c, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Shami G, Cheng D, Henriquez J, Braet F. Assessment of different fixation protocols on the presence of membrane-bound vesicles in Caco-2 cells: A multidimensional view by means of correlative light and 3-D transmission electron microscopy. Micron 2014; 67:20-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kubiczkova L, Pour L, Sedlarikova L, Hajek R, Sevcikova S. Proteasome inhibitors - molecular basis and current perspectives in multiple myeloma. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:947-61. [PMID: 24712303 PMCID: PMC4508135 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of proteasome, a proteolytic complex responsible for the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins, has emerged as a powerful strategy for treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), a plasma cell malignancy. First-in-class agent, bortezomib, has demonstrated great positive therapeutic efficacy in MM, both in pre-clinical and in clinical studies. However, despite its high efficiency, a large proportion of patients do not achieve sufficient clinical response. Therefore, the development of a second-generation of proteasome inhibitors (PIs) with improved pharmacological properties was needed. Recently, several of these new agents have been introduced into clinics including carfilzomib, marizomib and ixazomib. Further, new orally administered second-generation PI oprozomib is being investigated. This review provides an overview of main mechanisms of action of PIs in MM, focusing on the ongoing development and progress of novel anti-proteasome therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Kubiczkova
- Babak Myeloma Group, Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Clinical Hematology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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8
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Miyamoto Y, Nakagawa S, Wada-Hiraike O, Seiki T, Tanikawa M, Hiraike H, Sone K, Nagasaka K, Oda K, Kawana K, Nakagawa K, Fujii T, Yano T, Kozuma S, Taketani Y. Sequential effects of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib and chemotherapeutic agents in uterine cervical cancer cell lines. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:51-7. [PMID: 23064281 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the prognosis of uterine cervical cancer has improved due to the advances of treatment modalities, survival of recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer remains poor. Cisplatin is an effective radiosensitizer, but its single agent activity in recurrent cervical cancer is disappointing. Inactivation of tumor suppressors through ubiquitin-mediated degradation by human papillomavirus is known to be a critical step in the carcinogenesis of uterine cervix. Bortezomib, a selective inhibitor of the proteasome, has been shown to inhibit the growth of several solid tumors. To determine the role of bortezomib in cervical cancer as a chemotherapeutic agent, we studied its biological properties. Bortezomib efficiently inhibited the proteasomal activities in cervical cancer cells, and an increased expression of tumor suppressors such as p53, hDlg and hScrib became evident. In addition, sequential or concomitant treatment of bortezomib and cisplatin stimulated the expression of p53, hScrib and p21 and the stimulation was markedly influenced by the order of drugs in HeLa cells. We further confirmed that the concomitant use of bortezomib and cisplatin has synergistic inhibitory effects on the growth of xenograft tumors derived from HeLa cells. Our data establish the possibility that the concomitant use of bortezomib and cisplatin could be an alternative choice in cases resistant to conventional chemotherapy, and sequential effects must be considered for advanced and therapy-resistant cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Miyamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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9
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Grande L, Bretones G, Rosa-Garrido M, Garrido-Martin EM, Hernandez T, Fraile S, Botella L, de Alava E, Vidal A, Garcia del Muro X, Villanueva A, Delgado MD, Fernandez-Luna JL. Transcription factors Sp1 and p73 control the expression of the proapoptotic protein NOXA in the response of testicular embryonal carcinoma cells to cisplatin. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:26495-505. [PMID: 22718761 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.376319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are highly responsive to and curable by cisplatin-based chemotherapy even in advanced stages. We have studied the molecular mechanisms involved in the induction of apoptosis in response to cisplatin, and found that proapoptotic Noxa is transcriptionally up-regulated following cisplatin exposure, even in the absence of p53, in NTERA2 cisplatin-sensitive cells but not in 1411HP-resistant cells. Blockade of Noxa reduced the apoptotic response of embryonal carcinoma (EC) NTERA2 cells to cisplatin. A detailed analysis of the Noxa promoter revealed that p73 and Sp1-like factors, Sp1 and KLF6, played key roles in the transcriptional control of this gene. Overexpression of TAp73 induced Noxa whereas the dominant negative isoform ΔNp73, reduced the levels of Noxa after cisplatin exposure in NTERA2 and 2102EP. Interestingly, down-regulation of Sp1 increased Noxa expression in response to cisplatin. However, blockade of KLF6 decreased cisplatin-induced up-regulation of Noxa in EC cell lines. In addition, tissue microarray analyses of TGCTs revealed that expression of Noxa correlates with good clinical prognosis in patients with embryonal carcinoma. Thus, our data show the transcriptional network that regulates Noxa in EC cells, which is key for their apoptotic response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy, and propose Noxa as a predictive factor of therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Grande
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Hospital Valdecilla, and Instituto de Formación e Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IFIMAV), Av. Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011 Santander, Spain
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Wei G, Margolin AA, Haery L, Brown E, Cucolo L, Julian B, Shehata S, Kung AL, Beroukhim R, Golub TR. Chemical genomics identifies small-molecule MCL1 repressors and BCL-xL as a predictor of MCL1 dependency. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:547-62. [PMID: 22516262 PMCID: PMC3685408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
MCL1, which encodes the antiapoptotic protein MCL1, is among the most frequently amplified genes in human cancer. A chemical genomic screen identified compounds, including anthracyclines, that decreased MCL1 expression. Genomic profiling indicated that these compounds were global transcriptional repressors that preferentially affect MCL1 due to its short mRNA half-life. Transcriptional repressors and MCL1 shRNAs induced apoptosis in the same cancer cell lines and could be rescued by physiological levels of ectopic MCL1 expression. Repression of MCL1 released the proapoptotic protein BAK from MCL1, and Bak deficiency conferred resistance to transcriptional repressors. A computational model, validated in vivo, indicated that high BCL-xL expression confers resistance to MCL1 repression, thereby identifying a patient-selection strategy for the clinical development of MCL1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Wei
- Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Adam A. Margolin
- Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Leila Haery
- Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Emily Brown
- Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Lisa Cucolo
- Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Bina Julian
- Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Shyemaa Shehata
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Andrew L. Kung
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Todd R. Golub
- Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Correspondence:
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Smac: Its role in apoptosis induction and use in lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. Cancer Lett 2012; 318:9-13. [PMID: 22227574 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a conserved and regulated cell suicide process, the malfunction of which is closely linked with carcinogenesis. Caspases control the induction of apoptosis through an enzymatic cascade that can be activated by both the mitochondrial and death receptor pathways. Smac is a mitochondrial protein that interacts with Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) and, upon apoptotic stimuli, is released into the cytoplasm to inhibit the capase-binding activity of IAPs. Smac plays key roles in both the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, especially lung cancer. Our review will focus on the roles of Smac in lung carcinogenesis and cancer progression and its relevance in lung cancer treatment.
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12
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Proteasome-based mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired bortezomib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:207-17. [PMID: 22027222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Small interfering RNA targeting mcl-1 enhances proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis in various solid malignant tumors. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:485. [PMID: 22078414 PMCID: PMC3226681 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is a promising approach for anticancer strategies. Recently, we found Bik accumulation in cancer cell lines after they were treated with bortezomib. However, recent evidence indicates that proteasome inhibitors may also induce the accumulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members. The current study was designed to analyze the levels of several anti-apoptotic members of Bcl-2 family in different human cancer cell lines after they were treated with proteasome inhibitors. Methods Different human cancer cell lines were treated with proteasome inhibitors. Western blot were used to investigate the expression of Mcl-1 and activation of mitochondrial apoptotic signaling. Cell viability was investigated using SRB assay, and induction of apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry. Results We found elevated Mcl-1 level in human colon cancer cell lines DLD1, LOVO, SW620, and HCT116; human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3; and human lung cancer cell line H1299, but not in human breast cancer cell line MCF7 after they were treated with bortezomib. This dramatic Mcl-1 accumulation was also observed when cells were treated with other two proteasome inhibitors, MG132 and calpain inhibitor I (ALLN). Moreover, our results showed Mcl-1 accumulation was caused by stabilization of the protein against degradation. Reducing Mcl-1 accumulation by Mcl-1 siRNA reduced Mcl-1 accumulation and enhanced proteasome inhibitor-induced cell death and apoptosis, as evidenced by the increased cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Conclusions Our results showed that it was not only Bik but also Mcl-1 accumulation during the treatment of proteasome inhibitors, and combining proteasome inhibitors with Mcl-1 siRNA would enhance the ultimate anticancer effect suggesting this combination might be a more effective strategy for cancer therapy.
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Stefanopoulou M, Kokoschka M, Sheldrick WS, Wolters DA. Cell response of Escherichia coli
to cisplatin-induced stress. Proteomics 2011; 11:4174-88. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Wei J, Stebbins JL, Kitada S, Dash R, Zhai D, Placzek WJ, Wu B, Rega MF, Zhang Z, Barile E, Yang L, Dahl R, Fisher PB, Reed JC, Pellecchia M. An optically pure apogossypolone derivative as potent pan-active inhibitor of anti-apoptotic bcl-2 family proteins. Front Oncol 2011; 1:28. [PMID: 22655238 PMCID: PMC3356046 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2011.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our focus in the past several years has been on the identification of novel and effective pan-Bcl-2 antagonists. We have recently reported a series of Apogossypolone (ApoG2) derivatives, resulting in the chiral compound (±) BI97D6. We report here the synthesis and evaluation on its optically pure (-) and (+) atropisomers. Compound (-) BI97D6 potently inhibits the binding of BH3 peptides to Bcl-X(L), Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and Bfl-1 with IC(50) values of 76 ± 5, 31 ± 2, 25 ± 8, and 122 ± 28 nM, respectively. In a cellular assay, compound (-) BI97D6 effectively inhibits cell growth in the PC-3 human prostate cancer and H23 human lung cancer cell lines with EC(50) values of 0.22 ± 0.08 and 0.14 ± 0.02 μM, respectively. Similarly, compound (-) BI97D6 effectively induces apoptosis in the BP3 human lymphoma cell line in a dose-dependent manner. The compound also shows little cytotoxicity against bax(-/-)/bak(-/-) cells, suggesting that it kills cancers cells predominantly via a Bcl-2 pathway. Moreover, compound (-) BI97D6 displays in vivo efficacy in both a Bcl-2-transgenic mouse model and in a prostate cancer xenograft model in mice. Therefore, compound (-) BI97D6 represents a promising drug lead for the development of novel apoptosis-based therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
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Batra S, Balamayooran G, Sahoo MK. Nuclear factor-κB: a key regulator in health and disease of lungs. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2011; 59:335-51. [PMID: 21786215 PMCID: PMC7079756 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-011-0136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rel/NF-κB transcription factors play a key role in modulating the response of immunoregulatory genes including cytokines and chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, acute phase proteins, and anti-microbial peptides. Furthermore, an array of genes important for angiogenesis, tumor invasion and metastasis is also regulated by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Close association of NF-κB with inflammation and tumorigenesis makes it an attractive target for basic research as well as for pharmaceutical industries. Studies involving various animal and cellular models have revealed the importance of NF-κB in pathobiology of lung diseases. This review (a) describes structures, activities, and regulation of NF-κB family members; (b) provides information which implicates NF-κB in pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation and cancer; and (c) discusses information about available synthetic and natural compounds which target NF-κB or specific components of NF-κB signal transduction pathway and which may provide the foundation for development of effective therapy for lung inflammation and bronchogenic carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Batra
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, USA.
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Kang MR, Kim HM, Kang JS, Lee K, Lee SD, Hyun DH, In MJ, Park SK, Kim DC. Lipid-soluble ginseng extract induces apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in NCI-H460 human lung cancer cells. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 66:101-106. [PMID: 21611769 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-011-0232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to elucidate the anticancer mechanism of a lipid-soluble ginseng extract (LSGE) by analyzing induction of apoptosis and arrest of cell cycle progression using the NCI-H460 human lung cancer cell line. Proliferation of NCI-H460 cells was potently inhibited by LSGE in a dose-dependent manner. The cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase in NCI-H460 cells was induced by LSGE. The percentage of G0/G1 phase cells significantly increased, while that of S phase cells decreased after treatment with LSGE. The expression levels of cyclin-dependent kinase2 (CDK2), CDK4, CDK6, cyclin D3 and cyclin E related to G0/G1 cells progression were also altered by LSGE. In addition, LSGE-induced cell death occurred through apoptosis, which was accompanied by increasing the activity of caspases including caspase-8, caspase-9 and caspase-3. Consistent with enhancement of caspase activity, LSGE increased protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). These apoptotic effects of LSGE were inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk. These findings indicate that LSGE inhibits NCI-H460 human lung cancer cell growth by cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and induction of caspase-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Rim Kang
- Bio-evaluation center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, 363-883, Republic of Korea
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The Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand and Lung Cancer: Still Following the Right TRAIL? J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6:983-7. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e318217b6c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pandit B, Gartel AL. Proteasome inhibitors induce p53-independent apoptosis in human cancer cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 178:355-60. [PMID: 21224072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors are used against human cancer, but their mechanisms of action are not entirely understood. For example, the role of the tumor suppressor p53 is controversial. We reevaluated the role of p53 in proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis by using isogenic human cancer cell lines with different p53 status. We found that well-known proteasome inhibitors such as MG132 and bortezomib, as well as the recently discovered proteasome inhibitor thiostrepton, induced p53-independent apoptosis in human cancer cell lines that correlated with p53-independent induction of proapoptotic Noxa but not Puma protein. In addition, these drugs inhibited growth of several cancer cell lines independently of p53 status. Notably, thiostrepton induced more potent apoptosis in HepG2 cells with p53 knockdown than in parental cells with wild-type p53. Our data confirm that proteasome inhibitors generally induce p53-independent apoptosis in human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulbul Pandit
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Wei J, Kitada S, Stebbins JL, Placzek W, Zhai D, Wu B, Rega MF, Zhang Z, Cellitti J, Yang L, Dahl R, Reed JC, Pellecchia M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of Apogossypolone derivatives as pan-active inhibitors of antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8000-11. [PMID: 21033669 DOI: 10.1021/jm100746q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins is commonly related with tumor maintenance, progression, and chemoresistance. Inhibition of these antiapoptotic proteins is an attractive approach for cancer therapy. Guided by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) binding assays, a series of 5,5' substituted compound 6a (Apogossypolone) derivatives was synthesized and identified pan-active antagonists of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, with binding potency in the low micromolar to nanomolar range. Compound 6f inhibits the binding of BH3 peptides to Bcl-X(L), Bcl-2, and Mcl-1 with IC(50) values of 3.10, 3.12, and 2.05 μM, respectively. In a cellular assay, 6f potently inhibits cell growth in several human cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Compound 6f further displays in vivo efficacy in transgenic mice and demonstrated superior single-agent antitumor efficacy in a PPC-1 mouse xenograft model. Together with its negligible toxicity, compound 6f represents a promising drug lead for the development of novel apoptosis-based therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Pore MM, Hiltermann TJN, Kruyt FAE. Targeting apoptosis pathways in lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2010; 332:359-68. [PMID: 20974517 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a devastating disease with a poor prognosis. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) represent different forms of lung cancer that are associated with distinct genetic causes and display different responses to therapy in the clinic. Whereas SCLC is often sensitive to chemotherapy at start of treatment, NSCLC are less chemo-sensitive. In NSCLC different histological subtypes are distinguished and increasing efforts are made to identify subtypes that respond to specific therapies, such as those harbouring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations that have benefit from treatment with EGFR inhibitors. Targeting of the apoptotic machinery represents another approach that aims to selectively kill cancer cells while sparing normal ones. Here we describe different ways that are currently explored to induce apoptosis in lung cancer cells, specifically pathways controlled by TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), BCL-2 family members and apoptosis inhibitory proteins (IAPs). Preclinical studies are discussed and for some agents results from early clinical studies and future perspectives are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind M Pore
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Broyl A, Corthals SL, Jongen JL, van der Holt B, Kuiper R, de Knegt Y, van Duin M, el Jarari L, Bertsch U, Lokhorst HM, Durie BG, Goldschmidt H, Sonneveld P. Mechanisms of peripheral neuropathy associated with bortezomib and vincristine in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a prospective analysis of data from the HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4 trial. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11:1057-65. [PMID: 20864405 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(10)70206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy is a dose-limiting toxicity in patients with multiple myeloma, often requiring adjustment of treatment and affecting quality of life. We investigated the molecular profiles of early-onset (within one treatment cycle) versus late-onset (after two or three treatment cycles) bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy and compared them with those of vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy during the induction phase of a prospective phase 3 trial. METHODS In the induction phase of the HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4 trial, patients (aged 18-65 years) with newly diagnosed Salmon and Durie stage 2 or 3 multiple myeloma were randomly assigned to three cycles of bortezomib-based or vincristine-based induction treatment. We analysed the gene expression profiles and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of pretreatment samples of myeloma plasma cells and peripheral blood, respectively. This study is registered, number ISRCTN64455289. FINDINGS We analysed gene expression profiles of myeloma plasma cells from 329 (39%) of 833 patients at diagnosis, and SNPs in DNA samples from 369 (44%) patients. Early-onset bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy was noted in 20 (8%) patients, and 63 (25%) developed the late-onset type. Early-onset and late-onset vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy was noted in 11 (4%) and 17 (7%) patients, respectively. Significant genes in myeloma plasma cells from patients that were associated with early-onset bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy were the enzyme coding genes RHOBTB2 (upregulated by 1·59 times; p=4·5×10(-5)), involved in drug-induced apoptosis, CPT1C (1·44 times; p=2·9×10(-7)), involved in mitochondrial dysfunction, and SOX8 (1·68 times; p=4·28×10(-13)), involved in development of peripheral nervous system. Significant SNPs in the same patients included those located in the apoptosis gene caspase 9 (odds ratio [OR] 3·59, 95% CI 1·59-8·14; p=2·9×10(-3)), ALOX12 (3·50, 1·47-8·32; p=3·8×10(-3)), and IGF1R (0·22, 0·07-0·77; p=8·3×10(-3)). In late-onset bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy, the significant genes were SOD2 (upregulated by 1·18 times; p=9·6×10(-3)) and MYO5A (1·93 times; p=3·2×10(-2)), involved in development and function of the nervous system. Significant SNPs were noted in inflammatory genes MBL2 (OR 0·49, 95% CI 0·26-0·94; p=3·0×10(-2)) and PPARD (0·35, 0·15-0·83; p=9·1×10(-3)), and DNA repair genes ERCC4 (2·74, 1·56-4·84; p=1·0×10(-3)) and ERCC3 (1·26, 0·75-2·12; p=3·3×10(-3)). By contrast, early-onset vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy was characterised by upregulation of genes involved in cell cycle and proliferation, including AURKA (3·31 times; p=1·04×10(-2)) and MKI67 (3·66 times; p=1·82×10(-3)), and the presence of SNPs in genes involved in these processes-eg, GLI1 (rs2228224 [0·13, 0·02-0·97, p=1·18×10(-2)] and rs2242578 [0·14, 0·02-1·12, p=3·00×10(-2)]). Late-onset vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy was associated with the presence of SNPs in genes involved in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion-eg, rs1413239 in DPYD (3·29, 1·47-7·37, 5·40×10(-3)) and rs3887412 in ABCC1 (3·36, 1·47-7·67, p=5·70×10(-3)). INTERPRETATION Our results strongly suggest an interaction between myeloma-related factors and the patient's genetic background in the development of treatment-induced peripheral neuropathy, with different molecular pathways being implicated in bortezomib-induced and vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemiek Broyl
- Department of Haematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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Nguyen AN, Hollenbach PW, Richard N, Luna-Moran A, Brady H, Heise C, MacBeth KJ. Azacitidine and decitabine have different mechanisms of action in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. LUNG CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2010; 1:119-140. [PMID: 28210112 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s11726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Azacitidine (AZA) and decitabine (DAC) are cytidine azanucleoside analogs with clinical activity in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and potential activity in solid tumors. To better understand the mechanism of action of these drugs, we examined the effects of AZA and DAC in a panel of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. Of 5 NSCLC lines tested in a cell viability assay, all were sensitive to AZA (EC50 of 1.8-10.5 µM), while only H1299 cells were equally sensitive to DAC (EC50 of 5.1 µM). In the relatively DAC-insensitive cell line A549, both AZA and DAC caused DNA methyltransferase I depletion and DNA hypomethylation; however, only AZA significantly induced markers of DNA damage and apoptosis, suggesting that mechanisms in addition to, or other than, DNA hypomethylation are important for AZA-induced cell death. Cell cycle analysis indicated that AZA induced an accumulation of cells in sub-G1 phase, whereas DAC mainly caused an increase of cells in G2/M. Gene expression analysis of AZA- and DAC-treated cells revealed strikingly different profiles, with many genes distinctly regulated by each drug. In summary, while both AZA and DAC caused DNA hypomethylation, distinct effects were demonstrated on regulation of gene expression, cell cycle, DNA damage, and apoptosis.
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Wei J, Stebbins JL, Kitada S, Dash R, Placzek W, Rega MF, Wu B, Cellitti J, Zhai D, Yang L, Dahl R, Fisher PB, Reed JC, Pellecchia M. BI-97C1, an optically pure Apogossypol derivative as pan-active inhibitor of antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4166-76. [PMID: 20443627 DOI: 10.1021/jm1001265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In our continued attempts to identify novel and effective pan-Bcl-2 antagonists, we have recently reported a series of compound 2 (Apogossypol) derivatives, resulting in the chiral compound 4 (8r). We report here the synthesis and evaluation on its optically pure individual isomers. Compound 11 (BI-97C1), the most potent diastereoisomer of compound 4, inhibits the binding of BH3 peptides to Bcl-X(L), Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and Bfl-1 with IC(50) values of 0.31, 0.32, 0.20, and 0.62 microM, respectively. The compound also potently inhibits cell growth of human prostate cancer, lung cancer, and lymphoma cell lines with EC(50) values of 0.13, 0.56, and 0.049 microM, respectively, and shows little cytotoxicity against bax(-/-)bak(-/-) cells. Compound 11 displays in vivo efficacy in transgenic mice models and also demonstrated superior single-agent antitumor efficacy in a prostate cancer mouse xenograft model. Therefore, compound 11 represents a potential drug lead for the development of novel apoptosis-based therapies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Bijnsdorp IV, Peters GJ, Temmink OH, Fukushima M, Kruyt FA. Differential activation of cell death and autophagy results in an increased cytotoxic potential for trifluorothymidine compared to 5-fluorouracil in colon cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:2457-68. [PMID: 19816940 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Trifluorothymidine (TFT) is part of the oral drug formulation TAS-102. Both 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and TFT can inhibit thymidylate synthase and be incorporated into DNA. TFT shows only moderate cross-resistance to 5-FU. Therefore, we examined whether mechanistic differences in cell death could underlie their different modes of action in colorectal cancer cell lines (WiDR, Lovo92 and Colo320). Drug cytotoxicity was determined by SRB- and clonogenic assays, cell death by flow cytometry (PI and annexin V), caspase cleavage by Western blotting and activity assays and in vivo activity in the hollow fiber assay. The IC(50) values of TFT were 1-6 fold lower than for 5-FU, and clonogenic survival was less than 0.9% at 3 muM TFT, while 2-20% of the cells still survived after 20 muM 5-FU. In general, TFT was a more potent inducer of apoptosis than 5-FU, although the contribution of caspases varied between the used cell lines and necrosis-like cell death was detected. Accordingly, both drugs induced caspase (Z-VAD) independent cell death and lysosomal cathepsin B was involved. Activation of autophagy recovery mechanisms was only triggered by 5-FU, but not by TFT as determined by LC3B expression and cleavage. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA in 5-FU exposed cells reduced cell survival. Also, in vivo TFT (as TAS-102) caused more cell death than a 5-FU formulation. We conclude that TFT and 5-FU induce cell death via both caspase-dependent and independent mechanisms. The TFT was more potent than 5-FU, because it induces higher levels of cell death and does not elicit an autophagic survival response in the cancer cell lines. This provides a strong molecular basis for further application of TFT in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene V Bijnsdorp
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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TRAIL receptor targeting therapies for non-small cell lung cancer: Current status and perspectives. Drug Resist Updat 2010; 13:2-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Wei J, Kitada S, Rega MF, Stebbins JL, Zhai D, Cellitti J, Yuan H, Emdadi A, Dahl R, Zhang Z, Yang L, Reed JC, Pellecchia M. Apogossypol derivatives as pan-active inhibitors of antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4511-23. [PMID: 19555126 DOI: 10.1021/jm900472s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Guided by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) binding assays and computational docking studies, a series of 5,5' substituted apogossypol derivatives was synthesized that resulted in potent pan-active inhibitors of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. Compound 8r inhibits the binding of BH3 peptides to Bcl-X(L), Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and Bfl-1 with IC(50) values of 0.76, 0.32, 0.28, and 0.73 microM, respectively. The compound also potently inhibits cell growth of human lung cancer and BP3 human B-cell lymphoma cell lines with EC(50) values of 0.33 and 0.66 microM, respectively. Compound 8r shows little cytotoxicity against bax(-/-)bak(-/-) cells, indicating that it kills cancers cells via the intended mechanism. The compound also displays in vivo efficacy in transgenic mice in which Bcl-2 is overexpressed in splenic B-cells. Together with its improved chemical, plasma, and microsomal stability relative to compound 2 (apogossypol), compound 8r represents a promising drug lead for the development of novel apoptosis-based therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Hu ZY, Sun J, Zhu XF, Yang D, Zeng YX. ApoG2 induces cell cycle arrest of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by suppressing the c-Myc signaling pathway. J Transl Med 2009; 7:74. [PMID: 19698176 PMCID: PMC2742515 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND apogossypolone (ApoG2) is a novel derivate of gossypol. We previously have reported that ApoG2 is a promising compound that kills nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells by inhibiting the antiapoptotic function of Bcl-2 proteins. However, some researchers demonstrate that the antiproliferative effect of gossypol on breast cancer cells is mediated by induction of cell cycle arrest. So this study was aimed to investigate the effect of ApoG2 on cell cycle proliferation in NPC cells. RESULTS We found that ApoG2 significantly suppressed the expression of c-Myc in NPC cells and induced arrest at the DNA synthesis (S) phase in a large percentage of NPC cells. Immunoblot analysis showed that expression of c-Myc protein was significantly downregulated by ApoG2 and that the expression of c-Myc's downstream molecules cyclin D1 and cyclin E were inhibited whereas p21 was induced. To further identify the cause-effect relationship between the suppression of c-Myc signaling pathway and induction of cell cycle arrest, the expression of c-Myc was interfered by siRNA. The results of cell cycle analysis showed that the downregulation of c-Myc signaling pathway by siRNA interference could cause a significant arrest of NPC cell at S phase of the cell cycle. In CNE-2 xenografts, ApoG2 significantly downregulated the expression of c-Myc and suppressed tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that ApoG2 could potently disturb the proliferation of NPC cells by suppressing c-Myc signaling pathway. This data suggested that the inhibitory effect of ApoG2 on NPC cell cycle proliferation might contribute to its use in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Proteasome inhibitors induce apoptosis in human lung cancer cells through a positive feedback mechanism and the subsequent Mcl-1 protein cleavage. Oncogene 2009; 28:3775-86. [PMID: 19684616 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) are promising new therapeutic agents for treating non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). To investigate the mechanisms of action of PIs, we analyzed the proapoptotic activities of PIs (MG132 or Bortezomib) in NSCLC cells. We found that both MG132 (>1 microM) and Bortezomib (>0.025 microM) induced a significant apoptosis in NCI-H1703, a PI-sensitive NSCLC cell line, through initially activating the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, leading to the activation of a positive feedback mechanism (PFM), which then conveyed apoptosis signaling from the intrinsic pathway to the extrinsic pathway with formation of a signaling loop for maximal caspase activation. Mcl-1 and Noxa were identified to be the major anti-apoptotic and proapoptotic proteins, respectively, in PI-induced apoptosis and mutually exclusive in protein stability. Although the Mcl-1 protein was upregulated by proteasome inhibition, it was also subjected to caspase 3-dependent cleavage governed by the PFM. Moreover, it was revealed that Mcl-1 protein cleavage contributed to PFM-governed apoptosis in following inter-related ways: reducing the anti-apoptotic Mcl-1; generating the truncated proapoptotic Mcl-1(S); and inducing a shift of balance between Mcl-1 and Noxa. It was further manifested that tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand boosted MG132's proapoptotic activity through strengthening the PFM in both NCI-H1703 and NCI-H358, a PI-resistant NSCLC cell line. Therefore, this study provides a basis for enhancing the efficacy of PIs in treating NSCLC.
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Woo HN, Seo YW, Moon AR, Jeong SY, Jeong SY, Choi EK, Kim TH. Effects of the BH3-only protein human Noxa on mitochondrial dynamics. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:2349-54. [PMID: 19540835 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria form reticular networks comprised of filamentous tubules and continuously move and change shape. Bcl-2 family proteins actively participate in the regulation of mitochondria fragmentation. Here, we show that human Noxa, which belongs to the BH3-only pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family, causes mitochondrial fragmentation. We found that while the Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3) domain of Noxa is not associated with mitochondrial fragmentation, the mitochondrial targeting domain (MTD) of Noxa is the region responsible for inducing fragmentation. Two leucine residues in MTD play a key role in the process. Furthermore, the lack of Noxa causes a significant reduction of Velcade-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. Together, these results provide novel insight into the role of Noxa in mitochondrial dynamics and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Na Woo
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, Pungnap2-Dong, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
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Luster TA, Carrell JA, McCormick K, Sun D, Humphreys R. Mapatumumab and lexatumumab induce apoptosis in TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 antibody-resistant NSCLC cell lines when treated in combination with bortezomib. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:292-302. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tao HY, Li K, Fan QX. Effects of bortezomib on the proliferation, apoptosis and adhesive ability of HCT8 cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:190-193. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i2.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effect of bortezomib on growth arrest, proliferation and adhesive ability of HCT8 cells in vitro.
METHODS: The growth arrest by bortezomib at different concentration was determined using MTT. After exposure of HCT8 cells to a lower concentration of bortezomib (25 nmol/L) for 48 h, cell cycle and the apoptosis were assessed by FCM; and the expressions of E-cadherin, β-catenin, cyclinD1 and NF-κB were detected using Western blot.
RESULTS: The inhibitory effect of bortezomib on the proliferation of HCT8 cells showed a time- and dose-dependent relationship. Compared with control group, bortezomib induced apoptosis significantly after 48 h treatment at the concentration of 25 nmol/L, and the apoptotic rate was 12.3% (P < 0.05); the expressions of E-cadherin and β-Catenin were increased, whereas the expressions of NF-κВ and cyclinD1 were down-regulated.
CONCLUSION: Bortezomib inhibits the proliferation of HCT8 cells, induces cell apoptosis, and increases cell-to-cell adhesion. The mechanism may be related to its inhibition on the NF-κB pathway.
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Okumura K, Huang S, Sinicrope FA. Induction of Noxa sensitizes human colorectal cancer cells expressing Mcl-1 to the small-molecule Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor, ABT-737. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 14:8132-42. [PMID: 19088028 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The intrinsic drug resistance of colorectal cancers is related in part to overexpression of prosurvival Bcl-2 family proteins. We determined the effects of ABT-737, a small-molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL but not Mcl-1, on apoptosis induction alone and in combination with CPT-11 and explored mechanisms underlying their cooperativity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Human colorectal carcinoma cell lines (HCT116 wild-type and Bax(-/-), HT-29, and RKO) were incubated with ABT-737 alone and combined with CPT-11 or bortezomib, and cell viability, caspase cleavage, and Annexin V labeling were measured. In drug-treated cell lines, protein-protein interactions were analyzed by immunoprecipitation. Lentiviral short hairpin RNA was used to knockdown Noxa expression. RESULTS ABT-737 induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner and its coadministration with the topoisomerase I inhibitor, CPT-11, resulted in a synergistic cytotoxic effect. Apoptosis induction by the drug combination was associated with enhanced caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage that were completely abrogated in Bax knockout cells. ABT-737 unsequestered the BH3-only protein Bim from its complex with Bcl-xL or Bcl-2 and disrupted the interaction of Bcl-xL with Bak. CPT-11 treatment up-regulated Noxa expression, as did bortezomib, and enhanced Noxa/Mcl-1 complexes. CPT-11 also disrupted the Mcl-1/Bak interaction. Knockdown of Noxa using short hairpin RNA lentiviral constructs was shown to significantly attenuate the cytotoxic effect of CPT-11 or bortezomib combined with ABT-737 and inhibited caspase-3 cleavage. CONCLUSIONS Induction of Noxa by CPT-11 or bortezomib can sensitize colorectal cancer cells expressing Mcl-1 to ABT-737. Up-regulation of Noxa may therefore represent an important strategy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of ABT-737 against colorectal cancer and other solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Okumura
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases and Division of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Yang TM, Barbone D, Fennell DA, Broaddus VC. Bcl-2 family proteins contribute to apoptotic resistance in lung cancer multicellular spheroids. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 41:14-23. [PMID: 19097992 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0320oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial therapies using the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, have been found to induce synergistic apoptosis in cancer cells grown as monolayers; however, three-dimensional spheroid culture may be a better model for the multicellular resistance found in solid tumors, such as lung cancer. We tested the combinatorial apoptotic strategy of using bortezomib together with TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), both in monolayers and in spheroids of A549 lung cancer cells. Indeed, bortezomib plus TRAIL induced synergistic apoptosis in A549 cells grown as monolayers, but had little effect on A549 cells grown as three-dimensional multicellular spheroids. The acquired resistance of spheroids was not due to a limitation of diffusion, to survival pathways, such as NF-kappaB or PI3K/Akt/mTOR, or to the up-regulation of FLIP(S) (Fas-associated death domain-like IL-1 beta-converting enzyme inhibitory protein, short). We then investigated a role for the Bcl-2 family of anti- and proapoptotic proteins. When cells formed spheroids, antiapoptotic Bcl-2 increased, whereas antiapoptotic Mcl-1 decreased. ABT-737, a small molecule that inhibits Bcl-2, but not Mcl-1, abolished the multicellular resistance of A549 spheroids to bortezomib plus TRAIL. In another lung cancer cell line, H1299, acquisition of multicellular resistance in spheroids was also accompanied by an increase in Bcl-2 and decrease in Mcl-1. In H1299 spheroids compared with those of A549, however, Mcl-1 remained higher, and Mcl-1 knockdown was more effective than ABT-737 in removing multicellular resistance. Our study suggests that the balance of Bcl-2 family proteins contributes to the acquired multicellular resistance of spheroids, and suggests a possible target for improving the response of lung cancer to bortezomib therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ming Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
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35
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Checińska A, Giaccone G, Rodriguez JA, Kruyt FAE, Jimenez CR. Comparative proteomics analysis of caspase-9-protein complexes in untreated and cytochrome c/dATP stimulated lysates of NSCLC cells. J Proteomics 2008; 72:575-85. [PMID: 19118655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a process of cellular suicide executed by caspases. Impaired activation of caspase-9 may contribute to chemoresistance in cancer. Activation of caspase-9 occurs after binding to Apaf-1 and formation of the apoptosome in the presence of cytochrome c/(d)ATP. We used a proteomics approach to identify proteins in caspase-9-protein complexes in extracts derived from NSCLC cells with(out) cytochrome c/dATP. Using co-immunoprecipitation, one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry, 38 proteins were identified of which 24 differential interactors. The differential interactors can be functionally assigned to cytoskeletal (re)organization and cell motility, catalytic activity, and transcriptional processes and apoptosis. The interaction of caspase-9 with Apaf-1 was confirmed and acetylserotonin-O-methyltransferase-like protein was identified as a candidate substrate of caspase-9. Novel interactors were found including galectin-3, swiprosin-1 and the membrane-cytoskeleton linkers Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin. Co-immunoprecipitation and Western blot experiments confirmed the interaction of caspase-9 with several identified binding partners. A large number of cytoskeletal proteins associated with unprocessed caspase-9 may indicate a scaffold function of this structure and/or may act as caspase substrates during apoptosis. Together, our results indicate that proteomic analysis of the caspase-9-associated protein complexes is a powerful exploratory approach to identify novel caspase substrates and/or regulators of caspase-9-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Checińska
- Department of Medical Oncology, VUMC-Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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36
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Hu ZY, Zhu XF, Zhong ZD, Sun J, Wang J, Yang D, Zeng YX. ApoG2, a novel inhibitor of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, induces apoptosis and suppresses tumor growth in nasopharyngeal carcinoma xenografts. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:2418-29. [PMID: 18712728 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignant tumor in South China. It has been reported that overexpression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins in NPC has caused the lack of long-term efficacy of conventional therapies. Apogossypolone (ApoG2), a novel small-molecule inhibitor of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, has been discovered as the optimized derivative of gossypol. In this study, we found that in NPC cells, ApoG2 totally blocked the antiapoptotic function of Bcl-2 family proteins without affecting the expression levels of these proteins. ApoG2 selectively inhibited proliferation of 3 NPC cell lines (C666-1, CNE-1 and CNE-2) that highly expressed the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. This inhibitory activity was associated with release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and apoptosis of sensitive NPC cells. However, ApoG2 had no obvious inhibitory effect on NPC cell line HONE-1, which expressed antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL at a low level. We further found that ApoG2 effectively suppressed tumor growth of NPC xenografts in nude mice and enhanced the antitumor effect of CDDP (cisplatin) on NPC cells in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemical results showed that the expression of CD31 decreased after ApoG2 treatment, which suggested inhibition of angiogenesis in NPC xenografts. Our findings strongly suggest that ApoG2 may serve as a novel inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins and, by targeting these proteins, may become a promising drug for the treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Chen KF, Yeh PY, Yeh KH, Lu YS, Huang SY, Cheng AL. Down-regulation of phospho-Akt is a major molecular determinant of bortezomib-induced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:6698-707. [PMID: 18701494 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, has been clinically approved for the treatment of myeloma and lymphoma. Here, we report a differential effect of bortezomib on apoptosis in four hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines and identify the major molecular event that determines sensitivity. Although bortezomib inhibited proteasome activity to a similar extent in all HCC cell lines, it showed differential effects on their viability: Huh-7 (IC(50) 196 nmol/L), Sk-Hep1 (IC(50) 180 nmol/L), Hep3B (IC(50) 112 nmol/L), and resistant PLC5 (IC(50) >1,000 nmol/L). Bortezomib caused cell cycle arrest at G(2)-M phase in all HCC cells tested whereas apoptotic induction was found only in sensitive cells but not in PLC5 cells. No significant bortezomib-induced NF-kappaB changes were noted in Huh-7 and PLC5. Bortezomib down-regulated phospho-Akt (P-Akt) in a dose- and time-dependent manner in all sensitive HCC cells whereas no alterations of P-Akt were found in PLC5. Down-regulation of Akt1 by small interference RNA overcame the apoptotic resistance to bortezomib in PLC5 cells, but a constitutively activated Akt1 protected Huh-7 cells from bortezomib-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, bortezomib showed suppression of tumor growth with down-regulation of P-Akt in Huh-7 tumors but not in PLC5 tumors. Down-regulation of P-Akt represents a major molecular event of bortezomib-induced apoptosis in HCC cell lines and may be a biomarker for predicting clinical response to HCC treatment. Targeting Akt signaling overcomes drug resistance to bortezomib in HCC cells, which provides a new approach for the combinational therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuen-Feng Chen
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei
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38
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Li C, Li R, Grandis JR, Johnson DE. Bortezomib induces apoptosis via Bim and Bik up-regulation and synergizes with cisplatin in the killing of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:1647-55. [PMID: 18566236 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-2444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are characterized by resistance to chemotherapy and overexpression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members, including Bcl-X(L) and Bcl-2. Molecular targeting of Bcl-X(L) and/or Bcl-2 in HNSCC cells has been shown to promote apoptosis signaling and to sensitize cells to chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, which is commonly used in the treatment of HNSCC. We report that induction of HNSCC apoptosis by the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is accompanied by up-regulation of the proapoptotic proteins Bik and Bim, natural cellular inhibitors of Bcl-X(L) and Bcl-2. Additionally, bortezomib treatment of HNSCC cells caused up-regulation of antiapoptotic Mcl-1L. Inhibition of Bik or Bim up-regulation using small interfering RNA markedly attenuated bortezomib-induced cell death. By contrast, small interfering RNA-mediated inhibition of Mcl-1L expression resulted in enhanced killing by bortezomib. Further investigation showed that the combination of bortezomib and cisplatin led to synergistic killing of HNSCC cells, with calculated combination indexes well below 1.0. Taken together, these results delineate a novel mechanism of HNSCC killing by bortezomib that involves up-regulation of Bik and Bik. Moreover, our findings suggest that the combination of bortezomib plus cisplatin, or bortezomib plus an inhibitor of Mcl-1L, may have therapeutic value in the treatment of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Li
- Departments of University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Tse C, Shoemaker AR, Adickes J, Anderson MG, Chen J, Jin S, Johnson EF, Marsh KC, Mitten MJ, Nimmer P, Roberts L, Tahir SK, Xiao Y, Yang X, Zhang H, Fesik S, Rosenberg SH, Elmore SW. ABT-263: a potent and orally bioavailable Bcl-2 family inhibitor. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3421-8. [PMID: 18451170 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1444] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the prosurvival Bcl-2 family members (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1) is commonly associated with tumor maintenance, progression, and chemoresistance. We previously reported the discovery of ABT-737, a potent, small-molecule Bcl-2 family protein inhibitor. A major limitation of ABT-737 is that it is not orally bioavailable, which would limit chronic single agent therapy and flexibility to dose in combination regimens. Here we report the biological properties of ABT-263, a potent, orally bioavailable Bad-like BH3 mimetic (K(i)'s of <1 nmol/L for Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-w). The oral bioavailability of ABT-263 in preclinical animal models is 20% to 50%, depending on formulation. ABT-263 disrupts Bcl-2/Bcl-xL interactions with pro-death proteins (e.g., Bim), leading to the initiation of apoptosis within 2 hours posttreatment. In human tumor cells, ABT-263 induces Bax translocation, cytochrome c release, and subsequent apoptosis. Oral administration of ABT-263 alone induces complete tumor regressions in xenograft models of small-cell lung cancer and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In xenograft models of aggressive B-cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma where ABT-263 exhibits modest or no single agent activity, it significantly enhances the efficacy of clinically relevant therapeutic regimens. These data provide the rationale for clinical trials evaluating ABT-263 in small-cell lung cancer and B-cell malignancies. The oral efficacy of ABT-263 should provide dosing flexibility to maximize clinical utility both as a single agent and in combination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Tse
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6101, USA
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The proteasomal and apoptotic phenotype determine bortezomib sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2007; 6:73. [PMID: 18021420 PMCID: PMC2194734 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-6-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2007] [Accepted: 11/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bortezomib is a novel anti-cancer agent which has shown promising activity in non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, only a subset of patients respond to this treatment. We show that NSCLC cell lines are differentially sensitive to bortezomib, IC50 values ranging from 5 to 83 nM. The apoptosis-inducing potential of bortezomib in NSCLC cells was found to be dependent not only on the apoptotic phenotype but also on the proteasomal phenotype of individual cell lines. Upon effective proteasome inhibition, H460 cells were more susceptible to apoptosis induction by bortezomib than SW1573 cells, indicating a different apoptotic phenotype. However, exposure to a low dose of bortezomib did only result in SW1573 cells, and not in H460 cells, in inhibition of proteasome activity and subsequent apoptosis. This suggests a different proteasomal phenotype as well. Additionally, overexpression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in H460 cells did not affect the proteasomal phenotype of H460 cells but did result in decreased bortezomib-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, successful proteasome-inhibitor based treatment strategies in NSCLC face the challenge of having to overcome apoptosis resistance as well as proteasomal resistance of individual lung cancer cells. Further studies in NSCLC are warranted to elucidate underlying mechanisms.
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Voortman J, Resende TP, Abou El Hassan MAI, Giaccone G, Kruyt FAE. TRAIL therapy in non-small cell lung cancer cells: sensitization to death receptor-mediated apoptosis by proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:2103-12. [PMID: 17620439 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor pathway is a promising therapeutic strategy to selectively eradicate cancer cells, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Recombinant human (rh) TRAIL/Apo-2L, a TRAIL-encoding adenovirus, and monoclonal antibodies directed against TRAIL receptors R1 and R2 were used to study cytotoxicity of TRAIL therapy in NSCLC cells. NSCLC cells showed differential sensitivity to TRAIL therapy, regardless of the agent used. Combination treatment of bortezomib and rhTRAIL led to synergistic apoptosis induction in NSCLC cell lines. Enhancement of rhTRAIL-induced apoptosis by bortezomib was caspase dependent, implicating extrinsic as well as intrinsic apoptosis activation, as shown by increased processing of caspase-8 as well as caspase-9, and could be abrogated completely by overexpression of caspase-8 inhibitor cytokine response modifier A (CrmA), and partially by overexpression of Bcl-2. Enhanced surface expression of TRAIL-R2, but also TRAIL-R1, was associated with bortezomib treatment, which is likely to contribute to the increased processing of caspase-8 in the combination treatment. Furthermore, TRAIL-induced activation of prosurvival transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB was prevented by cotreatment with bortezomib, which may contribute to the observed synergistic apoptosis induction. Our preclinical data indicate that combination therapy of TRAIL and bortezomib may be an effective strategy for NSCLC.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Boronic Acids/pharmacology
- Bortezomib
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Caspase Inhibitors
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Synergism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Models, Biological
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Proteasome Inhibitors
- Pyrazines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Death Domain/metabolism
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/genetics
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/metabolism
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Voortman
- Department of Medical Oncology, CCA 2.36, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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